Comments and Revisions

*red means dinagdag

*underlined red means alisin

Title: UTILIZATION OF MUSSEL SHELL AND EGGSHELL AS PARTIAL ADDITIVE IN

CONCRETE PAVEMENTS

Chapter 1

Objectives of the Study

1.3.1. Main Objective
This study mainly aims to determine the best suitable proportion of eggshell and
mussel shell as a partial additive in concrete pavements in terms of its physical and
mechanical properties.
1.3.2. Specific Objective
• To determine the workability of the concrete with eggshell alone, with mussel
alone, and with the combination of both shells using the concrete slump test.
• To determine the water absorption rate of concrete with eggshell alone, with
mussel alone, and with the combination of both shells as per procedures mentioned in
ASTM C1585
• To determine if the concrete with eggshell alone, with mussel alone, and with
the combination of both shells would attain a higher compressive strength compared to
ordinary concrete mix in accordance with ASTM C39.

Scope and Delimitation

The researchers will use crushed mussel shells and eggshells as partial additives
in concrete pavements. The goal of the study is to determine the effectiveness of mussel
shell alone, eggshells alone and with the combination of both shells as an admixture in
concrete pavements. This research will use experimental research design where the
independent variable will be crushed mussel shells and eggshells. This study will mainly
focus on testing the strength of the concrete that is mixed with admixture. The ratio for
the materials to be used for the control sample is 1:2:3 for Cement, Sand, and Gravel with
water to cement ratio of 0.4. And then the percentages of additives that vary the amount
of mussel shells and eggshells. The ratio of additives is measured by mass. The samples
with shell additives will be compared to the control sample. The researchers will use 3
different tests which are Slump Test, Water Absorption Test, and Compressive Strength
Test. The curing process that will be used in the experiment is by air curing. The curing
period for the concrete will be from 7 and 28 to test its early strength and its maximum
strength and 14 days to test its water absorption rate.
Hypothesis
• Add Hypothesis for SLUMP/WORKABILITY
• Increasing of percentages of additives in a concrete mixtures has no significant
effect in the compressive strength of concrete mix for 7 days and 28 days of curing
• Add Hypothesis for WATER ABSORPTION

Chapter 2
2.3.5. Air cured concrete
Add related studies about air curing of concrete and why is it applied on our
study.

Chapter 3

3.2.1. Preliminary Gathering of Eggshells and Mussel Shells

The eggshells will be gathered from poultry farms, food processing technologies
and in the market. The eggshells are washed with running water, avoiding soaking them
to eliminate any trace of impurity and then dried. The next step would be crushing the
shells using a Los Angeles machine and a mortar and pestle. The dehydration process
will be executed in an oven at 110 ° C ± 5 ° C for 24 hours. Lastly, the shells will be
grinded again into powder using a blender and sieved using No. 4 sieve. 39 The type of
mussel shells that will be gathered are the green ones which are also known as Perna
Viridis from the town of Hagonoy and Paombong. First, the mussel shells will be washed
with running water to eliminate any trace of impurity and then dried. The next step would
be crushing the shells using a Los Angeles machine and a mortar and pestle. The
dehydration process will be executed in an oven at 110 ° C ± 5 ° C for 24 hours. Lastly,
the shells will be grinded again into powder using a blender and sieved using No. 4 sieve
[71]

