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w
AMERICAN SOCIETY
FOR

TESTING MATERIALS
AFFILIATED W ITH THE

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR TESTING MATERIALS

A.S.T.M. STANDARDS

NOTICE

Special attention is called to the blank letter of recommen-

dation for membership in the Society, and the application

blank
for membership bound in the back of this volume.
It is hoped
that members will put these blanks to good use as occasio
n offers.
Edgar Marburg,
Secretary-Treasurer.
w
AMERICAN SOCIETY
FOR

TESTING MATERIALS
AFFILIATED WITH THE

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR TESTING MATERIALS

A.S.T.M. STANDARDS
ISSUED BIENNIALLY

1916

EDITED BY THE SECRETARY=TREASLRER

Under the Reqllations Qoverm.nq Publications

Office of the Secretary-Treasurer, Lniversity of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.

PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY

 Entered according to Act of Congress by the
Amebican Socibtt fob Testing Mateeials,
in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.

^1\
 CONTENTS

General Information concerning the Society 13

STANDARDS ADOPTED BY THE SOCIETY.'

In the serial designations prefixed to the following titles, the initial letter
indicative of the general classification and the first number are permanent.
The final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case of revi-
sion, the year of last revision. Thus, the standards which were originated
or revised during the past year are designated by the final number 16.

A. Ferrous Metals.

Steel.

(See also Wrought Iron: A 56-15.)

Standard Specifications for: page
A 1-14. Carbon-Steel Rails 18
A 2-12. Open-hearth Steel Girder and High Tee Rails. . . . 27
A 3-14. Low-Carbon-Steel Splice Bars 32
A 4-14. Medium-Carbon-Steel SpUce Bars 35
A 5-14. High-Carbon-Steel SpUce Bars 39
A 6-14. Extra-High-Carbon-Steel Splice Bars 43
A 49-15. Quenched High-Carbon-Steel Splice Bars 47
A 50-16. Quenched Carbon-Steel Track Bolts 51
A 51-16. Quenched Alloy-Steel Track Bolts ; 55
A 7-16. Structural Steel for Bridges 59
A 8-16. Structural Nickel Steel 66
A 9-16. Structural Steel for Buildings 73
A 10-16. Structural Steel for Locomotives 80
A 11-16. Structural Steel for Cars 86
A 12-16. Structural Steel for Ships 92
A 13-14. Rivet Steel for Ships 98
A 14-16. Carbon-Steel Bars for Railway Springs 103
A 58-16. Carbon-Steel Bars for Vehicle and Automobile Springs. . . . 106
A 59-16. Silico-Manganese-Steel Bars for Automobile and Railway
Springs 109
A 60-16. Chrome-Vanadium-Steel Bars for Automobile and Railway
Springs 112
A 61-16. Helical Springs for Railways 115
'For a List of Standards in Continuous Numeric Sequence, see pp. 9-12.

(3)
 Contents.

Standard Specifications for:

A 62-16. Elliptical Springs for Raihvaj's
A 15-14. Billet-Steel Concrete Reinforcement Bars
A 16-14. Rail-Steel Concrete Reinforcement Bars
A 17-13. Blooms, Billets and Slabs for Carbon-Steel Forgings
A 18-16. Carbon-Steel and Alloy-Steel Forgings
A 19-16. Quenched-and-Tempered Carbon-Steel Axles, Shafts, and
Other Forgings for Locomotives and Cars ]
A 20-16. Carbon-Steel Forgings for Locomotives :
A 63-16. Quenched-and-Tempered Alloj'-Steel Axles, Shafts, and
Other Forgings for Locomotives and Cars ]
A 21-14. Carbon-Steel Car and Tender Axles ]
A 22-16. Cold-Rolled Steel Axles ]
A 57-16. Wrought Solid Carbon-.Steel Wheels for Steam Railway
Service 1
A 25-16. Wrought Solid Carbon-Steel Wheels for Electric Railway
Service :
A 26-16. Steel Tires .■ 1
A 27-16. Steel Castings :
A 28-16. Lap-Welded and Seamless Steel Boiler Tubes, Boiler
Flues, Superheater Pipes, Safe Ends, and Arch Tubes
for Locomotives :
A 52-15. Lap-Welded and Seamless Steel and Wrought-Iron Boiler
Tubes for Stationary Sersdce ^
A 53-15. Welded Steel and Wrought-Iron Pipe :
A 29-16. Automobile Carbon and Alloy Steels :
A 30-16. Boiler and Firebox Steel for Locomotives ^
A 31-14. Boiler Rivet Steel :
A 32-14. Cold-Draw'n Bessemer Steel Automatic Screw Stock i
A 54-15. Cold- Drawn Open-hearth Steel Automatic Screw Stock.. 1

Standard Tests for:

A 34-14. Magnetic Properties of Iron and .Steel

Standard Methods for:

A 33-14. Chemical Analysis of Plain Carbon Steel

A 55-15. Chemical Analysis of Alloy Steels.

Recommended Practice for:

A 35-11. Annealing of Miscellaneous Rolled and Forged Carbon-
Steel Objects
 Contents. 5

Wrought Iron.
(See also Steel: A 52-15, A 53-15.)
Standard Specifications for: page
A 38-16. Lap- Welded Charcoal-Iron Boiler Tubes, Boiler Flues,
Safe Ends, and Arch Tubes for Locomotives 312
A 39-14. Staybolt Iron 315
A 40-13. Engine-Bolt Iron 318
A 41-13. Refined Wrought-Iron Bars 322
A 42-13. Wrought-Iron Plates 326
A 56-15. Iron and Steel Chain 329

Pig Iron, Cast Iron, and Finished Castings.

Standard Specifications for:
A 43-09. Foundry Pig Iron 335
A 44-04. Cast-iron Pipe and Special Castings 339
A 45-14. Cast-Iron Locomotive Cylinders 349
A 46-05. Cast-Iron Car Wheels 353
A 47-15. Malleable-Iron Castings 359
A 48-05. Gray-Iron Castings 362
Standard Methods for:
A 64-16. Sampling and Analysis of Pig and Cast Iron 366

B. Non-Ferrous Metals.
Standard Specifications for:
B 1-15. Hard-Drawn Copper Wire 386
B 2-15. Medium Hard-Drawn Copper Wire 395
B 3-15. Soft or Annealed Copper Wire . 402
B 8-16. Bare Concentric-Lay Copper Cable: Hard, Mediuni-Hard
or Soft 407
B 9-16. High-Strength Bronze Trolley Wire, Round and Grooved:
40 and 65-per-cent Conductivity 412
B 4-13. Lake Copper Wire Bars, Cakes, Slabs, Billets, Ingots, and
Ingot Bars 416
B 5-13. Electrolytic Copper Wire Bars, Cakes, Slabs, Billets,
Ingots, and Ingot Bars 420
B 6-14. Spelter 423
B 7-14. Manganese-Bronze Ingots for Sand Castings 427

C. Cement, Lime, Gypsum, and Clay Products.

Standard Specifications for:
C 9-17. Standard Specifications and Tests for Portland Cement. . 429
C 10-09. Natural Cement 449
C 4-16. Drain Tile 452
Standard specifications for: pa
C 5-15. Quicklime; 4
C 6-15. Hydrated Lime 4
C 7-15. Paving Brick 4

Standard Tests for:

C 2-08. Fireproof Floor Construction 4
C 3-09. Fireproof Partition Construction 4

Standard Definitions oj:

C 8-15. Terms Relating to Sewer Pipe 4

D. Miscellaneous Materials.

Standard Specifications for:

D 1-15. Purity of Raw Linseed Oil from North American Seed . . 4
D 11-15. Purity of BoUed Linseed Oil from North American Seed. . 5
D 12-16. Purity of Raw Tung Oil ' 5
D 13-15. Turpentine 5
D 17-16. Foundry Coke 5
D 10-15. Yellow-Pine Bridge and Trestle Timbers 5
D 14-15. 2f-in. Cotton Rubber-Lined Fire Hose for Private Depart-
ment Use 5

Standard Tests for:

D 2-08. Abrasion of Road Material 5
D 3-08. Toughness of Macadam Rock !
D 4-11. Soluble Bitumen !
D 5-16. Penetration of Bituminous Materials !
D 6-16. Loss on Heating of Oil and Asphaltic Compounds i

Standard Methods for:

D 7-16. Making a Mechanical Analysis of Sand or Other Fine
Highway Material, except for Fine Aggregates Used in
Cement Concrete v
D 18-16. Making a Mechanical Analysis of Broken Stone or Broken
Slag, except for Aggregates Used in Cement Concrete . . i
D 19-16. Making a Mechanical Analysis of Mixtures of Sand or
Other Fine Material with Broken Stone or Broken
Slag, except for Aggregates Used in Cement Concrete l
D 20-16. Distillation of Bituminous Materials Suitable for Road
Treatment •
D 21-16. Sampling of Coal <
 Contents. 7

Standard Definitions of: page

D 16-15. Terms Relating to Paint Specifications 590
D 8-15. Terms Relating to Materials for Roads and Pavements 594
D 9-15. Terms Relating to Structural Timber 598

E. Miscellaneous Subjects.
Standard Methods for:
E 1-16. Testing 602

DATA RELATIVE TO COMMITTEES AND PUBLICATIONS.

Officers and Members of Executive Committee 618
Regtilations Governing the Executive Committee 619
Tabular List of Standing Committees 622
Personnel of Standing Committees 624
RegTilations Governing Standing Committees 666
Supplementary Regulations Governing Committee A-1 674
Supplementary Regulations Governing Committee C-1 679
Supplementary Regulations Governing Committee C-1 1 681
Supplementary Regulations Governing Committee D- 1 685
Supplementary Regulations Governing Committee D- 1 1 690
Basis of Cooperation between Various Government Branches and the
Standing Committees of the Society 694
Regulations Governing the Form but not the Substance of Standards. . . 697
Regulations Governing Papers, Committee Reports and Discussions 708
List of Standards 712
List of Tentative Standards 729
Price List of Publications 734
Index of the Standards 738

STANDARDS APPLICABLE TO LOCOMOTIVES.

Steel.
Standard Specifications for:
A 10-16. Structural Steel for Locomotives 80
A 17-13. Blooms, Billets and Slabs for Carbon-Steel Forgings 138
A 19-16. Quenched-and-Tempered Carbon-Steel Axles, Shafts, and
Other Forgings for Locomotives and Cars 150
A 20-16. Carbon-Steel Forgings for Locomotives 159
A 63-16. Quenched-and-Tempered Alloy-Steel Axles, Shafts, and
Other Forgings for Locomotives and Cars 164
A 21-14. Carbon-Steel Car and Tender Axles 173
A 57-16. Wrought Solid Carbon-Steel Wheels for Steam Railway
Service 180
Skmdard Specifications for: p;
A 26-16. Steel Tire? ]
A 27-16. Steel Castings, Class B (Special Requirements for Castings
for Railway Rolling Stock) 2
A 28-16. Lap-Welded and Seamless Steel Boiler Tubes, Boiler
Flues, Superheater Pipes, Safe Ends, and Arch Tubes
for Locomotives i
A 30-16. Boiler and Firebox Steel for Locomotives I
A 31-14. Boiler Rivet Steel :

Wrought Iron.
Standard Specifications for:
A 38-16. Lap-Welded Charcoal-Iron Boiler Tubes, Boiler Flues,
Safe Ends, and Arch Tubes for Locomotives c
A 39-14. Staybolt Iron •
A 40-13. Engine-Bolt Iron ;
A 41-13. Refined Wrought-Iron Bars ;
Cast Iron.
Standard Specifications for:
A 45-14. Cast-iron Locomotive Cylinders ^
A 48-05. Gray-Iron Castings ;
 LIST OF STANDARDS

IN
CONTINUOUS NUMERIC SEQUENCE.

A. Ferrous Metals. p^^e

A 1-14. Standard Specifications for Carbon-Steel Rails IS
A 2-12.
Standard Specifications for Open-hearth Steel Girder and
High Tee Rails 27
A 3-14. Standard Specifications for Low-Carbon-Steel Splice Bars. ... 32
A 4-14. Standard Specifications for IMedium-Carbon-Steel Splice Bars 35
A 5-14. Standard Specifications for High-Carbon-Steel Splice Bars. . 39
A 6-14.
Standard Specifications for Extra-High-Carbon-Steel Splice
Bars 43
A 7-16. Standard Specifications for .Structural Steel for Bridges 39
A 8-16. Standard Specifications for Structural Nickel Steel 66
A 9-16. Standard Specifications for Structural Steel for Buildings. . 73
A 10-16. Standard Specifications for Structural Steel for Locomotives 80
A 11-16. Standard Specifications for Structural Steel for Cars 86
A 12-16. Standard Specifications for Stnictural Steel for Ships 92
A 13-14. Standard Specifications for Rivet Steel for .Ships. 98
A 14-16. Standard Specifications for Carbon-Steel Bars for Railway
Springs 1 03
A 15-14. Standard Specifications for Billet-Steel Concrete Reinforce-
ment Bars 131
A 16-14. Standard Specifications for Rail-Steel Concrete Reinforcement
Bars 135
A 17-13. Standard .Specifications for Blooms, Billets, and Slabs for
Carbon-Steel Forgings 1 3S
A 18-16. .Standard Specifications for Carbon-Steel and Alloy-Steel
Forgings 141
A 19-16. Standard Specifications for Quenched-and-Temjjered Carbon-
Steel Axles, Shafts, and Other Forgings for Locomotives
and Cars 150
A 20-16. Standard Specifications for Carbon-Steel Forgings for Loco
motives r 159
A 21-14. Standard Specifications for Carbon-Steel Car and Tender
Axles 1 73
A 22-16. Standard Specifications for Cold-Rolled Steel Axles 176
A 23. Discontinued — Replaced by Specification A $7
A 24. Discontinued — Replaced by Specification A 57
A 25-16. Standard Specifications for Wrought Solid Carbon-Steel
Wheels for Electric Railway Servnce 188
(9)
 PAG

A 26-16. Standard Specifications for Steel Tires 19

A 27-16, Standard Specifications for Steel Castings 20
A 28-16. Standard Specifications for Lap-Welded and Seamless Steel
Boiler Tubes, Boiler Flues, Superheater Pipes, Safe Ends,
and Arch Tubes for Locomotives 20
A 29-16. Standard Specifications for Automobile Carbon and Alloy
Steels 22
A 30-16. Standard Specifications for Boiler and Firebox Steel for
Locomotives 22
A 31-14. Standard Specifications for Boiler Rivet Steel 23
A 32-14, Standard Specifications for Cold-Drawn Bessemer Steel
Automatic Screw Stock 23
A 33-14. Standard Methods for Chemical Analysis of Plain Carbon
Steel 24
A 34-14. Standard Tests for Magnetic Properties of Iron and Steel. . 24
A 35-11. Recommended Practice for Annealing of Miscellaneous
Rolled and Forged Carbon-Steel Objects 30
A 36-14. Recommended Practice for Annealing- of Carbon-Steel Cast-
ings 30
A 37-14. Recommended Practice for Heat Treatment of Case-Hardened
Carbon-Steel Objects 31
A 38-16. Standard Specifications for Lap-Welded Charcoal-Iron Boiler
Tubes, Boiler Flues, Safe Ends, and Arch Tubes for Loco-
motives 31
A 39-14. Standard Specifications for Staybolt Iron 31
A 40-13. Standard Specifications for Engine-Bolt Iron 31
A 41-13. Standard Specifications for Refined Wrought-Iron Bars 32
A 42-13. Standard Specifications for Wrought-Iron Plates 32
A 43-09. Standard Specifications for Foundrx' Pig Iron 33
A 44-04. Standard Specifications for Cast-iron Pipe and Special Cast-
ings 33
A 45-14. Standard Specifications for Cast Iron Locomotive Cylinders 34
A 46-05. Standard Specifications for Cast Iron Car Wheels 35
A 47-15. Standard Specifications for MaUeable-Iron Castings 35
A 48-05. Standard Specifications for Gray-Iron Castings 36
A 49-15. Standard Specifications for Quenched High-Carbon-Steel
Splice Bars 4
A 50-16. Standard Specifications for Quenched Carbon-Steel Track
Bolts 5
A 51-16. Standard Specifications for Quenched Alloy-Steel Track Bolts 5
A 52-15. Standard Specifications for Lap-Welded and Seamless Steel
and Wrought-Iron Boiler Tubes for Stationary Service. . . 21
A 53-15. Standard Specifications for Welded Steel and Wrought-Iron
Pipe 21
 Contents. 11

PAGE

A 55-15. Standard Methods for Chemical Analysis of Alloy Steels. . . . 273

A 56-15. Standard Specifications for Iron and Steel Chain 329
A 57-16. Standard Specifications for Wrought Solid Carbon-Steel
Wheels for Steam Railway Service 180
A 58-16. Standard Specifications for Carbon-Steel Bars for Vehicle
and Automobile Springs 106
A 59-16. Standard Specifications for SUico-Manganese-Steel Bars for
Automobile and Railway Springs 109
A 60-16. Standard Specifications for Chrome-Vanadium-Steel Bars for
Automobile and Railway Springs 112
A 61-16. Standard Specifications for Helical Springs for Railways. ... 115
A 62-16. Standard Specifications for Elliptical Springs for Railways. . 122
A 63-16. Standard Specifications for Quenched-and-Tempered Alloy-
Steel Axles, Shafts, and Other Forgings for Locomotives
and Cars 164
A 64-16. Standard Methods for Sampling and Analysis of Pig and Cast
Iron 366

B. Non-Ferrous Metals.
B 1-15. Standard Specifications for Hard-Drawn Copper Wire 386
B 2-15. Standard Specifications for Medium Hard-Drawn Copper Wire 395
B 3-15. Standard Specifications for Soft or Annealed Copper Wire. . 402
B 4-13. Standard Specifications for Lake Copper Wire Bars, Cakes,
Slabs, Billets, Ingots and Ingot Bars : 416
B 5-13. Standard Specifications for Electrolytic Copper Wire Bars,
Cakes, Slabs, BiUets, Ingots and Ingot Bars 420
B 6-14. Standard Specifications for Spelter 423
B 7-14. Standard Specifications for Manganese-Bronze Ingots for
Sand Castings 427
B 8-16. Standard Specifications for Bare Concentric-Lay Copper
Cable: Hard, Medium-Hard, or Soft 407
B 9-16. Standard Specifications for High-Strength Bronze Trolley
Wire, Round and Grooved: 40 and 65-per-cent Conductivity 412

C. Cement, Lime, Gypsum, and Clay Products.

C 1. Discontinued — -Replaced by Specifications C Q and C lo
C 2-08. Standard Tests for Fireproof Floor Construction 487
c 3-09. Standard Tests for Fireproof Partition Construction 490
c 4-16. Standard Specifications for Drain Tile 452
c 5-15. Standard Specifications for Quicklime 469
c 6-15. Standard Specifications for Hydrated Lime 472
c 7-15. Standard Specifications for Paving Brick 475
c 8-15. Standard Definitions of Terms Relating to Sewer Pipe 493
c 9-17. Standard Specifications and Tests for Portland Cement 429
c 10-09. Standard Specifications for Natural Cement 449
12 Contents.

D. Miscellaneous Materials. p^ge

D 1-15. Standard Specifications for Purity of Raw Linseed Oil from
North American Seed • 497
D 2-08. Standard Test for Abrasion of Road Material 524
D 3-08. Standard Test for Toughness of Macadam Rock 526
D 4-11. Standard Test for Soluble Bitumen 528
D 5-16. Standard Test for Penetration of Bituminous Materials 530
D 6-16. Standard Test for Loss on Heating of Oil and Asphaltic Com-
pounds 533
D 7-16. Standard Method for ISIaking a Mechanical Analj-sis of Sand
or Other Fine Highway Material, except for Fine Aggregates
Used in Cement Concrete 535
D 8-15. Standard Definitions of Terms Relating to Materials for
Roads and Pavements 594
D 9-15. Standard Definitions of Terms Relating to Structural Timber 598
D 10-15. Standard Specifications for Yellow-Pine Bridge and Trestle
Timbers 515
D 11-15. Standard Specifications for Purit}- of Boiled Linseed Oil from
North American Seed 500
D 12-16. Standard Specifications for Purit}' of Raw Tung Oil 503
D 13-15. Standard Specifications for Turpentine 508
D 14—15. Standard Specifications for 2f-in. Cotton Rubber- Lined Fire
Hose for Private Department Use 519
D 15-15. Standard Methods for Testing of Cotton Rubber-Lined Hose 580
D 16-15. Standard Definitions of Terms Relating to Paint Specifications 590
D 17-16. Standard Specifications for Foundry Coke 511
D 18-16. Standard Method for Making a Mechanical Analysis of Broken
Stone or Broken Slag, except for Aggregates Used in Cement
Concrete 537
D 19-16. Standard Method for Making a Mechanical Analysis of
Mixtures of Sand or Other Fine Material with Broken
Stone or Broken vSIag, except for Aggregates Used in Cement
Concrete 538
D 20-16. Standard Method for Distillation of Bituminous Materials
Suitable for Road Treatment 540
D 21-16. Standard Methods for Sampling of Coal 544
D 22-16. Standard Methods for Laboratory Sampling and Analysis of
Coal 550

E. Miscellaneous Subjects.
E 1-16. Standard Methods for Testing 602
 American Society for Testing Materials
Affiliated with the

International Association for Testing Materials.

GENERAL INFORMATION.

American Society for Testing Materials.

Purpose. — The purpose of the Society is the promotion of

knowledge of the materials of engineering, and the standardiza-
tion of specifications and methods of testing.

Membership. — Membership may be held by individuals,

firms, corporations, technical or scientific societies, companies,
teaching faculties, and libraries. There are three classes of mem-
bership: Honorar\- Members, ^lembers and Junior Members.
A Junior Member must be less than thirty years of age and his
status is changed to that of ]\Iember when he attains that age.
A Junior ^Member is entitled to the full pri\dleges of membership
at a reduction in dues, except that he ma}' not hold office.
Applications for membership filed on behalf of others than
individuals should have indicated on the same the name and
official title of the personal representative to whom the publica-
tions are to be sent, and by whom the voting privilege will be
exercised.

Meetings. — The Society holds a general meeting annually.

Additional meetings may be held at the discretion of the Execu-
tive Committee, or upon the written request of twenty-five (25)
members.

Standing Committees. — -The work of the Society is done

largeh' through its standing committees, who present reports
and recommendations at the annual meeting. One of the
most important functions of the Society is the adoption of
(l) "Standards," which include
(13)
specifications, tests, methods,
and definitions; and (2) "Recommended Practice." Tl
procedure involved is set forth in the Regulations Governii
Standing Committees.^ In general, proposed new Standar<
or proposed changes in existing Standards are published f^
one or two years in the Proceedings as Tentative Standards befo
taking action towards their formal adoption. A list of the Stan
ards of the Society is given on pages 7 12-728, and of the Tentati"'
Standards on pages 729-733.
On committees dealing with subjects having a commerci
bearing, either an equal numeric balance is maintained betwee
the representatives of producing and non-producing interests, '
the latter are allowed to predominate with the acquiescence
the former. Unattached experts are classed as representatives
non-producing interests.
The personnel of the standing committees is given (
pages 624-665.
Publications. — The publications of the Society consist (
the Proceedings of about 1000 pages, published annually in t\
parts, of which Part I contains the committee reports and tent
tive standards, and Part II the technical papers presented
the annual meeting; (2) the volume of A.S.T.M. Standarc
of about 750 pages, pubHshed biennially in the even years ai
containing the standards adopted by the Society; (3) a Memb(
ship List of about 225 pages, pubHshed &,imually, and containi:
also the Ust of standing committees and general information co
cerning the International Association and the American Societ
and (4) circulars to members, of which some eight or ten a
issued at irregular intervals during the year.
Every member receives the above publications by virtue
his membership. The Proceedings and the volume of A. S.T.I
Standards are suppUed in cloth binding without added char*
Members may receive the Proceedings bound in half-leather
an additional charge of 50 cents a volume.
The Standards of the Society, which are all subject
revision biennially in the even years, may be obtained in s€
arate form at prices depending upon the number of cop:
required. (See page 736.)
 General Intormation. 15

The Society has also issued the following special publica-

tions, to which more detailed reference will be found on pages
736-737: (l) an Index of Volumes I to XII of the Proceedings;
(2) the Reports from 1903 to 1914 of Conmiittee D-1 on Pre-
servative Coatings fof Structural Materials; and (3) a Memorial
Volmne commemorative of Charles B. Dudley, late President
of the Society.
The price hst of all the pubHcations of the Society is given
on pages 734-737.
Dues. — The dues per annum are $15 for Members and $7.50
for Junior Members, the fiscal year commencing on January 1.
There is no initiation fee. Life membership may be pur-
chased by individuals by the pa>Tnent of a sum calculated
according to age under the Table of Expectancy based upon the
American Experience Table of ]VIortalit>\ Membership in per-
petuity may be purchased by corporations, firms, etc., by the
payment of $300.
A person elected after six months of the fiscal year have
expired is required to pay only one-half of the annual dues,
which entitles him to a copy of the current volume of A.S.T.M.
Standards but does not entitle him to a copy of the Proceedings
for that year. He may, however, exercise his pri\'ilege of pa}ang
a full year's dues and receive the Proceedings.

International Assocl^tion for Testing Materials.

Membership. — Members of the American Society are eligible

for membership in the International Association without other
formahty than the filing of an application for membership and the
payment of dues. The dues are $4 per annum, the fiscal year
commencing on January 1. Life membership may be pur-
chased for the sum of $75.

Congresses. — The International Association holds Congresses

triennially. Thus far six such Congresses have been held. The
Sixth Congress was held in New York City in September, 1912.
The Seventh Congress, which was to have been held in Petro-
grad, August 12-17, 1915, has been indefinitely postponed pend-
ing the termination of the European war.
16 General Information.

Publications, (a) Proceedings. — Since 1908 the Interna-

tional Association for Testing Materials has published its Pro-
ceedings inthe form of pamphlets, issued at irregular intervals.
The pamphlets published between Congress years contain the
minutes of Council meetings, official communications, member-
ship lists, the personnel of technical committees, etc., while those
issued during Congress years contain committee reports and
the advance papers to be presented at the Congress. Every
member of the Association receives, by virtue of his member-
ship, all publications issued by the Association subsequent to the
date of his membership.
ib) Congress Reports. — The Proceedings of the First Con-
gress, held in Zurich in 1895; the Second Congress, held in
Stockholm in 1897; and the Third Congress, held in Budapest
in 1901, were published (in part) in French and German in the
periodical Lcs Materiaux de Construction {Baumaterialienkunde),
edited by H. Giessler, Stuttgart, 1896-1902. This publication
has been discontinued.
The English edition of the Proceedings of the Fifth Con-
gress, held in Copenhagen in 1909, is out of print.
The Proceedings of the Fourth and Sixth Congresses are
obtainable at the following prices:
Report of the Fourth Congress, held in Brussels in 1906:
(1) A cloth-bound volume containing the official papers
and proceedings $3 30
(2) A cloth-bound volume containing the non-official
papers 1 50
Report of the Sixth Congress, held in New York in 1912,
in the form of two volumes of about 1 100 pages each:
(1) In paper binding (2 vols.) $7 00
(2) In cloth binding (2 vols.) 8 00
The publications in EngHsh of the International Association
are obtainable only from the McGraw-Hill Book Company, 239
West Thirty-ninth Street, New York.
The pubHcations of the Association are also printed in
German and French. Any inquiries concerning the publications
in these languages should be addressed to the International
Association for Testing Materials, 50 Nordbahnstrasse, \'ienna.
Austria.
 A.S.T.M. STANDARDS
CONSISTING OF

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS, STANDARD TESTS.

STANDARD METHODS. STANDARD
DEFINITIONS. RECOMMENDED
PRACTICE
 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIA!
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association for Testing Materials.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR

CARBON-STEEL RAILS.

Serial Designation: Al-14.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed desigr
tion Al; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the ca
of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1901; Revised, 1907, 1908, 1909, 1914.

INSPECTION.
;ess to 1 • Inspectors representing the purchaser shall have fr
'■^^- entry to the works of the manufacturer at all times while tl
contract is being executed, and shall have all reasonable faciliti
afforded them by the manufacturer to satisfy them that tl
rails have been made and loaded in accordance with the terr
of the specifications,
ce of 2. All tests and inspections shall be made at the place
"*^- manufacture, prior to shipment and shall be so conducted
not to interfere unnecessarily with the operations of the mill.
MATERIAL.

iteriai. 3. The material shall be steel made by the Bessemer

open-hearth process, as provided by the contract.
CHEMICAL REQUIREMENTS,
emicai 4. The chemical composition of each heat of the steel fro
 Serial Designation: A 1-14.
19
Bessemer Steel.

Weights, lb. per yd.

Elements Considered.
50-69.incl. 70-84, incl. 85-100, incl. 101 - 120, incl.

0.37-0.47 0.40-0.50 0.45-0.55 0.45-0.55

Manganese, per cent 0.80-1.10 0.80-1.10 0.80-1.10 0.80-1.10
Phosphorus, max., per cent 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10
0.20 0.20 0.20
Silicon, max., per cent. . . . 0.20

Open-Hearth Steel.

Carbon, per cent 0 . 50 - 0 . 63 0.53-0.66 0.62-0.75 0.62-0.75

Manganese, per cent 0 . 60 - 0 . 90 0.60-0.90 0.60-0.90 0.60-0.90
Phosphorus, max. , per cent 0 . 04 0.04 0.04
0.04 0.20
Silicon, max., per cent. ... 0.20 0.20 0.20

5. It is desired that the percentage of carbon in an entire Average

order of rails shall average as high as the mean percentage ^^^^°^-
between the upper and lower limits specified.
6. In order to ascertain whether the chemical composition Analyses,
is in accordance with the requirements, analyses shall be fur-
nished as follows:
(a) For the Bessemer process, the manufacturer shall
furnish to the inspector, daily, carbon determinations for each
heat before the rails are shipped, and two chemical analyses
every 24 hours representing the average of the elements, carbon,
manganese, silicon, phosphorus, and sulfur contained in the
steel, one for each day and night turn respectively. These
analyses shall be made on drilhngs taken from the ladle test
ingot not less than | in. beneath the surface.
(b) For the open-hearth process the manufacturer shall
furnish the inspector with a chemical analysis of the elements,-
carbon, manganese, silicon, phosphorus, and sulfur for each heat.
(c) On request of the inspector, the manufacturer shall
furnish a portion of the test ingot for check analysis.

PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS.
7. Tests shall be made to determine:
Physical
(a) Ductihty or toughness as opposed to brittieness; Qualities.
(6) Soundness.
 20 Specifications for Carbon-Steel Rails.

Method of 8. The physical quahties shall be determined by the drop

Testing. test.
Drop-Testing
Machine. 9. The drop-testing machine shall be the standard of the
American Railway Engineering Association.
(a) The tup shall weigh 2000 lb., and have a striking face
with a radius of 5 in.
(b) The anvil block shall weigh 20,000 lb., and be sup-
ported on springs.
(c) The supports for the test pieces shall be a part of, or
firmly secured to, the anvil. These supports shall be spaced
3 ft. between centers for rails 100 lb. per yd. or less in weight
and 4 ft. for rails over 100 lb. per yd. in weight. The bearing
surfaces of the supports shall have a radius of 5 in.
Pieces for 10. Drop tests shall be made on pieces of rail not less than
Drop Tests.
4 ft. and not more than 6 ft. long. These test pieces shall be
cut from the top end of the top rail of the ingot, and marked
on the base or head with gage marks 1 in. apart for 3 in. each
side of the center of the test piece, for measuring the ductility
of the metal.
Temperature of 11. The temperature of the test pieces shall be between
Test Pieces.
60 and 100° F.
Height of 12. The test piece shall ordinarily be placed head upwards
Drop.
on the supports, and be subjected to impact of the tup falling
free from the following heights :
Weight of Rail,
lb. per yd. Height~offt. Drop,

50 - 60 inclusive 15
61- 79 " 16
80- 90 " 17
91-100 " 18
101-120 " 21

Elongation or 13. {a) Under impacts, the rail under one or more blows
Ductility.
shall show at least 6 per cent elongation for one inch or 5
per cent each for tw^o consecutive inches of the 6-in. scale,
marked as described in Section 10.
(b) A sufficient number of blows shall be given to deter-
mine the complete elongation of the test piece of at least every
fifth heat of Bessemer steel, and of one out of every three test
pieces of a heat of open-hearth steel.
 Serial Designation: A 1 - 14. 21

14. It is desired that the permanent set after one blow Permanent set.
under the drop test shall not exceed that in the following table,
and a record shall be made of the information:
Permanent Set, in.
Weight, (measured by middle ordinate
Moment of in a length of 3 ft.).
Section. lb. per yd. Inertia.
Bessemer
1 Open-Hearth
Process. Process.
100 48.94
A.R.A. -A. 1.65 1.45
100 41.30 2.05 1.80
A.R.A. -B.
90 38.70 1.90
A.R.A. -A. 1.65
A.R.A. -B. 32.30 2.20 2.00
90 2.85
80 28.80 2.45
A.R.A. -A.
25.00 3.15 2.85
A.R.A. -B.
80 21.05
A.R.A.- A. 3.50
70 3.10
-\.R.A. -B. 70 18.60 3.85 3.50

15. Test pieces which do not break under the first or subse- Test to
quent blows shall be nicked and broken, to determine whether destruction,
the interior metal is sound. The words "interior defect" in
the following sections shall be interpreted to mean seams,
laminations, cavities, or interposed foreign matter made visible
by the destruction test, saws or driUs.
16. One piece shall be tested from each heat of Bessemer Bessemer-
gj-ggj Process Drop

a test piece does not break at the first blow and ""'■
shows(a)theIf required elongation (Section 13), all the rails of the
heat shall be accepted, provided that the test piece when broken
does not show interior defect.
(b) If, however, the test piece shows interior defect, the
other test requirements having been met, all the top rails of the
heat shall be accepted as special rails and further test shall be
made on the second rails, as described in Paragraph (d) of this
section.
(c) If the test piece breaks at the first blow or does not
show the required elongation (Section 13), all the top rails of
the heat shall be rejected.
{d) A second test shall then be made of the test piece
selected b)' the inspector from the top end of any second rail
or the bottom end of any top rail of the same heat, prefera
the same ingot. If the test piece does not break at the fi
blow and shows the required elongation (Section 13), all
remainder of the rails of the heat shall be accepted, provic
that the test piece when broken does not show interior def(
{e) If, however, the test piece shows interior defect,
other test requirements having been met, all the second r;
of the heat shall be accepted as special rails and further t
shall be made on the third rails, as described in Paragraph
of this section.
(/) If the test piece breaks at the first blow or does ]
show the required elongation (Section 13), all the second r;
of the heat shall be rejected.
{g) A third test shall then be made of the test piece selec
by the inspector from the top end of any third rail or the bott
end of any second rail of the same heat, preferably the sa
ingot. If the test piece does not break at the first blow z
shows the required elongation (Section 13), all the remain
of the rails of the heat shall be accepted, provided that the t
piece when broken does not show interior defect.
Qi) If, however, the test piece shows interior defect,
other test requirements having been met, all the remainder
the rails of the heat shall be accepted as special rails.
{i) If the test piece breaks at the first blow or does ]
show the required elongation (Section 13), all the remain
of the rails of the heat shall be rejected.
17. Test pieces shall be selected from the second, mid
and last full ingot of each open-hearth heat.
(a) If two of these test pieces do not break at the f
blow and both show the required elongation (Section 13),
of the rails of the heat shall be accepted, provided that n(
of the three test pieces when broken shows interior defect.
{h) If, however, any one of the three test pieces sh(
interior defect, the other test requirements having been n
all the top rails of the heat shall be accepted as special rails i
further test shall be made on the second rails, as described
Paragraph {d) of this section.
 Serial Designation: A 1 - 14. 23

(d) A second test shall then be made from three test pieces
selected by the inspector from the top end of any second rails
or the bottom end of any top rails of the same heat, preferably
the same ingots. If two of the test pieces do not break at the
first blow and both show the required elongation (Section 13),
all the remainder of the rails of the heat shall be accepted, pro-
vided that none of the three test pieces when broken shows
interior defect.
(e) If, however, any one of the three test pieces shows
interior defect, the other test requirements having been met,
all the top rails of the heat shall be accepted as special rails and
further test shall be made on the third rails, as described in
Paragraph (g) of this section.
(/) If two of the test pieces break at the first blow or do
not show the required elongation (Section 13), all the second
rails of the heat shall be rejected.
(g) A third test shall then be made from three test pieces
selected by the inspector from the top end of an}^ third rails
or the bottom end of any second rails of the same heat, prefer-
ably the same ingots. If two of the test pieces do not break
at the first blow and both show the required elongation (Section
13), all the remainder of the rails of the heat shall be accepted,
provided that none of the test pieces when broken shows interior
defect.
(h) If, however, any one of the three test pieces shows
interior defect, the other test requirements ha\'ing . been met,
all the remainder of the rails of the heat shall be accepted as
special rails.
(i) If two of the test pieces break at the first blow or do
not show the required elongation (Section 13), all the remainder
of the rails of the heat shall be rejected.
18. No. 1 classification rails shall be free from injurious No. i Rails,
defects and flaws of all kinds.
19, (a) Rails which by reason of surface imperfections. No. 2 Rails,
or for causes mentioned in Section 30 hereof, are not classed
as No. 1 rails will be accepted as No. 2 rails; but No. 2 rails
which contain imperfections in such number or of such char-
acter as will, in the judgment of the inspector, render them
unfit for recognized No. 2 uses, will not be accepted for shipment.
 (b) No. 2 rails to the extent of 5 per cent of the wh(
order wiU be received. All rails accepted as No. 2 rails sh
have the ends painted white, and shall have two prick-pun
marks on the side of the web near the heat number near the ei
of the rail, so placed as not to be covered by the splice bars.
20. Rails accepted as special rails in accordance wi
Sections 16 and 17, shall have the ends painted blue and sh
have three prick-punch marks on the side of the web near t
heat number, so placed as not to be covered by the splice ba

DETAILS OF MANUFACTURE.

