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Set Questions 260118

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33 views4 pages

Set Questions 260118

Uploaded by

abdulahiferanmi2
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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3. Set Theory Questions


1. Let A = {1, 2, {1, 2}}. Answer each question true or false, and briefly
explain your reasoning.

(a) {2} ∈ A
(b) {1, 2} $ A
(c) {2, {1, 2}} ⊆ A
(d) ∅ ∈ A
(e) A ∩ P(A) = ∅

2. Answer each question true or false, and briefly explain your reasoning.

(a) If A, B, C are sets, then (A ∪ B) ∪ C = (C ∪ B) ∪ A.


(b) If A ∩ B is not empty, then A \ B is a proper subset of A.
(c) If x ∈ A, then {x} ∈ P(A).
(d) {∅} has two different subsets.

3. Let A and B be sets. Prove that any two of the following statements
are (logically) equivalent.

(a) A ⊆ B
(b) A ∪ B = B
(c) A ∩ B = A
(d) A \ B = ∅
(e) A ⊕ B ⊆ B
(f) B c ⊆ Ac

Note: by a result from the Logic questions, it suffices to establish a


cycle of 6 implications, for example (a) ⇒ (b) ⇒ · · · ⇒ (f) ⇒ (a). On
the other hand, it is good practice to prove directly that any pair of
statements are equivalent.

4. Let A and B be sets. Prove that A ∪ B = A ∩ B ⇔ A = B.


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5. Let A = ∅, {x}, B, {1, {x}} , and B = {1, x}. Answer each question
true or false, and briefly explain your reasoning.

(a) x ∈ A.

(b) {∅} ⊆ A.

(c) B ⊆ A.

(d) 1 ∈ B ∩ A.

6. Determine the number of sets X such that {1, 2, 3} ⊆ X $ {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.


Explain your reasoning.

7. Prove that if A $ B and B ⊆ C, then A $ C.

8. Prove or disprove each of the following statements about sets.



(a) If A ∩ B ⊆ C, then (A ⊆ C) ∧ (B ⊆ C) .
(b) A \ B = (B \ A)c .

9. Prove that for all sets A, B and C, if A ⊆ B and B ∩ C = ∅, then


A ∩ C = ∅. Hint: Proof by contradiction.

10. Prove that for all sets A and B, (A\B) ∪ (A ∩ B) = A.

11. Give a counterexample to each statement.

(a) (A \ B) ∩ C = (A ∩ C) \ B c , for all sets A, B, and C.


(b) (A \ B) ∪ C c = (A ∪ B) \ C, for all sets A, B, and C.

12. Let A, B and C be sets. Prove that A \ (B \ C) = (A \ B) ∪ (A \ C c )


without using set-builder notation and showing that the two sides are
determined by logically equivalent expressions. Hint: an easy way uses
the Laws of Set Theory.

13. Prove the same statement as in the previous question by showing LHS
⊆ RHS and RHS ⊆ LHS.

14. Prove or disprove: For all sets A, B and C, (A\B) ∪ (B\C) = A\C.

15. Let A, B, C be sets. Prove that (A ∩ B ∩ C)c = (Ac ∪ B c ∪ C c ) by:


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(a) using the Associative Law to inset brackets and then DeMorgan’s
Law;
(b) Showing LHS ⊆ RHS and RHS ⊆ LHS;
(c) using set-builder notation and showing the LHS and RHS are de-
fined by logically equivalent expressions

16. Repeat Question 15 for the equality (A ∪ B ∪ C)c = (Ac ∩ B c ∩ C c ), and


then state, but do not prove, the corresponding laws for any number
of sets.

17. Let A and B be sets. Prove that the following statements are all
(logically) equivalent.

(a) A = B
(b) A ⊆ B and B ⊆ A
(c) A \ B = B \ A
(d) A ⊕ B = ∅
(e) A ∩ B = A ∪ B
(f) Ac = B c

18. Prove that for all sets A, B and C, A \ (B ∪ C) = (A \ B) ∩ (A \ C) by


using set-builder notation and showing the LHS and RHS are defined
by logically equivalent expressions.

19. Repeat the previous question but use the Laws of Set Theory instead
of set-builder notation.

20. Prove that for all sets A, B and C, if B ∩ C ⊆ A, then

(C \ A) ∩ (B \ A) = ∅.

by using set-builder notation and using the fact that the hypothesis
corresponds to the logical implication that for any x, (x ∈ B) ∧ (x ∈
C) ⇒ (x ∈ A).

21. Repeat the previous question but use the Laws of Set Theory instead
of set-builder notation.

22. Prove that for all sets A and B, if B ⊆ Ac , then A ∩ B = ∅.


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23. Let A, B, C be sets. Prove that if A ∩ B = ∅, then A ∩ B ∩ C = ∅. Is


the converse true? Explain.

24. Let X = {a, b, c, . . . , z}. Determine the number of subsets T ⊆ X that:

(a) contain z;
(b) do not contain a, e, i, o, u;
(c) are such that {w, x, y} ⊂ T ;
(d) contain a and b but not c;
(e) contain m or do not contain n;
(f) contain at least one of p, q, r;
(g) are such that {f, g, h} 6⊆ T .

25. Two sets X and Y are called disjoint if X ∩ Y = ∅.

(a) Prove that if X and Y are disjoint finite sets, then |X ∪ Y | =


|X| + |Y |.
(b) Prove that if A, B, C are pairwise disjoint finite sets (i.e., finite
sets such that any two of them are disjoint), then |A ∪ B ∪ C| =
|A| + |B| + |C|.

26. Suppose that in a group of 50 motorcyclists, 30 own a Triumph and


32 own a Honda. If 15 motorcyclists in the group own neither type of
motorcycle, how many own a motorcycle of each type?

27. In a group of 35 ex-athletes, 17 play golf, 20 go cycling, and 12 do yoga.


Exactly 8 play golf and go cycling, 8 play golf and do yoga, 7 go cycling
and do yoga, and 4 do all three activities. How many of the ex-athletes
do none of these activities?

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