3.4. Preparation of Samples

Figure 5. Flowchart of Experimentation
All procedures are based on ASTM/AASHTO standards to have uniform and
proper way of testing samples. All apparatus and equipment are specified in Chapter 3.3.
The primary materials to be prepared are water, sand, cement, gravel and the additive fine
aggregates Eggshells and Mussel Shells. Crushed using a Los Angeles Machine and
blender.
After crushing the shells, it will be sieved along with the coarse and fine
aggregates and will only use the particles which pass through No. 4 sieve and retained at
N0. 3/4 sieve. After obtaining the significant particles, all materials are now ready for
mixing. First mix is the control sample with W/C ratio of 0.4, and a 1:2:3 ratio for
Cement, Sand and Gravel. Second Mixture is with the same amount as the control sample
but with additives of 5% and 10% of Mussel Shell. Third Mixture is with the same
amount as the control sample but with additives of 5% and10% of Egg Shell. And the last
mixture will be the combination of both shells with 2.5% and 5% of each shell added to
the concrete mixture.
After the machine mixing, the researchers proceed to the next ASTM standard test
which is the slump test (ASTM C143). This test is necessary to determine the workability
of the concrete mixture and tells how fluid the concrete will be. The researchers will stick
to the minimum and maximum slump standards of ASTM C143 which ranges from
25mm - 160mm. If the slump test does not fall into the required slump range, the
researchers will review and revise particle percentages and proceed again for testing.
After the good slump is achieved, the concrete mixture is now ready for molding,
curing and drying. For curing and drying it is required to store the concrete only at a
room temperature with a minimum of 7 days and a maximum of 28 days.
After drying, the next test is to test the samples for its water absorption rate. It
will be used to determine the water-tightness of the concrete. To acquire the most
accurate results, the concrete samples that have been cured for 28 days are tested rather
than the early stages of curing as per procedures mentioned in ASTM C1585. If water
absorption rate does not reach the maximum allowable of 3% as mentioned in Civil
Engineering Specification for the water industry (CESWI) which follows BS 8007 and a
maximum range of 5% with no individual unit greater than 7% absorption rate as
mentioned in ASTM C1585. Then we proceed to the last test which is to test the
compressive strength of the samples.
For testing the compressive strength of the concrete, the researchers will use
Universal Testing Machine (UTM) in accordance with ASTM C39 (Concrete Cylinder
Compression Testing) which is only limited to concrete having a unit weight in excess of
50 lb/ft3 (800 kg/m3). The compressive strength results of 3 samples per mixture will be
averaged, tabulated and graphed. It will be compared with each mixture on which
percentage of additives will govern with the highest compressive strength.
3.4.2. Curing Period

Each sample with the same design mix will be cured at 7, 14 and 28 days. Every
curing time, samples are tested to determine the changes in its properties. Three sets of
samples are made for the control sample and each specific percentage of ES (eggshell)
and MS (mussel shell) for all period curing time. The samples for 7-days and 28-days
will be used to test the workability and compressive strength of the concrete mix while
the samples for the 14-days will be used for the water absorption test. These sample
amounts were based on previous studies conducted by Binag and Hapinat.

3.6. Data Analysis Procedure

Upon the preparation of various samples of concrete mix, the workability of the
concrete will be analyzed through the slump test. After the samples are cured, the
concrete with a percentage of 5% and 10% of Eggshell, 5% and 10% Mussel shell and
2.5% and 5% of each shell combined respectively will be subjected to a load to test its
compressive strength. For the 14th day curing period, the samples will undergo a water
absorption test to determine if the samples will pass the average absorption which shall
not be greater than 5% with no individual unit greater than 7% as indicated in the ASTM
C1585 and a maximum allowable of 3% as mentioned in Civil Engineering Specification
for the water industry (CESWI) which follows BS 8007 After the experiments are done,
the researchers will compare the data gathered from the tests made to determine the best
suitable design mix of the concrete among all the samples made that will be further
elaborated in the conclusion and findings of this study.

Chapter 4
(ginagawa nyo na ata haha)

Chapter 5

Conclusion
Through the results gathered in Chapter 4, the researchers come into the
conclusion that the most suitable proportion of the concrete mixture that produces
greatest strength is 5% additive, while 10% additives weaken its compressive strength.
Thus, having a percentage greater than 5% reduces its strength. The researchers also
concluded that the best suitable proportion of mixtures lies in the 5% Eggshell alone.
For the compressive strength, research shows that the 5% Eggshell mixture
provides the highest increase in compressive strength for 28-day sample which is 29.13%
compared to the control sample, however it only gives 10.80% strength increase on 7-day
sample, while the 5% Mussel shell mixture gives the highest compressive strength
increase for the 7 days sample which is 16.65%, although, it’s 28-day has a lower change
in strength which is 5.15%. This states that the 5% Mussel shell mixture produces the
highest early strength and the 5% Eggshell mixture produces the maximum strength.
Also, the researchers concluded that when the additive increases from 5% to 10% for
each eggshell and mussel shell, the compressive strength results will be lower than the
control sample.
• REVISED CONCLUSION BASED ON THE NEW RESULTS OF WATER
AND SLUMP.
• ADDITIONAL WHICH ONE PERCENTAGE IS THE BEST MIX
• USE GRAPHS