21. The entire process of manufacture shall be in accoi

ance with the best current state of the art.
22. Bled ingots shall not be used.
23. There shall be sheared from the end of the bloo:
formed from the top of the ingot, sufificient metal to seci
sound rails.
24. The standard length of the rails shall be 33 ft., at
temperature of 60° F. Ten per cent of the entire order w
be accepted in shorter lengths varying by 1 ft. from 32 to
ft. A variation of j in. from the specified lengths will
allowed, except that for 15 per cent of the order a variation
f in. from the specified lengths will be permitted. No. 1 ra
less than 33 ft. long shall have the ends painted green.
25. The number of passes and speed of the train shall
so regulated that on leaving the rolls at the final pass the tei
perature of the rail will not exceed that which requires a shrinka
allowance at the hot saws, for a rail 33 ft. in length, and
100-lb. section, of 6f in., and | in. less for each 10-lb. decrea
in section or | in. more for each 10-lb. increase in section.
26. The bars shall not be held for the purpose of redi
ing their temperature, nor shall any artificial means of cooli:
them be used after they leave the finishing pass. Rails, wh
on the cooling beds, shall be protected from snow and water.
27. The section of rails shall conform as accurately
possible to the templet furnished by the railroad compar
A variation in height of ^ in. less or ^ in. greater than t
 Serial Designation: A 1-14. 25

but no variation shall be allowed in the dimensions affecting

the fit of the splice bars.
28. The weight of the rails specified in the order shall be Weight,
maintained as nearly as possible, after complying with Section
27. A variation of 0.5 per cent from the calculated weight
of section, as applied to an entire order, will be allowed.
29. Rails accepted will be paid for according to actual Payment,
weights.
30. (a) The hot-straightening shall be carefully done, so straightening,
that gagging under the cold presses will be reduced to a min-
imum. Any rails coming to the straightening presses showing
sharp kinks or greater camber than that indicated by the middle
ordinate of 4 in. in 33 ft. for A. R. A. type of sections, or 5 in.
for A. S. C. E. type of sections, will be at once classed as No. 2
rails. The distance between the supports of rails in the straight-
ening presses shall not be less than 42 in. The supports shall
have flat surfaces and be out of wind.
(b) Rails heard to snap or check while being straightened
shall be at once rejected.
31. Circular holes for joint bolts shall be drilled to con- Drilling,
form to the drawing and dimensions furnished by the railroad
company. A variation of yo in. larger than the specified size
of holes will be allowed.
32. (a) All rails shall be smooth on the heads, straight in Finishing,
line and surface, and without any twists, waves or kinks. They
shall be sawed square at the ends, a variation of not more than
^ in. being allowed, and burrs shall be carefuUy removed.
(b) Rails improperly drilled or straightened, or from which
the burrs have not been removed, shall be rejected, but may be
accepted after being properly finished.
(c) When any finished rail shows interior defect at either
end, or in any drilled hole, the entire rail shall be rejected.
33. (a) The name of the manufacturer, the weight and Branding. ■
type of rail, and the month and year of manufacture, shall
be rolled in raised letters and figures on the side of the web.
The number of the heat and a letter indicating the portion of
the ingot from which the rail was made, shall be plainly stamped
on the web of each rail, where it will not be covered by the
jsplice bars. The top rails shall be lettered "A," and the
 succeeding ones "B," "C," "D," etc., consecutively; but in ca
of a top discard of 20 or more per cent, the letter "A" will
omitted. All markings of rails shall be done so effectively th
the marks may be read as long as the rails are in service.
(6) Open-hearth rails shall be branded or stamped "O. B
in addition to the other marks.
Separate 34. All classes of rails shall be kept separate from ea
Classes.
other.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association for Testing Materials.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR

OPEN-HEARTH STEEL GIRDER AND HIGH TEE RAILS.

Serial Designation: A2 - 12.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion A 2 ; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1912.

I. MANUFACTURE.

1. The steel shall be made by the open-hearth process. Process.

The entire process of manufacture and testing shall accord
with the best current practice.
2. Bled ingots, and ingots or blooms which show the effects Bled ingots.
of injurious treatment, shall not be used.
3. A sufficient discard from the top of each ingot shall be Discard,
made at any stage of the manufacture to obtain sound rails.
When finished rails show piping, they may be cut to shorter
lengths until all evidence of this is removed.
II. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.
4. The steel shall conform to either of the following require- chemical
ments as to chemical composition, as specified in the orders omposnon.
Class A. Class B.
Carbon, per cent 0.60-0.75 0.70-0.85
Manganese, per cent 0.60-0.90 0.60-0.90
Silicon, per cent not over 0. 20 not over 0. 20
Phosphorus, per cent " " 0.04 " " 0.04
(27)
 28 Specifications for Girder and High Tee Rails.

5. To determine whether the material conforms to the

requirements specified in Section 4, an analysis shall be made
by the manufacturer from a test ingot taken during the pouring
of each melt. Drillings for analysis shall be taken not less than
i in. beneath the surface of the test ingot. A copy of this
analysis shall be given to the purchaser or his representative.
6. A check analysis may be made from time to time by
the purchaser from a test ingot or drillings therefrom furnished
by the manufacturer.

III. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.

7. (a) The test specimen shall be tested on a drop- test

machine of the type recommended by the American Railway
Engineering Association. The specimen shall be placed head
upwards on the supports of the machine, and shall not break
when tested with one blow in accordance with the following
conditions :

Temperature hrtwrm
Distance ' Weight
. ^ Height of Drop.
Weight and Height of Rail. of Specimen. Supports of Tup,
deg. Fahr. ^^ ' lb. class A Class B

Rails weighing over 100 lb. per yd.

and over 7 in. in depth 60-120 3 2000 15 12
All other sections 60-120 3 2000 13 10

(b) The atmospheric temperature at the time of testing

shall be recorded in the test report.
(c) The testing shall proceed concurrently with the opera-
tion of the works.
Test Specimens. 8. (o) Three rails, each from the top of one of three
ingots from each melt, shall be selected by the inspector, and
a test specimen shall be taken from each of two of these.
(b) Drop test specimens shall not be less than 4 nor more
than 6 ft. in length.
9. Two drop tests shall be made from each melt.
10, If the result of the drop test on only one of the two
specimens representing the rails in a melt, does not conform
to the requirements specified in Section 7, a retest on a specimen
 Serial Designation: A 2 - 12. 29

from the third rail selected shall be made and this shall govern
the acceptance or rejection of the rails from that melt.

IV. STANDARD SECTIONS, LENGTHS, AND WEIGHTS.

11. (a) The cold templet of the manufacturer shall con- Section,
form to the specified section as shown in detail on the drawing
of the purchaser, and shall at all times be maintained perfect.
(6) The section of the rail shall conform as accurately as
possible to the templet, and within the following tolerances:
(1) The height shall not vary more than ^ in. under nor
more than -^ in. over that specified.
(2) The over-all width of head and tram shall not vary
more than | in. from that specified. Any variation
which would affect the gage line more than ^ in.
will not be allowed.
(3) The width of base shall not vary more than | in, under
that specified for widths less than 6^ in.; j^ in. under
for a width of 6| in.; and j in. under for a width
of 7 in.
(4) Any variation which would affect the fit of the spHce
bars will not be allowed.
(5) The base of the rail shall be at right angles to the web;
and the convexity shall not exceed ^ in.
(c) When necessary on account of the type of track con-
struction, and notice to that effect has been given to the manu-
facturer, special care shall be taken to maintain the proper
position of the gage fine with respect to the outer edge of the
base.
12. (a) Unless otherwise specified, the lengths of rails at a Length,
temperature of 60° F. shall be 60 and 62 ft. for those sections
in which the weight per yard will permit.
(b) The lengths shall not vary more than j in. from those
specified.
(c) Shorter lengths, varying by even feet down to 40 ft.,
will be accepted to the extent of 10 per cent by weight of the
entire order.
13. (a) The weight of the rails per yard as specified in the Weight,
order shall be maintained as nearly as possible after conform-
ing to the requirements specified in Section 11.
 30 Specifications for Girder and High Tee Rails.

(b) The total weight of an order shall not vary more than
0.5 per cent from that specified.
(c) Payments shall be based on actual weights.

V. WORKMANSHIP AND FINISH.

Straightening. 14. (a) Rails on the hot beds shall be protected from water
or snow, and shall be carefully manipulated to minimize cold
straightening.
(b) The distance between the rail supports in the cold-
straightening presses shall not be less than 42 in., except as may
be necessary near the ends of the rails. The gag shall have
rounded corners to avoid injury to the rails.
Drilling and
Punching.
15. (a) Circular holes for joint bolts, bonds, and tie rods
shall be drilled to conform to the drawings and dimensions
furnished by the purchaser.
(b) In Class A rails the tie-rod holes may be punched.
Milling. 16. The ends shall be milled square laterally and vertically,
but the base may be undercut ^ in.
Finish.
17. (a) Rails shall be smooth on the head, straight in Une
and surface without any twists, waves, or kinks, particular
attention being given to having the ends without kinks or drop.
(b) All burrs or flow caused by drilling or sawing shall be
carefully removed.
(c) Rails shall be free from gag marks and other injurious
defects of cold-straightening.
VI. CLASSIFICATION OF RAILS.
No. 1 Rails.
18. Rails which are free from injurious defects and flaws
of all kinds shall be classed as No. 1 Rails.
No. 2 Rails.
19. (a) Rails which are rough on the head or which by
reason of surface or other imperfections are not classed as No.
1 rails, shall be classed as No. 2 rails; provided they do not,
in the judgment of the inspector, contain imperfections in such
number and of such character as to render them unfit for No. 2
rail uses, and provided they conform to the requirements speci-
fied in Section 1 1 .
(b) Rails which have flaws in the head exceeding j in. in
depth, or in the base exceeding ^ in. in depth, shall not be
classed as No. 2 rails.
 Serial Designation: A 2 - 12. 31

(c) No. 2 rails will be accepted to the extent of 10 per

cent by weight of the entire order.

VII. MARKING AND LOADING.

20. (a) The name or brand of the manufacturer, the year Marking,
and month of manufacture, the letters "0. H.," the weight
of the rail, and the section number, shall be legibly rolled in
raised letters and figures on the web. The melt number shall
be legibly stamped on each rail where it will not be covered
subsequently by the joint plates.
(b) Both ends of all short-length No. 1 rails shall be painted
green.
Both ends of all No. 2 rails shall be painted white and
shall have two heavy center-punch marks on the web at each end
at such a distance from the end that they will not be covered
subsequently by the joint plates.
21. (a) Rails shall be loaded in the presence of the inspector. Loading,
and shall be handled in such a manner as not to bruise the
flanges or cause other injuries.
(b) Rails of each class shall be placed together in loading.
(c) Rails shall be paired as to length before shipment.

VIII. INSPECTION.

22. The inspector representing the purchaser shall have inspection,

tree entry, at all times while work on the contract of the pur-
chaser is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's
works which concern the manufacture of the material ordered.
The manufacturer shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all
reasonable faciUties to satisfy him that the material is being
furnished in accordance with these specifications. All tests and
inspection shall be made at the place of manufacture prior to
shipment, and shall be so conducted as not to interfere un-
necessarily with the operation of the works.
 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association for Testing Materials.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR

LOW-CARBON-STEEL SPLICE BARS.

Serial Designation: A3 - 14.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion A 3; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1901; Revised, 1909, 1912, 1913, 1914.

I. MANUFACTURE.
Process. 1. The Steel may be made by the Bessemer, open-hearth,
or any other process approved by the purchaser.

II. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.

Chemical 2. The Steel shall conform to the following requirements
Composition.
i. i. • i -j.-
as to chemical composition:
xj, , J Bessemer not over 0.10 per cent
Phosphorus < „ . .i ,< ,<
\-Open-hearth 0.05

Ladle 3. An analysis of each melt of steel shall be made by the

na yses. manufacturer to determine the percentages of carbon, man-
ganese, phosphorus and sulfur. This analysis shall be made
from a test ingot taken during the pouring of the melt. The
chemical composition thus determined shall be reported to the
purchaser or his representative, and shall conform to the
requirements specified in Section 2.
(32)
 Serial Designation: A 3 - 14. 33

4. .\n anahsis nia}' be made b}' the purchaser from a Check

finished spUce l)ar representmg each melt. The phosphorus
content thus determined shall not exceed that specified in
Section 2 by more than 25 i)er cent.
III. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.
5. The splice bars shall conform to the following require- Tension Tests,
ments as to tensile properties:
Tensile strength, lb. per sq. in 55 000 - 65 000
Elongation in 8 in., min., per cent 25

6. The test specimen shall bend cold through 180 deg. flat Bend Tests,
on itself without cracking on the outside of the bent portion.
7. Tension and bend test specimens shall be taken from Test specimens,
the finished rolled bars. Tension test specimens shall be of
8-in. gage length. Bend tests may be made of an unpunched
splice bar, flattened if necessary.
8. (a) One tension and one bend test shall be made from Number of Tests,
each melt.
(b) If any test specimen shows defective machining or
develops flaws, it may be discarded and another specimen
substituted.
(c) If the percentage of elongation of any tension test speci-
men is less than that specified in Section 5 and any part of
the fracture is outside the middle third of the gage length, as
indicated by scribe scratches marked *on the specimen before
testing, a retest shall be allowed.

IV. WORKMANSHIP AND FINISH.

9. {a) The splice bars shall be smoothly rolled, true to tern- Workmanship,
plet, and shall accurately fit the rails for which they are intended..
The bars shall be sheared to length, and the punching and
notching shall conform to the dimensions specified by the pur-,
chaser. A variation of -^ ^^- from the specified size and loca-
tion of holes, and of | in. from the specified length of splice
bar, will be permitted. Any variation from a straight fine in
a vertical plane shall be such as will make the bars high in the
center. The maximum camber in either plane shall not exceed
Ye in. in 24 in., except as specified in Paragraph (b).
 34 Specifications for Low- Carbon Splice Bars.

(b) For splice bars for girder and high tee rails, any varia-
tion from a straight line in a vertical plane shall be such as will
make the bars high in the center, and the maximum camber
in this plane shall not exceed ^ in. in 24 in. Any variation
from a straight Une in a horizontal plane shall be such as will
make the bars convex toward the web of the rail, and the maxi-
mum camber in this plane shall not exceed i^ in. in 24 in.
Finisb. 10. The finished spHce bars shall be free from injurious
defects and shall have a workmanlike finish.

V. MARKING.
Marking. 11. The name or brand of the manufacturer and the year
of manufacture shall be rolled in raised letters and figures on
the side of the rolled bars, and a portion of this marking shall
appear on each finished splice bar.

VI. INSPECTION AND REJECTION.

Inspection. 12. The inspector representing the purchaser shall have
free entry, at all times while work on the contract of the pur-
chaser isbeing performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's
works which concern the manufacture of the splice bars ordered.
The manufacturer shall afi'ord the inspector, free of cost, all
reasonable facilities to satisfy him that the splice bars are being
furnished in accordance with these specifications. All tests
(except check analyses) and inspection shall be made at the
place of manufacture prior to shipment, unless otherwise speci-
fied, and shall be so conducted as not to interfere unnecessarily
with the operation of the works.
Rejection. 13. (o) Unless otherwise specified, any rejection based on
tests made in accordance with Section 4 shall be reported within
five working days from the receipt of samples.
(b) SpHce bars which show injurious defects subsequent
to their acceptance at the manufacturer's works will be re-
jected, and the manufacturer shall be notified.
Rehearing. 14. Samples tested in accordance with Section 4, which
represent rejected splice bars, shall be preserved for two weeks
from the date of the test report. In case of dissatisfaction
with the results of the tests, the manufacturer may make claim
for a rehearing within that time.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Assocla.tion for Testing Materials.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR

MEDIUM-CARBON-STEEL SPLICE BARS.

Serial Designation : A 4 - 14.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion A 4 ; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1913; Revised, 1914.

I. MANUFACTURE.

1. The steel shall be made by the open-hearth process. Process.

2. (a) The splice bars may be punched, slotted, and, in the Finishing,
case of special designs, shaped either hot or cold.
(b) Bars that are punched, slotted or shaped cold shall
be subsequently annealed.
II. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.
3. The steel shall conform to the following requirements chemkai
as to chemical composition: Composition.
Carbon not under 0.30 per cent
Phosphorus not over 0 . 04 "
4. An analysis of each melt of steel shall be made by the Ladle
manufacturer to determine the percentages of carbon, man- ° ^"''
ganese, phosphorus and sulfur. This analysis shall be made
from drillings taken at least | in. beneath the surface of a test
(35)
 36 Specifications for Medium-Carbon Splice Bars.

ingot obtained during the pouring of the melt. The chemical

composition thus determined shall be reported to the purchaser
or his representative, and shall conform to the requirements
specified in Section 3.
Check
Analyses. 5. An analysis may be made by the purchaser from a
finished splice bar representing each melt. The phosphorus
content thus determined shall not exceed that specified in
Section 3 by more than 25 per cent. ->l
III. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.
Tension Tests. 6. The splice bars shall conform to the following minimum
requirements as to tensile properties :
2f
Tensile strength, lb. per sq. in 68 000
1 600 000
Klongation in 2 in., per cent
Tens. str.
but in no case under 20 per cent.
Radius
not less
I nan a- k
J u I"

|<— 2 Oage Length--"^

Note ■- The GageLength, Parallel Porlions and F/lleh shall be as Shown,

bul fhe Ends may be of any Form which will Fit the Holders of
fhe TesFng Machine.
Fig. 1.

Bend Tests. 7. The bend test specimen specified in Section 8 shall bend
cold through 180 deg. around a pin the diameter of which is
equal to twice the thickness of the specimen, without cracking
on the outside of the bent portion.
Test Specimens. 8. Tension and bend test specimens shall be taken from
the finished bars. Tension test specimens shall conform to the
dimensions shown in Fig. 1. The ends shall be of a form to fit
the holders of the testing machine in such a way that the load
 Serial Designation: A 4-14. 37

shall be axial. Bend test specimens ma}' be k in. square in sec-

tion, or rectangular in section with two parallel faces as rolled.
9. If preferred by the manufacturer and approved by the Optional Bend
purchaser, the following bend test may be substituted for that ®^ ^'
described in Section 7: A piece of the finished bar shall bend
cold through 90 deg. around a pin the diameter of which is equal
to twice the greatest thickness of the section, without cracking
on the outside of the bent portion.
10. (a) One tension and one bend test shall be made from Number of Tests,
each melt.
(b) If any test specimen shows defective machining or
develops flaws, it may be discarded and another specimen
substituted.
(c) If the percentage of elongation of any tension test
specimen is less than that specified in Section 6 and any part
of the fracture is more than f in. from the center of the gage
length, as indicated by scribe scratches marked on the specimen
before testing, a retest shall be allowed.

IV. WORKMANSHIP AND FINISH.

1 1 . {a) The splice bars shall be smoothly rolled, true to temp- Workmanship,
let, and shall accurately fit the rails for which they are intended.
The bars shall be sheared to length, and the punching and notch-
ing shall conform to the dimensions specified by the pur-
chaser. A variation of -^ in. from the specified size of holes,
of re in. from the specified location of holes, and of | in.
from the specified length of splice bar, will be permitted.
Any variation from a straight line in a vertical plane shall be
such as will make the bars high in the center. The maximum
camber in either plane shall not exceed Ye in- in 24 in., except as
specified in Paragraph (b).
(b) For splice bars for girder and high tee rails, any variation
from a straight line in a vertical plane shall be such as will make
the bars high in the center, and the maximum camber in this
plane shall not exceed ^ in. in 24 in. Any variation from a
straight line in a horizontal plane shaU be such as will make
the bars convex toward the web of the rail, and the maximum
camber in this plane shall not exceed 3^ in. in 24 in.
 38 Specifications for Medium-Carbon Splice Bar^
from
Finish. 12. The finished splice bars shall be free
defects and shall have a workmanlike finish. mjurious

V. MARKING.
Marking. 13. The name or brand of the manufacturer and the year
of manufacture shall be rolled in raised letters and figures on
the side of the rolled bars, and a portion of this marking shall
appear on each finished splice bar.
VI. INSPECTION AND REJECTION
Inspection. 14. The inspector representing the purchaser shall have free
entry, at all times while work on the contract of the purchaser
is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's works
which concern the manufacture of the splice bars ordered. The
manufacturer shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all reason-
able faciHties to satisfy him that the splice bars are being fur-
nished inaccordance with these specifications. All tests (except
check analyses) and inspection shall be made at the place of
manufacture prior to shipment, unless otherwise specified, and
shall be so conducted as not to interfere unnecessarily with the
operation of the works.
Rejection. 15. (d) Unless otherwise specified, any rejection based on
tests made in accordance with Section 5 shall be reported
within five working days from the receipt of samples.
(b) SpHce bars which show injurious defects subsequent to
their acceptance at the manufacturer's works will be rejected,
and the manufacturer shall be notified.
Rehearing. 16. Samples tested in accordance with Section 5, which
represent rejected splice bars, shall be preserved for two weeks
from the date of the test report. In case of dissatisfaction with
the results of the tests, the manufacturer may make claim for
a rehearing within that time.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA.. U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Assocla.tion for Testing Materials.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR

HIGH-CARBON-STEEL SPLICE BARS.

Serial Designation : A 5 - 14.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion A 5 ; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1913; Revised, 1914.

I. MANUFACTURE.

1. The steel shall be made by the open-hearth process. Process.

2. The splice bars shall be punched, slotted and, in the Finishing,
case of special designs, shaped at a temperature not less than
750° C.
II. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.
3. The steel shall conform to the following requirements as Chemical
to chemical composition: Composition.
Carbon not under 0.45 per cent ^
Phosphorus not over 0 . 04

4. An analysis of each melt of steel shall be made by the Ladle

manufacturer to determine the percentages of carbon, man- ^^ ^^®'' "
ganese, phosphorus and suhur. This analysis shall be made
from drillings taken at least \ in. beneath the surface of a test
ingot obtained during the pouring of the melt. The chemical
composition thus determined shall be reported to the purchaser
or his representative, and shall conform to the requirements
specified in Section 3.
(39)
 40 Specieications for High-Carbon Splice Bars.

Check 5. x\n analysis may be made by the purchaser from a

Analyses.
finished splice bar representing each melt. The phosphorus
content thus determined shall not exceed that specified in
Section 3 by more than 25 per cent.
III. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.
Tension Tests. 6. The splice bars shall conform to the following minimum
requirements as to tensile properties: 2
i
Tensile strength, lb. per sq. in 85 000
Elongation in 2 in., per cent 14
Bend Tests. 7. The bend test specimen specified in Section 8 shall bend
cold through 90 deg. around a pin the diameter of which is
Radius I
not less
thanf-^ k

k — 2 Gage Length --^

Nof-e ■- The Gagelengfh, Parallel Porh'ons and Fillels shall be as Shown,

bul the Ends may be of any Form which will Fi'l the Holders of
the Tesling Machine.
Fig. 1.

equal to three times the thickness of the specimen, without

cracking on the outside of the bent portion.
Test Specimens. 8. Tension and bend test specimens shall be taken from
the finished bars. Tension test specimens shall conform to
the dimensions shown in Fig. 1. The ends shall be of a form
to fit the holders of the testing machine in such a way that the
load shall be axial. Bend test specmiens may be \ in. square in
section, or rectangular in section with two parallel faces as rolled.
Optional Bend
Tests.
9. If preferred by the manufacturer and approved by the
purchaser, the following bend test may be substituted for that
described in Section 7: A piece of the finished bar shall bend
cold through 45 deg. around a pin the diameter of which is equal
 Serial Designation: A 5 - 14. 41

to three times the greatest thickness of the section, without

cracking on the outside of the bent portion.
10. (a) One tension and one bend test shall be made from Number of Tests
each melt
(b) If any test specimen shows defective machining or
develops flaws, it may be discarded and another specimen
substituted.
(c) If the percentage of elongation of any tension test speci-
men is less than that specified in Section 6 and any part of
the fracture is more than f in. from the center of the gage length,
as indicated by scribe scratches marked on the specimen before
testing, a retest shall be allowed.
IV. WORKMANSHIP AND FINISH.
11. ((/) The splice bars shall be smoothly rolled, true to Workmanship,
templet, and shall accurately fit the rails for which they are
intended. The bars shall be sheared to length, and the punching
and notching shall conform to the dimensions specified by the
purchaser. A variation of ^ in. from the specified size of holes,
of Y6 in. from the specified location of holes, and of | in. from the
specified length of splice bar, will be permitted. Any variation
from a straight line in a vertical plane shall be such as will make
the bars high in the center. The maximum camber in either
plane shall not exceed Ye in. in 24 in., except as specified in
Paragraph (b).
(b) For splice bars for girder and high tee rails, any varia-
tion from a straight line in a vertical plane shall be such as will
make the bars high in the center, and the maximum camber
in this plane shall not exceed -^ in. in 24 in. Any variation
from a straight line in a horizontal plane shall be such as will
make the bars convex toward the web of the rail, and the maxi-
mum camber in this plane shall not exceed xe in. in 24 in.
12. The finished splice bars shall be free from injurious Finisii. ,
defects and shall have a workmanlike finish.
V. MARKING.
13. The name or brand of the manufacturer and the year Marking,
of manufacture shall be rolled in raised letters and figures on
the side of the rolled bars, and a portion of this marking shall
appear on each finished splice bar.
 42 Specifications for High-Carbon Splice Bars.

VI. INSPECTION AND REJECTION.

iBspection. 14. The inspector representing the purchaser shall have free
entry, at all times while work on the contract of the purchaser
is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's works
which concern the manufacture of the spHce bars ordered. The
manufacturer shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all reason-
able facihties to satisfy him that the splice bars are being fur-
nished inaccordance with these specifications. All tests (except
check analyses) and inspection shall be made at the place of
manufacture prior to shipment, unless otherwise specified, and
shall be so conducted as not to interfere unnecessarily with the
operation of the works.
Rejection. 15. (o) Unless Otherwise specified, any rejection based on
tests made in accordance with Section 5 shall be reported
within five working days from the receipt of samples.
(b) Splice bars which show injurious defects subsequent to
their acceptance at the manufacturer's works will be rejected,
and the manufacturer shall be notified.
Rehearing. 16. Samples tested in accordance with Section 5, which
represent rejected splice bars, shall be preserved for two weeks
from the date of the test report. In case of dissatisfaction with
the results of the tests, the manufacturer may make claim for
a rehearing within that time.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Assocl\tion for Testing Materials.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR

EXTRA-HIGH-CARBON-STEEL SPLICE BARS.

Serial Designation : A 6-14.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion A 6; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in tlie case
of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1913; Revised, 1914.

I. MANUFACTURE.
1. The steel shall be made by the open-hearth process. Process.
2. The splice bars shall be punched, slotted, sheared and, Finishing,
in the case of special designs, shaped at a temperature not less
than 750° C; except that bars may be cold-sawed to length.
II. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.
3. The steel shall conform to the following requirement as Chemical
to chemical composition: Composition.
Phosphorus not over 0.04 per cent

4. An analysis of each melt of steel shall be made by the Ladle

manufacturer to detemiine the percentages of carbon, man- °*y^®*-
ganese, phosphorus and sulfur. This analysis shall be made
from drillings taken at least | in. beneath the surface of a test
ingot obtained during the pouring of the melt. The chemical
composition thus determined shall be reported to the purchaser
(43)
 44 Specifications for Extra-High-Carbon Splice Bars.

or his representative, and shall conform to the requirement

specified in Section 3.
Check
Analyses. 5. An analysis may be made b\' the }:)urchaser from a
finished splice bar representing each melt. The phosphorus
content thus determined shall not exceed that specified in
Section 3 b}' more than 25 per cent.
III. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.
Tension Tests. 6. The splice bars shall conform to the following minimum
requirements as to tensile properties:
Tensile strength, lb. per sq. in 100 000
Elongation in 2 in., per cent 10
Radius
not /ess
than

\<-—Z"C.yj Length ---A

Note '■- The GageLength, Parallel Portions and Fillets shall beasSliown,
but the Ends may be of any Form which will Fit the Holders of
the Testing Machine.
Fig 1.

Bend Tests. 7. The bend test specimen specified in Section 8 shall bend
cold through 60 deg. around a pin the diameter of which is equal
to three times the thickness of the specimen, without cracking
on the outside of the bent portion.
Test Specimens. 8. Tension and bend test specimens shall be taken from
the finished bars. Tension test specimens shall conform to
the dimensions shown in Fig. 1 . The ends shall be of a form to
fit the holders of the testing machine in such a way that the load
shall be axial. Bend test specimens may be \ in. square in
section, or rectangular in section with two parallel faces as rolled.
Optional Bend 9. If preferred by the manufacturer and approved by the
Tests.
purchaser, the following bend test may be substituted for that
described in Section 7: A piece of the finished bar shall bend
 Serial Desigxatiox: A 6-14. 45

cold through 30 deg. around a pin the diameter of which is equal

to three times the greatest thickness of the section, without
cracking on the outside of the bent portion.
10. (a) One tension and one bend test shall be made from Number of Tests,
each melt.
[b) If any test specimen shows defective machining or
develops flaws, it may be discarded and another specimen
substituted.
(c) If the percentage of elongation of any tension test speci-
men is less than that specified in Section 6 and any part of
the fracture is more than f in. from the center of the gage length,
as indicated by scribe scratches marked on the specimen before
testing, a retest shall be allowed.
IV. WORKMANSHIP AND FINISH.
11. (a) The sphce bars shall be smoothly rolled, true to Workmanship,
templet, and shall accurately fit the rails for which they are
intended. The bars shall be sheared to length, and the punching
and notching shall conform to the dimensions specified by the
purchaser. A variation of -^ in. from the specified size of holes, .
of Y6 in. from the specified location of holes, and of | in. from the
specified length of splice bar, will be permitted. Any variation
from a straight Hne in a vertical plane shall be such as will make
the bars high in the center. The maximum camber in either
plane shall not exceed re ^^- ^^ 24 in., except as specified in Para-
graph (b).
(b) For splice bars for girder and high tee rails, any varia-
tion from a straight line in a vertical plane shall be such as will
make the bars high in the center, and the maximum camber
in this plane shall not exceed ^ in. in 24 in. Any variation from
a straight line in a horizontal plane shall be such as will make
the bars convex toward the web of the rail, and the maximum
camber in this plane shall not exceed Ye 'n. in 24 in.
12. The finished sphce bars shall be free from injurious Finish,
defects and shall have a workmanlike finish.

V. MARKING.
13. The name or brand of the manufacturer and the year Marking.
of manufacture shall be rolled in raised letters and figures on
 46 Specifications for Extra-High- Carbon Splice Bars.

the side of the rolled bars, and a portion of this marking shall
appear on each finished splice bar.

VI. INSPECTION AND REJECTION.

Inspection. 14. The inspector representing the purchaser shall have
free entry, at all times while work on the contract of the pur-
chaser is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's
works which concern the manufacture of the splice bars ordered.
The manufacturer shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all
reasonable facilities to satisfy him that the splice bars are being
furnished in accordance with these specifications. All tests
(except check analyses) and inspection shall be made at the
place of manufacture prior to shipment, unless otherwise speci-
fied, and shall be so conducted as not to interfere unnecessarily
with the operation of the works.
Rejection. 15. (fl) Unless Otherwise specified, 'any rejection based on
tests made in accordance with Section 5 shall be reported within
five working days from the receipt of samples.
(b) SpKce bars which show injurious defects subsequent
to their acceptance at the manufacturer's works will be rejected,
and the manufacturer shall be notified.
Rehearing. 16. Samples tested in accordance with Section 5, which
represent rejected splice bars, shall be preserved for two weeks
from the date of the test report. In case of dissatisfaction with
the results of the tests, the manufacturer may make claim for
a rehearing within that time.
American society for testing materials
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Assocla.tion for Testing Materials.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR

QUENCHED HIGH-CARBON-STEEL SPLICE BARS.

Serial Designation: A 49-15.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion A 49; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1915.

I. MANUFACTURE.

1. The steel shall be made by the open-hearth process. Process.

2. The sphce bars shall be punched, slotted and, in the case Finishing and
of special designs, shaped at a temperature not less than ^®^* Treatment
750° C, and subsequently quenched.
II. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.
3. The steel shall conform to the following requirements as chemical
to chemical composition: Composition.
Carbon not over 0. 60 per cent
Manganese " " 0. 80 "
Phosphorus " " 0. 04

4. An analysis of each melt of steel shall be made by the Ladle Analyses,

manufacturer to determine the r47) percentages of carbon, man-
ganese, phosphorus and sulfur. This analysis sJiall be made
 48 Specifications for Quenched Splice Bars.

from drillings taken at least | in. beneath the surface of a test

ingot obtained during the pouring of the melt. The chemical
composition thus determined shall be reported to the i)urchaser
or his representative, and shall conform to the requirements
specified in Section 3.
Check Analyses. 5. An analysis may be made by the purchaser from a
finished splice bar representing each melt. The phosphorus
content thus determined shall not exceed that specified in
Section 3 by more than 25 per cent.
Radius
not less
'
than s- - ~i" — )'

t1
1 r1
/"
(^— 2 Oa^e Length

Noh ■■- The Gagelength, Parallel Porlions and Filleh shall be a$ Shown,
bui Ihe Ends may be of any Form which will Fit the tioiders of
the Testing Machine.
Fig. 1.
III. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.
Tension Tests. 6. [a) The spHce bars shall conform to the followmg mini-
mum requirements as to tensile properties :
Tensile strength, lb. per sq. in * 100 000
Yield point, " " 65 000
Elongation in 2 in., per cent 10

{h) The yield point shall be determined by the drop of the

beam of the testing machine.
Bend Tests. 7. The bend test specimen specified in Section 8 shall bend
cold through 90 deg. around a pin the diameter of which is equal
to three times the thickness of the specimen, without cracking
on the outside of the bent portion.
Test Specimens. 8. Tension and bend test specunens shall be taken from
the finished bars. Tension test specimens shall conform to the
dimensions shown in Fig. 1. The ends shall be of a form to fit
 Serial Designation: A 49- 15. 49

the holders of the testing machine in such a way that the load
shall be axial. Bend test specimens may be \ in. square in
section, or rectangular in section with two parallel faces as
rolled, with corners rounded to a radius not over j^ in.
9. If preferred by the manufacturer and approved by the Optional Bend
be substituted for that '^®^*^'
described intheSection
purchaser, piecetestof may
7 : Abend
following the finished bar shall bend
cold through 45 deg. around a pin the diameter of which is
equal to three times the greatest thickness of the section, with-
out cracking on the outside of the bent portion.
10. {a) One tension and one bend test shall be made from Number of Tests,
each melt.
(6) If any test specimen shows defective machining or
develops flaws, it may be discarded and another specimen sub-
stituted.
(c) If the percentage of elongation of any tension test
specimen is less than that specified in Section 6 and any part
of the fracture is more than f in. from the center of the gage
length, as indicated by scribe scratches marked on the specimen
before testing, a retest shall be allowed.
11 . If the results of the physical tests of any test lot do not Retests.
conform to the requirements specified, the manufacturer may
re-treat such lot one or more times and retests shall be made as
specified in Section 10.

