EntregablE:
Definiciones
Sofia Anins Saraeva
Probability and statistics
“Statistics is the grammar of science” –Karl Pearson
▪ Probability predicts the likelihood of future events, and is a
theoretical approach to mathematical definitions
▪ Statistics analyses the frequency of past events, and is a
practical approach to understanding observations from the
real world
Source: StonybrookCS
probabilidad
▪ Probability means possibility, and is a mathematical area that
looks at the occurrence of a random event. This is expressed
from 0 to 1
▪ It was introduced to predict how likely it is that a specific
event is going to happen
▪ It is used in probability distribution
▪ You need to know the total number of possible outcomes in
order to find the probability of a single event to occur
Source: BJUS CS website
CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY
▪ Conditional probability is defined as the likelihood of an
event or outcome occurring, based on the occurrence of
previous events or outcomes
▪ It is calculated by multiplying the probability of the
preceding event by the updated probability of the
succeeding, or conditional, event
Source: BYJUS CS
BAYES THEOREM
▪ The Bayes’ Theorem (or Bayes’ rule) is a mathematical formula
used to determine the conditional probability of events
▪ Essentially, it describes the probability of an event based on
prior knowledge of the conditions that might be relevant to the
event
▪ It was discovered by Thomas Bayes in
1763, and is considered the foundation
of the special statistical inference approach
called the Bayes’ inference
Source: Corporate Finance Institute
Random variables
▪ Definition: A variable whose value is unknown or a function
that assigns values to each of an experiment’s outcomes
▪ Types: Discrete, Continuous
▪ Characteristics of a Discrete Variable: it represents counts
(e.g. the number of objects in a collection)
▪ Characteristics of a Continuous Variable: it represents
measurable amounts (e.g. water volume or weight)
Source: Corporate Finance Institute
Expected value. Mean and
standard deviation
▪ In statistics, the standard deviation is a measure of the
amount of variation or dispersion of a set of values
▪ A low standard deviation indicates that the values tend to be
close to the mean (also called the expected value) of the set
▪ A high standard deviation indicates that the values are
spread out over a wider range
▪ The expected value (also called expectation, mean,
average) is a generalization of the weighted average, or the
value that is most likely the result of the next repeated trial of
a statistical experiment
▪ Source: BFI Institute
Ley de los grandes números.
▪ In probability theory, the law of large numbers (LLN) is a
theorem that describes the result of performing the same
experiment a large number of times
▪ There are 2 main versions: Weak and Strong
Central LIMIT theorem
▪ The central limit theorem states that if you have a population
with mean μ and standard deviation σ and take sufficiently
large random samples from the population with
replacement , then the distribution of the sample means will
be approximately normally distributed
▪ There are 3 rules of the central limit theorem:
• The data should be sampled randomly.
• The samples should be independent of each other.
• The sample size should be sufficiently large but not exceed 10% of
the population.