IV. WORKMANSHIP AND FINISH.

12. The splice bars shall be smoothly rolled, true to templet, Workmanship,
and shall accurately fit the rails for w^hich they are intended.
The bars shall be sheared to length, and the punching and notch-
ing shall conform to the dimensions specified by the purchaser.
A variation of ^ in. from the specified size of holes, of Ye in. from
the specified location of holes, and of | in. from the specified
length of spUce bar, will be permitted. Any variation from a
straight line in a vertical plane shall be such as will make the bars-
high in the center. The maximum camber in either plane shall
not exceed y^ in. in 24 in.
13. The finished spHce bars shall be free from injurious Finish,
defects and shall have a workmanUke finish.
 50 Specifications for Quenched Splice Bars.

V. MARKING.
Marking. 14. The name or brand of the manufacturer and the year of
manufacture shall be rolled in raised letters and figures on the
side of the rolled bars, and a portion of this marking shall appear
on each finished splice bar.

VI. INSPECTION AND REJECTION.

Inspection. 15. The inspector representing the purchaser shall have free
entry, at all times while work on the contract of the purchaser
is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's works
which concern the manufacture of the sphce bars ordered.
The manufacturer shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all
reasonable facilities to satisfy him that the splice bars are being
furnished in accordance with these specifications. All tests
(except check analyses) and inspection shall be made at the place
of manufacture prior to shipment, unless otherwise specified,
and shall be so conducted as not to interfere unnecessarily with
the operation of the works.
Rejection. 16. (o) Unless otherwise specified, any rejection based on
tests made in accordance with Section 5 shall be reported within
five working days from the receipt of samples.
(b) Splice bars which show injurious defects subsequent to
their acceptance at the manufacturer's works will be rejected,
and the manufacturer shall be notified.
Rehearing. 17. Samples tested in accordance with Section 5, which
represent rejected splice bars, shall be preserved for two weeks
from the date of the test report. In case of dissatisfaction with
the results of the tests, the manufacturer may make claim for a
rehearing within that time.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Assocu.tion for Testing Materiai.s.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR

QUENCHED CARBON-STEEL TRACK BOLTS.

Serial Designation: A 50-16.

The soecifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion A 50; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the j-ear of last revision.
Adopted, 1915; Revised, 1916.

I. MANUFACTURE.

1. (a) The steel for the bolts shall be made by the open- Process,
hearth process.
(b) The steel for the nuts shall be made by the Bessemer or
open-hearth process.
2. The bolts shall enter the quenching medium at a temper- Finishing and
C. The threads may be rolled either ^eat Treatment,
cold.less than 790°
hot or not
ature

II. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.

3. The steel for the bolts shall conform to the following chemical
requirements as to chemical composition: ' Composition.
Carbon ' not under 0 . 30 per cent
Phosphorus not over 0.04 "
4. An analysis of each melt of steel shall be made by the Ladle Analyses,
manufacturer to determine the percentages of carbon, man-
(51)
 52 Specifications for Carbon-Steel Track Bolts.

ganese, phosphorus and sulfur. This analysis shall be made

from drillings taken at least | in. beneath the surface of a test
ingot obtained during the pouring of the melt. The chemical
composition thus determined shall be reported to the purchaser
or his representative, and shall conform to the requirements
specified in Section 3.
Check Analyses. 5. An analysis may be made by the purchaser from a
finished bolt representing each melt. The phosphorus content
thus determined shall not exceed that specified in Section 3 by
more than 25 per cent.
Radius
not less
than '
(lL 1
t ^
e --■

T 1
•
i

l"
r^— 2 Gage Length --->\

Note '■- The Gage Length, Parallel Portions and Fi/lets shall be asShown,
bul fhe Ends may be of any Form which will Fit the Holders of
the Testing Machine.
Fig. 1.

Ill PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.

Tension Tests. 6. (o) The bolts shall conform to the following minimum
requirements as to tensile properties:
Tensile strength, lb. per sq. in 100 000
Yield point, " " 70 000
Elongation in 2 in., per cent 12

(6) Nuts shall be capable of developing the strength of the

finished bolt up to its yield point.
(c) The yield point shall be determined by the drop of the
beam of the testing machine.
Bend Tests. 7. Full-size bolts shall bend cold through 45 deg. around a
pin the diameter of which is equal to the diameter of the bolt,
without cracking on the outside of the bent portion.
 Serial Desigxatiox: A 50-16.- 53

8. Tension test specimens shall be taken from the finished Test specimens,
bolts and shall conform to the dimensions shown in Fig. 1.
The ends shall be of a form to fit the holders of the testing
machine in such a way that the load shall be axial.
9. (a) One tension and one bend test shall be made from Number of Tests,
each lot of 50 kegs or fraction thereof.
(b) If any test specimen shows defective machining or
develops flaws, it may be discarded and another specimen
substituted.
(c) If the percentage of elongation of any tension test
specimen is less than that specified in Section 6 (a) and any part
of the fracture is more than f in. from the center of the gage
length, as indicated by scribe scratches marked on the specimen
before testing, or if the bend test specimen breaks in the threaded
portion, a retest shall be allowed.
10. If the results of the physical tests of any test lot do not Retests.
conform to the requirements specified, two additional tension
and two additional bend tests shall be made from such lot, all of
which shall conform to the requirements specified.

IV. WORKMANSHIP AND FINISH.

11. The bolts and nuts shall conform to the dimensions Workmanship,
specified by the purchaser. The bolts shall be neatly formed,
free from fins or nickings. The head shall be concentric with,
and firmly joined to, the body of the bolt, with the under side of
the head at right angles to the body of the bolt. The threads
shall be sharp and true to gage and of the pattern specified by
the purchaser. The nuts shall fit the bolts tightly so as to
require a wrench not more than 10 in. in length to turn them down
without distorting the threads or twisting the bolts. The nuts
shall be screwed on before shipping, a sufficient number of turns
to hold them on to destination. A variation of 3^ in. under and
^ in. over the specified diameter of the body of the bolt will be
permitted. The diameter of the rolled thread shall not exceed the
diameter of the body of the bolt more than ys in. for |-in. bolts
and -o in. for 1-in. bolts. The length of the bolt under the
head shall not var}' more than | in. from that specified. A
variation in the dimensions of the elliptical shoulders under the
 54 Specifications for Carbon-Steel Track Bolts,

head of the bolt of -^ in. from the specified size will be per-
mitted. Ataper, of the shoulder of ^2 in. will be permitted.
Finish 12. The finished bolts and nuts shall be free from injurious
defects and shall have a workmanlike finish.

V. MARKING
Marking. 13. A letter or brand indicating the manufacturer shall be
pressed on the head of the bolt when it is formed.

VI. INSPECTION AND REJECTION.

Inspection. 14. The inspector representing the purchaser shall have free
entry, at all times while work on the contract of the purchaser is
being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's works which
concern the manufacture of the bolts and nuts ordered. The
manufacturer shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all reason-
able facilities to satisfy him that the bolts and nuts are being
furnished in accordance with these specifications. All tests
(except check analyses) and inspection shall be made at the
place of manufacture prior to shipment, unless otherwise specified,
and shall be so conducted as to not interfere unnecessarily with
the operation of the works.
Rejection. 15. (o) Unless otherwise specified, any rejection based on
tests made in accordance with Section 5 shall be reported within
five working days from the receipt of samples.
(b) Bolts and nuts which show injurious defects subsequent
to their acceptance at the manufacturer's works will be rejected,
and the manufacturer shall be notified.
Rehearing. 16. Samples tested in accordance with Section 5, which
represent rejected bolts and nuts, shall be preserved for two weeks
from the date of the test report. In case of dissatisfaction with
the results of the tests, the manufacturer may make claim for a
rehearing within that time.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association for Testing Materials.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR

QUENCHED ALLOY-STEEL TRACK BOLTS.

Serial Designation : A 51 - 16.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion A 5 1; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1915; Revised, 1916.

I. MANUFACTURE

1. (a) The steel for the bolts shall be made by the open- Process,
hearth or electric process.
(b) The steel for the nuts shall be made by the Bessemer
or open-hearth process.
2. The bolts shall enter the quenching medium at a tem- Finishing and
C. The threads may be rolled ^*** Treatment
cold.less than 790°
either hot ofornot
perature

II. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.

3. The steel for the bolts shall conform to the following chemical
requirement as to chemical composition: Composition.
Phosphorus not over 0.035 per cent.

4. An analysis of each melt of steel shall be made by the Ladle Analyses.

manufacturer to determnic tlie i)ercentages of carbon, man-
(55J
 56 Specifications for Alloy-Steel Track Bolts.

ganese, phosphorus and sulfur, and any other elements used to

obtain the physical properties specified in Sections 6 and 7.
This analysis shall be made from drillings taken at least | in.
beneath the surface of a test ingot obtained during the pouring
of the melt. The chemical composition thus determined shall
be reported to the purchaser or his representative, and shall
conform to the requirement specified in Section 3.
Check Analyses. 5. An analysis may be made by the purchaser from a
finished bolt representing each melt. The phosphorus content
thus determined shall not exceed that specified in Section 3 by
more than 25 per cent.
Radius ,
not fhanfi
less

Note ■— The Gage Length, Parallel PorHons and Filleh shall be as Shown,
bul the Ends may be of any Form which will F/l Hie Holder^ of
the Testing Machine.
Fig. 1.

III. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.

Tension Tests. 6. (a) The bolts shall conform to the following minimum
requirements as to tensile properties:
Tensile strength, lb. per sq. in 110 000
Yield point, " " 85 000
Elongation in 2 in., per cent 12

(6) Nuts shall be capable of developing the full strength

of the finished bolt up to its }'ield point.
(c) The yield point shall be determined by the drop of the
beam of the testing machine.
Pend Tests. 7. Full-size bolts shall bend cold through 90 deg. around
a pin the diameter of which is equal to the diameter of the bolt,
without cracking on thg outside of the bent portion,
 Serial Designation: A 51 - 16. 57

8. Tension test specimens shall be taken from the finished Test Specimens,
bolts and shall conform to the dimensions shown in Fig. 1. The
ends shall be of a form to fit the holders of the testing machine
in such a way that the load shall be axial.
9. (a) One tension and one bend test shall be made from Number of Tests,
each lot of 50 kegs or fraction thereof.
(&) If any test specimen shows defective machining oi
develops flaws, it may be discarded and another specimen
substituted.
(c) If the percentage of elongation of any tension test
specimen is less than that specified in Section 6 (a) and any
part of the fracture is more than f in. from the center of the
gage length, as indicated by scribe scratches marked on the
specimen before testing, or if the bend test specimen breaks in
the threaded portion, a retest shall be allowed.
10. If the results of the physical tests of any test lot do not Retests.
conform to the requirements specified, two additional tension
and two additional bend tests shall be made from such lot, all
of which shall conform to the requirements specified.
IV. WORKMANSHIP AND FINISH.
11. The bolts and nuts shall conform to the dimensions Workmanship,
specified by the purchaser. The bolts shall be neatly formed,
free from fins or nickings. The head shall be concentric with,
and firmly joined to, the body of the bolt, with the under side
of the head at right angles to the body of the bolt. The threads
shall be sharp and true to gage and of the pattern specified by
the purchaser. The nuts shall fit the bolts tightly so as to
require a wrench not more than 10 in. in length to turn them
down without distorting the threads or twisting the bolts. The
nuts shall be screwed on before shipping, a sufiicient number
of turns to hold them on to destination. A variation of -^ in.
under and ^ in. over the specified diameter of the body of the
bolt will be permitted. The diameter of the rolled thread shall
not exceed the diameter of the body of the bolt more than
Y6 in. for |-in. bolts and ^ in. for 1-in. bolts. The length of
the bolt under the head shall not \'ary more than J in. from that
specified. A variation in the dimensions of the elliptical
shoulders under the head of the bolt of 3^ in. from the speci'
 58
Specifications for Alloy-Steel Track Bolts.

fied size will be permitted. A taper of the shoulder of ^ in.

will be permitted.
Finish. 12. The finished bolts and nuts shall be free from injurious
defects and shall have a workmanlike finish.

V. MARKING.
Marking. 13. A letter or brand indicating the manufacturer shall be
pressed on the head of the bolt when it is formed.

VI. INSPECTION AND REJECTION.

Inspection. 14. The inspector representing the purchaser shall have
free entry, at all times while work on the contract of the pur-
chaser isbeing performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's
works which concern the manufacture of the bolts and nuts
ordered. The manufacturer shall afford the inspector, free of
cost, all reasonable faciUties to satisfy him that the bolts and
nuts are being furnished in accordance with these specifications.
All tests (except check analyses) and inspection shall be made
at the place of manufacture prior to shipment, unless otherwise
specified, and shall be so conducted as to not interfere unneces-
sarily with the operation of the works.
Rejection. 15. (a) Unless otherwise specified, any rejection based on
tests made in accordance with Section 5 shall be reported within
five working days from the receipt of samples.
(b) Bolts and nuts which show injurious defects subsequent
to their acceptance at the manufacturer's works will be rejected,
and the manufacturer shall be notified.
Rehearing. 16. Samples tested in accordance with Section 5, which
represent rejected bolts and nuts, shall be preserved for two
weeks from the date of the test report. In case of dissatisfaction
with the results of the tests, the manufacturer may make claim
for a rehearing within that time.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Assocla.tion for Testing Materials.

:5TANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR
STRUCTURAL STEEL FOR BRIDGES.

Serial Designation: A 7- 16.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion A 7 ; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1901; Revised, 1905, 1909, 1913, 1914, 1915, 1916.

1 . The Standard Specifications for Steel Castings (Serial steel Castings.

Designation: A 27), adopted by the American Society for
Testing Materials, shall govern the purchase of steel castings
for bridges. Unless otherwise specified, Class B castings,
medium grade, shall be used,
I. MANUFACTURE
2. The steel shall be made by the open-hearth process Process.
II. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.
3. The steel shall conform to the following requirements chemical
as to chemical composition: Composition.
Structural Steel. Rivet Steel.
_, , /Acid not over 0.06 not over 0.04 per cent
Phosphorus < „ . .. >> n r^A " " r^ r,A "
^ Basic 0.04 0.04
Sulfur " " 0.05 " " 0.045 "
4. An analysis of each melt of steel shall be made by the Ladle
manufacturer to determine the percentages of carbon, man- "^ ^^^^"
ganese, phosphorus and sulfur. This analysis shall be made
from a test ingot taken during the pouring of the melt. The
chemical composition thus determined shall be reported to the
purchaser or his representative, and shall conform to the
requirements specified in Section 3.
(59)
 60
Specifications for Steel for Bridges.

Check
Analyses. 5. Anah'scs ma}' be made b}' the purchaser from finished
material representin,g each melt. The phosphorus and sulfur
content thus determined shall not exceed that specified in
Section 3 by more than 25 per cent.
III. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.
Tension Tests.
6. (a) The material shall conform to the following require-
ments as to tensile properties:
Structural Rivet
Properties Considered. Steel. Steel.

Tensile strength, lb. per sq. in 55 000 -65 000a 46000-56 000
Yield point, min., " " 0.5 tens. str. 0.5 tens. str.
VI 4.- • o ■ ■ » 1 500 000i> 1 500 000
Elongation in 8 in., min., per cent j^v^w uv.v^
Tens. str. ± "_ " """
Tens. str.
Elongation in 2 in., " " 22
I
"See ParagrapH (6).
* See Section 7.

(b) In order to meet the required minimum tensile strength

of full-size annealed eyebars, the purchaser may determine the
tensile strength to be obtained in specimen tests; the range shall
not exceed 14,000 lb. per sq. in., and the maximum shall not
exceed 74,000 lb. per sq. in. The material shall conform to the
requirements as to physical properties other than that of tensile
strength, specified in Sections 6, 7 and 8{b).
(c) The yield point shall be determined by the drop of
the beam of the testing machine.
Modifications in
Elongation. 7. (a) For structural steel over | in. in thickness, a deduc-
tion of 1 from the percentage of elongation in 8 in. specified in
Section 6 (a) shall be made for each increase of | in. in thick-
ness above | in., to a minimum of 18 per cent.
(b) For structural steel under y& in. in thickness, a deduc-
tion of 2.5 from the percentage of elongation in 8 in. specified
in Section 6 (a) shall be made for each decrease of Ye in. in
thickness below ye in,
Bend Tests. 8. (a) The test specimen for plates, shapes, and bars, except
as specified in Paragraphs (b), (c) and (d), shall bend cold through
180 deg. without cracking on the outside of the bent portion,
as follows: For material f in. or under in thickness, flat on
itself; for material over | in. to and including 1^ in. in thick,
ness, around a pin the diameter of which is equal to the thick
 SERLA.L Designation: A 7-16. 61

ness of the specimen; and for material over Ij in. in thickness,

around a pin the diameter of which is equal to twice the
thickness of the specimen.
(b) The test specimen for eyebar flats shall bend cold
through 180 deg. without cracking on the outside of the bent
portion as follows: For material | in. or under in thickness,
around a pin the diameter of which is equal to the thickness of
the specimen; for material over f in. to and including Ij in
in thickness, around a pin the diameter of which is equal to twice
the thickness of the specimen; and for material over 1| in. in
thickness, around a pin the diameter of which is equal to three
times the thickness of the specimen.

I Parallel 5ection\ \
not less than 9" \\
\<--/^bouf 3'

V^^- /"■->!<- e/c. ->l< ^■>] About Z '

I k- 'd"--\ '
About Id" ■■
k- Fig. 1.

(c) The test specimen for pins, rollers and other bars,
when prepared as specified in Section 9 (e), shall bend cold through
180 deg. around a 1-in. pin without cracking on the outside of
the bent portion.
{d) The test specimen for rivet steel shall bend cold through
180 deg. flat on itself without cracking on the outside of the bent
portion.
9. (a) Tension and bend test specimens shall be taken from test Specimens,
rolled steel in the condition in which it comes from the rolls,
except as specified in Paragraph {h).
(b) Tension and bend test specimens for pins and rollers
shall be taken from the finished bars, after annealing when anneal-
ing is specified.
 62 Specifications for Steel for Bridges.

(c) Tension and bend test specimens for plates, shapes and
bars, except as specified in Paragraphs (d), (e) and (/), shall be
of the full thickness of material as rolled. They may be machined
to the form and dimensions shown in Fig. 1, or with both edges
parallel; except that bend test specimens for eyebars flats may
have three rolled sides.
(d) Tension and bend test specimens for plates, and tension
test specimens for eyebar flats, over 1| in. in thickness may
be machined to a thickness or diameter of at least f in. for a
length of at least 9 in. '-4-

(e) Tension test specimens for pins, rollers and bars (except
eyebar flats) over 1| in. in thickness or diameter may conform to
Radius
not /ess
than / . k

2-

Note ■- The Gage Length, Parallel Portions and Fillets shall be osShown,
but Ihe Ends may be of any Form which will Fit the Ho/der^ov
the Testing Machine.
Fig. 2.

the dimensions shown in Fig. 2. In this case, the ends shall be

of a form to fit the holders of the testing machine in such a way
that the load shall be axial. Bend test specimens may be
1 by \ in. in section. The axis of the specimen shall be located
at any point midway between the center and surface and shall
be parallel to the axis of the bar.
(/) Tension and bend test specimens for rivet steel shall
be of the full-size section of bars as rolled.
Numbei of Tests. 10. {a) One tension and one bend test shall be made from
each melt; except that if material from one melt differs | in. or
more in thickness, one tension and one bend test shall be made
from both the thickest and the thinnest material rolled.
(6) If any test specimen shows defective machining or devel-
ops flaws, it may be discarded and another specimen substituted.
 Serial Designation: A 7-16. 63

(c) If the percentage of elongation of any tension test

specimen is less than that specified in Section 6(a) and any part
of the fracture is more than f in. from the center of the gage
length of a 2-in. specimen or is outside the middle third of the
gage length of an 8-in. specimen, as indicated by scribe scratches
marked on the specimen before testing, a retest shall be allowed.
IV. PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS IN WEIGHT AND THICKNESS.
1 1 . The cross-section or weight of each piece of steel shall not Permissible
vary more than 2.5 per cent from that specified; except in the ^^"^*'°°^-
case of sheared plates, which shall be covered by the followmg
permissible variations. One cubic inch of rolled steel is assumed
to weigh 0.2833 lb.
(a) When Ordered to Weight per Square Foot: The weight
of each lot^ in each shipment shall not var>' from the weight
ordered more than the amount given in Table I.
Table I. — Permissible Variations of Plates Ordered TO Weight.

Permissible Varutions in Average Weights per Square

Foot of Plates for Widths Given,
Expressed in Percentages of Ordered Weights.
Ordered
.'1 96 to 108 to Weight,
Ordered

^1
48 to 60 in.,
to 72 to 84 to 108 in., 120 in., 120 to 132 in.
Weight, Under 60 in., 72
84 in., 96 in.,
lb. per sq. ft. 48 in. excl. excl.
excl. 1 excl.
excl. fe 1 c or - LB. per sq. ft.
excl. 132in.,|
excl. 1 over.

^ 1a
1
c >
o> 6 5
C > B

C
> a
=>
a
D 6 P O

5 3 5.5 3 6 3 C "' Under 5

Under 5 7 3 ^
9 ,
5 to 7.5 excl 453 ';5 13 3 6 3 5 to 7.5 excl.
5.5

1=
4 3 4.53 5 3 5.5 3 6 3 7 3 8 3 7 5 " 10
7.0 " 10 •'
4.5 3 5 3 5.5 3 6 3 7 3 8 3 3
10 " 12.0 " 3.52.5J4 3
4.5 10 " 12.5 "
3 2.5 3.5 2.5 4 3 3 5 3 5.5 3 6 3 7 3 8

^ 1'
12.5 " 15 "
3 12.5 " 15 "
2.5 2.5 3 2.5 3.5 2.5 4 3 4.5 3 5 3 5.5 3 6 3 7
•15 " 17.5 "
2.5 3.5 2.5 3 15 " 17.5 "
2.5 2 2.5 2.5 3 4 3 4.5 3 5 3 5.5 3 6
17.5 " 20 " 5.5
2.5 2 2.5 2.5 3 2.5 4.5
2 2 2.5 3.5 2.5 4 3 3 5 3 3 17.5 " 20 ■*
20 " 25 "
2.5 2.5 3 20 " 25 "
2 2 2 2 2.5 2 3 3 4 3 4.5 3 5
25 •• 30 " 3.5
2.5 2.5 2.5 3.5 3 25 " 30 "
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2.5 3 4 3 4.5
30 " 40 •'
2.5 2.5 3 30 " 40
40 or over 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2.5
' 3 2.5 3.5 3 4

3 j40 or over •
NoTB. — The weight per square foot of individual plates shall not vary from the ordered weight by more
than U times the amount given in this table.

1 The term "lot" applied to Table I means all of the plates of each group width and
group weight.
 64 Specifications for Steel for Bridges.

(b) When Ordered to Thickness: The thickness of each plate

shall not vary more, than 0.01 in. under that ordered.
The overweight of each lot^ in each shipment shall not
exceed the amovmt given in Table II.

Table II. — Permissible Overweights of Plates Ordered to Thickness.

Permissible Excess in Av erage Weights per

Square Foot of Plates FOR Widths Given,
Ordered Expressed in Percentages OF Nominal Weights Ordered
Thickness,
in.
Thickness,
1
I

IN. 132 in.

60
48 in.,
to 72 to 72 to 84 to lUSin.,
60 in.. 96 to
Under 108 to' 132in.,
120in., 120 to or
48 in. 84in.,| 96 in., over.
excl. excl. excl.
excl. excl. excl. 1 excl.
Under 1/8
Under 1/8 9 12
10
1/8 to3/16excl. 8 9 n 14
12 1/8 to 3/16 excl.
10
7 2 0 12
3/16 " 1/4 "
C 7 s 109 10 14 19 3/16 " 1/4 "
1/4 " 5/16 "
10 . 1/4 " 5/16 "
5 6 7 8 9 12 12 14 17
5/lt) " 3/8 "
5/16 " 3/8 "
4.5 5 6 7 8 9 10
3/8 " 7/16 "
4 4.5 5 6 7 8 9 13 3/8 " 7/16 "
7/l() " 1/2 " 12 15
3.5 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 7/16 " 1/2 "
1/2 " 6/8 " 4.5 10
1/2 " 5/8 "
3 0 5 4 4.5 5 6 7 8 9
5/8 " 3/4 " 4.5
2.5 3 3.5 4 5 6 7 8 5/8 " 3/4 "
3/4 " 1 2.5 2.5 3.5 4.5
1 or over 3 4 5 6 7 1 or over
3/4 ■■ 1

V. FINISH.

Finish. 12. The finished material shall be free from injurious defects
and shall have a workmanlike fiaiish.

VI. MARKING.

Marking. 13. The name or brand of the manufacturer and the melt
number shall be legibly stamped or rolled on all finished material,
except that rivet and lattice bars and other small sections
shall, when loaded for shipment, be properly separated and
marked for identification. The identification marks shall be
legibly stamped on the end of each pin and roller. The melt
number shall be legibly marked, by stamping if practicable,
on each test specimen.
•The term "lot" applied to Table II means all of the plates of each group veidth and
group thickness.
 Serial Designation: A 7 - 16. 65

VII. INSPECTION AND REJECTION.

14. The inspector representing the purchaser shall have inspection,
free entry, at all times while work on the contract of the pur-
chaser is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's
works which concern the manufacture of the material ordered.
The manufacturer shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all
reasonable facilities to satisfy him that the material is being
furnished in accordance with these specifications. All tests
(except check analyses) and inspection shall be made at the
place of manufacture prior to shipment, unless otherwise speci-
fied, and shall be so conducted as not to interfere unnecessarily
with the operation of the works.
15. (a) Unless otherwise specified, any rejection based on Rejection,
tests made in accordance with Section 5 shall be reported within
five working days from the receipt of samples.
(b) Material which shows injurious defects subsequent to
its acceptance at the manufacturer's works will be rejected,
and the manufacturer shall be notified.
16. Samples tested in accordance with Section 5, which Rehearing,
represent rejected material, shall be preserved for two weeks
from the date of the test report. In case of dissatisfaction with
the results of the tests, the manufacturer may make claim for
a rehearing within that time.

I
 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association for Testing Materials.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR

STRUCTURAL NICKEL STEEL.

Serial Designation: A 8-16.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion A 8; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1912; Revised, 1913, 1914, 1916.

I. MANUFACTURE
Process. 1. The stcel shall be made by the open-hearth process.
Discard. 2. A sufficient discard shall be made from each ingot in-
tended for eyebars to secure freedom from injurious piping and
undue segregation.
II. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.
Chemical 3. The Steel shall conform to the following requirements
Composition. ^^ ^^ chemical composition:
Structural Steel. Rivet Steel.
Carbon not over 0.45 not over 0.30 per cent
Manganese " " 0.70 " " 0.60
Phosphorus
xj, , </Acid...
^ . „" "„ 0.05^ "<( "i< „ „^
0.04
*^ \ Basic. 0.04 0.03
Sulfur " " 0.05 " " 0.045
Nickel not under 3 . 25 not under 3 . 25

Ladle 4. An analysis of each melt of steel shall be made by the

Analyses. manufacturer to determine the percentages of the elements
specified in Section 3. This analysis shall be made from a test
(66)
 Serial Designation: A 8-16. 67

ingot taken during the pouring of the melt. The chemical

composition thus determined shall be reported to the purchaser
or his representative, and shall conform to the requirements
specified in Section 3.
5. Analyses may be made by the purchaser from finished check
material representing each melt. The chemical composition Analyses.
thus determined shall conform to the requirements specified
in Section 3.

III. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.

6. (a) The material shall conform to the following require- Tension Tests,
ments as to tensile properties :

_, ^
Plates, ~, i F.yeRoUers
Shapes Bars and .cEye Pins.c
Bareo and
Properties Considered. Rivet Steel. and Bars. Annealed
Unannealed.

Tensile strength, lb. per sq.

in 70000-80000 j 85000-100000! 95000-1100001 90000-105000
Yield point, min., lb. per sq.
! 45000
4.'i onn 50 000
F>() 000 55 ooo
f,!^ 000 52 OOO
Elongation in 8 in., min.,
per cent 15000006 15000006 20
1^500000
Tens. str. Tens. str. Tens. str.
Elongation in 2 in., min.,
per cent 16
25
Reduction of area, min., per
cent 40 25 36

" Tests of annealed specimens of eye bars shall be made for information only.
* See Section 7.
* Elongation shall be measured in 2 in.

(b) The yield point shall be determined by the drop of the

beam of the testing machine.
7. For plates, shapes, and unannealed bars over 1 in. in Modifications in
thickness, a deduction of 1 from the percentage of elongation e'°"s^'*o"-
specified in Section 6 (a) shall be made for each increase of
I in. in thickness above 1 in., to a minimum of 14 per cent.
8. All broken tension test specimens shall show either a Character of

from or
silky a very
coarse fine granular fracture, of uniform color, and free P'^**^*"''*'-
crystals.
9. (a) The test specimen for plates, shapes and bars shall Bend Tests,
bend cold through 180 deg. without cracking on the outside of
the bent portion, as follows: For material f in. or under in
thickness, around a pin the diameter of which is equal to the
 68 Specifications for Structural Nickel Steel.

thickness of the specimen; and for material over | in. in thick-

ness, around a pin the diameter of which is equal to twice the
thickness of the specimen.
(b) The test spegimen for pins and rollers shall bend cold
through 180 deg. around a 1-in. pin without cracking on the
outside of the bent portion.
(c) The test specimen for rivet steel shall bend cold through
180 deg. flat on itself without cracking on the outside of the
bent portion.
Drift Tests. 10. Punched rivet holes pitched two diameters from a
planed edge shall stand drifting until the diameter is enlarged
50 per cent, without crr.rk''nu the metal.
I
I
( Parallel 5ectioh\ \

f\not less than g"\\

i I k- ',5"-->i I
k - - - About 18" — ->j
Fig. 1.
Test Specimens. 11. (a) Tension and bend test specimens shall be taken
from the finished material. Specimens for pins shall be taken
after annealing.
{h) Tension and bend test specimens for plates, shapes and
bars, except as specified in Paragraph (c), shall be of the full
thickness of material as rolled. They may be machined to the
form and dimensions shown in Fig. 1, or with both edges parallel;
except that bend test specimens shall not be less than 2 in. in
width, and that bend test specimens for eyebar flats may have
three rolled sides.
(c) Tension and bend test specimens for plates and bars
(except eyebar flats) over \\ in. in thickness or diameter may
be machined to a thickness or diameter of at least f in. for a
length of at least 9 in.
 69
Serial Designation: A 8-16.

{d) The axis of tension and bend test specimens for pins
and rollers shall be 1 in. from the surface and parallel to the
axis of the bar. Tension test specimens shall conform to the
dimensions shown in Fig. 2. The ends shall be of a form to lit
the holders of the testing machine in such a way that the load
shall be axial. Bend test specimens shall be 1 by ^ in. in section.
(e) Tension and bend test specimens for rivet steel shall
be of the full-size section of bars as rolled.
12. {a) One tension and one bend test shall be made from Number of Tests,
each melt; except that if material from one melt differs f in.
or more in thickness, one tension and one bend test shall
Radius
not less
than w -

e ~^ )'
" -if\i A

r
i/

r^— 2 Ga^e Lengfh--->\

Note ■- The GageLength, Parallel Porlions and Fi'lleh shall be as Shown,

bui Ihe Ends may be of any Form which will Fif Ihe Holders of
the Tesling Machine.
Fig. 2.

be made from both the thickest and the thinnest material

rolled.
(6) If any test specimen shows defective machining or
develops flaws, it may be discarded and another specimen
substituted.
(c) If the percentage of elongation of any tension test speci-
men is less than that specified in Section 6 (a) and any part of
the fracture is more than f in. from the center of the gage length
of a 2-in. specimen or is outside the middle third of the
gage length of an 8-in. specimen, as indicated by scribe
scratches marked on the specimen before testing, a retest
shall be allowed.
 70 Specifications for Structural Nickel Steel.

iv. permissible variations in weight and thickness.

Permissible
Variations. 13. The cross-section or weight of each piece of steel shall not
var>' more than 2.5 per cent from that specified; except in the
case of sheared plates, which shall be covered by the following
permissible variations. One cubic inch of rolled steel is assumed
to weigh 0.2833 lb.
(a) When Ordered to Weight per Square Foot: The weight
of each lot^ in each shipment shall not vary from the weight
ordered more than the amount given in Table -o I.
Table I. — Permissible Variations of Plates Ordered to Weight.

t;
•^
Permissible Variations in Average Weights per Sc nARB
■n
Foot of Plates for Widths Given,
Expressed in Percentages of Ordered Weights.
ins to
c RDERED 48 in..
to 72
GO in..
to 72 in.,
84 to 96
84 in.,
to 108 in.. 120 in., 132
96 to 120 in..
to i 132 in.
W EIGHT,
Ordered
\\ EIGHT, Under 60
I.B. I ER Sy. FT. 48 iu. excl.-T-) excl. '^-> excl. excl. e.\cl.
excl. excl. over. LB. PKR SQ. FT.

'5 !r- (5 . •^
^ ft>, a ft 0 ft
5J or
S
> > ft> a
t
ft a a ft>
o O o o U P O o 6 O P
Unde
"..■i 5 3 t-
6 3 7 3
5.5,3
T-l Under 5
5 t0 7.5 excl 4.5 3 5 3 5.5 3 6 3
l-J
4.5
' 10 " 4 3 3 5 3 5.5 3 6 3 7 3 8 3
2.5 4.5 5.5 7.5 " 10 ■
' 12.5 " 3.5 4 3 3 5 3 3 6 3 7 3 3 3 9 3
1) 10 " 12.5
2.5
12.5 ' 15 " 3 2.5 3.5 4 3 4.5 3 45 3
|3 3 6 3 7 3 8 3
3.5 2.5 5.5 12.5 " 15 '
' 17.5 " 2.5 2.5 3 2.5 4 3 4.5 3 5 3 5.5 3 6 3 7 3 15 " 17.5
15 2.5 4.5 13
17.5 ' 20 " 2.5 2 2.5 2.5 3 2.5 3.5 3 5 3;3 5.5 3 6 3
20 2.5 2.5 2.5 17.5 " 20 '
• 25 " 2 2 2 2.5 3 3.5 2.5 4 3 4.5 3 5 3 5.5 3
2.5 2.5 2.5 20 " t25
." '
25 ■ 30 " 2 2 2 2 2.5 2 3 3.5 3 4 3 4.5 3 5 3
2.5 2.5 U) 25 " 30 '
30 ' 40 " 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2.5 3 2.5 3.5 3 4 3 4.5 3
2.5 2.5 3.5
40 or over 2 2 ' 2 2 2 2 2 2.5 9 3 2.5 3 4 3
40
30 or "over
40 '

Note. — The weight per square foot of individual plates shall not vary from the ordered weight by more
than IJ times the amount given in this table.

(b) When Ordered to Thickness: The thickness of each plate

shall not vary more than 0.01 in. under that ordered.
The overweight of each lot- in each shipment shall not
exceed the amount given in Table II.

■The term "lot" applied to Table I means all of the plates of each group width and
group weight.
2 The term "lot" applied to Table II means a'l of the plates of each group width and
group thickness.
 Serial Designation: A 8-16. 71

Table II. — Permissible Overweights of Plates Ordered to Thickness.

Permissible Excess in Average Weights per

Square Foot of Plates for Widths Given,
Ordered Expressed in Percentages of Nominal Weights. Ordered
Thickness,
IN.
Thickness, 1
IN. 132 in.
48 to 60 to 72 to 84 to 108 96 in..
to 108 to' 120 to
Under 60 in., 72 in., 84 in.. 96 in.. 120in.,il32in., or
48 in. excl. excl. excl. excl. over.
excl. excl. excl.

Under 1/8 9 10 12 Under 1/8

14
1/8 to3/16excl. 8 9 10 12 1/8 to 3/16 excl.
7 8 9 10 12
3/16 " 1/4 " 3/16 •• 1/4 "
6 7 8 9 10 14 16 17
19
1/4 " 5/16 "
12 1/4 " 5/16 "
5 6 7 8 9 10 14
5/lG " 3/8 "
5/16 " 3/8 "
3/8 " 7/16 "
4.5 ' 6 7 8 9 12 12 15
4.5 5 6 7 8 109 10 3/8 " 7/16 "
4 13
7/16 " 1/2 "
4.5 7/16 " 1/2 "
3.5 4 5 6 7 8 9 11
1/2 " 5/8 "
4.5 1/2 " 5/8 "
3 3.5 4 5 6 7 8 9
5/8 " 3/4 "
4.5 5/8 " 3/4 "
2.5 3 3.5 4 5 6 7 8
3/4 " 1
2.5 3.5 4.5
1 or over 2.5 3 4 5 6 7 1 or over
3/4 " 1

V. FINISH.
14. The finished material shall be free from injurious Finish,
defects and shall have a workmanlike finish.

VI. MARKING.
15. The name or brand of the manufacturer and the melt Marking,
number shall be legibly stamped or rolled on all finished
material, except that rivet and lattice bars and other small
sections shall, when loaded for shipment, be properly separated
and marked for identification. The identification marks shall
be legibly stamped on the end of each pin and roller. The
melt number shall be legibly marked, by stamping if practi-
cable, on each test specimen.

VII. INSPECTION AND REJECTION.

16. The inspector representing the purchaser shall have inspection,
free entry, at all times while work on the contract of the pur-
chaser is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's
works which concern the manufacture of the material ordered.

Jhe manufacturer shall aff'ord the inspector, free of cost, al)

 72 Specifications for Structural Nickel Steel.

reasonable facilities to satisfy him that the material is being

furnished in accordance with these specifications. All tests
(except check analyses) and inspection shall be made at the
place of manufacture prior to shipment, unless otherwise speci-
fied, and shall be so conducted as not to interfere unnecessarily
with the operation of the works.
Rejection. 17. (o) Unless Otherwise specified, any rejection based on
tests made in accordance with Section 5 shall be reported within
five working days from the receipt of samples.
(b) Material which shows injurious defects subsequent to
its acceptance at the manufacturer's works will be rejected,
and the manufacturer shall be notified.
Rehearing. 18. Samples tested in accordance with Section 5, which
represent rejected material, shall be preserved for two weeks
from the date of the test report. In case of dissatisfaction with
the results of the tests, the manufacturer may make claim for
a rehearing within that time.
VIII. FULL-SIZE TESTS.
Tests of 19. (a) Full-size tests of annealed eyebars shall conform to
the following requirements as to tensile properties:
Tensile strength, lb. per sq. in 85 000- 100 000
Yield point, min., " " 48 000
Elongation in 18 ft., min., per cent 10
Reduction of area, " " 30
(6) The yield point shall be determined by the halt of the
gage of the testing machine.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association for Testing Materials.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR

STRUCTURAL STEEL FOR BUILDINGS.

Serial Designation: A 9-16.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion A 9; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1901; Revised, 1909, 1913, 1914, 1916.

• I. MANUFACTURE.

1. (a) Structural steel, except as noted in Paragraph (b), Process,

may be made by the Bessemer or the open-hearth process.
(b) Rivet steel, and steel for plates or angles over f in. in
thickness which are to be punched, shall be made by the open-
hearth process.
II. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.

2. The steel shall conform to the following requirements chemical

, 1 • I ... Composition.
as to chemical composition :
Stbuctobal Steel. Rivet Steel.

Bessemer
Phosphorus I(Open-hearth not oyer 0. 10 per cent
... 0.06 not over 0.06 per cent
Sulfur .... " " 0.045 "
3. An analysis of each melt of steel shall be made by the Ladle
manufacturer to determine the percentages of carbon, man- ^ ^^^''
ganese, phosphorus and sulfur.(73) This analysis shall be made
from a test ingot taken during the pouring of the melt. The
 74 Specifications for Steel for Buildings.

chemical compositiop thus determined shall be reported to the

purchaser or his representative, and shall conform to the
requirements specified in Section 2.
Check 4. Analyses may be made by the purchaser from finished
Analyses.
material representing each melt. The phosphorus and sulfur
content thus determined shall not exceed that specified in
Section 2 by more than 25 per cent*
III. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.
Tension Tests.
5. (a) The material shall conform to the following require-
ments as to tensile properties:

Properties Considered. Structural Steel. Rivet Steel.

55 000 - 65 000 46 000 - 56 000

0.5 tens. str.
1400 000
Elongation in 8 in., min., per cent Tens. str. Tens. str.
1 40022OOO"
Elongation in 2 in. " "

" See Section 6.

(b) The yield point shall be determined by the drop of the

beam of the testing machine.
Modifications 6. (a) For structural steel over f in. in thickness, a deduc-
Elongation.
tion of 1 from the percentage of elongation in 8 in. specified
in Section 5(a) shall be made for each increase of | in. in thick-
ness above f in., to a minimum of 18 per cent.
(b) For structural steel under ye in. in thickness, a deduc-
tion of 2.5 from the percentage of elongation in 8 in. specified
in Section 5(a) shall be made for each decrease of ys in. in
thickness below ys in.
Bend Tests. 7. (a) The test specimen for plates, shapes and bars, except
as specified in Paragraphs (b) and (c), shall bend cold through
180 deg. without cracking on the outside of the bent portion,
as follows: For material f in. or under in thickness, flat on itself;
for material over f in. to and including 1 j in. in thickness, around
a pin the diameter of which is equal to the thickness of the
specimen; and for material over 1^ in. in thickness, around a
pin the diameter of which is equal to twice the thickness of the
specimen.
 SERLA.L Designation: A 9-16.
7S
(b) The test specimen for pins, rollers and other bars, when
prepared as specified in Section 8(e), shall bend cold through
180 deg. around a 1-in. pin without cracking on the outside of
the bent portion.
(c) The test specimen for rivet steel shall bend cold through
180 deg. flat on itself without cracking on the outside of the
bent portion.
8. (a) Tension and bend test specimens shall be taken Test Specimens,
from rolled steel in the condition in which it comes from the rolls,
except as specified in Paragraph (b).
(b) Tension and bend test specimens for pins and rollers
shall be taken from the finished bars, after anneaUng when
annealing is specified.

; ( Parallel Section | |
'^\notles5than9"\ \

L^.,^"

I k 6 A
-- About 18" -
Fig. 1.

(c) Tension and bend test specimens for plates, shapes

and bars, except as specified in Paragraphs (d), (e) and (/), shall
be of the full thickness of material as rolled ; and may be machined
to the form and dimensions shown in Fig. 1, or with both edges
parallel.
(d) Tension and bend test specimens for plates over 1^ in.
in thickness may be machined to a thickness or diameter of
at least f in. for a length of at least 9 in.
(e) Tension test specimens for pins, rollers and bars over 1|
in. in thickness or diameter may conform to the dimensions
shown in Fig. 2. In this case, the ends shall be of a form to
 76 Specifications for Steel for Buildings.

fit the holders of the testing machine in such a way that the load
shall be axial. Bend test specimens may be 1 by | in. in section.
The axis of the specimen shall be located at any point midway
between the center and surface and shall be parallel to the axis
of the bar.
(J) Tension and bend test specimens for rivet steel shall
be of the full-size section of bars as rolled.
Number of Tests. 9. {a) One tension and one bend test shall be made from
each melt; except that if material from one melt differs | in.
or more in thickness, one tension and one bend test shall be
made from both the thickest and the thinnest material rolled.
{b) If any test specimen shows defective machining or
Radius I
not /ess
fhanf., k- ' lA
1 ---2^'
d ~-|M A

\<— 2 Gage Length --->\

Note-- The Gage Length, Parallel Portions and Fillets shall beasShown,
but the Ends may be of any Form which will Fit the Holders of
the Testing Machine.
Fig. 2.

develops flaws, it may be discarded and another specimen

substituted.
(c) If the percentage of elongation of any tension test speci-
men is less than that specified in Section 5 (a) and any part of
the fracture is more than f in, from the center of the gage length
of a 2-in. specimen or is outside the middle third of the gage
length of an 8-in. specimen, as indicated by scribe scratches
marked on the specimen before testing, a retest shall be allowed.
IV. PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS IN WEIGHT AND THICKNESS.
Permissible 10. The cross-section or weight of each piece of steel shall
Variations.
not vary more than 2.5 per cent from that specified; except in
 SERLA.L Designation: A 9 - 16. 77

the case of sheared plates, which shall be covered by the

following permissible variations. One cubic inch of rolled steel
is assumed to weigh 0.2833 lb.
(a) When Ordered to Weight per Square Foot: The weight
of each lot^ in each shipment shall not vary from the weight
ordered more than the amount given in Table I. -a

Table I. — Permissible Variations of Plates •o Ordered to Weight.

Permissible Varlations in Average Weights per Sqdare

Foot of Plates for Widths Given,
Expressed in Percentages of Ordered Weights.
-a
Ordered 72 in.,
to 108 to 132
120 in.,
to 132 in. Ordered
\\ eight,
48 to 60 to 84 84 in.,
to 108
96 to
in., 120 in.,
Weight, Under 60 in., 72 in., 96
or
lb. per bq. ft. 48 in. excl. excl. excl. excl. excl. excl. excl. lb. per sq. ft.
over.

1
(5
>
si si si si si si si
O o
> a >
si
5.5|3
o
a
o> a
o
a a a
6
si
5 3 6 3 7 3 si Under 5
5 to 7.5 excl. 4.5 3 5.5 3 6 3
1=
4 3 4. 53 5 3 5.5 3 6 3 7 3
7.5 " 10 " 8 3
t3
10 " 12.5 " 3.5 2.5 4 5 ,3 ',34.5 3 5 3 5.5 3 6 3 7 3 ^ 3 9 3 7.5 " 10 •'
4.5 10 " 12.5 "
12.5 •■ 10 " 3 2.5 3.5,2.5 4 3 3 5 3 5.5 3 6 3 3 8 3

15 " 17.5 "

2.52.53 2.5 3.5 2.5 4
3 4.5 3 5 3 5.5 3 6 3 7 3 12.5 " 15 ■'
2.5 4.5 >■
17.5 " 20 " 2.52 2.52.5 3 2.5 3.5 4 3 3 5 3 5.5 3 6 3 15 " 17.5 ■'
4.5 17.5 '• 20 "
2.5 2.5 3 2.5
20 " 25 " 2 2 2.52 3.52.54 3 3 5 3 3
4.5 5.5 20 " 25 "
25 " 30 " 2 2 2 2 2.5 2 2.5 2.5 3 2.53.5 3 4 3 3 5 3
2.5 2.5 3.5 4.5
30 " 40 " 2 2 2 2 2 2 2.5 2 2.5 3 3 4 3 3 25 " 30 '•
2.5 3.5 30 " 40 "
40 or over
2 ^2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2.5 2 2.5 3 2.5 3 * ' 40 or over

Note.— The weight per square foot of individual plates shall net vary from the ordered weight by more
than \\ times the amount given in this table.

(h) When Ordered to Thickness: The thickness of each plate

shall not vary more than 0.01 in. under that ordered.
The overweight of each lot- in each shipment shall not
exceed the amount given in Table II.

'The term "lot" applied to Table I means .all fif the plates of each group width and
group weight.
-The term "lot" applied to Table II means all of the plates of each group width and
group thickness,
 78 Specifications for Steel for Buildings.

Table II. — Permissible Overweights of Plates Ordered to Thickness.

Permissible Excess in Average Weights per
Square Foot of Plates for Widths Given, in.
Ordered Expressed in Percentages of Nominal Weights. Ordered
Thickness,
or
1 132in., 132 in.
Under
48 to 60 to 72 in.,
60 in., 72 in., 84 to 96 to 108
84 in., 96 in.,
to 120in.,
108 to 120 to
48 in. over.
exol. excl. excl. excl. excl. excl. excl.
Under 1/8
Under 1/8 9 10 12

1/S to3/16excl. 8 9 14
12 1/8 to 3/16 excl.
7 8 109 12
3/16 " 1/4 "
6 7 8 109 3/16 " 1/4 "
14 16 19
1/4 " 5/16 "
5 6 7 8 1/4 " 5/16 "
109 10
12 12 14 17
5/10 "3/8 "
4.5
5 6 7 8 9 12 15 5/16 " 3/8 '■
3/8 " 7/16 "
4 4.5 5 6 7 8 9 10 3/8 " 7/16 "
10 13
7/16 " 1/2 "
3.5 4 4.5 5 6 7 7/16 " 1/2 "
8 9 11
1/2 " 5/8 " 4.5
3.5 1/2 " 5/8 "
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
5/8 " 3/4 " 4.5
4.5 5/8 " 3/4 "
2.5 3 3.5 4 5 6 7 8
3/4 " 1 3.5
1 or over 2.5 2.5 3 4 5 6 7 1 or over
3/4 " 1

V. FINISH.
Finish. 1 1 . The finished material shall be free from injurious defects
and shall have a workmanhke finish.
VI. MARKING.
Marking. 12. The name or brand of the manufacturer and the melt
number shall be legibly stamped or rolled on all finished material,
except that rivet and lattice bars and other small sections shall,
when loaded for shipment, be properly separated and marked
for identification. The identification marks shall be legibly
stamped on the end of each pin and roller. The melt number
shall be legibly marked, by stamping if practicable, on each
test specimen.
VII. INvSPECTION AND REJECTION.
Inspection. 13. The inspector representing the purchaser shall have
free entry, at all times while work on the contract of the pur-
chaser is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's
works which concern the manufacture of the material ordered.
The manufacturer shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all
reasonable facilities to satisfy him that the material is being
 Serial Designation: A 9-16. 79

furnished in accordance with these specifications. All tests

(except check analyses) and inspection shall be made at the
place of manufacture prior to shipment, unless otherwise speci-
fied, and shall be so conducted as not to interfere unnecessarily
with the operation of the works.
14. (a) Unless otherwise specified, any rejection based on Rejection,
tests made in accordance with Section 4 shall be reported within
five working days from the receipt of samples.
(b) Material which shows injurious defects subsequent to
its acceptance at the manufacturer's works will be rejected,
and the manufacturer shall be notified.
15. Samples tested in accordance with Section 4, which Rehearing,
represent rejected material, shall be preserved for two weeks
from the date of the test report. In case of dissatisfaction with
the results of the tests, the manufacturer may make claim for
a rehearing within that time.
 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association for Testing Materials.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR

STRUCTURAL STEEL FOR LOCOMOTIVES.

Serial Designation : A 10-16.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion A 10; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1912; Revised, 1913, 1914, 1916.

Basis of 1. These specifications apply to shapes, plates (except

Purchase.
boiler and firebox plates) and bars over | in. in thickness.

I. MANUFACTURE.
Process. 2. The steel shall be made by the open-hearth process.

II. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.

Chemical 3. The Steel shall conform to the following requirements
Composition. ^^ ^^ chemical composition:
Phosphorus not over 0.05 per cent
Sulfur " " 0 05

Ladle 4. An analysis of each melt of steel shall be made by the

Analyses.
manufacturer to determine the percentages of carbon, man-
ganese, phosphorus and sulfur. This analysis shall be made
from a test ingot taken during the pouring of the melt. The
(80)
 Serial Designation: A 10-16. 81

chemical composition thus determined shall be re])orted to the

purchaser or his representative, and shall conform to the require-
ments specified in Section 3.
5. Analyses may be made by the purchaser from finished Check
material representing each melt. The phosphorus and sulfur °^ ^^^^"
content thus determined shall conform to the requirements
specified in Section 3.

III. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.

6. (a) The material shall conform to the following require- Tension Tests.
ments as to tensile properties:

Tensile strength, lb. per sq. in 55 000 - 65 000

Yield point, min., " " 0.5 tens. str.
171 ^- • o •
Elongation in 8 in., ^-min., per cent* I 500 000

(See Section 7) Tens. str.

(b) The yield point shall be determined by the drop of the

beam of the testing machine.
7. (a) For material over f in. in thickness, a deduction of 1 Modifications in
from the percentage of elongation specified in Section 6 (a) shall oi^eation.
be made for each increase of f in. in thickness above f in., to a
minimum of 18 per cent.
(b) For material under j^ in. in thickness, a deduction of
2.5 from the percentage of elongation in 8 in. specified in Section
6 (a) shall be made for each decrease of tV in. in thickness below
Ts in.
8. The test specimen shall bend cold through 180 deg. Bend Tests,
without cracking on the outside of the bent portion, as follows:
For material f in. or under in thickness, flat on itself; for
material over f in. to and including Ij in. in thickness, around
a pin the diameter of which is equal to the thickness of the
specimen; and for material over 1| in. in thickness, around a
pin the diameter of which is equal to twice the thickness of the
specimen.
9. (a) Tension and bend test specimens shall be taken from Test Specimens,
the finished rolled material.
(b) Tension and bend test specimens, except as specified
in Paragraph (c), shall be of the full thickness of material as
 82 Specifications for SxRUctiTRAL Steel for Locomotives.

rolled; and may be machined to the form and dimensions

shown in Fig. 1, or with both edges parallel.
(c) Tension and bend test specimens for plates and bars over
Ij in. in thickness or diameter may be machined to a thickness
or diameter of at least f in. for a length of at least 9 in.
Number of Tests. 10. (o) One tension and one bend test shall be made from
each melt; except that if material from one melt differs | in.
or over in thickness, one tension and one bend test shall be
made from both the thickest and the thinnest material rolled.
Shapes less than 1 sq. in. in section, and bars less than § sq.
in. in section, need not be subjected to a tension test.

I
( Parallel Section\ |

\not less than9"y\

About 2 '
ki - 16"\ ■
- I i<About'8"--

Fig. 1.

(5) If any test specimen shows defective machining or

develops flaws, it may be discarded and another specimen
substituted.
(c) If the percentage of elongation of any tension test
specimen is less than that specified in Section 6 (a) and any part
of the fracture is outside the middle third of the gage length,
as indicated by scribe scratches marked on the specimen before
testing, a retest shall be allowed.

IV. PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS IN WEIGHT AND THICKNESS.

Permissible
Variations. 1 1 . The cross-section or weight of each piece of steel shall not
vary more than 2.5 per cent from that specified; except in the
 Serial Designation: A 10-16. 83

case of sheared plates, which shall be covered by the following

permissible variations. One cubic inch of rolled steel is assumed
to weigh 0.2833 lb.
(a) When Ordered to Weight per Square Foot: The weight
of each lot^ in each shipment shall not vary from the weight
ordered more than the amount given in Table I. ■a
-0

Table I. — Permissible Variations of Plates •0Ordered to Weight.

■
Permissible Varutions in-a Average Weights per Square
Foot of Plates for Widths Given,
Expressed in Percentages of Ordered Weights.
Ordered 48 to 60 to 72 in.,
to 84 in.,
96 to 96 to
108 108 in.,
in., 120 to 132 to 132 in.
1:0 in., Weight,
Ordered
Weight, Under 60 in., 72 in., 84
excl. or
lb. per sq. ft. 48 in. excl. excl. excl. excl. excl. excl. over. LB. per sq. ft.
-a-

11
i
S i >si
>
0 0 5 5 1 0> a
0 0
> a
0
a
0
> a
p
Under 5 5 3 5.5 3 6 3 7 3
Under 5
5 to 7.5 excl. 4.5 3t3 5.5 3 6 3 5 to 7.5 excl.
5 3
4 3 4.5 3 3 5.5 3 6 3 7 3 8 3
7.5 " 10 "
3.5 2.5 3 5v 3 5
4.5 3 5.5 3 6 3 7 3 8 3 9 3 7.5 " 10 "
ri " 12.5 "
10 " 12.5 "
12.5 " 15 " 3 2.5'3,5 2.5 4 3 4.5 3 5 3 5.5 3 6 3 7 3 8 3
1
2.5 2.5i3 3.5
12.5 " 15 "
15 " 17.5 " 2.5 2.514 3 4.5 3 5 3 3 6 3 7 3
2.5 2.5 4 5.5 15 " 17.5 "
2.5 2 2.5 2.5 3 3 4.5 3 5 3 5.5 3 6 3
17.5 " 20 "
3J,
3.5 4.5 17.5 " 20 "
2.5
20 " 25 " 2 2 2.5 2 2.5 3 2.5 3.5 2.5 4 3 3 5 3 5.5 3
2.5 20 " 25 "
2 2 2 2 2.5 2 2.5 2.5 3 3.5 3 4 3 3 5 3
25 " 30 " 2.5 3 '4.5
2.5 2.5 2,5
30 " 40 "
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3.5 3 4 3 25 " 30
30 - " 40
'■
"
2.5 2.5 2.5
40 or over 2 '2 [2 2 2 2 2 2 ' 2.5 3 3.5 3 40 or over
4.5
Note. — The weight per square foot of individual plates shall not vary from the ordered weight by more
than li times the amount given in this table.

(b) When Ordered to Thickness: The thickness of each plate

shall not vary more than 0.01 in. under that ordered.
The overweight of each lot^ in each shipment shall not
exceed the amount given in Table 11.

'The term "lot" applied to Tabic I means all of the plates of each group width and
group weight.
2 The term "lot" applied to Table II means all of the plates of each group width aiid
group thickness,
 84 Specifications for Structural Steel for Locomotives.

TABr.E II. — Permissible Overweights of Plates Ordered to Thickness.

Permissible Excess in Average Weights per

Square Foot of Plates for Widths Given,
Ordered Expressed in Percentages o? Nominal Weights or Ordered
Thickness,
IN.
Thickness,
IN. 108in.. 132 in., 132 in.
48 to 60 to 72 to 84 to 96 to 120in., 120 to
60 in., 72 in., 84 in., 96 in., 108 to
Under excl.
48 in. excl. excl. excl. excl. over.
excl. excl.
Under 1/8
Under 1/8 9 10 12 14

1/8 to3/16excl. 8 9 10 1/8 to 3/16 excl.

7 8 9 12 12
3/16 " 1/4 "
6 7 8 109 14 16 19 3/16 " 1/4 "
1/4 " 5/16 " 15
5 6 7 8 109 17 1/4 " 5/16 "
12
5/16 " 3/8 "
5/16 " 3/8 "
4.5 5 6 7 8 109 12 14
3,8 " 7/16 "
4 4.5 5 6 7 8 9 10 13 3/8 " 7/16 "
7/16 " 1/2 " 10 12
4 4.5 5 6 7 8 9 11 7/16 " 1/2 "
1,2 " 5/8 " 3.5
6 8 9 1/2 " 5/8 "
3 3.5 4 4.5 5 7
5/8 " 3/4 '• 4.5
2.5 3 3.5 4 6 7 8 5/8 " 3/4 "
3/4 " 1 2.5 3.5 4.5
1 or over 2.5 3 4 5 6 7 1 or over
3/4 " 1

V. FINISH.

Finish. 12. The finished material shall be free from injurious defects
and shall have a workmanlike finish.
VI. MARKING.

Marking. 13. The name or brand of the manufacturer and the melt
number shall be legibly stamped or rolled on all finished material,
except that small sections shall, when loaded for shipment, be
properly separated and marked for identification. The melt
number shall be legibly marked, by stamping if practicable, on
each test specimen.
VII. INSPECTION AND REJECTION.

Inspection. 14. The inspector representing the purchaser shall have

free entry, at all times while work on the contract of the pur-
chaser is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's
works which concern the manufacture of the material ordered.
The manufacturer shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all
reasonable facilities to satisfy him that the material is being fur-
nished in accordance with these specifications. All tests (except
check analyses) and inspection shall be made at the place of
 Serial Designation: A 10-16. 85

manufacture prior to shipment, unless otherwise specified,

and shall be so conducted as not to interfere unnecessarily with
the operation of the works.
15. (a) Unless otherwise specified, any rejection based on Rejection.
tests made in accordance with Section 5 shall be reported within
five working days from the receipt of samples.
(b) Material which shows injurious defects subsequent to
its acceptance at the manufacturer's works will be rejected,
and the manufacturer shall be notified.
16. Samples tested in accordance with Section 5, which Rehearing,
represent rejected material, shall be preserved for two weeks
from the date of the test report. In case of dissatisfaction
with the results of the tests, the manufacturer may make claim
for a rehearing within that time.
 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association for Testing Materials.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR

STRUCTURAL STEEL FOR CARS.

Serial Designation : A 11-16.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion All; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1914; Revised, 1916.

Basis of 1. These specifications apply to shapes, plates and bars

Purchase. , • . ,i • i
over I in. m thickness.
I. xMAXUFACTURE.
Process. 2. The Steel shall be made by the open-hearth process.
II. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.
Chemical 3. The steel shall conform to the following requirements
omposition. ^^ ^^ chemical composit
ion: Structural Steel,
AND Plates for Rivet Steel.
Cold Pressing.
D, , f Acid not over 0 . 06 not over 0 . 04 per cent
Phosphorus < ^
[Basic " " 0.04 " " 0.04
Sulfur " " 0.05 " " 0.045

Ladle 4. An analysis of each melt of steel shall be made b\' the

na yses. manufacturer to determine the percentages of carbon, man-
ganese, phosphorus and sulfur. This analysis shall be made
from a test ingot taken during the pouring of the melt. The
chemical composition thus determined shall be reported to the
purchaser or his representative, and shall conform to the
requirements specified in Section
• (863.
)
 SERLA.L Designation: A 11-16. 87

5. Analyses may be made by the purchaser from finished Check

material representing each melt. The phosphorus and sulfur Analyses,
content thus determined shall not exceed that specified in
Section 3 by more than 25 per cent.
III. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.
6. (a) The material shall conform to the following require- Tension Tests,
ments as to tensile properties:
Rivet Plates for Cold
Properties Considered. Structural Pressing.
Steel. Steel.

50 000 - 65 000 45 000-60 000 48 000 - 58 000

0.5 tens. str. 0 . 5 tens. str.
1500 000 1500 000 1500 000
Tens. str. Tens. str. Tens. str.

I See Section 7.

(6) The yield point shall be determined by the drop of the

beam of the testing machine.
7. (a) For material over f in. in thickness, a deduction of Modifications in
1 from the percentage of elongation specified in Section 6 (a) Elongation,
shall be made for each increase of | in. in thickness above f in.,
to a minimum of 18 per cent.
{b) For material under ^ in. in thickness, a deduction of
2.5 from the percentage of elongation in 8 in. specified in Section
6 (a) shall be made for each decrease of ^ in. in thickness below
T6 in.
8. (a) The test specimen for structural steel shall bend cold Bend Tests,
through 180 deg. without cracking on the outside of the bent
portion, as follows: For material f in. or under in thickness,
flat on itself; for material over f in, to and including Ij in. in
thickness, around a pin the diameter of which is equal to the
thickness of the specimen; and for material over Ij in. in thick- .
ness, around a pin the diameter of which is equal to twice the
thickness of the specimen.
(fi) The test specimen for rivet steel and plates for cold
pressing shall bend cold through 180 deg. flat on itself without
cracking on the outside of the bent portion.
9. (a) Tension and bend test specimens shall be taken from Test Specimei^s.
the finished rolled material.
 88 Specifications for Steel for Cars.

(b) Tension and bend test specimens, except as specified in

Paragraph (c), shall be of the full thickness of material as rolled;
and may be machined to the form and dimensions shown in Fig.
1, or with both edges parallel.
(c) Tension and bend test specimens for plates and bars
over U in. in thickness or diameter may be machined to a thick-
ness or diameter of at least f in. for a length of at least 9 in.
Number of Tests. 10. (a) One tension and one bend test shall be made from
each melt; except that if material from one melt differs f in. or
more in thickness, one tension and one bend test shall be made
from both the thickest and the thinnest material rolled. Shapes

\Para//e/5ecf/o/7] \
]*i---/^bouf 3' ^\not less than 9'Y\

•I ■<3"-->
k- About Id"l' -'

Fig. L

less than 1 sq. in. in section, and bars, except rivet rods, less
than \ sq. in. in section, need not be subjected to a tension
test.
(6) If any test specimen shows defective machining or
develops flaws, it may be discarded and another specimen
substituted.
(c) If the percentage of elongation of any tension test
specimen is less than that specified in Section 6 (a) and any
part of the fracture is outside the middle third of the gage
length, as indicated by scribe scratches marked on the specimen
before testing, a re test shall be allowed.
 Serl4l Designation: A 11-16. 89

IV. PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS IX WEIGHT AND THICKNESS.

1 1 . The cross-section or weight of each piece of steel shall not Permissible
vary more than 2.5 per cent from that specified; except in the Variations.
case of sheared plates, which shall be covered by the following
permissible variations. One cubic inch of rolled steel is assumed
to weigh 0.2833 lb.
(a) When Ordered to Weight per Square Foot: The weight
of each lot^ in each shipment shall not var}^ from the weight
ordered more than the amount given in Table I.

•s,
Table I. — Permissible Variations of Plates•a Ordered to Weight.
Pbriussiblb Varutions in Averaoe Weights per Square
Foot of Plates for Widths Given,
Expressed in Percentages of Ordered Weights.
Weight,
Ordered
Ordered 48 in.,
to 60 to 72 to 84 to 96 to
108 108 to 120 to 1 132 in.
in., 120
Weight, Under 60 72 in., in.,
84 in., 96 in., 132 in.. or LB. per sq. ft.
lb. peb bq. ft. 48 in. excl. excl. excl. 1 excl. excl. excl.
1
excl. ] over.
(5
i
O
1 o 1 > 1 o 1 o>
O
i
o
a
o>
a
11 a

Under 5 5 3 5.53 6 33 7
|6 3
Under 5
5 to 7.5 excl. 4.5 3 5 3 5.5 3

7.5 ■• 10 " 4 3 4.53 !3 5 3 5.5 3 6 3 7 3 8 3

5.5 7.5 " 10
10 " 12.5 " 3;::.:4 3 1.5 3 3 6 3 7 3 8 3 9 3

12.5 "15 " 3 2.5 4 3 '54.5 6 3 7 3 8 10 " 12.0 '•

3.5'2.5 3 12.,S ' 1.3 "
2.5 2.5 3 2.5 3.5 2.5 4 33 5 ,3
4.53 ]5.5'3
jS 3 5.5 3 6 3 7
15 " 17.5 " C3
3 15 " 17.5 "
17.5 " 20 " 2.5 2.5 2.5 3 2.5 3.5 2.5 4 3 4.5 3 5 3 5.5 3 6
2.5 2.5
2 2 2.5 2 2.5 3 2.53.5 4 3 :.:3 5 3
20 ■' 25 "
2.5 5.: 3 |17.5 •■" 2520 ■'
2 2 2 2 2.5 2 2.5 2.5 3 3 4 3 4.5 3 5 3 p' ■'
25 " 30 " 3.5
2.5 3 25 " 30 '•
30 " 40 " 2 2 2 2 2 2 2.5 2 2.5 3.5 3 4 3 4.5
2.5
40 or over 2 2 2 2 2.5 2.5 3 3 40 or over
2 2.o]3.5 8. 3 |30 '• 40 "

2.5*3
Note. — The weight per square foot of individual plates shall not vary from the ordered weight by more
than \\ times the amount given in tbia table.

(i) When Ordered to Thickness: The thickness of each plate

shall not var>- more than 0.01 in. under that ordered.
The overweight of each lot^ in each shipment shall not
exceed the amount given in Table II.
1 The term "lot" applied to Table I means all of the plates of each group width and
group weight.
2 The term "lot" applied to Table II means all of the plates of each group width and
group thickness.
 90 Specifications for Steel for Cars.

Table II. — Permissible Overweights of Plates Ordered to Thickness.

Permissible Excess in Av eragb Weights per
Square Foot of Plates FOR Widths Given, IN.
Expressed in Percentages OF Nominal Weights Ordered
Ordered or TmCENESS,
Thickness,
1
132 in., 132 in.
IN. 60 to 72 to 96 108in., 120in., 120 to
11 in.,
60 to 72 in., 84 in., 84 to 96 to 108 to
in.,
Under over.
48 m. excl. excl. excl. excl. excl. excl. excl.
Under 1/8 9 10 12 14 Under 1/8

1/S to3/16excl. 8 9 1/8 to 3/16 excl.

7 8 109 12
10 12 IG
3/16 " 1/4 "
6 7 8 g 10 12 14 3/16 " 1/4 "
1/4 " 5/16 " .. 10
5 6 7 8 9 10 12 U 17 1/4 " 5/16 "
5/16 " 3/8 "
4.5 5 6 7 8 9 10 15 5/16 " 3/8 •'
3/8 " 7/16 "
4 4.5 5 6 7 8 9 10 13 3/8 " 7/16 "
7/16 " 1/2 " 12
3.5 4 4.5 5 6 7 7/16 " 1/2 "
8 9 11
1/2 "5/8 "
1/2 " 5/8 "
3 3.5 4 4.5 5 7 8 9
5/8 " 3/4 " 4.5
2.5 3 3.5 4 5 0 7 8 5/8 " 3/4 "
3/4 " 1 6 .
4.5
2.5 2.5 3.5
1 or over 3 4 5 6 7 1 or over
3/4 " 1

V. FINISH.
Finish. 12. The finished material shall be free from injurious
defects and shall have a workmanlike finish.

VI. MARKING.
Marking. 13. The name or brand of the manufacturer and the melt
number shall be legibly rolled or stamped on all finished material,
except that rivet bars and other small sections shall, when loaded
for shipment, be properly separated and marked for identifica-
tion. The melt number shall be legibly marked, by stamping
if practicable, on each test specimen.

VII. INSPECTION AND REJECTION.

Inspection. 14. The inspector representing the purchaser shall have
free entry, at all times while work on the contract of the purchaser
is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's works
which concern the manufacture of the material ordered. The
manufacturer shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all reasonable
facilities to satisfy him that the material is being furnished in
accordance with these specifications. All tests (except check
 Serial Designation: A 11-16. 91

analyses) and inspection shall be made at the place of manu-

facture prior to shipment, unless otherwise specified, and shall
be so conducted as not to interfere unnecessarily with the opera-
tion of the works.
15. (a) Unless otherwise specified, any rejection based on Rejection,
tests made in accordance with Section 5 shall be reported within
five working days from the receipt of samples.
(b) Material which shows injurious defects subsequent to
its acceptance at the manufacturer's works will be rejected,
and the manufacturer shall be notified.
16. Samples tested in accordance with Section 5, which Rehearing,
represent rejected material, shall be preserved for two weeks
from the date of the test report. In case of dissatisfaction with
the results of the tests, the manufacturer may make claim for
a rehearing within that time.
 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association for Testing Materials.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR

STRUCTURAL STEEL FOR SHIPS. ^

Serial Designation: A 12 - 16.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion A 12; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1901; Revised, 1909, 1913, 1914, 1916.

I. MANUFACTURE.
Process. 1. The Steel shall be made by the open-hearth process.
II. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.
Chemical 2. The Steel shall conform to the following requirements
omposjtion. ^^ ^^ chemical composition:
r>u t- <f Acid
Phosphorus _ . not
.. over
.. 0.06 per ., cent
^ \ Basic " " 0.04 "
Sulfur " " 0.05 "
Ladle 3. An analysis of each melt of steel shall be made by the
n yses. manufacturer to determine the percentages of carbon, man-
ganese, phosphorus and sulfur. This analysis shall be made
from a test ingot taken during the pouring of the melt. The
> Note. — The requirements for castings for ships have been especially provided for in
the Standard Specifications for Steel Castings (Serial Designation: A 27). adopted by the
American Society for Testing Materials (see pp. 200-205).
(92)
 Serial Designation: A 12-16. 93

chemical composition thus determined shall be reported to the

purchaser or his representative, and shall conform to the
requirements specified in Section 2.
4. Analyses may be made by the purchaser from finished Check
material representing each melt. The phosphorus and sulfur ° ^**^'
content thus determined shall not exceed that specified in
Section 2 by more than 25 per cent.

III. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.

5. (a) The material shall conform to the following require- Tension Tests,
ments as to tensile properties:

Tensile strength, lb. per sq. in 58 000 - 68 000

Yield point, min., " " 0.5 tens. str.
T7, -• • o • •
Elongation in 8 in., mm., per cent* 1 500 000

(See Section 6.) Tens. str.

(b) The yield point shall be determined by the drop of the

beam of the testing machine.
6. (a) For material over f in. in thickness, a deduction of Modifications in
1 frombe the percentage of elongation specified in Section 5 (a) °°^* '°°'
shall made for each increase of I in. in thickness above f in.,
to a minimum of 18 per cent.
(b) For material j in. or under in thickness, the elongation
shall be measured on a gage length of 24 times the thickness of
the specimen.
7. The test specimen shall bend cold through 180 deg. Bend Tests,
without cracking on the outside of the bent portion, as follows:
For material f in. or under in thickness, around a pin the diameter
of which is equal to the thickness of the specimen; for material
over f in. to and including Ij in. in thickness, around a pin the
diameter of which is equal to 1^ times the thickness of the speci- -
men; and for material over Ij in. in thickness, around a pin
the diameter of which is equal to twice the thickness of the
specimen.
8. (a) Tension and bend test specimens shall be taken from Test Specimens,
the finished rolled material, and shall not be annealed or other-
wise treated, except as specified in Paragraph (6).
 94 Specifications for Structural Steel for Ships.

(b) Tension and bend test specimens for material which

is to be annealed or otherwise treated before use, shall be cut
from properly annealed or similarly treated short lengths of the
full section of the piece.
(c) Tension and bend test specimens, except as specified
in Paragraph (d), shall be of the full thickness of material as
rolled; and may be machined to the form and dimensions shown
in Fig. 1, or with both edges parallel.
(d) Tension and bend test specimens for plates and bars
over 1| in. in thickness or diameter may be machined to a
thickness or diameter of at least f in. for a length of at least
9 in.

^)
I Parallel 5ection\
f\notle55fl7an9y\
'^—

Aboul-2 '
Ik-■About'8"-18"
....^"^
V
Fig. 1.

Number of Tests. 9. {a) One tension and one bend test shall be made from
each melt; except that if material from one melt differs | in. or
more in thickness, one tension and one bend test shall be made
from both the thickest and the thinnest material rolled.
{h) If any test specimen shows defective machining or
develops flaws, it may be discarded and another specimen
substituted.
(c) If the percentage of elongation of any tension test
specimen is less than that specified in Section 5 (a) and any part
of the fracture is outside the middle third of the gage length,
as indicated by scribe scratches marked on the specimen before
testing, a retest shall be allowed'.
 Serial Designation: A 12-16. 95

IV. PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS IN WEIGHT AND THICKNESS.

10. The cross-section or weight of each piece of steel shall not Permissible
vary' more than 2.5 per cent from that specified; except in the ^"^^'°"^'
case of sheared plates, which shall be covered by the following
permissible variations. One cubic inch of rolled steel is assumed
to weigh 0.2833 lb.
(a) When Ordered to Weight per Square Foot: The weight
of each lot^ in each shipment shall not vary from the weight
ordered more than the amount given in Table I.

Table I, — Permissible Variations of Plates Ordered to Weight.

Permissible Varliitions in Aver.^ge Weights per Square

Foot of Plates for Widths Givek, ^
Expressed in Percentages op Ordered Weights.
<5
120 to 132 in. Weight,
Ordered 48 to 60 to 84 in.,
96 to 96 to 108 to 132 in.,
Ordered
Weight, Under 60 in., 72 in., 84
72 in.,
to 108 in., 120 ill.,
lb. per sq. ft. 48 m. excl. excl. excl. excl. excl. excl. LB. PER BQ. ft.
excl. over.
or

o>
i 6i 15 1 1 i 6 1 > 1 a
0 0
> T3 si
6 a

5 3 5.53 6 3 7 3 si Under 5
4.5 t3 5.5 3 6 3
3 5 '3
7.5 " 10 "
4 3 4.53 5 3 5.5 3 6 3 7 3 8 3

111 " 12.5 " 3.5 2.5 4 3 4.5 3 5 3 3 6 3 7 3 8 3 9 3 7.5 " 10 "
4.5 5.5 10 " 12.5 "
5.5 3(3 6
12.5 " 15 " 3
2.5J3.5I2.5 4 3
2.5
3 5 3 3 7 3 8 t33
12.5 " 15 "
2.5 2.5 3 2.5
15 " 17.5 " 3.5 i
3 4.5 3 5 3 5.5 3 6 3 7 3
2.5 2.5 15 " 17.5 "
17.5 " 20 " 2.5 2 2.5 2.5 3 3.5 4 3 4.5 3 4.5
5 3 5.5 3 6 3
2.5 2.5 17.5 " 20 "
20 " 25 " 2 2 2.52 2.5 3 2.5 3.5 4 3 3 5 3 5.5 3
4.5 20- " 25 '•
2.5
25 " 30 " 2 2 2 2 2.5 2 2.5 3 2.5 3.5 3 4 3 3 5 3
2.5 2.5 25 " 30 "
30 " 40 " 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2.5 3 2.5 3.5 3 i 3 4.5
2.5 2.5 3 30 " 40 "
40 or over 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2.5 3 2.5 3.5 3 4
3 J40 or over

Note. — The weight per square foot of individual plates shall not vary from the ordered weight by more
than IJ times the amount given in thia table.

(b) When Ordered to Thickness: The thickness of each plate

shall not vary more than 0.01 in. under that ordered.
The overweight of each lot- in each shipment shall not
exceed the amount given in Table IL
'The term "lot" applied to Table I means all of the plates of each group width and
group weight.
2 The term "lot" applied to Table II means all of the plates of each group width and
group thickness.
 96 Specifications ^or SxRucxtiRAL Steel for Ships,

Table II. — Permissible Overweights of Plates Ordered to Thickness.

Permissible E.xcess in Avekagb Weiohts per
Square Foot of Plates for Widths GrvBN, IN.
Ordered
Ordered Expressed in Percentages of Nominal Weights Thickness,
Thick NT.BB, or
72 to 96 to 108in..
1 132 in.
IN. 48 in.,
60 to 72
60 in.,
to 84 in., 84 in., 96 to 108 to 120 to
Under 120 in., 132 in., over.
48 in. excl.
excl. excl. excl. excl. excl. 1 excl.
Under 1/8
Under 1/8 9 10 12 14

1/8 to3/16excl. 8 9 12 1/8 to 3/16 excl.

7 8 109 10 12
3/16 " 1/4 "
6 7 8 9 10 12 14 10 3/16 " 1/4 "
19
1/4 " 5/16 "
5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 1/4 " 5/16 "
17
5/lfi " 3/8 "
4.5 5 6 7 8 9 5/16 " 3/8 "
15
3/8 " 7/16 " 4.5
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 13 3/8 " 7/16 "
7/16 " 1/2 " 10 12
4 4.5 5 6 7 8 9 11 7/16 " 1/2 "
1/2 " 5/8 " 3.5 4.5
3.5 4 1/2 " 5/8 "
3 5 6 7 8 9
5/8 " 3/4 " 4.5
2.5 3 3.5 4 5 6 7 8 5/8 " 3/4 "
3/4 " 1 3.5 4.5
1 or over 2.5 2.5 3 4 5 6 7 1 or over

3/4 *• 1

V. FINISH.
Finish. n. The finished material shall be free from injurious
defects and shall have a workmanlike finish.
VI. MARKING.
Marking. 12. The name or brand of the manufacturer and the melt
number shall be legibly rolled or stamped on all finished material.
The melt number shall be legibly stamped on each test specimen.
VII. INSPECTION AND REJECTION.
Inspection. 13. The inspector representing the purchaser shall have
free entry, at all times while work on the contract of the purchaser
is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's works
which concern the manufacture of the material ordered. The
manufacturer shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all reasonable
facihties to satisfy him that the material is being furnished in
accordance with these specifications. All tests (except check
analyses) and inspection shall be made at the place of manu-
facture prior to shipment, unless otherwise specified, and shall
be so conducted as not to interfere unnecessarily with the opera-
tion of the works.
 Serial Designation: A 12 - 16. 97

14. (a) Unless otherwise specified, any rejection based on Rejection,

tests made in accordance with Section 4 shall be reported within
five working days from the receipt of samples.
(b) Material which shows injurious defects subsequent to
its acceptance at the manufacturer's works will be rejected,
and the manufacturer shall be notified.
15. Samples tested in accordance with Section 4, which Rehearing,
represent rejected material, shall be preserved for two weeks
from the date of the test report. In case of dissatisfaction with
the results of the tests, the manufacturer may make claim for
a rehearing within that time.
 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Assoctation for Testing Materials.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR

RIVET STEEL FOR SHIPS.

Serial Designation: A 13 - 14.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion A 13; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1901; Revised, 1909, 1913, 1914.

A . Requirements for Rolled Bars.

I. MANUFACTURE.
Process. 1. The stcel shall be made by the open-hearth process.
II. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.
Chemical 2. The steel shall conform to the following requirements
omposi ion. ^^ ^^ chemical composit
ion :
Phosphorous /^"'^ "°^ °''^^ 0-06 P^^ ^^"^
[Basic " " 0.04
Sulfur " " 0.045

Ladle 3. An analysis of each melt of steel shall be made by the

manufacturer to determine the percentages of carbon, man-
ganese, phosphorus and sulfur. This analysis shall be made
from a test ingot taken during the pouring of the melt. The
chemical composition thus determined shall be reported to the
purchaser or his representative, and shall conform to the
requirements specified in Section 2,
(98)
 Serl\l Designation: A 13 - 14. 99

4. Analyses may be made by the purchaser from finished check

bars representing each melt. The phosphorus and sulfur con- °* ^^^^'
tent thus determined shall not exceed that specified in Section 2
by more than 25 per cent,
III. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.
5. (a) The bars shall conform to the following requirements Tension Tests.
as to tensile properties :
TensHe strength, lb. per sq. in 55 000 - 65 000
Yield point, min., " " 0.5 tens. str.
Elongation in 8 in., min., per cent 1 500 000
(See Section 6.) Tens. str.

(b) The yield point shall be determined by the drop of the

beam of the testing machine.
6. For bars over f in. in diameter, a deduction of 1 from Modifications in
the percentage of elongation specified in Section 5 (a) shall be °°^* '°°'
made for each increase of | in. in diameter above f in.
7. The test specimen shall bend cold through 180 deg. Bend Tests,
flat on itself without cracking on the outside of the bent
portion.
8. Tension and bend test specimens shall be of the full-size Test Specimens,
section of bars as rolled.
9. (a) Two tension and two bend tests shall be made from Number of Tests,
each melt, each of which shall conform to the requirements
specified; except that if bars from one melt differ f in. or
more in diameter, one tension and one bend test shall be made
from both the greatest and the least diameters rolled.
(b) If any test specimen develops flaws, it may be discarded
and another specimen substituted.
(c) If the percentage of elongation of any tension test
specimen is less than that specified in Section 5 (a) and any part
of the fracture is outside the middle third of the gage length, -
as indicated by scribe scratches marked on the specimen before
testing, a retest shall be allowed.

IV. PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS IN DIAMETER.

10. The diameter of bars 1 in. or under in diameter shall not Permissible

vary more than 0.01 in. from that specified; the diameter of bars *"* '*'°^*
 100 Specifications for Rivet Steel for Ships.

over 1 in. to and including 2 in. in diameter shall not vary more
than ^ in. under rior more than yj in. over that specified.

V. FINISH.
Finish. 11, The finished bars shall be free from injurious defects
and shall have a workmanlike finish.

VI. MARKING.

Marking. 12. Rivet bars shall, when loaded for shipment, be prop-
erly separated and marked with the name or brand of the manu-
facturer and the melt number for identification. The melt
number shall be legibly marked on each test specimen.

VII. INSPECTION AND REJECTION.

Inspection. 13. The inspector representing the purchaser shall have free
entry, at all times while work on the contract of the purchaser
is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's works
which concern the manufacture of the bars ordered. The manu-
facturer shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all reasonable
facilities to satisfy him that the bars are being furnished in
accordance with these specifications. All tests (except check
analyses) and inspection shall be made at the place of manu-
facture prior to shipment, unless otherwise specified, and shall
be so conducted as not to interfere urmecessarily with the
operation of the works.
Rejection. 14. (o) Unless Otherwise specified, any rejection based
on tests made in accordance with Section 4 shall be reported
within five working days from the receipt of samples.
(b) Bars which show injurious defects subsequent to their
acceptance at the manufacturer's works will be rejected, and the
manufacturer shall be notified.
Rehearing. 15. Samples tested in accordance with Section 4, which
represent rejected bars, shall be preserved for two weeks from the
date of the test report. In case of dissatisfaction with the
results of the tests, the manufacturer may make claim for a
rehearing within that time.
 lOl
Serial Designation: A 13-14.

B. Requirements for Rivets.

VIII. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.
16. A copy of the results of tension tests of the rolled bars Test Certificate
which the rivets were made shall be furnished for each lot °^ ^°"®<^ ^^'■^•
fromrivets.
of
17. If the test certificate required in Section 16 cannot be Tension Tests,
furnished, the rivets shall conform to the requirements as to
tensile properties specified in Sections 5 and 6, except that the
elongation shall be measured on a gage length as great as the
length of the rivets tested will permit.
18. The rivet shank shall bend cold through 180 deg. fiat Bend Tests,
on itself, as shown in Fig. 1, without cracking on the outside of
the bent portion.

Fig. 1. Fig 2.

19. The rivet head shall flatten, while hot, to a diameter Flattening Tests.
2| times the diameter of the shank, as shown in Fig. 2, without
cracking at the edges.
20. (a) When required in accordance with Section 17, Number of Tests,
one tension test shall be made from each size in each lot of rivets
offered for inspection.
(b) Three bend and three flattening tests shall be made
from each size in each lot of rivets offered for inspection, each of
which shall conform to the requirements specified..

IX. WORKMANSHIP AND FINISH.

21. The rivets shall be true to form, concentric, and shall be Workmanship,
made in a workmanlike manner.
22. The finished rivets shall be free from injurious defects. Finish.
 102 Specifications for Rivet Steel for Ships.

X. INSPECTION AND REJECTION.

Inspection. 23. The inspeetor representing the purchaser shall have free
entry, at all times while work on the contract of the purchaser
is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's works which
concern the manufacture of the rivets ordered. The manu-
facturer shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all reasonable
facilities to satisfy him that the rivets are being furnished in
accordance with these specifications. All tests and inspection
shall be made at the place of manufacture prior to shipment,
unless otherwise specified, and shall be so conducted as not to
interfere unnecessarily with the operation of the works.
Rejection. 24. Rivets which show injurious defects subsequent to their
acceptance at the manufacturer's works will be rejected, and
the manufacturer shall be notified.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association for Testing Materials.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR

CARBON-STEEL BARS FOR RAILWAY SPRINGS.

Serial Designation: A 14-16.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion A 14; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1914; Revised, 1916.

' . I. (a) These specifications cover carbon-steel bars to be Classes.

used for the manufacture of railway springs.
(b) The bars are divided into two classes, determined by
the carbon ranges specified in Section 3. The choice of the class
of bar to be used for the manufacture of any spring will depend
on the design of the spring and the stresses and service for
which it is intended. The purposes for which these classes are
frequently used are as follows:
Class A, for elliptical and helical springs;
Class B, for hehcal springs.

I. MANUFACTURE.

2. The steel may be made by the open-hearth, crucible .or Process,

electric process.
II. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.
3. The steel shall conform to the following requirements as chemical
to chemical composition: Composition.
(103)
 104 Specifications for Spring Steel.

Elements Considereo CiAsa A. Class B.

Carbon, per cent , 0.90-1.10 0.95-1.15

0.50
Manganese, max., per cent 0.50
Phosphorus, max., per cent 0.05 0.05
Sulfur, max., per cent 0.05 0.05

Ladle
Analyses. 4. An analysis of each melt of steel shall be made by the
manufacturer to determine the percentages of the elements
specified in Section 3. This analysis shall be made from a test
ingot taken during the pouring of the melt. The chemical
composition thus determined shall be reported to the purchaser
or his representative, and shall conform to the requirements
specified in Section 3.
Check 5. An analysis may be made by the purchaser from a
Analyses.
finished bar representing each melt. The chemical composition
thus determined shall confonn to the requirements specified
in Section 3.

III. PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS IN DIMENSIONS.

Permissible 6. The permissible variations in the width and thickness of
Variations.
the bars shall be agreed upon by the manufacturer and the
purchaser.
IV. FINISH.
Finish. 7. The finished bars shall be free from injurious defects
and shall have a workmanlike finish.

V. MARKING.
Marking. 8. The bars shall, when loaded for shipment, be properly
separated and marked with the name or brand of the manufac-
turer and the melt number for identification.

VI. INSPECTION AND REJECTION.

Inspection, 9. The inspector representing the purchaser shall have free
entry, at all times while work on the contract of the purchaser
is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's works
which concern the manufacture of the bars ordered. The manu-
 Serial Designation: A 14-16. 105

facturer shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all reasonable

facilities to satisfy him that the bars are being furnished in
accordance with these specifications. All tests (except check
anal}^ses) and inspection shall be made at the place of manu-
facture prior to shipment, unless otherwise specified, and shall
be so conducted as not to interfere unnecessarily with the opera-
tion of the works.
10. (a) Unless otherwise specified, any rejection based on Rejection.
tests made in accordance with Section 5 shall be reported within
five working days from the receipt of samples.
(b) Bars which show injurious defects subsequent to their
acceptance at the manufacturer's works will be rejected, and the
manufacturer shall be notified.
11. Samples tested in accordance with Section 5, which Rehearing,
represent rejected bars, shall be preserved for two weeks from
the date of the test report. In case of dissatisfaction with the
results of the tests, the manufacturer may make claim for a
rehearing within that time.
 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association for Testing Matermls.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR

CARBON-STEEL BARS FOR VEHICLE AND

AUTOMOBILE SPRINGS.

Serial Designation: A 58-16.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion A 58; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1916.

Classes. 1. (a) These specifications cover carbon-steel bars to be

used for the manufacture of vehicle and automobile springs.
(b) The bars are divided into two classes, determined by
the carbon ranges specified in Section 3. The choice of the
class of bar to be used for the manufacture of any spring will
depend on the design of the spring and the stresses and service
for which it is intended. The purposes for which these classes
are frequently used are as follows:
Class A , for vehicle springs ;
Class B, for automobile springs.

I. MANUFACTURE.

Process. 2. The steel may be made by the open-hearth, crucible or

electric process. (106)
 Serial Designation: A 58-16. 107
II. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.
3. The steel shall conform to the following requirements as Chemical
to chemical composition: omposition.

Elements Considered. Class A. Class B.

Carbon, per cent. 0.85-1.05 0.90-1.05

Manganese, per cent 1 0.25-0.50 0.25-0.50
[Acid 1 0.05 0.05
Phosphorus, ma.x., per cent \
iBasic I 0.05 ' 0.04
Sulfur, max., per cent ?. 0.05 0.05

4. An analysis of each melt of steel shall be made by the Ladle

manufacturer to determine the percentages of the elements °^ ^^^^'
specified in Section 3. This analysis shall be made from a test
ingot taken during the pouring of the melt. The chemical
composition thus determined shall be reported to the purchaser
or his representative, and shall conform to the requirements
specified in Section 3.
5. An analysis may be made by the purchaser from a Check
finished bar representing each melt. The chemical composition ^^^^'y^^^-
thus determined shall conform to the requirements specified in
Section 3.

III. PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS IN DIMENSIONS.

6. The permissible variations in the width and thickness of Permissible
the bars shall be agreed upon by the manufacturer and the Sanations,
purchaser.

IV. FINISH.
7. The finished bars shall be free from injurious defects Finish,
and shall have a workmanlike finish.

V. MARKING.
8. The bars shall, when loaded for shipment, be properly Marking,
separated and marked with the name or brand of the manu-
facturer and the melt number for identification.
 lOS Specifications for Spring Steel.

VI. INSPECTION AND REJECTION.

Inspection. 9. The inspcctor representing the purchaser shall have
free entry, at all times while work on the contract of the pur-
chaser is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's
works which concern the manufacture of the bars ordered.
The manufacturer shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all
reasonable facihties to satisfy him that the bars are being fur-
nished in accordance with these specifications. All tests (except
check analyses) and inspection shall be made at the place of
manufacture prior to shipment, unless otherwise specified, and
shall be so conducted as not to interfere unnecessarily with
the operation of the works.
Rejection. 10. (o) Uuless Otherwise specified, any rejection based on
tests made in accordance with Section 5 shall be reported within
five working days from the receipt of samples.
(b) Bars which show injurious defects subsequent to their
acceptance at the manufacturer's works will be rejected, and
the manufacturer shall be notified.
Rehearing. II. Samples tested in accordance with Section 5, which
represent rejected bars, shall be preserved for two weeks from
the date of the test report. In case of dissatisfaction with the
results of the tests, the manufacturer may make claim for a
rehearing within that time.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association for Testing Materials.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR

SILICO-MANGANESE-STEEL BARS FOR AUTOMOBILE

AND RAILWAY SPRINGS.

Serial Designation: A 59-16.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion A 59; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1916.

1. (a) These specifications cover silico-manganese-steel bars Classes,

to be used for the manufacture of automobile and railway
springs.
(b) The bars are divided into two classes, determined by the
chemical composition specified in Section 3. The choice of the
class of bar to be used for the manufacture of any spring will
depend on the design of the spring and the stresses and service
for which it is intended.

I. MANUFACTURE.
2. The steel may be made by the open-hearth, crucible or process,
electric process.
II. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.
3. The steel shall conform to the following requirements as chemical
to chemical compos ition: Composition.
(109)
 110 Specifications for Spring Steel.

Elgmekts Considered. Class A. Cl.^8s B.

Carbon, per cent 0. 45-0. 55 0.55-0.65

Manganese, per cent. 0.60-0.80 0.50-0.70
f Acid.. 0.05 0.05
Phosphorus, max., per cent
I Basic. 0.045 0.045
Sulfur, max., per cent. 0.045 0.045
SDicon, per cent 1.80-2.10 1.50-1.80

Ladle
4. An analysis of each melt of steel shall be made by the
Analyses.
manufacturer to determine the percentages of the elements
specified in Section 3. This analysis shall be made from a test
ingot taken during the pouring of the melt. The chemical
composition thus determined shall be reported to the purchaser
or his representative, and shall conform to the requirements
specified in Section 3.
Check 5. An analysis may be made by the purchaser from a
Analyses.
finished bar representing each melt. The chemical composition
thus determined shall conform to the requirements specified in
Section 3.

III. PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS IN DIMENSIONS.

Permissible 6. The permissible variations in the width and thickness of
Variations, ^j^g j^g^j-g gj^g^^ ]jq agreed upon by the manufacturer and the
purchaser.
IV. FINLSH.
Finish. 7. The finished bars shall be free from injurious defects and
shall have a workmanlike finish.

V. MARKING.

Marking. 8. The bars shall, when loaded for shipment, be properly

separated and marked with the name or brand of the manu-
facturer and the melt number for identification.

VI. INSPECTION AND REJECTION.

Inspection. 9. The inspector representing the purchaser shall have free
entry, at all times while work on the contract of the purchaser
is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's works
 Serial Designation: A 59-16. Ill

which concern the manufacture of the bars ordered. The manu-

facturer shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all reasonable
facihties to satisfy him that the bars are being furnished in
accordance with these specifications. All tests (except check
analyses) and inspection shall be made at the place of manu-
facture prior to shipment, unless otherwise specified, and shall
be so conducted as not to interfere unnecessarily with the
operation of the works.
10. (a) Unless otherwise specified, any rejection based on Rejection,
tests made in accordance with Section 5 shall be reported within
five working days from the receipt of samples.
(b) Bars which show injurious defects subsequent to their
acceptance at the manufacturer's works will be rejected, and the
manufacturer shall be notified.
11. Samples tested in accordance with Section 5, which Rehearing,
represent rejected bars, shall be preserved for two w^eks from
the date of the test report. In case of dissatisfaction with
the results of the tests, the manufacturer may make claim for a
rehearing within that time.
 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association for Testing Materials.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR

CHROME-VANADIUM-STEEL BARS FOR AUTOMO-

BILE AND RAILWAY SPRINGS.

Serial Designation: A 60-16.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion A 60; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1916.

Classes. L (<j) These specifications cover chrome-vanadium-steel

bars to be used for the manufacture of automobile and railway-
springs.
(b) The bars are divided into two classes, determined by
the chemical composition specified in Section 3. The choice of
the class of bar to be used for the manufacture of any spring
will depend on the design of the spring and the stresses and
service for which it is intended.

I. manufacture.
Process. 2. The steel may be made by the open-hearth, crucible or
electric process.
II. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.
Chemical 3. The stecl shall conform to the following requirements
Compositioa as to chemical composition:
(112)
 Serial Designation: A 60- 16. 113

Elbhbntb Considbrbd. Class A. Class B.

Carbon, per cent 0.45-0.55 0.55-0.65

Manganese, per cent O.50-O.80 0.60-0.90
0.05 0.05
[Acid
Phosphorus, max., per cent |
[ Basic 0.04 0.04
0.05
Sulfur, max., per cent 0.05
Chromium, per cent 0.80-1.10 0.80-1.10
Vanadium, min., per cent 0.15 0.15

4. An analysis of each melt of steel shall be made by the Ladle

manufacturer to determine the percentages of the elements ^"^'y^^^-
specified in Section 3. This analysis shall be made from a test
ingot taken during the pouring of the melt. The chemical
composition thus determined shall be reported to the purchaser
or his representative, and shall conform to the requirements
specified in Section 3.
5. An analysis may be made by the purchaser from a check
finished bar representing each melt. The chemical composition Analyses,
thus determined shall conform to the requirements specified in
Section 3. » ,

III. PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS IN DIMENSIONS.

6. The permissible variations in the width and thickness of Permissible
the bars shall be agreed upon by the manufacturer and the Variations,
purchaser.
IV. FINISH.
7. The finished bars shall be free from injurious defects and Finish,
shall have a workmanlike finish.

V. MARKING.
8. The bars shall, when loaded for shipment, be properly Marking,
separated and marked with the name or brand of the manti-
facturer and the melt number for identification.

VI. INSPECTION AND REJECTION.

9. The inspector representing the purchaser shall have inspection,
free entry, at all times while work on the contract of the pur-
 114 Specifications for Spring Steel.

chaser is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's

works which concern the manufacture of the bars ordered.
The manufacturer shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all
reasonable facilities to satisfy him that the bars are being
furnished m accordance with these specifications. All tests
(except check analyses) and inspection shall be made at the
place of manufacture prior to shipment, unless otherwise speci-
fied, and shall be so conducted as not to interfere unnecessarily
with the operation of the works.
Rejection. 10. (o) Unless Otherwise specified, any rejection based on
tests made m accordance with Section 5 shall be reported within
five working days from the receipt of samples.
(b) Bars which show injurious defects subsequent to their
acceptance at the manufacturer's works will be rejected, and
the manufacturer shall be notified.
Rehearing. 11. Samples tested in accordance with Section 5,, which
represent rejected bars, shall be preserved for two weeks from
the date of the test report. In case of dissatisfaction with the
results of the tests, the manufacturer may make claim for a
rehearing within that time.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association tor Testing Materials.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR

HELICAL SPRINGS FOR RAILWAYS.

Serial Designation: A 61 - 16.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion A 61 ; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1916.

1 . (a) These specifications cover

all helical springs for Basis of
suspension, draft and buffer purposes for locomotives, tenders Purchase,
and cars.
(b) The springs shall be made of carbon-steel bars con-
forming to the requirements of the Standard Specifications for
Carbon-Steel Bars for Railway Springs (Serial Designation:
A 14) of the American Society for Testing Materials, unless
otherwise specified.
(c) If carbon-steel bars with special silicon requirements
or alloy-steel bars are specified, the manufacturer and the pur-
chaser shall agree upon the type and grade of the bars to be
used; in which case the bars shall conform, for the respective
t3qDes, to the Tentative Specifications for Carbon-Steel Bars for
Railway Springs with Special Silicon Requirements (Serial Desig-
(115)
 116 Specifications for Helical Railway Springs.

nation: A 68-16 T)/ the Standard Specifications for Silico-

Manganese-Steel Bars for Automobile and Railway Springs
(Serial Designation: A 59), or the Standard Specifications for
Chrome-Vanadium-Steel Bars for Automobile and Railway
Springs (Serial Designation: A 60), of the American Society
for Testing Materials.
{d) Drillings for chemical analysis shall be taken from pieces
sheared from the bars during the process of manufacture, and
not from a finished spring, unless otherwise agreed upon.
I. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.
Check Analyses. 2. (a) An analysis may be made by the purchaser from a
sample representing each size of spring steel involved. The
chemical composition thus determined shall conform to the
requirements specified in Section 1 {b) or (c).
{h) DrilHngs for analysis shall be taken from the unworked
portion of the bars and shall represent the full cross-section
after rejecting any decarburized material.
(c) In case of dispute, check and arbitration analyses of car-
bon steel shall be made in accordance with the Standard Methods
for Chemical Analysis of Plain Carbon Steel (Serial Designation:
A 33) of the American Society for Testing Materials, the carbon
being determined by the "direct-combustion" method; and
of alloy steel, in accordance with the Standard Methods for
Chemical Analysis of Alloy Steels (Serial Designation: A 55) of
the American Society for Testing Materials.
II. WORKMANSHIP.
[nspection. 3. The purchaser or his representative may examine all
springs in each lot for workmanship and general dimensions.
W^orkmanship. 4. (a) The springs shall be submitted for inspection complete
in the condition required by the drawings, and shall conform to
these drawings with the permissible variations specified in
this section and Section 6.
{h) The springs shall be of uniform pitch with ends tapered
to give a reasonably square firm bearing. The points of bars
shall not protrude beyond the outside diameter of the springs.
(c) The outside dimensions of the springs, excepting the
height, shall not vary more than y^ in. from those specified.
)See Proceedings, Am. Soc. Test. Mats., Vol. XVI, Part I (1916).
 Serial Designation: A 61 -16. 117

III. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.

5. (a) From each lot of springs which has met the require- Number of TestSi
ments of Section 4, the purchaser or his representative may
select for physical tests at least 10 per cent, to be tested in
accordance with the requirements of Section 6 and the
appendix.
(b) If any of the springs representing a lot fail to meet the
requirements as to physical properties specified in Section 6, but
at least half of the springs representing a lot do meet these require-
ments, each spring of the lot shall be tested and those which meet
the requirements shall be accepted. If more than half of the
springs representing a lot fail to meet the requirements specified
in Section 6, the lot represented will be rejected.
6. The properties specified in Paragraphs (a), (b), (c) and Physical Tests.
(d), modified if necessary to conform to the requirements of the
appendix, shall be determined in the order specified. The
spring shall not be rapped or otherwise disturbed during the
test.
(a) Solid Height. — The solid height is the perpendicular
distance between the plates of the testing machine when the
spring is compressed solid with a test load at least 1 j times that
necessary to bring all the coils in contact. The solid height
shall not vary more than | in. from that specified.
(6) Free Height. — The free height is the height of the spring
when the load specified in Paragraph (a) has been released, and is
determined by placing a straight edge across the top of the spring
and measuring the perpendicular distance from the plate on
which the spring stands to the straight edge, at the approximate
center of the spring. The free height shall not vary more than
I in. from that specified.
(c) Loaded Height. — The loaded height is the distance
between the plates of the testing machine when the specified
working load is applied. The loaded height shall not vary more
than I in. over nor more than y& in. under that specified.
(d) Permanent Set. — The permanent set is the difference, if
any, between the free height and the height (measured at the
same point and in a similar manner) after the spring has been
compressed solid three times in rapid succession with the test
 118 Specifications for Helical Railway Springs.

load specified in Paragraph {a). The permanent set shall not

exceed ^ in.
IV. MARKING.
Marking. 7. (a) The name or brand of the manufacturer, the year
and month of manufacture, and if specified, the purchaser's
class number, shall be legibly stamped on each spring at a place
not detrimental to the life or service of the spring.
(6) Any stamping by the inspector shall be so placed as not
to be detrimental to the life or service of the spring.

V. INSPECTION AND REJECTION.

Inspection. 8. The inspector representing the purchaser shall have
free entry, at all times while work on the contract of the purchaser
is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's works
which concern the manufacture of the springs ordered. The
manufacturer shall afTord the inspector, free of cost, all reason-
able facilities to satisfy him that the springs are being furnished
in accordance with these specifications. All tests (except check
analyses) and inspection shall be made at the place of manu-
facture prior to shipment, unless otherwise specified, and shall be
so conducted as not to interfere unnecessarily with the operation
of the works.
Rejection. 9. Unless otherwise specified, any rejection based on tests
made in accordance with Section 2 shall be reported within five
worldng days from the receipt of samples.
Rehearing. 10. Samples tested in accordance with Section 2, which
represent rejected springs, shall be preserved for two weeks from
the date of the test report. In case of dissatisfaction with the
results of the tests, the manufacturer may make claim for a
rehearing within that time.
Reworking. 1 1 . Any springs which fail to meet the requirements as to
dimensions or physical tests may be again submitted after being
reworked.
 APPENDIX.

Test Fiber Stress.

12. (a) The properties and methods of testing specified in
Section 6 have been estabhshed for carbon-steel springs on the
assumption that the maximum fiber stress under test shall not
exceed 90,000 lb. per sq. in.^
(b) For alloy-steel springs practice has not been sufii-
ciently well established to enable definite fiber stresses to be
given. Unless otherwise agreed upon by the manufacturer and
the purchaser, alloy-steel springs shall be tested under the con-
ditions as to fiber stress specified for carbon-steel springs.

Relation Between Fiber Stress and Load.

13. To find the maximum load under which the conditions
of Section 12 (a) are fulfilled, the following formula shall
be used:

8M

where P — the load in pounds; S = the stress of the most strained

fiber in pounds per square inch; (/ = the diameter of the bar in
inches; and if = the mean diameter of the helix in inches; this
is found by subtracting the diameter or thickness of the bar
from the outside diameter of the spring.

Test of Springs not in Accordance with Preceding

Rules.
14. {a) If it is desired to purchase under these specifications
springs in which the maximum fiber stress exceeds that specified
in Section 12 (a), the tests shall be made as specified in Section 6
• This stress is given solely as a limiting stress not to be exceeded in testing by the methods
covered by the specifications. It is not intended as a guide in the design of springs, as the
proper working fiber stress will depend on the class and design of the spring and on the service
for which it is intended.
(119)
 120 Specifications for Helical Railway Springs.

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Is 11 ?§ ss
»-«co coc s
IM <rJ W (M C^ '
OO
oo
00 1^
OO
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^-oc
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iC-^ CO c^
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ooo
§1
,00 OOOO
;oo oooo

Q >ooo oo oo
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to to O O
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14 900
IHIOO t~to
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10 o • • • « • •

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10 880 13 270
11500

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9050

11800

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OOtOO
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 Serial Designation: A 61-16. 121

except that the maximum test load to be applied in determining the

properties specified in Sections 6 (a) and (d) shall not be sufficient
to compress the spring solid, but shall be the load which corre-
sponds to a fiber stress of 90,000 lb. per sq. in., as determined
by Equation (l).

Table to Facilitate Calculations.

15. Table I appended is arranged to facilitate the calcu-
lations necessary to determine whether a spring can be tested
in accordance with the specifications without exceeding the
stress given in Section 12 (a). The table shows the loads at
which springs of various sizes are stressed to 90,000 lb. per sq. in.
These are the test loads to be used for springs tested in accord-
ance with Section 14 (b). In testing in accordance with Section
6 (a) the load given in Table I for the given size of spring shall
not be exceeded, unless with this load the spring is compressed
soHd.
 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association for Testing Materials.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR

ELLIPTICAL SPRINGS FOR RAILWAYS.

Serial Designation: A 62-16.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion A 62; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1916.

Basis of 1- (a) These specifications cover all elliptic springs for

urc ase. g^spension, draft and buffer purposes for locomotives, tenders
and cars.
(b) The springs shall be made of carbon-steel bars con-
forming to the requirements of the Standard Specifications for
Carbon-Steel Bars for Railway Springs (Serial Designation:
A 14) of the American Society for Testing Materials, unless
otherwise specified.
(c) If carbon-steel bars with special silicon requirements
or alloy-steel bars are specified, the manufacturer and the
purchaser shall agree upon the type and grade of the bars to be
used; in which case the bars shall conform, for the respective
types, to the Tentative Specifications for Carbon-Steel Bars for
Railway Springs with Special Silicon Requirements (Serial
Designation: A 68-16 T)^, the Standard Specifications for Silico-
iSee Proceedings, Am. Soc. Test. Mats., Vol. XVI, Part I (1916).

(122)
 Serial Designation: A 62-16. 123

Manganese-Steel Bars for Automobile and Railway Springs

(Serial Designation: A 59), or the Standard Specifications for
Chrome- Vanadium-Steel Bars for Automobile and Railway
Springs (Serial Designation: A 60), of the American Society for
Testing Materials.
{d) The bands of the springs shall be made of wrought
iron conforming to the requirements of the Standard Specifica-
tions for Refined Wrought-Iron Bars (Serial Designation: A 41)
of the American Society for Testing Materials; or if agreed
upon, they may be made of "dead-soft" open-hearth steel, the
carbon content of which shall not exceed 0.15 per cent. Bands
of special design, subject to agreement between the manufacturer
and the purchaser, may be made of steel castings conforming to
the requirements of the Standard Specifications for Steel Castings,
Class B, Soft Grade (Serial Designation: A 27), of the American
Society for Testing Materials.
{e) Drillings for chemical analysis shall be taken from
pieces sheared from the bars during the process of manufacture,
and not from a finished spring, unless otherwise agreed upon.
(/) In determining the loaded height and loaded length of
the springs, the "compression" method of Section 6 shall be
used, unless the "release" method of Section 7 is specified.
I. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.
2. (a) An analysis may be made by the purchaser from Check Analyses,
a sample representing each size of spring steel involved. The
chemical composition thus determined shall conform to the
requirements specified in Section 1 {h) or {c).
(b) Drillings for analysis shall be taken from the unworked
portion of the bars and shall represent the full cross-section
after rejecting any decarburized material.
(c) In case of dispute, check and arbitration analyses of car-
bon steel shall be made in accordance with the Standard Methods
for Chemical Analysis of Plain Carbon Steel (Serial Designation:
A 33) of the American Society for Testing Materials, the carbon
being determined by the "direct-combustion" method; and
of alloy steel, in accordance with the Standard Methods for
Chemical Analysis of Alloy Steels (Serial Designation: A 55) of
the American Society for Testing Materials.
 124 Specifications for Elliptical Railway Springs.

II. WORKMANSHIP.

Inspection. 3. The purchaser or his representative may examine all

springs in each lot for workmanship and general dimensions.
Workmanship. 4. (o) The Springs shall be submitted for inspection com-
plete in the condition required by the drawings, and shall con-
form to these drawings with the permissible variations specified
in this Section and Sections 6 or 7. Dimensions which affect
the contour only and do not affect the interchange or service
of the springs need only be approximated.
(b) The springs shall have the leaves properly graduated
in length, properly bent, and fitted to reasonably true circular
arcs.
(c) The bands of the springs shall not vary from the specified
dimensions more than j^ in. in width and ^ in. in thickness
of straps, nor more than | in. in width across the spring.

III. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.

Number of Tests. 5. (a) From each lot of springs which has met the require-
ments of Section 4, the purchaser or his representative may
select for physical tests at least 25 per cent, to be tested in
accordance with the "compression" method of Section 6 —
or if specified, in accordance with the "release" method of Sec-
tion—7 and the appendix.
(b) If any of the springs representing a lot fail to meet the
requirements as to physical properties specified in Section
6 or Section 7 as required, but at least half of the springs repre-
senting alot do meet these requirements, each spring of the lot
shall be tested and those which meet the requirements shall be
accepted. If more than half of the springs representing a lot
fail to meet the requirements specified in Section 6 or Section 7
as required, the lot represented will be rejected.
Physical Tests : 6. When the "compression" method is to be used, the
M'th'^r^*°° properties
necessary tospecified in Paragraphs
conform (a), (b) andof (c),
to the requirements the modified
appendix,if
shall be determined, in the order specified. The spring shall
not be rapped or otherwise disturbed during the test. The ends
of half-elliptic springs shall be supported on roller or swing
bearings.
 Serial Designation: A 62-16. 125

(a) Free Height. — The free height is the height of the spring
after a test load of 1| times the specified working load has been
applied and fully released.
(6) Loaded Height and Loaded Length. — The loaded height
and loaded length are respectively the height and length when
the specified working load is applied. The load shall be appHed
gradually and in such a way that the specified working load
shall not be exceeded. If it is exceeded, the load shall be
released to not more than one-half the specified working load
and then increased to the specified working load. The loaded
height shall not be less, but may be f in. more than that specified.
The loaded length shall not vary more than \ in. from that
specified.
(c) Permanent Set. — The permanent set is the difference, if
any, between the free height and the height after the test load
of 1^ times the specified working load has again been appHed and
fully released. The follo\ving two requirements shall be met:
(1) The pennanent set shall not exceed ^2 iri-5
(2) If there is any permanent set not exceeding -^ in.
the difference between the free height and the height after
the test load of 1| times the specified working load has
been applied and fully released two additional times, shall
not be greater than the permanent set first measured.
7. When the "release" method is specified, the properties Physical Tests:
specified in Paragraphs (a), (b) and (c), modified if necessary ® ®*^® ^* °
to conform to the requirements of the appendix, shall be deter-
mined in the order specified. The spring shall not be rapped
or otherwise disturbed during the test. The ends of half-elliptic
springs shall be supported on roller or swing bearings.
(a) Free Height. — The free height is the height of the spring
after a test load of If times the specified working load has been
appHed and fully released.
(b) Loaded Height and Loaded Length. — The loaded height
and loaded length are respectively the height and length when a
test load of 1| times the specified working load has been applied
and is slowly released to the specified working load. If released
to less than the specified working load, the load shall again be
raised to 1^ times the specified working load and then released
 126 Specifications for Elliptical Railway Springs.

to the specified working load. The loaded height shall not be

more, but may be f in. less than that specified. The loaded
length shall not vary more than | in. from that specified.
(c) Permanent Set. — The permanent set is the difference, if
any, between the free height and the height after the test load
of 1 1 times the specified working load has again been applied and
fully released. The following two requirements shall be met:
(1) The permanent set shall not exceed 3^ in.;
(2) If there is any permanent set not exceeding ^ in.,
the difference between the free height and the height after
the test load of 1 1 times the specified working load has been
appKed and fully released two additional times, shall not
be greater than the permanent set first measured.

IV. MARKING.
Marking. 8. (a) The name or brand of the manufacturer, the year
and month of manufacture, and if specified, the purchaser's
class number, shall be legibly stamped on each spring at a place
not detrimental to the life or service of the spring.
(b) Any stamping by the inspector shall be so placed as not
to be detrimental to the fife or service of the spring.

V. INSPECTION AND REJECTION.

Inspection. 9. The inspector representing the purchaser shall have
free entry, at all times while work on the contract of the purchaser
is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's works
which concern the manufacture of the springs ordered. The
manufacturer shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all reason-
able facilities to satisfy him that the springs are being furnished
in accordance with these specifications. All tests (except check
analyses) and inspection shall be made at the place of man-
facture prior to shipment, unless otherwise specified, and shall be
so conducted as not to interfere unnecessarily with the operation
of the works.
Rejection. 10. Unless otherwise specified, any rejection based on tests
made in accordance with Section 2 shall be reported within five
working days from the receipt of samples.
 Serial Designation: A 62-16. 127

11. Samples tested in accordance with Section 2, which Rehearing,

represent rejected springs, shall be preserved for two weeks from
the date of the test report. In case of dissatisfaction with the
results of the tests, the manufacturer may make claim for a
rehearing within that time.
12. An}' springs which fail to meet the requirements as Reworking,
to dimensions or physical tests may be again submitted after
being reworked.
 APPENDIX.

Test Fiber Stress.

13. (a) The properties and methods of testing specified
in Sections 6 and 7, have been established for carbon-steel
springs on the assumption that the maximum fiber stress under
test shall not exceed 127,500 lb. per sq. in.^
(b) For alloy-steel springs practice has not been sufficiently
well established to enable definite fiber stresses to be given.
Unless otherwise agreed upon by the manufacturer and the pur-
chaser, alloy-steel springs shall be tested under the conditions
as to fiber stress specified for carbon-steel springs.
Relation Between Fiber Stress and Load.
14. To find the maximum loads under which the conditions
of Section 13 (a) are fulfilled, the following formula shall
be used:

2>L

where P = the load in pounds; S = the stress of the most strained

fiber in pounds per square inch; w^the number of plates in
half-elHptic springs, or half the number of plates in fuU-elHptic
springs; 6 = the width of each plate in inches; ^ = the thickness
of each plate in inches; and L = the distance between supports,
in inches, when the spring is loaded.
Test of Springs not in Accordance with Preceding
Rules.
15. (a) If it is desired to purchase under these specifications
springs in which the maximum fiber stress exceeds that specified
in Section 13 (a), the tests shall be made as specified in Sections
6 or 7 except that the test load to be apphed shall not be U
times the specified working load, but shall be the load which
1 This stress is given solely as a limiting stress not to be exceeded in testing by the methods
covered by the specifications. It is not intended as a guide in the design of springs, as the
proper working fiber stress will depend on the class and design of the spring and on the service
for which it is intended.
(128)
 Serial Designation: A 62-16. 129

corresponds to a fiber stress of 127,500 lb. per sq. in., as

determined by Equation (l).
Tests of Springs for which no Working Load is Specified.
16. If springs are ordered to free height and length only,
and no working load and no loaded dimensions are specified,

Table I. — Test Loads for Elliptical Springs, in Pounds per Inch

OF Effective Width, which will Correspond to a Maximum
Fiber Stress of 127,500 lb. per sq. in.

Length Thickness of Plate, in.

of
Spring, 3 1 5 3 7 1 9
in. 16 i 16 8 16 2 T6

20 150 265
22 136 241
24 125 345
377 497
221 581
26 115 204 319 460
427
28 107 296 625 760
190
30 100 177 277 479 707 896
32 166 398
374 509
543 665
34 259 351 452
156 244 840
36 14S 230
218 332 429 5G0
625 748
791
38 140 314 560 708
298 407 531
40 133 208 673
42 126 198 388 606 561
44 189 284 612
640
272 870 443
462
483 585
46
48 • 180 260
249 364
339 425 538
50 239 409
52 313
325 499
518
64
56 302
380
394 481
58 366
465
60
450

354 -
the tests specified in Sections 6 or 7 shall be made, using instead
of the "specified working load" the load which corresponds to a
fiber stress of 75,000 lb. per sq.in.,as determined by Equation (l).
Table to Facilitate Calculations.

17. Table I appended is arranged to facilitate the calcu-

lations necessary to determine whether a spring can be tested
in accordance with the specifications without exceeding the
stress given in Section 13 (a). The table shows, for various
lengths and for various thicknesses of plate, the loads per inch
of effective width of spring corresponding to a fiber stress of
130 Specifications for Elliptical Railway Springs.

127,500 lb. per sq. in. These are the maximum allowable test
loads, and shall not be exceeded in any tests.
The loads are given per inch of effective width of spring.
The effective width of spring is understood to mean the width
of the individual plate multiplied by the number of plates as
defined in Section 14. Consequently the total load in pounds
for any spring is found by multiplying the value from Table I
by the product of the width of plate into the number of plates.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A,
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association for Testing Materla.ls.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR

BILLET-STEEL CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT BARS.

Serial Designation: A 15- 14.

The specifications for this material arc issued under the fixed designa-
tion A 15; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.

Adopted, 1911; Revised, 1912, 1913, 1914.

1. (a) These specifications cover three classes of billet-steel Classes,

concrete reinforcement bars, namely: plain, deformed, and cold-
twisted.
(b) Plain and deformed bars are of three grades, namely:
structural-steel, intermediate and hard.
2. (a) The structural-steel grade shallbe used unless other- Basis of
wise specified. Purchase.
{b) If desired, cold-twisted bars may be purchased on the
basis of tests of the hot-rolled bars before twisting, in which
case such tests shall govern and shall conform to the require-
ments specified for plain bars of structural-steel grade.
I. MANUFACTURE.
3. (a) The steel may be made by the Bessemer or open- Process,
hearth process.
(b) The bars shall be rolled from new billets. No rerolled
material will be accepted.
4. Cold-twisted bars shall be twisted cold with one complete Coid-twisted
twist in a length not over 12 times the thickness of the bar. ■^"^•
(131)
 132 Specifications for Billet-Steel Reinforcement Bars.

II. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.

Chemical 5. The steel shall conform to the following requirements
Composition.
as to chemical composition:
x)i,„^„i,„„,^
Fnospnorus </Bessemer
^ , . not
i. over
** 0.10 per „cent
\ Open-hearth * 0.05
Ladle 6. An analysis of each melt of steel shall be made by the
Analyses.
manufacturer to determine the percentages of carbon, man-
ganese, phosphorus and sulfur. This analysis shall be made
from a test ingot taken during the pouring of the melt. The
chemical composition thus detennmed shall be reported to the
purchaser or his representative, and shall conform to the
requirements specified in Section 5.
Check 7. Analyses may be made by the purchaser from finished
Analyses.
bars representing each melt of open-hearth steel, and each
melt, or lot of ten tons, of Bessemer steel. The phosphorus
content thus determined shall not exceed that specified in
Section 5 by more than 25 per cent.
III. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.
Tension Tests. 8. (a) The bars shall conform to the following requirements
as to tensile properties:
Tensile Properties.
Plain Bars. Deformed Bars.

Properties Structural- Inter- ] Hard twisted

Bars.
Considered. Structural- Inter- Hard Steel mediate Grade.
Steel mediate Grade.
< Grade. Grade. Grade. Grade.
to Cold-
to only.
Tensile strength, lb. 55 000 70 000 55 000 70000 Recorded
per sq. in to 80 000 nun. to ) 000 min.
70 000 85 000 70 000 83 000
Yield point, min., lb.
per sq. in 33 000 40 000 50 000 33 000 40 000 60 000 55 000

Elon(;ation in 8 in.,
1 400 000a 1 300 OOpg t200 00Qc 1 250 000a 1 125 000a 1 000 OOQa
min., per cent
Tens. str. Tens. atr. Tens. str. ' Tens. str. J Tens. str. Tens. str.
o See Section 9.

(b) The yield point shall be determined by the drop of the

beam of the testing machine.
ModificationB in 9. (a) For plain and deformed bars over f in. in thickness
Elongation.
or diameter, a deduction of 1 from the percentages of elongation
 Serial Designation: A 15-14. 133

specified in Section 8 (a) shall be made for each increase of i in.

in thickness or diameter above f in.
(b) For plain and deformed bars under ys in. in thickness
or diameter, a deduction of 1 from the percentages of elongation
specified in Section 8 (a) shall be made for each decrease of
1^ in. in thickness or diameter below ys in.
Bend Tests.
10. The test specimen shall bend cold around a pin with-
out cracking on the outside of the bent portion, as follows:

Bend-Test Requirements.

Plain Bars. Deformed Bars.

Thickness
or Hard twisted
Diameter Structural- mediate
I°*f; Hard
i Qrade. Structural-' Inter- Bars.
of Bar. Steel Steel ; mediate Grade.
Grade. Grade. Grade. ! Grade. Cold-

180 deg. 180 deg. 180 deg. ; 1- 180 deg.

d=2t d=3t 180 deg. : 180 deg. 180 deg. d=2t
Under ^ in d=t d=t ' d=3t d=4t
90 deg. 90 deg. 180 deg.
d=3t
180 deg. d=3t 180 deg. ! 90 deg. 90a=«
deg.
4 d=t d=2t
d=2t { d=3t
Explanatory Notb: d=the diameter of pin about which the specimen is bent;
t=the thickness or diameter of the specimen.

11. (a) Tension and bend test specimens for plain and Test Specimens,
deformed bars shall be taken from the finished bars, and shall
be of the full thickness or diameter of bars as rolled; except
that the specimens for deformed bars may be machined for
a length of at least 9 in., if deemed necessary by the manufac-
turer to obtain uniform cross-section.
(b) Tension and bend test specimens for cold-twisted bars
shall be taken from the finished bars, without further treatment;
except as specified in Section 2 (b).
12. (a) One tension and one bend test shall be made from Number of Tests
each melt of open-hearth steel, and from each melt, or lot of
ten tons, of Bessemer steel; except that if material from one
melt differs f in. or more in thickness or diameter, one tfension
and one bend test shall be made from both the thickest and the
thinnest material rolled.
(b) If any test specimen shows defective machining or
develops flaws, it may be discarded and another specimen
substituted.
 134 Specifications for Billet-Steel Reinforcement Bars.

(c) If the percentage of elongation of any tension test

specimen is less than that specified in Section 8 (a) and any
part of the fracture is outside the middle third of the gage length,
as indicated by scribe scratches marked on the specimen before
testing, a retest shall be allowed.
IV. PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS IN WEIGHT.
Permissible 13. The weight of any lot of bars shall not vary more than
Variations.
5 per cent from the theoretical weight of that lot.
V. FINISH.
Finish. 14. The finished bars shall be free from injurious defects
and shall have a workmanlike finish.

VI. INSPECTION AND REJECTION.

Inspection. 15. The inspector representing the purchaser shall have free
entry, at all times while work on the contract of the purchaser is
being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's works which
concern the manufacture of the bars ordered. The manufac-
turer shall afi'ord the inspector, free of cost, all reasonable
facihties to satisfy him that the bars are being furnished in
accordance with these specifications. All tests (except check
analyses) and inspection shall be made at the place of manu-
facture prior to shipment, unless otherwise specified, and shall
be so conducted as not to interfere unnecessarily with the opera-
tion of the works.
Rejection. 16. (a) Unless otherwise specified, any rejection based on
tests made in accordance with Section 7 shall be reported within
five w^orking days from the receipt of samples.
(b) Bars which show injurious defects subsequent to their
acceptance at the manufacturer's works will be rejected, and
the manufacturer shall be notified.
Rehearing. 17. Samples tested in accordance with Section 7, which
represent rejected bars, shall be preserved for two weeks from
the date of the test report. In case of dissatisfaction with the
results of the tests, the manufacturer may make claim for a
rehearing within that time.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

Internatioxal Assocl^tiox for Testing Materials.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR

RAIL-STEEL CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT BARS.

Serial Designation: A 16 - 14.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion A 16; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1913; Revised, 1914.

1. These specifications cover three classes of rail-steel con- Classes.

Crete reinforcement bars, namely: plain, deformed, and hot-
twisted.
I. MANUFACTURE.
2. The bars shall be rolled from standard section Tee rails. Process.
3. Hot twisted bars shall have one complete twist in a length Hot-twisted
not over 12 times the thickness of the bar.

II. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.

4. (a) The bars shall conform to the following minimum Tension Tests,
requirements as to tensile properties:

Plain Bars. Deformed

Properties Considered twisted and
bars.Hot-

80 000 80 000
Yield point, lb per sq. in 50 000 50 000
1 200 000 1 000 000
Tens. Btr. Tens. str.

' See Section 5.

(135)
 136 Specifications for Rail-Steel Reinforcement Bars.

(b) The yield point shall be determined by the drop of the

beam of the testing machine.
Modifications in
Elongation.
5. (a) For bars over f in. in thickness or diameter, a deduc-
tion of 1 from the percentages of elongation specified in Section
4 (a) shall be made for each increase of | in. in thickness or
diameter above f in.
(b) For bars under ye in. in thickness or diameter, a deduc-
tion of 1 from the percentages of elongation specified in Section
4 (a) shall be made for each decrease of xg- in. in thickness or
diameter below y6 in.
Bend Tests. 6. The test specimen shall bend cold around a pin without
cracking on the outside of the bent portion, as follows:

Thickness or Diameter of Bar. Plain Bars. Deformed and Hot-

twisted Bars.
180 deg.
180
d=3deg.
t d=4 t
Under ^ in
90 deg. 90 deg.
d=3 t d=4 t

Explanatory Note: d =the diameter of pin about which the specimen is bent;
t =the thickness or diameter of the specimen.

Test Specimens. 7. (a) Tension and bend test specimens for plain and de-
formed bars shall be taken from the finished bars, and shall be
of the full thickness or diameter of bars as rolled; except that
the specimens for deformed bars may be machined for a length
of at least 9 in., if deemed necessary by the manufacturer to
obtain uniform cross-section.
(b) Tension and bend test specimens for hot-twisted bars
shall be taken from the finished bars, without further treatment.
Number of Tests. 8. (a) One tension and one bend test shall be made from
each lot of ten tons or less of each size of bar rolled from rails
varying not more than 10 lb. per yd. in nominal weight.
(6) If any test specimen shows defective machining or
develops flaws, it may be discarded and another specimen
substituted.
(c) If the percentage of elongation of any tension test
specimen is less than that specified in Section 4 (a) and any part
of the fracture is outside the middle third of the gage length,
as indicated by scribe scratches marked on the specimen before
testing, a retest shall be allowed-
 Serial Designation: A 16-14. 137
III. PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS IN WEIGHT.
9. The weight of any lot of bars shall not vary more than Permissible
5 per cent from the theoretical weight of that lot. Variations.
IV. FINISH.
10. The finished bars shall be free from injurious defects Finish,
and shall have a workmanlike finish.

V. INSPECTION AND REJECTION.

1 1 . The inspector representing the purchaser shall have free inspection,
entry, at all times while work on the contract of the purchaser
is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's works which
concern the manufacture of the bars ordered. The manufac-
turer shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all reasonable
facilities to satisfy him that the bars are being furnished in
accordance with these specifications. All tests and inspection
shall be made at the place of manufacture prior to shipment,
unless otherwise specified, and shall be so conducted as not to
interfere unnecessarily with the operation of the works.
12. Bars which show injurious defects subsequent to their Rejection,
acceptance at the manufacturer's works will be rejected, and
the manufacturer shall be notified.
 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Assocl4tion for Testing Materla.ls.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS

FOR

BLOOMS, BILLETS AND SLABS FOR CARBON-STEEL

FORCINGS.

Serial Designation: A 17-13.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion A 17; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1913.

Classes. 1. (a) These specifications cover five classes of billets, deter-

mined by their carbon ranges as specified in Section 6.
(b) The purposes for which these classes are frequently used
are as follows :
Class A, for welding and case hardening;
Class B, for case hardening when subsequently heat-treated;
Class C, for special purposes;
Class
ings;D, for axles, shafts, connecting rods and similar forg-

Class E, for Class D forgings when they are to be heat-

treated.
Definition of 2. The term "billets" will be used in these specifications to
designate blooms, billets and slabs.
Basis of 3. (a) Billets shall be purchased as semi-finished rolled or
forged material. In ordering, all dimensions shall be expressed
in feet and inches.
(b) Unless otherwise specified, the billets shall be made
from ingots of at least four times the sectional area of the billet.
(138)
 Serlal Designation: A 17-13. 139
I. MANUFACTURE.
4. The steel shall be made by the open-hearth process. Process.
5. A sufficient discard shall be made from each ingot to Discard,
secure freedom from injurious piping and undue segregation.
II. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.
6. The steel shall conform to the following requirements Chemical
Composition.
as to chemical composition:^
Class.
Elements Considered.

Carbon, per cent' 0.08-0.18 0.15-0.25 0.25-0.38 | 0.38-0.52 0.45-0.60

Manganese, per cent 0.30-0.50 0.30-0.50 0.40-0.60 0.40-0.60 0.45-0.70
Phosphorus, max., per cent .. . 0.045 i 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.045
Sulfur, max., per cent 0.05 | 0.05 j 0.05 0.05 I 0.05

»See Section 8 (b).

7. An analysis of each melt of steel shall be made by the Ladle

manufacturer to determine the percentages of the elements °* ^^^^'
specified in Section 6. This analysis shall be made from a test
ingot taken during the pouring of the melt. The chemical
composition thus determined shall be reported to the purchaser
or his representative, and shall conform to the requirements
specified in Section 6.
8. (a) An analysis may be made by the purchaser from at Check
least one billet representing each melt. The chemical composi- •^°*'y^®^-
tion thus determined shall conform to the requirements specified
in Section 6. DrilHngs for analysis shall be taken from the
billet with a |-in. drill, parallel to the axis of the ingot as cast,
at any point midway between the center and surface.
(b) In addition to the complete analysis specified in Par-
agraph (a), a carbon determination may be made by the pur-
chaser of drillings taken from the center of the billet with a
f-in. drill, parallel to the axis of the ingot as cast, to determine
by the variation in carbon the amount of segregation.
III. WORKMANSHIP AND FINISH.
9. The billets may be chipped to a depth not over | in., Chipping,
unless otherwise specified. Chipping shall be done in such a
' The chemical requirements as to manganese and phosphorus have purposely been made
somewhat lower than those in the standard specifications for finished products for the protection
of the purchaser of billets, so that with reasonable variations from segregation in the billets
the finished product will meet the specified chemical requirements.
 140 Specifications for Blooms, Billets and Slabs.

Finish. manner as not to cause laps when the billets are properly
forged.
10. The billets shall be free from injurious defects and
shall have a workmanlike finish.

IV. MARKING.
Marking. 11. The melt number shall be legibly stamped on each bil-
let 6in. or over in thickness: and the top end of all "top cut"
billets of such sizes shall be hot-stamped with the letter "T"
and such ends criss-crossed with green paint. The melt number
shall be legibly stamped on billets of smaller section when speci-
fied.
V. INSPECTION AND REJECTION.
Inspection. 12. (o) The inspector representing the purchaser shall
have free entry, at all times while work on the contract of the
purchaser is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's
works which concern the manufacture of the billets ordered.
The manufacturer shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all
reasonable facilities to satisfy him that the billets are being
furnished in accordance with these specifications. Tests and
inspection at the place of manufacture shall be made prior to
shipment.
(b) The purchaser may make the tests to govern the accept-
ance or rejection of the billets in his own laboratory or elsewhere.
Such tests, however, shall be made at the expense of the pur-
chaser.
(c) All tests and inspection shall be so conducted as not to
interfere unnecessarily with the operation of the works.
Rejection. 13. (o) Unlcss Otherwise specified, any rejections based on
tests made in accordance with Section 12 (b) shall be reported
within five working days from the receipt of samples.
(b) Billets which show injurious defects while being
finished by the purchaser will be rejected, and the manufacturer
shall be notified.
Rehearing. 14. Samples tested in accordance with Section 12 (b),
which represent rejected billets, shall be preserved for two
weeks from the date of the test report. In case of dissatisfaction
with the results of the tests, the manufacturer may make claim
for a rehearing within that time.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Assocl\tion for Testing Materials.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR

CARBON-STEEL AND ALLOY-STEEL FORCINGS.

Serial Designation: A 18- 16.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion A 18; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1901; Revised, 1905, 1914, 1916.

1. (a) These specifications cover the various classes of classes,

carbon-steel and alloy-steel forgings now commonly used and
not covered by other existing specifications of the American
Society for Testing ^Materials.
(b) The purposes for which these classes are frequently
used are as follows:
Class A, for forgings which may be welded or case-hardened;
Class B, for mild-steel forgings for structural purposes,
for minor ship fittings, etc.;
Class C, for mild-steel forgings for structural purposes,
for ships, etc.;
Classes D, E, F, G, H and I, for various machinery forg-
ings, choice depending upon design and upon the stresses and
services to be imposed.
Classes K, L and M, for various machinery forgings, choice
depending upon design and upon the stresses and services to be
imposed,
done. and upon the character of machining operations' to be
I. MANUFACTURE.
2. The steel may be made by the open-hearth or any other Process.
process approved by the purchaser.
(141)
 142 Specifications for Steel Forcings.

Discard. 3. A sufificient discard shall be made from each ingot to

secure freedom from injurious piping and undue segregation.
Prolongations 4. The manufacturer and the purchaser shall agree upon
for Tests. forgings on which a prolongation for test purposes shall be
provided.
Boring. 5. If boring is specified, the diameter of the hole shall
be at least 20 per cent of the maximum outside diameter or
thickness of the forging, exclusive of collars and flanges.
Heat
Treatment 6. Heat treatment, if required,- shall consist of either
anneahng or quenching and tempering, as specified.
(a) For annealing, the forgings shall be allowed to become
cold after forging. They shall then be uniformly reheated to the
proper temperature to refine the grain (a group thus reheated
being known as an "annealing charge"), and allowed to cool
uniformly.
(b) For quenching and tempering, the forgings shall be
allowed to become cold after forging. They shall then be
uniformly reheated to the proper temperature to refine the
grain (a group thus reheated being known as a "quench-
ing charge"), and quenched in some medium under sub-
stantially uniform conditions for each quenching charge.
Finally, they shall be uniformly reheated to the proper tem-
perature for tempering or "drawing back" (a group thus
reheated being known as a "tempering charge"), and allowed
to cool uniformly.

II. CHEMICAL -l^ROPERTIES AND TESTS.

Chemical
Composition. 7. (a) The steel shall conform to the following requirements
as to chemical composition:

Classes.
Elements Considered.
A. M.
B,C,D,E,F,G. H,I. K, L.

Manganese, per cent — 0 30 0 55 0 40 - 0 80 0 40 - 0 80

■' " 0.04
Phosphorus, per cent: " over
" 00.04 " " 0.04
not
" over 0.05
" 0.05 not
" over 0 . 05
" 0.05 not . 04 not over 0 . 05 not over 0 04
Basic " '■ 0,05 " " 0.05
" " 0.05 " " 0.05
" " 0.05
Sulfur, per cent
Nickel, per cent not under 3 00
 Serial Designation: A 18-16. 143

(b) The composition of alloy steel, other than phosphorus

and sulfur, to be used in forgings of classes K, L and M, shall
be agreed upon by the manufacturer and the purchaser.^
8. An analysis of each melt of steel shall be made by the Ladle
manufacturer to determine the percentages of carbon, manganese °^ ^^*^'
and the elements specified in Section 7. This analysis shall be
made from a test ingot taken during the pouring of the melt. The
chemical composition thus determined shall be reported to the
purchaser or his representative, and shall conform to the require-
ments specified in Section 7.
9. An analysis may be made by the purchaser from a Check
forging representing each melt. The chemical composition thus °^^ ^^^^'
determined shall conform to the requirements specified in
Section 7. Drillings for analysis may be taken from the forging
or from a full-size prolongation of the same, at any point midway
between the center and surface of solid forgings, and at any
point midway between the inner and outer surfaces of the wall
of bored forgings; or turnings may be taken from a test specimen.
III. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.
10. (a) The forgings shall conform to the requirements Tension Tests,
as to tensile properties specified in Tables I, II and III.
(b) The classification by size of the forging shall be deter-
mined by the specified diameter or thickness which governs
the size of the prolongation from which the test specimen is
taken.
(c) The yield point shall be determined by the drop of the
beam of the testing machine.
1 The question of chemical composition of the several types of alloy steels is not yet
sufficiently standardized to warrant the inclusion of formal requirements covering chemical
composition of such alloy steels in standard specifications.
The following compositions are quoted as being as nearly typical as any now regularly
manufactured :

Chrome-Vanadium Steel. Chrome-Nickel Steel. - Chromium

Steel
E.ementa Considered. M.
Classes Class Classes Class
K and L. M. K and L. KClasses
and L.

Carbon, per cent 0.28-0.42 ' 0.35-0.50 0.28-0.42 0.35-0.50 0.28-0.42

Manganese, per cent 0.40-0.70 1 0.50-0.90 0.40-0.70 0.50-0.90 0.40-0.70
Chromium, per cent. . . . 0.75-1.25 0.75-1.25 not under 0.70 not under 0.70 0.60-0.90
Vanadium, per cent not under 0.15 not under 0.15
Nickel, percent not under 1.25l not under 2.75
 144 Specifications for Steel Forcings.

(d) The elastic limit called for by these specifications shall

be determined by an extensometer reading to 0.0002 in. The
extensometer shall be attached to the specimen at the gage
marks and not to the shoulders of the specimen nor to any part
of the testing machine. When the specimen is in place and the
extensometer attached, the testing machine shall be operated
so as to increase the load on the specimen at a uniform rate.
The observer shall watch the elongation of the specimen as shown
by the extensometer and shall note, for this determination, the
load at which the rate of elongation shows a sudden increase.
The extensometer shall then be removed from the specimen,
and the test continued to determine the tensile strength.
Radius
not /ess
than ^

\^— 2 Oage Length--->\

Note ■- The GageLength, Parallel Portions and Fillets shall be as Shown,

buf the Ends may be of any Form which will Fit the Holders of
ftie Testing Machine.
Fig. 1.

(e) Tests of forgings shall be made only after final treatment.

Tension Test 11. (a) Tension test specimens shall be taken from a full-
Specimens.
size prolongation of any forging. For forgings with large ends
or collars the prolongation may be of the same cross-section
as that of the forging back of the large end or collar. Speci-
mens may be taken from the forging itself with a hollow drill,
if approved by the purchaser.
(6) The axis of the specimen shall be located at any point
midway between the center and surface of soHd forgings, and at
any point midway between the inner and outer surfaces of the
wall of bored forgings, and shall be parallel to the axis of the
forging in the direction in which the metal is most drawn out.
 145
Serial Designation: A 18-16.

(c) The specimens shall conform to the dimensions shown

in Fig. 1 . The ends shall be of a form to fit the holders of the
testing machine in such a way that the load shall be axial.
Table I. — -Tensile Properties (Classes A to F, inclusive).
FoH FonaiNQS whose Maximum Outside Diameter or Over-all Thickness is not over 20 in.

Size. Tensile Elongation in 2 Reduction of

Area, min.,
Strength, in., min.,
min.
Yield
Point,
min., cent. per
Outside
Class. Diameter (exceptA), per cent.
Class lb. per Not
lb. per Inverse Not Inverse
Over-all sq. in. under
Thickness. sq. in. Ratio. Ratio. under

A 47 to000 1500 000 2 500 000

Untreated All sizes. 0.5 tens. str. Tens. str. Tens. str.
60 000
22 2 400 000^

Not over 12 in. 60 000 0.5 tens. str. 35

Tens. str. Tens. str.
1 480 000^ 21 2 2^0J)00^
Untreated ] Over 12 to 20 j^5M)000
in., inclusive. . 60 000 0.5 tens, str Tens. str. Tens. str.
32
1 700 000 2 700 000
Not over 12 in. 60 000 0.5 tens. str. 25
C Tens. str. Tens. str.
Annealed Over 12 to 20 1 600 000 2 520 000
60 000 0.5 tens. str. 24 38
36
in., inclusive. . Tens. str. Tens. str.
24

75 000 0.5 tens. str. 1 600 000 18

Not over 8 in. Tens. str.
D Over 8 to 12 in., 1 500 000
inclusive 75 000 0.5 tens. str. 17 22
20
Untreated ' Tens. str.
Over 12 to 20 1 400 OOP
in., inclusive. . 75 000 0.5 tens. str. 16 Tens. str.
Tens. str.
20
1 800 000 2 800 000
Not over 8 in . 75 000 0.5 tens. str. Tens. str. 33
Tens. str.
E Over 8 to 12 in.. 1 725 000 2 640 000
Annealed inclusive 75 000 0.5 tens. str. 19
Tens. str. 31
Tens. str.
Over 12 to 20 1 650 000 2400000
in., inclusive. . 73 000 0.5 tens. str. 18 Tens. str. 29
Tens. str.
20
1 800 000 2 800 000
Not over 8 in . . . 80 000 0.5 tens. str. Tens. str. Tens. str.
2 640000^
F Over 8 to 12 in., 1 725 000 32
Annealed inclusive 80 000 0.5 tens. str. Tens. str.
19 Tens. str. 30
28
1 650 000^
Over 12 to 20 2 400 000
in., inclusive. . 80 000 0.5 tens. str. Tens. str. 18
Tens. str.

12. Unless otherwise specified by the purchaser, tests shall Number of

be made as follows: ^^^*^'
(a) For untreated forgings, one tension test shall be made
from each melt.
146 Specifications for Steel Forcings.

Table II. — Tensile Properties (Classes G, H, and I).

Elongation in 2
in., min., per Reduction
Area, min.,of
Tensile Elastic
min.,
Strength,
min., Limit, cent.
Class. Size. per cent.
lb. per lb. per
Inverse Not Inverse Not
sq. in. Ratio. under
sq. in. Ratio.
under

For Forcings whose Maximum Outside Diameter oh Thickness is not over 10 in.
WHEN Solid, and not over 20 in. when Bored.

Up to 4side
in.diameter
in out-or
thickness, 2-in. 2 100 000 20.5 4 000 000
max. wall 90 000 ,55 000 Tens. str. Tens. str.
Over 4 to 7 in. in i
outside diam-
eter or thick- I
G ness, 35-in. max. 2 000 000 3 800^000
, wall 85 000 50 000 20.5 Tens. str. 39
Tens. str.
Quenched
AND Over 7 to 10 in. in
Tempered.
outside diam- | I
eter or thick-
ness, 5-in. max. 1 900 OOP 3 600 OOP
wall 85 000 50 000 -Tens. str. 19.5 37
Tens. str.
Outside diameter
or thickness not
over 20 in., 5 to 3 400 OOP
8-in. wall 19
82 500 48 000 | Tens. Btr.
1 800 OOP Tens. str.

For Forgings whose Maximum Outside Diameter or Over-all Thickness is not

over 2P in.

Outside diameter 4P
or over-all
thickness not 2 OOP OOP 3 600 000
over 12 in 80 000 50 000 22 36
H Tens. str. Tens. str.
Nickel Outside diameter
Steel,
or over-all 38
Annealed. thickness over
12 to 20 in., in-
clusive 80 000 : 50 000
Tens. str.
L900000 Tens. str.
21 3 400 OPO
For Forcings whose Maximum Outside Diameter or Thickness is not over 10 in.
WHEN Solid, and not over 20 in. when Bored.

Up to 4side
in.diameter
in out- 2P
or
2 200 000 4 500
thickness, 2-in.
max. wall 100 OOP 70 000 Tens.
Tens. str. PPP
Over 4 to 7 in. in
outside diam- 2P
I eter or thick-
2 100 OOP 4 300 000
Nickel max. ness,
wall3j-in. 100 OOP 65 PPO Tens. str.
Steel, Tens. str.
Over 7 to IP in. in
Quenched
and outside diam- 20
Tempered. eter or thick-
ness, 5-in. max. ! 2 000 000 4 100 000
waU 9PP00 60 OPO
Tens. str. Tens. str.
Outside diameter 20
or thickness not j
over 2P in., 5 to 1 1 900 PPO 3 900 POO
8-in. wall 85 PPO 55 000 41
Tens. str.
I I Tens. str.
 Serial Designation: A 18-16. 147

Table III. — Tensile Properties (Classes K, L and M).

For Forqi.vqs whose Maximum Outside Diameter or Thickness is not over 10 in. when Solid anl
NOT over 20 in. when Bored.

Tensile Elastic Elongation Reduction

Class. Size.
Strength, Limit, min., in 2 in.,
20 min., of Area, min ,
lb. per sq. in. lb. per sq. in.
per cent. per cent.

Up to 2 in. in outside diameter

or thickness, 1-in. max. wall — 95 000-115 000 70 000 50

Over 2 to 4 in. in outside diame- 65 000

ter or thickness, 2-in. max. wall 90 000-110 000 20
K
Allot Over 4 to 7 in. in outside diame-
Steel, 50
ter or thickness, 3J-in. max.
Quenched 90 000-110 000 65 000 20 50
AND
Tempered. Over 7 to 10 in. in outside diam-
eter or thickness, o-in. max.
wall 90 000-110 000 65 000 20 50
50
Outside diameter or thickness
not over 20 in., 5 to 8-in. wall 85 000-105 000 60 000 20
20
Up to 2 in. in outside diameter
! or thickness, I-in. max. wall. . 105 000-125 000 80 000 50

1 Over 2 to 4 in. in outside diame-

terorthickness,2-in. max. wall 100 000 - 120 000 75 000 20 50
L
Allot Over 4 to 7 in. in outside diame-
Steel, ter or thickness, 3J-in. max.
Quenched wall 100 000-120 000 20 50
75 000
AND
Tempered. Over 7 to 10 in. in outside diam-
eter or thickness, 5-in. max.
wall 100 000-120 000 75 000 18
18
Outside diameter or thicknes.'^
not over 20 in , 5 to 8-in. wall 95 000 - 115 000 70 000 45

Minimum. 50
Up to 2 in. in outside diameter
or thickness, 1-in. max. wall. 125 000 105 000
Over 2 to 4 in. in outside diame- 16
ter or thickness, 2-in. max. wall 115 000 95 000 16 45
45
Allot Over 4 to 7 in. in outside diame-
Steel, ter or thickness, Sj-in. max.
wall 110 000 85 000 16
Quenched
AND 18
TEdPERBD. Over 7 to 10 in. in outside diam-
eter or thickness, 5-in. max.
wall 100 000 75 000 45
18
Outside diameter or thicknesf
not over 20 in.. 5 to K-in. wall 100 000 70 000 45
 148 Speclfications for Steel Forgings.

(b) For annealed forgings, one tension test shall be made

from each anneahng charge. If more than one melt is repre-
sented in an annealing charge, one tension test shall be made
from each melt.
(c) For quenched and tempered forgings, one tension test
shall be made from each tempering charge. If more than one
quenching charge is represented in a tempering charge, one
tension test shall be made from each quenching charge. If
more than one melt is represented in a quenching charge, one
tension test shall be made from each melt.
(d) If more than one class of forgings by size is represented
in any lot, one tension test from a forging of each class by size
shall be made as specified in Sections 10 and 11.
(e) If any test specimen shows defective machining or
develops flaws, it may be discarded and another specimen
substituted.
(/) If the percentage of elongation of any test speci-
men is less than that specified in Section 10 {a) and any part
of the fracture is more than f in. from the center of the
gage length, as indicated by scribe scratches marked on the
specimen before testing, a re test shall be allowed.
Retests. 13. («) If the rcsults of the physical tests of any test lot of
forgings in classes A to I, inclusive, do not conform to the
requirements specified, the manufacturer may re-treat such lot
one or more times and retests shall be made as specified in
Section 12.
(b) If the results of the physical tests of any test lot of
forgings in classes K, L or M do not conform to the require-
ments specified, the manufacturer may retemper or requench
and temper such lot, but not more than three additional times
unless authorized by the purchaser, and retests shall be made
as specified in Section 12.
IV. WORKMANSHIP AND FINISH.
Workmanship. 14. The forgings shall conform to the sizes and shapes
specified by the purchaser. When centered, 60-deg. centers
with clearance drilled for points shall be used.
Finish. 15. The forgings shall be free from injurious defects and
shall have a workmanlike finish.
 Serial Designation: A 18-16. 149
V. MARKING.
16. Identification marks shall be legibly stamped on each Marking,
forging and on each test specimen. The purchaser shall indi-
cate the location of such identification marks.

VI. INSPECTION AND REJECTION.

17. (a) The inspector representing the purchaser shall have inspection.
free entry, at all times while work on the contract of the pur-
chaser is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's
works which concern the manufacture of the forgings ordered.
The manufacturer shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all
reasonable facilities to satisfy him that the forgings are being
furnished in accordance with these specifications. Tests and
inspection at the place of manufacture shall be made prior to
shipment.
(b) The purchaser may make the tests to govern the
acceptance or rejection of the forgmgs in his own laboratory or
elsewhere. Such tests, however, shall be made at the expense
of the purchaser.
(c) Tests and inspection shall be so conducted as not to
interfere unnecessarily with the operation of the works.
18. (a) Unless otherwise specified, any rejection based on Rejection,
tests made in accordance with Section 17 (b) shall be reported
within five working days from the receipt of samples.
(b) Forgings which show injurious defects while being
finished by the purchaser will be rejected, and the manufacturer
shall be notified.
19. Samples tested in accordance with Section 17 (6), which Rehearing,
represent rejected forgings, shall be preserved for two weeks
from the date of the test report. In case of dissatisfaction
with the results of the tests, the manufacturer may make claim
for a rehearing within that time.
 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association for Testing Materials.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR

QUENCHED-AND-TEMPERED CARBON-STEEL AXLES,

SHAFTS, AND OTHER FORCINGS FOR
LOCOMOTIVES AND CARS.

Serial Designation : A 19-16.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion A 19; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1911; Revised, 1912, 1914, 1916.

Basis of
Purchase. 1. When used for forgings for locomotives, these speci-
fications cover quenched-and-tempered carbon-steel driving
axles, engine and trailing-truck axles, main and side rods, straps,
crank pins and piston rods.
I. MANUFACTURE.
Process. 2. The steel may be made by the open-hearth or any other
process approved by the purchaser.
Discard. 3. A Sufficient discard shall be made -from each ingot to
secure freedom from injurious piping and undue segregation.
Prolongations
for Tests.
4. For tcst purposcs, a prolongation shall be left on each
forging, unless otherwise specified by the purchaser.
Boring. 5. (a) Unless otherwise specified by the purchaser, all
forgings over 7 in. in diameter shall be bored, and all axles,
shafts and similar forgings shall be rough-turned all over. The
boring and rough turning shall be done before quenching.
(b) If boring is specified, the diameter of the hole shall
(150)
 Serial Designation: A 19-16. 151

be at least 20 per cent of the maximum outside diameter or

thickness of the forging, exclusive of collars and flanges.
6. For quenching and tempering, the forgings shall be Heat
allowed to become cold after forging. They shall then be uni- ^^^ ™®" '
formly reheated to the proper temperature to refine the grain
(a group thus reheated being knowTi as a "quenching charge"),
and quenched in some medium under substantially uniform
conditions for each quenching charge. Finally, they shall be
uniformly reheated to the proper temperature for tempering
or "drawing back" (a group thus reheated being known as a
"tempering charge"), and allowed to cool uniformly.
II. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.
7. ,The . steel
,
shall.,.
conform to the following requirements chemical
Composition.
as to chemical composition:
First Class by Size 0.25 - 0.60 per cent
Second ' 0.35-0.60
Carbon <
Third " " " 0.35-0.65
^ Fourth " " " 0.35-0.70
Manganese 0.40-0.70
Phosphorus not over 0 . 05 "
Sulfur " " 0.05
8. An analysis of each melt of steel shall be made by the Ladle Analyses,
manufacturer to determine the percentages of the elements
specified in Section 7. This analysis shall be made from a test
ingot taken during the pouring of the melt. The chemical
composition thus determined shall be reported to the purchaser
or his representative, and shall conform to the requirements
specified in Section 7.
9. (a) An analysis may be made by the purchaser from a Check Analyses,
forging representing each melt. The chemical composition thus
determined shall conform to the requirements specified in
Section 7. Drillings for analysis may be taken from the forging
or from a full-size prolongation of the same, at any point mid-
way between the center and surface of solid forgings, and at
any point midway between the inner and outer surfaces of the
wall of bored forgings; or turnings may be taken from a test
specimen.
(b) In addition to the complete analysis specified in Para-
graph (a), a phosphorus determination may be made by the
 152 Specifications for Quenched-and-Tempered Forcings.

purchaser from each broken tension test specimen. The phos-

phorus content thus detennined shall conform to the require-
ment specified in Section 7.
III. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.
Tension Tests.
10. (a) The forgings shall conform to the minimum require-
ments as to tensile properties specified in Table I.

Table I. — Tensile Properties.

Fob Forgings whose Maximum Outside Diameter or Thickness is not over 10 in. when
Solid, and not over 20 in. when Bored.

Tensile Limit, IElongation in 2 in.,

Elastic Reduction of Area,
Strength, Not
Size. per cent.
lb. per lb. per Inverse Not per cent.under
Inverse
under
sq. in. sq. in. Ratio. Ratio.
Up to 4 in. in outside diameter or 2 100 OOP 20.5 4 000 000
thickness, 2-in. max. wall 90 000 55 000 Tens. str. Tens. str. 39

Over 4 to 7 in. in outside diam-

eter or thickness, 3J-in. max. 1 2006000 20.5 3 800 OOP
waU 85 000 50 000 Tens. Btr. Tens, str 39

Over 7 to 10 in. in outside diani- ' 1 900 000 3 600 000

eter or thickness, 5-in. max.
wall 85 000 Tens. str. 19.5 Tens. str.
Outside diameter or thickness not 1 800 OOP 3 400 000
over 20 in., 5 to 8-in. wall. . . . 82 500 48 000 19 36
Tens. str. Tens. str.

(b) The classification by size of the forging shall be deter-

mined by the specified diameter or thickness which governs
the size of the prolongation from which the test specimen is
taken.
(c) The elastic limit called for by these specifications shall
be determmed by an extensometer reading to 0.0002 in. The
extensometer shall be attached to the specimen at the gage
marks and not to the shoulders of the specimen nor to any part
of the testing machine. When the specimen is in place and the
extensometer attached, the testing machine shall be operated
so as to increase the load on the specimen at a uniform rate.
The observer shall watch the elongation of the specimen as shown
by the extensometer and shall note, for this determination, the
load at which the rate of elongation shows a sudden increase.
The extensometer shall then be removed from the specimen,
and the test continued to determine the tensile strength.
 Serial Designation: A 19-16. 153

(d) Tests of forgings shall be made only after final treat-

ment.
11 . If specified by the purchaser, bend tests shall be made Bend Tests,
as follows:
(a) For the first and second classes by size, the test speci-
men shall bend cold through 180 deg. around a 1-in. flat mandrel
having a rounded edge of ^-in. radius, without cracking on the
outside of the bent portion.
(b) For the third and fourth classes by size, the test specimen
shall bend cold through 180 deg. around a l|-in. flat mandrel
having a rounded edge of |-in. radius, without cracking on the
outside of the bent portion.
12. Unless otherwise specified by the purchaser, all forg- Proof Tests,
ings shall be subjected to an impact proof test. The details
of this test shall be agreed upon by the manufacturer and the
purchaser. 1
13. (a) Tension and bend test specimens shall be taken Test Specimens,
from a full-size prolongation of any forging. For forgings with
large ends or collars the prolongation may be of the same cross-
section as that of the forging back of the large end or collar.
Specimens may be taken from the forging itself with a hollow
drill, if approved by the purchaser.
(b) The axis of the specimen shall be located at any point
midway between the center and surface of solid forgings, and
at any point midway between the inner and outer surfaces of
the wall of bored forgings, and shall be parallel to the axis of
the forging in the direction in which the metal is most drawn
out.
(c) Tension test specimens shall conform to the dimensions
shown in Fig. 1 . The ends shall be of a form to fit the holders
of the testing machine in such a way that the load shall be axial.
(d) Bend test specimens shall be | in. square in section with
corners rounded to a radius not over t^ in., and need not exceed
6 in. in length.
14. (a) One tension and, if specified by the purchaser, Number of Tests.
" one bend test shall be made from each tempering charge. If
more than one quenching charge is represented in a tempering
charge, one tension and, if specified, one bend test shall be
'For information relative to proof tests of finished forgings, see Appendix, pp. 157-158.
 154 Specifications for Quenched-and-Tempered Forcings.

made from each quenching charge. If more than one melt

is represented in a quenching charge, one tension and, if specified,
one bend test shall be made from each melt.
(b) If more than one class of forgings by size is represented
in any lot, one tension and, if specified,2^ one bend test from a
forging of each class by size shall be made as specified in Sections
10, 11 and 13.
(c) If any test specimen shows defective machining or
develops flaws, it may be discarded and another specimen sub-
stituted.
Radius I
not less

fhan^'., tik-

J^_ iy
^

k— 2 Gage Length -->\

Note '■- The GageLength, Parallel Porlions and Filleh shall be asShown,
bui ihe Ends may be of any Form which will Fil fhe Holders of
fhe Testing Machine.
Fig. 1.

((/) If the percentage of elongation of any tension test

specimen is less than that specified in Section 10 {a) and any
part of the fracture is more than f in. from the center of the
gage length, as indicated by scribe scratches marked on the
specimen before testing, a retest shall be allowed.
Retests. 15. {o) If the results of the physical tests of any test lot do
not conform to the requirements specified, the manufacturer may
retemper or requench and temper such lot, but not more than
three additional times unless authorized by the purchaser, and
retests shall be made as specified in Section 14.
(6) If the fracture of any tension test specimen shows
over 15 per cent crystaUin, a second test shall be made. If
the fracture of the second specimen shows over 15 per cent
crystallin, the forgings represented by such specimen shall be
 Serial Designation: A 19-16. 155

retempered or requenched and tempered. The fracture shall

be considered crystallin if the crystals which it contains are so
large that the cleavage planes or sides of these crystals are
easily visible to the eye.

IV. WORKMANSHIP AND FINISH.

16. The forgings shall conform to the sizes and shapes Workmanship,
specified by the purchaser. Axles, shafts and similar forgings,
unless otherwise specified, shall be rough-turned all over with
an allowance of | in. on the surface for finishing. In centering,
60-deg. centers with clearance drilled for points shall be used.
17. The forgings shall be free from injurious defects and Finish,
shall have a workmanlike finish.

V. MARKING.
18. Identification marks shall be legibly stamped on each Marking,
forging and on each test specimen. The purchaser shall indicate
the location of such identification marks.

VI. INSPECTION AND REJECTION.

19. (a) The inspector representing the purchaser shall inspection,
have free entry, at all times while work on the contract of the
purchaser is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's
works which concern the manufacture of the forgings ordered.
The manufacturer shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all
reasonable facilities to satisfy him that the forgings are being
furnished in accordance with these specifications. Tests and
inspection at the place of manufacture shall be made prior to
shipment.
(b) The purchaser may make the tests to govern the accept-
ance or rejection of the forgings in his own laboratory or else-
where. Such tests, however, shall be made at the expense of
the purchaser.
(c) Tests and inspection shall be so conducted as not to
interfere unnecessarily with the operation of the works.
20. (a) Unless otherwise specified, any rejection based Rejection,
on tests made in accordance with Section 19 (b) shall be reported
within five working days from the receipt of samples.
 156 Specifications for Quenched-and-Tempered Forcings.

(b) Forgings which show injurious defects while being

finished by the purchaser will be rejected, and the manufacturer
shall be notified.
Rehearing. 21. Samples tested in accordance with Section 19 (b),
which represent rejected forgings, shall be preserved for two
weeks from the date of the test report. In case of dissatisfaction
with the results of the tests, the manufacturer may make claim
for a rehearing within that time.
 APPENDIX.

As a guide in determining a proof test for quenched-and-

tempered forgings, the following particulars regarding three
methods of proof testing now being used are given :^
The Pennsylvania Railroad Co. and the Standard Steel
Works Co. require that axles, shafts and similar forgings shall

Proof Tests for Qienched-and-Tempered Forcings.

Pennsylvania R. IILROAD Co Lines;Central
Standard Steel Works Co New York
Diameter,
Carnegie Steel Co.
in. Height of Drop, ft. and in.
l&40-lb. Tup. 1 2240-lb. Tup.
Energy of Blow, ft. lb.
44
2 0 ft. 11 ill. 700

5... 900
1 •' 3 "
5i. 2 in. 1200
1ft.
1 " 8 " 1700
6... 2
" 2 "
61. 2 2 500
" 9 "
-1
7. 3 ' 3 500
" 5 " h 4 700
4
" 3 "
6 000
8 5
8:V 6 " 1 '■ 7 500
" 2 "
9. . 7 ■' 3 " 9000
1 '•
7 "
S 2 " 0 " 10 000
10 oi 10 11000
2 ^' G "
10.\ 11 "■• 0 •' 12 000
13 7 •' 3 " 1 "
13 000
11
" 5 " 3 " S "
11?.
7 " 14 000
1.5 4 ■'
17 " 43 "•• 1 6 "
12
1 5 " 15 000
3 "
3 "
6 '•
■'
receive an impact proof test on an M.C.B. 10drop-test machine, 7 " 4
•■
S " 6 "
with supports 3 ft. apart, two blows being
11" •' struck with a tup
weighing 1640 or 2240 lb. The former 12 company requires that 9 " "
1
• For more detailed information concerning these metVftsds of proof testing, see Report
"
of Committee A-1 on Standard Specifications for Steel. Appendix 8IV. " Report on Proof
Tests of Finished Forgings," Proceedings, Am. Soc. for Test. Mats., Vol. XIV, Part II, p. 120
(1914).
(157)
158 Specifications for Quenched- and-Tempered Forcings.

both blows be struck at the center of the forging, which is to be

turned 90 deg. after the first blow. The other requires that
the forging be supported at one end for the first blow and at the
other end for the second blow; and that the forging be turned
180 deg. after the first blow. The requirements as to height of
drop given in the accompanying table are derived from the
following formulas:

For the 1640-lb. tup: H = O.OlD^;

" " 2240 '' " H = 0.0073D';
in which H is height of drop in feet and D is diameter of the
forging at the center in inches.
The New York Central Lines and the Carnegie Steel Co.
require that forgings shall be submitted to an impact proof test
by having them supported at the ends and being struck in the
center one blow by a tup delivering the number of foot-pounds
shown in the accompanying table.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association for Testing Materials.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR

CARBON-STEEL FORCINGS FOR LOCOMOTIVES.

Serial Designation : A 20-16.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion A 20; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1912; Revised, 1913, 1914, 1916.

1. (a) These specifications cover untreated and annealed Basis of

engine and traiHng-truck
axles, crank axles, "'^'^ ^^^'
main and side dri\dng
carbon-steel rods, straps, pins and piston rods.
(b) The manufacturer may, at his option, furnish annealed
forgings when untreated forgings are specified by the purchaser,
provided they conform to the requirements specified for un-
treated forgings.
I. MANUFACTURE.

2. The steel may be made by the open-hearth or any other Process.

process approved by the purchaser.
3. A sufiicient discard shall be made from each ingot to Discard,
secure freedom from injurious piping and undue segregation.
4. The manufacturer and the purchaser shall agree upon Prolongations
forgings on which a prolongation for test purposes shall be ^°^ Tests,
provided.
5. For annealing, the forgings shall be allowed to beco'me Heat Treatment,
cold after forging. They shall then be uniformly reheated to
the proper temperature to refine the grain (a group thus reheated
being known as an "annealing charge"), and allowed to cool
uniformly.
(159)
 160 Specifications for Locomotive Forcings.

II. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.

Chemical 6. The steel shall conform to the following requirements
Composition. as to chemical composition:
Manganese 0.40-0.70 per cent
Phosphorus not over 0. 05 "
Sulfur " " 0.05
Ladle 7. An analysis of each melt of steel shall be made by the
Analyses.
manufacturer to determine the percentages of carbon and the
elements specified in Section 6. This analysis shall be made
from a test ingot taken during the pouring of the melt. The
chemical composition thus deterinined shall be reported to the
purchaser or his representative, and shall conform to the require-
ments specified in Section 6.
Check
Analyses.
8. An analysis may be made by the purchaser from a forg-
ing representing each melt. The chemical composition thus
determined shall conform to the requirements specified in
Section 6. Drillings for analysis may be taken from the forging
or from a full-size prolongation of the same, at any point midway
between the center and surface; or turnings may be taken from
a test specimen.
III. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.
Tension Tests. 9. (o) The forgings shall conform to the following minimum
requirements as to tensile properties:
Tensile Properties.
Fob Foboinob Whosb Maxiuum Outsiob Diambteb ob Oveb-all Thicembss is not oybb
12 IN. trHEN UNTBBA.TBO AND NOT OTEB 20 IN. WHEN Not I
AMNBAIiED.
Untebatbd.

Sl2E. Tensile Point, Elongation in 2 Reduction of

Strength, Yield in., per cent. Area, per cent.
Outside Diameter Not
lb. per lb. per Inverse Inverse
Over-all or
ThicknesB. under under
Ratio. 24
sq. in. Bq. in. Ratio.
1600 000 18
2 200 000
Not over 8 in 75 000 0.5 tens. str. 17
Tens. Btr. Tens. Btr.

75 000 0.5 tens. str. 1 500 000 2 000 000

Over 8 to 12 in., inclusive.
Tens. str. Tens. str.

22
20
1 800 000 2800 000
Not over 8 in ' 80 000 0.5 tens. Btr. 33
Tens. str. Tens. Btr.
1 725 000 2 640 000
Over 8 to 12 in., inclusive 80 000 0.5 tens, str, 19
18 30
Tens. str. Tens. str.
1 650 000 2400000
Over 12 to 20 in., inclusive 80 000 0.5 tens. str. 28
Tens. Btr. Tens. Btr.
 Serial Designation: A 20- 16. 161

(b) The classification by size of the forging shall be deter-

mined by the specified diameter or thickness which governs the
size of the prolongation from which the test specimen is taken.
(c) The yield point shall be determined by the drop of the
beam of the testing machine.
(d) Tests of forgings shall be made only after final treat-
ment.
10. (a) Tension test specimens shall be taken from a full- Tension Test
size prolongation of any forging. For forgings with large ends Specimens.
or collars the prolongation may be of the same cross-section as
>t
that of the forging back of the large end or collar. Specimens
may be taken from the forging itself with a hollow drill, if
approved by the purchaser.
Radius '. 1
not less 1 1
1
1
A
-H"---
k--
If
•
f i
-J i
1
-- p r.r

> be asShown,
Nofe ■■- The Gage length, Parallel Porh'onS and Fillets 1shall
but the Ends may be of any Form which will Fit the Holders of
the Testing Machine.
Fig. 1.

(6) The axis of the specimen shall be located at any point

midway between the center and surface of the forging, and shall
be parallel to the axis of the forging in the direction in which
the metal is most drawn out.
(c) The specimens shall conform to the dimensions shown
in Fig. 1. The ends shall be of a form to fit the holders of the
testing machine in such a way that the load shall be axial.
11. Unless otherwise specified by the purchaser, tests shall Number of Tests,
be made as follows :
(a) For untreated forgings, one tension test shall be made
from each melt.
(6) For annealed forgings, one tension test shall be made
from each annealing charge. If more than one melt is represented
 162 SPECEflCATIONS FOR LOCOMOTIVE FORCINGS.

in an annealing charge, one tension test shall be made from each

melt.
(c) If more than one class of forgings by size is represented
in any lot, one tension test from a forging of each class by size
shall be made as specified in Sections 9 and 10.
(d) If any test specimen shows defective machining or
develops flaws, it may be discarded and another specimen
substituted.
(e) If the percentage of elongation of any test speci-
men is less than that specified in Section 9 (a) and any part
of the fracture is more than f in. from the center of the
gage length, as indicated by scribe scratches marked on the
specimen before testing, a retest shall be allowed.
Retests. 12. (a) If the results of the physical tests of any test lot
do not conform to the requirements specified, the manufacturer
may re-anneal such lot, but not more than three additional
times unless authorized by the purchaser, and retests shall be
made as specified in Section 11.
(b) When annealed forgings are specified, if the fracture
of any test specimen shows over 15 per cent crystallin,
a second test shall be made. If the fracture of the second
specimen shows over 15 per cent crystalHn, the forgings repre-
sented by such specimen shall be re-annealed. The fracture
shall be considered crystalHn if the crystals which it contains
are so large that the cleavage planes or sides of these crystals
are easily visible to the eye.

IV. WORKMANSHIP AND FINISH.

Workmanship. 13. The forgings shall conform to the sizes and shapes
specified by the purchaser. When centered, 60-deg. centers
with clearance drilled for points shall be used.
Finish. 14. The forgings shall be free from injurious defects and shall
have a workmanlike finish.

V. MARKING.
Marking. 15. Identification marks shall be legibly stamped on each
forging and on each test specimen. The purchaser shall indicate
the location of such identification marks.
 Serial Designation: A 20-16. 163

VI. INSPECTION AND REJECTION.

16. (a) The inspector representing the purchaser shall inspection,
have free entry, at all times while work on the contract of the
purchaser is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's
works which concern the manufacture of the forgings ordered.
The manufacturer shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all
reasonable facilities to satisfy him that the forgings are being
furnished in accordance with these specifications. Tests and
inspection at the place of manufacture shall be made prior to
shipment.
(b) The purchaser may make the tests to govern the accep-
tance or rejection of the forgings in his own laboratory or else-
where. Such tests, however, shall be made at the expense of
the purchaser.
(c) Tests and inspection shall be so conducted as not to
interfere unnecessarily with the operation of the works.
17. (a) Unless otherwise specified, any rejection based on Rejection.
tests made in accordance with Section 16 (b) shall be reported
within five working days from the receipt of samples.
(b) Forgings which show injurious defects while being
finished by the purchaser will be rejected, and the manufacturer
shall be notified.
18. Samples tested in accordance with Section 16 (b), which Rehearing,
represent rejected forgings, shall be preserved for two weeks
from the date of the test report. In case of dissatisfaction with
the results of the tests, the manufacturer may make claim for a
rehearing within that time.
 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED \^TH THE

International Assocl\tion for Testing Materials,

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR

QUENCHED-AND-TEMPERED ALLOY-STEEL AXLES,

SHAFTS, AND OTHER FORCINGS FOR
LOCOMOTIVES AND CARS.

Serial Designation: A 63-16.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion A 63 ; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1916.

Classes. 1. (a) These speciiications cover the various classes of

alloy-steel forgings now commonly used in locomotive and car
construction.
(b) The purposes for which these classes are frequently
used are as follows:
Class K, for forgings for main and side rods, straps, piston
rods, and all other forgings which are to be machined with
milling cutters or complicated forming tools;
Class L, for forgings for driving and trailing-truck axles,
crank pins, and other parts not requiring the use of milling
cutters or complicated forming tools.

I. MANUFACTURE.
Proceti. 2. The steel may be made by the open-hearth or any other
process approved by the purchaser.
(164)
 Serial Designation: A 63 - 16. 165

3. A sufficient discard shall be made from each ingot to Discard,

secure freedom from injurious piping and undue segregation.
4. For test purposes, a prolongation shall be left on each Prolongations
forging, unless otherwise specified by the purchaser. ^°' ^®^*^*
5. (a) Unless otherwise specified by the purchaser, all Boring,
forgings over 7 in. in diameter shall be bored, and all axles,
shafts and similar forgings shall be rough-turned all over. The
boring and rough turning shall be done before quenching.
(b) If boring is specified, the diameter of the hole shall be
at least 20 per cent of the maximum outside diameter or thick-
ness of the forging, exclusive of collars and flanges.
6. For quenching and tempering, the forgings shall be Heat Treatment,
allowed to become cold after forging. They shall then be
uniformly reheated to the proper temperature to refine the
grain (a group thus reheated being known as a "quenching
charge"), and quenched in some medium under substantially
uniform conditions for each quenching charge. Finally, they
shaU be uniformly reheated to the proper temperature for
tempering or "drawing back" (a group thus reheated being
known as a "tempering charge"), and allowed to cool uniformly.
II. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.
7. (a) The steel shall conform to the following require- Chemical
ments as to chemical composition: Composition.
Acid. Basic.
Phosphorus not over 0.05 not over 0.04 per cent
Sulfur " " 0.05 " " 0.05
(b) The composition of alloy steel, other than phosphorus
and sulfur, shall be agreed upon by the manufacturer and the
purchaser.^
' The question of chemical composition of the several types of alloy steels is not yet
sufficiently standardized to warrant the inclusion of formal requirements covering chemical
composition of such alloy steels in standard specifications.
The following compositions for classes K and L are quoted as being aS nearly typical
as any now regularly manufactured:

Elements Considered. , Chrome-Vanadi

I Steel. um i Chrome-Nic
Steel. kel Chromium
Steel.

Carbon, per cent 0.28-0.42 0.28-0.42 0.28-0.42

Manganese, per cent 0.40-0.70 0.40-0.70 0.40-0.70
Chromium, per cent i 0.75-1.25 notunder0.70 0.60-0.90
Vanadium, per cent not under 0. 15
Nickel, per cent i not under 1 . 25
 166 Specifications for Quenched-and-Tempered Forcings.

Ladle Analyses. 8. An analysis of each melt of steel shall be made by the

manufacturer to determine the percentages of carbon, manganese
and the elements specified in Section 7. This analysis shall be
made from a test ingot taken during the pouring of the melt.
The chemical composition thus determined shall be reported
to the purchaser or his representative, and shall conform to the
requirements specified in Section 7.
Check Analyses. 9. (a) An analysis may be made l)y the purchaser from a
forging representing each melt. The chemical composition
thus determined shall conform to the requirements specified in
Section 7. Drillings for analysis may be taken from the forging
or from a full-size prolongation of the same, at any point mid-
way between the center and surface of solid forgings, and at
any point midway between the inner and outer surfaces of the
wall of bored forgings; or turnings may be taken from a test
specimen.
(b) In addition to the complete analysis specified in Para-
graph (a), a phosphorus determination may be made by the
purchaser from each broken tension test specimen. The phos-
phorus content thus determined shall conform to the requirement
specified in Section 7.

III. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.

Tension Tests. 10. (a) The forgings shall conform to the requirements as
to tensile properties specified in Table I.
(b) The classification by size of the forging shall be deter-
mined by the specified diameter or thickness which governs the
size of the prolongation from which the test specimen is taken.
(c) The elastic limit called for by these specifications shall
be determined by an extensometer reading to 0.0002 in. The
extensometer shall be attached to the specimen at the gage
marks and not to the shoulders of the specimen nor to any part
of the testing machine. When the specimen is in place and the
extensometer attached, the testing machme shall be operated so
as to increase the load on the specimen at a uniform rate. The
observer shall watch the elongation of the spechnen as shown by
the extensometer and shall note, for this determination, the load
at which the rate of elongation shows a sudden increase. The
 Serial Designation: A 63 - 16. 167

extensometer shall then be removed from the specimen, and the

test continued to determine the tensile strength.
(d) Tests of forgings shall be made only after final treatment.
11. If specified by the purchaser, bend tests shall be made Bend Tests,
as follows:
(a) For the first and second classes by size, the test speci-
men shall bend cold through 180 deg. around a 1-in. flat mandrel
Table I. — Tensile Properties.
Fob Forcings whose Maximum Outside Diameter or Thickness is not over 10 in. when Solid, and
not over 20 in. when bored.

Tensile
Strength, Elastic I Elongation Reduction
Clasp. Size. Limit, min., in 2 in., min. of Area, min.,
lb. per. sq. in. lb. per sq. in. per cent.
20 per cent.
Up to 2 in. in outside diameter
or thickness, 1-in. max. wall. . 95 000-115 000 70000 50

Over 2 to 4 in. in outside diame-!

ter
wall or thickness, 2-in. max.' 90 000-110 000
K 65 000
Allot
Stbbl, Over 4 to 7 in. in outside diame-
Quenched ter or thickness, 3i-in. max.
AND
wall 90 000-110 000; 65 000
Tempered.
Over 7 to 10 in. in outside diam-
eter or thickness, 5-in. max.
wall 90 000-110 000 65 000
Outside diameter or thickness
not over 20 in., 5 to 8-in. wall. 50
85 000 - 105 000 I 60 000
I
Up to 2 in. in outside diameter 50
or thickness, 1-in. max. wall... 105 000 - 125 000 80 000 50

Over 2 to 4 in. in outside diame-

ter or thickness, 2-in. max
wall 100 000 - 120 000 75 000
L
Allot
Steel, Over 4 to 7 in. in outside diame-
ter or thickness, 3i-in. max. 50
Quenched wall 100 000-120 000 75 000 50
and
Tempered
Over 7 to 10 in. in outside diam-|
eter or thickness, 5-in. max.j
wall 100 000 - 120 000 75 000 45

1 Outside diameter or thickness' 95 000-115 000, 70 000 45

I not over 20 in., 5 to 8-in. walll

having a rounded edge of |-in. radius, without cracking on

the outside of the bent portion.
(6) For the third and fourth classes by size, the test speci-
men shall bend cold through 180 deg. around a l§-in. flat man-
drel having a rounded edge of £-in. radius, without cracking
on the outside of the bent portion.
 168 Specifications for Quenched-and-Tempered Forcings.
Proof Tests.
12. Unless otherwise specified by the purchaser, all forg-
ings shall be subjected to an impact proof test. The details
of this test shall be agreed upon by the manufacturer and the

Test Specimens. purchaser.^

13. (a) Tension and bend test specimens shall be taken
from a full-size prolongation of any forging. For forgings with
large ends or collars the prolongation may be of the same cross-
section as that of the forging back of the large end or collar.
Specimens may be taken from the forging itself with a hollow
drill, if approved by the purchaser.
Radius I
not less
' 21
1

v —^

-lai
N-

r^— 2 Gage Length

Note '■- The GageLength, Pqfallel Portions and Fillets shall beasStiown,
but the Ends may be of any Form which will Fit the Holders of
the Testing Machine.
Fig. 1.

(6) The axis of the specimen shall be located at any point

midway between the center and surface of solid forgings, and
at any point midway between the inner and outer surfaces of
the wall of bored forgings, and shall be parallel to the axis of
the forging in the direction in which the metal is most drawn
out.
(c) Tension test specimens shall conform to the dimensions
shown in Fig. 1 . The ends shall be of a form to fit the holders
of the testing machine in such a way that the load shall be axial.
id) Bend test specimens shall be \ in. square in section
with corners rounded to a radius not over j^ in., and need not
exceed 6 in. in length.

'for information relative to proof tests of finished for^ngs, see Appendix, pp. 171-172.
 Serial Designation: A 63 - 16. 169

14. (a) One tension and, if specified by the purchaserj one Number of Test
bend test shall be made from each tempering charge. If more
than one quenching charge is represented in a tempering charge,
one tension and, if specified, one bend test shall be made from
each quenching charge. If more than one melt is represented
in a quenching charge, one tension and, if specified, one bend
test shall be made from each melt.
(b) If more than one class of forgings by size is represented
in any lot, one tension and, if specified, one bend test from a
forging of each class by size shall be made as specified in Sec-
tions 10, 11 and 13.
(c) If any test specimen shows defective machining or
develops flaws, it may be discarded and another specimen sub-
stituted.
(d) If the percentage of elongation of any tension test speci-
men is less than that specified in Section 10 (a) and any part
of the fracture is more than f in. from the center of the gage
length, as indicated by scribe scratches marked on the speci-
men before testing, a retest shall be allowed.
15. {a) If the results of the physical tests of any test lot Retests.
do not conform to the requirements specified, the manufacturer
may retemper or requench and temper such lot, but not more
than three additional times unless authorized by the purchaser,
and retests shall be made as specified in Section 14.
(b) If the fracture of any tension test specimen shows over
15 per cent crystallin, a second test shall be made. If the
fracture of the second specimen shows over 15 per cent crystal-
lin, the forgings represented by such specimen shall be retem-
pered or requenched and tempered. The fracture shall be
considered crystallin if the crystals which it contains are so
large that the cleavage planes or sides of these cr}^stals are easily
visible to the eye.
IV. WORKMANSHIP AND FINISH.
16. The forgings shall conform to the sizes and shapes Workmanship,
specified by the purchaser. Axles, shafts and similar forgings,
unless otherwise specified, shall be rough- turned all over with
an allowance of | in. on the surface for finishing. In centering,
60-deg. centers with clearance drilled for points shall be used.
 170 Specifications for Quenched-and-Tempered Forcings.

Finish. 17. The forgings shall be free from injurious defects and
shall have a workmanlike finish.

V. MARKING.
Marking. 18. Identification marks shall be legibly stamped on each
forging and on each test specimen. The purchaser shall indi-
cate the location of such identification marks.

VI. INSPECTION AND REJECTION.

Inspection. 19. (o) The inspector representing the purchaser shall
have free entry, at all times while work on the contract of the
purchaser is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's
works which concern the manufacture of the forgings ordered.
The manufacturer shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all
reasonable facilities to satisfy him that the forgings are being
furnished in accordance with these specifications. Tests and
inspection at the place of manufacture shall be made prior to
shipment.
(b) The purchaser may make the tests to govern the
acceptance or rejection of the forgings in his own laboratory
or elsewhere. Such tests, however, shall be made at the expense
of the purchaser.
(c) Tests and inspection shall be so conducted as not to
interfere unnecessarily with the operation of the works.
Rejection. 20. (a) Unless otherwise specified, any rejection based on
tests made in accordance with Section 19 (b) shall be reported
within five working days from the receipt of samples.
(b) Forgings which show injurious defects while being fin-
ished by the purchaser will be rejected, and the manufacturer
shall be notified.
Rehearing. 21. Samples tested in accordance with Section 19 (b), which
represent rejected forgings, shaU be preserved for two weeks
from the date of the test report. In case of dissatisfaction
with the results of the tests, the manufacturer may mak^ claim
for a rehearing within that Xime,
 APPENDIX.

As a guide in determining a proof test for quenched-and-

tempered forgings, the following particulars regarding three
methods of proof testing now being used are given^:
The Pennsylvania Railroad Co. and the Standard Steel

Proof Tests for Quenched-and-Tempered Forcings.

Pennstlvania Railroad Co.; ' New York Central
Standabd Steel Works Co.
Diameter, 1 Lineb;
Height of Drop, ft. and in. 1 ^ _^, ^g T31«-,

1640-lb. Tup. 2240-lb. Tu

0 ft. 11 in.
4
5 p. 1 '"Tt.li,
700
900
."*"'"
1 " 3 "
1ft. 2ii 1. 1200
5| 1 " 8 "
6 1700
2 " 2 " 1 " 7 ' 2 500
«l 2 ■' 9 "
2 " 0 '
7
3 500
3 " 5 "
^i
2 " 6 ' 4 700
8
,,.,.. 3 " 1 ' 6000
5 " 1 " 3 " 8 '
'h 6 " 2 "
5 '■ 3
4 " 6 '
7 500
9
7 '• 3 " 9000
«l 8 " 7 "
10 000
10 6 " 3 ' 11000
10 " 0 " 12 000
lOl 7 " 4 '
11 " 7 " 8 '• 6 '
11 13 000
13 " 5 " 14 000
114 119 "" 101 '
15 " 3 "
12 j 15 000
17 " 4 " 12 " 8 '

Works Co. require that axles, shafts and similar forgings shall
receive an impact proof test on an M.C.B. drop-test machine,
with supports 3 ft. apart, two blows being struck with a tup
' For more detailed information concerning these methods of proof testing, see Report
of Committee A-1 on Standard Specifications for Steel, Appendix IV, "Report on Proof
Tests of Finished Forgings," Proceedings, Am. Soc. Test. Mats., Vol. XIV, Part II, p. 120
(1914).

(171)
172 Specifications for Quenched-and-Tempered Forcings.

weighing 1640 or 2240 lb. The former company requires that

both blows be struck' at the center of the forging, which is to be
turned 90 deg. after the first blow. The other requires that
the forging be supported at one end for the first blow and at the
other end for the second blow; and that the forging be turned
180 deg. after the first blow. The requirements as to height of
drop given in the accompanying table are derived from the
follo^ving formulas :

For the 1640-lb. tup: II = 0. 01 D^;

" " 2240 " " : H = 0.0073D';
in which // is height of drop in feet and D is diameter of the
forging at the center in inches.
The New York Central Lines and the Carnegie Steel Co.
require that forgings shall be submitted to an impact proof test
by having them supported at the ends and being struck in the
center one blow by a tup deHvering the number of foot-pounds
shown in the accompanying table.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association for Testing Materials.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR

CARBON-STEEL CAR AND TENDER AXLES.

Serial Designation: A 21-14.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion A 2 1 ; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1901; Revised, 1905, 1913, 1914.

I. MANUFACTURE.

1. The steel shall be made by the open-hearth process. Process.

II. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.
2. The steel shall conform to the following requirements chemical
as to chemical composition : Composition.
Carbon 0.35-0.55 per cent
Manganese not over 0. 70 "
Phosphorus " " 0.05 "
Sulfur " " 0.06 "

3. An analysis of each melt of steel shall be made by the Ladle

manufacturer to determine the percentages of the elements ^°^y^®^-
specified in Section 2. This analysis shall be made from a test
ingot taken during the pouring of the melt. The chemical comjx)-
sition thus determined shall be reported to the purchaser or his
representative, and shall conform to Ihe ref|uiremenls s])eciried in
Section 2.
4. An analysis may be made b}- the i)urchaser from an check
The chemical composition thus '^"*'y^*^-
axle representing each melt. (173)
 174 Specifications for Car and Tender Axles.

detennined shall conform to the requirements specified in

Section 2. Drillings for analysis may be taken from the axle
or from a full-size prolongation of the same, at any point mid-
way between the center and surface.
III. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.
Drop Tests. 5. (a) The test axle shall be so placed on supports that the
tup will strike it midway between the ends. It shall be turned
over after the first and third blows, and, when required, after
the fifth and seventh blows. When tested in accordance with the
following conditions, the axle shall stand the specified
28j
number of
blows without fracture and the deflection after the first blow
shall not exceed that specified :
Tup, Drop,
Diameter Distance Number
of Axle between Weight of Height of tion after
Max. Deflec-
of First Blow,
at Center, Supports, lb. ft. Blows. in.
in. I4| ft.

4 3 1640 24
26 6

4 3
8
1640
1640
5
6
3 1640 31 5 8

"A 3
3
1640
1640
34
43
5
5
3 1640 43 7 6
3 1640 43 8

(b) The deflection is the difference between the distance

from a straight edge to the middle point of the axle, measured
before the first blow, and the distance measured in the same
manner after the blow. The straight edge shall rest only on
the collars or the ends of the axle.
(c) The temperature of the test axle shall be between 40
and 120° F.
Drop-Test
Machine. 6. The anvil of the drop-test machine shall be supported
on 12 springs, shall be free to move in a vertical direction, and
shall weigh 17,500 lb. The radii of the striking face of the tup
and of the supports shall be 5 in.
Number of Tests. 7. One drop test shaU be made from each melt. Not less
than 30 axles shall be offered from any one melt, unless other-
wise agreed upon by the manufacturer and the purchaser.
 Serial Designation: A 21 - 14. 175

IV. WORKMANSHIP AND FINISH.

8. The axles shall conform to the sizes and shapes specified workmanship,
by the purchaser. When centered, 60-deg. centers with clear-
ance drilled for points shall be used.
9. The axles shall be free from injurious defects and shall Finish.
have a workmanlike finish.

V. MARKING.
10. Identification marks shall be legibly stamped on each Marking,
axle. The purchaser shall indicate the location of such identifi-
cation marks.

VI. INSPECTION AND REJECTION.

11. (a) The inspector representing the purchaser shall have inspection,
free entry, at all times while work on the contract of the purchaser
is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's works which
concern the manufacture of the axles ordered. The manu-
facturer shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all reasonable
facilities to satisfy him that the axles are being furnished in
accordance with these specifications. Tests and inspection at
the place of manufacture shall be made prior to shipment.
(b) The purchaser may make the chemical tests to govern
the acceptance or rejection of the axles in his own laboratory or
elsewhere. Such tests, however, shall be made at the expense of
the purchaser.
(c) All tests and inspection shall be so conducted as not to
interfere unnecessarily with the operation of the works.
12. (a) Unless otherwise specified, any rejection based on Rejection,
tests made in accordance with Section 1 1 (6) shall be reported
within five working days from the receipt of samples.
(6) Axles which show injurious defects while being finished
by the purchaser will be rejected, and the manufacturer shall
be notified.
13. Samples tested in accordance with Section 11 (6), which Rehearing,
represent rejected axles, shall be preserved for two weeks from
the date of the test report. In case of dissatisfaction with the
results of the tests, the manufacturer may make claim for a
rehearing within that time.
 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Assocdvtion for Testing Materials.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR

COLD-ROLLED STEEL AXLES.

Serial Designation: A 22-16.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion A 22; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1913; Revised, 1914, 1916.

I. MANUFACTURE.

Process. 1. (a) The steel may be made by the open-hearth or any

other process approved by the purchaser.
(b) The axles shall be cold-rolled to finished size from hot-
rolled bars.
Discard. 2. A sufficient discard shall be made from each ingot to
secure freedom from injurious piping and undue segregation.

II. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.

Chemical 3. The steel shall conform to the following requirements
Composition. ^^ ^^ chemical composition:
Carbon not over 0.40 per cent
Manganese 0.40 - 0.80 "
Phosphorus not over 0.05 "
Sulfur " " 0.05 "
Ladle 4. An analysis of each melt of steel shall be made by the
Analyses. manufacturer to determine the percentages of the elements
(176)
 Serial Designation: A 22-16. 177

specilied in Section 3. This analysis shall be made from a test

ingot taken during the pouring of the melt. The chemical
composition thus determined shall be reported to the purchaser
or his representative, and shall conform to the requirements
specified in Section 3.
5. An analysis may be made by the purchaser from an axle Check
representing each melt. The chemical composition thus deter- ^°*'ys*s-
mined shall conform to the requirements specified in Section 3.
Drillings for analysis may be taken from the axle or from a
full-size prolongation of the same, at any point midway between
the center and surface; or turnings may be taken from a test
specimen.
III. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.
6. (a) The axles shall conform to the following minimum Tension Tests,
reouirements as to tensile properties:
Tensile strength, lb. per sq. in 70 000
Elastic limit, " " 60 000
Elongation in 2 in., per cent 18
Reduction of area, " 35
(b) The elastic limit called for by these specifications shall
be detemiined by an extensometer reading to 0.0002 in. The
extensometer shall be attached to the specimen at the gage
marks and not to the shoulders of the specimen nor to any part
of the testing machine. When the specimen is in place and the
extensometer attached, the testing machine shall be operated
so as to increase the load on the specimen at a uniform rate.
The observer shall watch the elongation of the specimen as
shown by the extensometer and shall note, for this determination,
the load at which the rate of elongation shows a sudden increase.
The extensometer shall then be removed from the specimen,
and the test continued to determine the tensile strength.
7. The test specimen shall bend cold through 180 deg. Bend Tests,
around a 1-in. pin or mandrel, without cracking on the outside
of the bent portion.
8. (a) Tension and bend test specimens shall be taken Test Specimens,
from the full-size prolongation of the axle. The axis of the
specimen shall be located at any point midway between the
center and surface and shall be parallel to the axis of the axle.
 178 Specifications for Cold-Rolled Axles.

(b) Tension test specimens shall conform to the dimensions

shown in Fig. 1 . - The ends shall be of a form to fit the holders
of the testing machine in such a way that the load shall be axial.
(c) Bend test specimens shall be | in. square in section
with corners rounded to a radius not over re in., and need not
exceed 6 in. in length.
Number of Tests. 9. (a) One tension and one bend test shall be made from
each lot of 50 axles or less from each melt.
(6) If any test specimen shows defective machining or
develops flaws, it may be discarded and another specimen
substituted.
Radiui
1
not less
p2 ^
i
than^~. \ 1
1
1

i SCl
- 2 Gage Length - - - H

Note ■- The Gage Length, Parallel Portions and Fillets shall be asShown,
but the Ends may be of any Form which will 1Fit^the Holders of
the Testing Machine.
Fig. 1.

(c) If the percentage of elongation k -- of any tension test speci-

men is less than that specified in Section 6(a) and any part of
the fracture is more than f in. from the center of the gage length,
as indicated by scribe scratches marked on the specimen before
testing, a retest shall be allowed.
IV. WORKMANSHIP AND FINISH.
Workmanship. 10. The axles shall conform to the sizes and shapes speci-
fied by the purchaser, and shall not vary more than 0.002 in.
from the diameter specified. When centered, 60-deg. centers
with clearance drilled for points shall be used.
Finish. 11. The axles, either finished or plain, shall be straight
and free from injurious defects, and shall have a workmanlike
finish.
 Serial Designation: A 22 -16. 179
V. MARKING.

12. Identification marks shall be legibly stamped on each Marking,

axle, and on each test specimen. The purchaser shall indicate
the location of such identification marks.

VI. INSPECTION AND REJECTION.

13. (a) The inspector representing the purchaser shall inspection,
have free entry, at all times while work on the contract of the
purchaser is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's
works which concern the manufacture of the axles ordered.
The manufacturer shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all
reasonable facilities to satisfy him that the axles are being fur-
nished in accordance with these specifications. Tests and
inspection at the place of manufacture shall be made prior to
shipment.
(b) The purchaser may make the tests to govern the accep-
tance or rejection of the axles in his own laboratory or else-
where. Such tests, however, shall be made at the expense of
the purchaser.
(c) All tests and inspection shall be so conducted as not to
interfere unnecessarily with the operation of the works.
14. (a) Unless otherwise specified, any rejection based on Rejection,
tests made in accordance with Section 13 (b) shall be reported
within five working days from the receipt of samples.
(b) Axles which show injurious defects while being fin-
ished by the purchaser will be rejected, and the manufacturer
shall be notified.
15. Samples tested in accordance with Section 13 (b), which Rehearing,
represent rejected axles, shall be preserved for two weeks from
the date of the test report. In case of dissatisfaction with the
results of the tests, the manufacturer may make claim for a
rehearing within that time.
 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Assocl\tion tor Testing Materials.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS

FOR

WROUGHT SOLID CARBON-STEEL WHEELS

FOR STEAM RAILWAY SERVICE.

Serial Designation: A 57- 16.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion A 57; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.

Adopted, 1912; Revised, 1916.

I. MANUFACTURE.

Process. 1. The steel shall be made by the open-hearth process.

Discard. 2. A sufficient discard shall be made from each ingot to
secure freedom from injurious piping and undue segregation.

II. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.

Chemical 3. The steel shall conform to the followmg requirements
Composition, ^g |.q chemical composition:
Acid. Basic.
Carbon 0.60-0.80 0.65 - 0.85 per cent
Manganese 0.55-0.80 0.55-0.80
Phosphorus not over 0.05 not over 0.05 "
Sulfur " " 0.05 " " 0.05
Silicon 0.15-0.35 0.10-0.30
(180)
 Serial Designation: A 57-16. 181

4. An analysis of each melt of steel shall be made by the Ladle

manufacturer to determine the percentages of the elements *y^®^-
specified in Section 3. This analysis shall be made from a test
ingot taken during the pouring of the melt. The chemical
composition thus determined, together with such identifying
records as may be desired, shall be reported to the purchaser
or his representative, and shall conform to the requirements
specified in Section 3.
5. An analysis may be made by the purchaser from a Check
wheel representing each melt. The chemical composition thus "* ^'®^*
determined shall conform to the requirements specified in
Section 3. A sample may be taken from any one point in the
plate; or two samples may be taken, in which case they shall be
on radii at right angles to each other. Samples shall not be
taken in such a way as to impair the usefulness of the wheel.
Drillings for analysis shall be taken by boring entirely through
the sample parallel to the axis of the wheel; they shall be clean
and free from scale, oil and other foreign substances. All
drillings from any one wheel shall be thoroughly mixed together.

III. MATING.
6. The wheels shall be mated as to tape sizes and shipped in Mating,
pairs.

IV. PER^IISSIBLE VARIATIONS IN DIMENSIONS.^

7. The wheels shall conform to the dimensions specified Permissible
within the following permissible variations: Vanations.

Flange.

{a) Height of Flange. — The height of flange shall not be

less, but may be | in. more than that specified.
(b) Thickness of Flange. — The thickness of flange shall not
vary more than re in. from that specified.
(c) Radius of Throat. — The radius of throat shall not vary
more than j^ in. from that specified.
• To facilitate the use of the specifications, the various dimensions are illustrated in
Fig. 1, and the permissible variations in those dimensions are also given in tabular form in
Table I.
182 Specifications foe Wheels for Steam Service.

Table I. — Permissible Variations in Dimensions of Wrought-Steel

Wheels for Steam Railway Service.
Permissible Variations in
Dimensions.
Dimensions.
Over
Under

Flange.
(a) Height |
(6) Thickness 16
lin. 1
(c) Radius of Throat 16
Rm.
(d) Thickness, from Inner Edge to Intersection of Throat and Tread
1
(f) Width 8
- in.
(/) Maximum Departure of any Circle on Back Face from Plane
J.
(fl) Maximum Departure of Tread from Rotundity

(h) Maximum Height of Block Marks on Tread '. 64

16'"
(0 Tape Sizes 9
f^'"
3 ;„
0') Limit-of- Wear Groove:
1. Maximum Departure from Specified Position
2. Minimum Distance from Inner Edge of Rim

Plate.

A-
(k) Thickness, Variation foi each J in. of thickness
1^-
Hub. Limited by
(J) 1. Diameter
wall thickness.
• 2. Minimum Thickness of Wall, for Bore 7 in. or under
3. Minimum Thickness of Wall, for Bore over 7 in
If in.
4. Maximum Variation in Tliickness of Wall in any One Wheel
(m) Length 4 in,
(n) Depression below Front Face of Rim 8 '"•
(o) Projection beyond Back Face of Rim 8 '"•
Bore.
(If not specified, Rough Bore shall be i in. less than Finished Bore.)
(p) Diameter of Rough Bore A- in
(q) Maximum Depth of Black Spots in Rough Bore within 2 in. of End of
16 fin.
Bore 1

(r) Maximum Eccentricity of Rough Bore in Relation to Tread 3

6i

Note. — The letter used for each dimension in this table and in Fig. 1 is the same as that of the paragraph
of Section 7 covering that dimension.
 Serial Designation: A 57-16. 183

( Note. - 7776 Letter used for each

Dimension in this Figure and in Table I
is the Same as that of the Paragraph
of the Section o.n Permissible Variations
Coverrncj that Dimension.)

^
Base Line

Fig. I. — Diagram showing Points at which the Dimensions covered

by the Specifications are Measured. For the Permissible
Variations in these Dimensions see Table I or Sectipn 7.
184 Specifications for Wheels for Steam Service.

Rim.
(d) Thickness of Rim. — The rim may vary in thickness, but
the variation less than that specified shall not exceed y& in. The
thickness of rim shall be measured from the inner edge of the
rim to a base line drawn from the intersection of the throat
radius and the tread, parallel to the axis of the wheel.
(e) Width of Rim. — The width of rim shall not vary more
than I in. from that specified.
(f) Plane. — The wheels shall be gaged with a ring gage
placed concentric with and perpendicular to the axis of the
wheel. For all points on the back face of the rim equidistant
from the center, the variation from the plane of the gage when
so placed shall not exceed ye in.
(g) Rotundity. — The tread shall be gaged with a ring gage,
and the opening between the tread and this gage at any point
shall not exceed ye in.
(h) Block Marks on Tread. — Block marks shall not exceed
•^ in. in height.
(i) Tape Sizes. — The wheels shall not vary more than
9 tapes over nor more than 5 tapes under the size specified.
(j) Limit-of-Wear Groove. — When a limit-of-wear groove is
specified, its location shall not vary more than | in. from that
specified, and its distance from the inner edge of the rim shall
not at any point be less than f in.
Plate.
(k) Thickness of Plate. — The plate may vary in thickness,
but the variation less than that specified shall not exceed ^ in.
for each | in. in the thickness of the plate.

Hub.
(/) Diameter of Hub. — The diameter of hub may vary,
but the thickness of wall of the finished bored hub shall not be
less than 1| in. at any point for bores 7 in. or under in diame-.
ter, nor less than If in. for bores over 7 in. in diameter, unless
otherwise specified. The thickness of wall of the hub shall not
vary more than | in. at any two points on the same wheel.
(m) Length of Hub.— The length of hub shall not vary more
than I in. from that specified.
 Serial Designation: A 57-16. 185

(w) Depression oj Huh — For car and tender wheels and

wheels of similar design, the depression of the hub below the
front face of the rim shall not be less, but may be | in. more than
that specified.
{6) Projection of Hub. — For locomotive-truck wheels and
wheels of similar design, the projection of the hub beyond the
back face of the rim shall not be less, but may be | in. more
than that specified.
Bore.

(/>) Diameter of Rough Bore. — The diameter of rough bore

shall not vary more than yg in. over nor more than | in. under
that specified. When finished-bore diameter only is specified,
the rough-bore diameter shall be made \ in. less with the
permissible variations specified above.
{q) Black Spots in Bore. — Black spots in rough bore
within 2 in. of either face of the hub shall not exceed Ye i^i- in
depth.
(r) Eccentricity of Bore. — The eccentricity between the
tread at its center fine and the rough bore shall not exceed ^ in.

V. FINISH.
8. (a) The wheels shall be free from injurious defects and Finish,
shall have a workmanlike finish.
(b) Wheels shall not be oftered for inspection if covered
with paint, rust, or any other substance to such an extent as
to hide defects.
VI. MARKING.
9. (a) The name or brand of the manufacturer, date, and Marking,
serial number shall be legibly stamped on each wheel in such
a way that the wheel may be readily identified.
(b) The tape size shall be legibly marked on each wheel.

VII. INSPECTION AND REJECTION.

10. (a) The gages and tapes used shall be based on Master inspection.
Car Builders' standards, as illustrated in Fig. 2.
(b) The inspector representing the purchaser shall have free
entry, at all times while work on the contract of the purchaser
186 Specifications for Wheels for Steam Service.

(a) Plane Gage. (b) Rotundity Gage.

k---7-o"-^---
I ' "MS 2-<fi"---^--?r-*l

.i,,^ I GraduaHons on Tape

to be5pacedg'apart

I ^ Brass

Brass

K - 6f' ->l Cast k- /|'->(

lempered
Spring Steel
2!' ^'Rivets

' (c) Tape for Wheel Circumference Measure.

Pig, 2. — Master Car Builder's Standards.
 Serial Designation: A 57 -16. 187

is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's works which

concern the manufacture of the wheels ordered. The manu-
facturer shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all reasonable
facilities to satisfy him that the wheels are being furnished in
accordance with these specifications. Tests and inspection at
the place of manufacture shall be made prior to shipment.
(c) The purchaser may make the tests to govern the accept-
ance or rejection of wheels in his own laboratory' or elsewhere.
Such tests, however, shall be made at the expense of the purchaser.
{d) All tests and inspection shall be so conducted as not to
interfere unnecessarily with the operation of the works.
11. (a) Unless otherwise specified, any rejection based on Rejection,
tests made in accordaijce with Section 10 (c) shall be reported
within five working days from the receipt of samples.
{b) Wheels which show injurious defects while being finished
by the purchaser will be rejected, and the manufacturer shall be
notified.
12. Samples tested in accordance with Section 10 (c), Rehearing,
which represent rejected wheels, shall be preserved for two weeks
from the date of the test report. In case of dissatisfaction with
the results of the tests, the manufacturer may make claim for a
rehearing within that time.
 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association for Testing Materials.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR
WROUGHT SOLID CARBON-STEEL WHEELS FOR
ELECTRIC RAILWAY SERVICE.

Serial Designation: A 25 - 16.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion A 25 ; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1913; Revised, 1916.

Classes. 1. These specifications cover two classes of wheels, as

follows :
Class A: Wheels furnished rough-bored with hub faced on
both sides, and other surfaces as rolled or forged.
Class B: Wheels furnished rough-bored with hubs faced on
both sides, and front face of rim, tread, flange, and back face of
rim machined.
Basis of 2. The class of wheel to be furnished shall be agreed upon
Purchase. ^^ ^-^^ manufacturer and the purchaser. Wheels ordered to
Class A may be machined if necessary, but the permissible
variations from the dimensions specified shall remain those given
* in Section 9 for Class A.
I. MANUFACTURE.
Process. 3. The steel shall be made by the open-hearth process.
Discard. 4. A sufficient discard shall be made from each ingot to
secure freedom from injurious piping and undue segregation.
(188)
 Serial Designation: A 25-16. 189

II. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.

5. The steel shall conform to the following requirements as chemical

to chemical composition: Composition.
ACID. BASIC.

Carbon 0.60-0.80 0.65 - 0.85 per cent

Manganese 0.55-0.80 0.55-0.80 "
Phosphorus not over 0 . 05 not over 0 . 05 "
Sulfur " " 0.05 " " 0.05
Silicon 0.15-0.35 0.10-0.30

6. An analysis of each melt of steel shall be made by the Ladle Analyses.

manufacturer to determine the percentages of the elements
specified in Section 5. This analysis shall be made from a test
ingot taken during the pouring of the melt. The chemical
composition thus determined, together with such identifying
records as may be desired, shall be reported to the purchaser
or his representative, and shall conform to the requirements
specified in Section 5.
7. An analysis may be made by the purchaser from a Check Analyses.
wheel representing each melt. The chemical composition thus *
determined shall conform to the requirements specified in
Section 5. A sample may be taken from any one point in the
plate; or two samples may be taken, in which case they shall
be on radii at right angles to each other. Samples shall not be
taken in such a way as to impair the usefulness of the wheel.
Drillings for anahsis shall be taken by boring entirely through
the sample parallel to the axis of the wheel ; they shall be clean
and free from scale, oil and other foreign substances. All drillings
from any one wheel shall be thoroughly mixed together.
III. MATING.

8. The wheels shall be mated as to tape sizes and shipped Mating,

in pairs.

IV. PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS IN DIMENSIONS.^ '

9. The wheels shall conform to the dimensions specified Permissible
within the following pemiissible variations: VariaUons.
' To facilitate the use of the specifications, the various dimensions are illustrated in Fig. I,
and the permissible variations in those dimensions are also given in tabular form in Table I.
190 Specifications for Wheels for Electric Service.

Table I. — Permissible Variations in Dimensions of Wrought Steel

Wheels for Electric Railway Service.
Permissible Variations in Dimensions.

Dimensions.

Flanoe. 1 1 1
(a) Height ig^ '°' 16 32
1 1
(6) Thickness 1^ '°' 16 32
32
1 1
(c) Radius of Throat 1^ '"• 16 32
Rim. 32 32
id) Thickness, from Inner Edge to Intersection of Throat and Tread 1 in. 16
1 1
le) Width I in. 16
1
( / ) Maximum Departure of any Circle on Back Face from Plane. . . -^w
1
(g) Maximum Departure of Tread from Rotundity yg 64
32
1
(A) Maximum Height of Block Marks on Tread -^ 64
(i) Tape Sizes:
1. For Treads under 3 in. in Width 6
2. For Treads 3 in. or over in Width 9
(j) Limit^of-Wear Groove: Maximum Departure from Specified
Position Yg : 16

Plate. ,
1 1
(k) Thickness, Variation for each J in. of Thickness

HnB. 32 3 ;„ 32
(/) 1. Diameter ]
2. Minimum Thickness of Wall, for Bore 6 in. or under 1 in.iin.
lin.
3. Minimum Thickness of Wall, for Bore over 6 in 1 j in-

4. Maximum Variation in Thickness of Wall in any One Wheel ' -g in.

(m) Length g ii lin.
1
(oi Projection beyond Back Face of Rim | -je^ 16
Bore. -1^-
(If not specified, Rough Bore shall be j in. less than Finished Bore.) - in.
-in.
(p) Diameter of Rough Bore -j^r
(g) Maximum Depth of Black Spots in Rough Bore within 2 in. of
End of Bore y-g- ^
(r) Maximum Eccentricity of Rough Bore in Relation to Tread — j -^ A
Note.— The letter used for each dimension in this table and in Fig. 1 is the same as that of the paragraph
of Section 9 covering that dimension.
-
A-1
^-■
 Serial Designation: A 25-16. 191

(Note. - The Letter used for each

Dirnensi'on in this Figure and in Table I
is the Same as that of the Paragraph
of the Section on Permissible Variations
Coverincf that Dimension.)

Base Line \for Thickness of Rim

I
I

(<- mdfh of Tread

Fig. 1. — Diagram showing Points at which the Dimensions covered by

the Specifications are Measured. For the Permissible Variations in
these Dimensions see Table I or Section 9.
192 Specifications for Wheels for Electric Service.

Flange.

(a) Height of Flange.— The height of flange shall not vary

from that specified more than y& in. for Class A or y^^ in. for
Class B wheels.
{b) Thickness of Flange. — The thickness of flange shall not
vary from that specified more than ye in. for Class A or yj in.
for Class B wheels.
(c) Radius of Throat. — The radius of throat shall not vary
from that specified more than j^ in. for Class A or yj in. for
Class B wheels.
Rim,

id) Thickness of Rim. — The thickness of rim shall not vary

more than \ in. over nor more than | in. under that specified.
The thickness of rim shall be measured from the inner edge of the
rim to a base line drawn from the intersection of the throat radius
and the tread, parallel to the axis of the wheel.
(e) Width of Rim. — The width of rim shall not vary from
that specified more than \ in. for Class A or y6 in. for Class B
wheels.
(/) Plane. — The wheels shall be gaged with a ring gage placed
concentric with and perpendicular to the axis of the wheel. For
all points on the back of the rim equidistant from the center,
the variation from the plane of the gage when so placed shall
not exceed x& in. for Class A or -^ in. for Class B wheels.
(g) Rotundity. — The tread shall be gaged with a ring gage,
and the opening between the tread and this gage at any point
shall not exceed y6 in. for Class A wheels or -^ in. for Class B
wheels.
{h) Block Marks on Tread. — Block marks shall not exceed
^ in. in height.
{i) Tape Sizes. — Wheels with treads under 3 in. in width
shall not vary more than 6 tapes over nor more than 4 tapes under
the size specified. Wheels with treads 3 in. or over in width shall
not vary more than 9 tapes over nor more than 5 tapes under
the size specified.
(/) Limit-of-W ear Groove. — When a limit-of-wear groove is
specified, its location shall not vary more than xe in. from that
specified.
 Serial Designation: A 25-16. 193

Plate.

{k) Thickness of Plate. — The plate ma}- vary in thickness,

but the variation less than that specified shall not exceed y^ in.
for each | in. in the thickness of the plate.

Hub.
(/) Diameter of Hub. — The diameter of hub shall not be
less, but may be f in. more than that specified. The thickness of
wall of the finished bored hub shall not be less than 1 in. at any
point for bores 6 in. or under in diameter, nor less than Ij in.
for bores over 6 in. in diameter, unless otherwise specified. The
thickness of wall of the hub shall not vary more than | in. at
any two points on the same wheel.
{m) Length of Hub. — The length of hub shall not var}- more
than I in. from that specified.
(a) Projection of Hub. — The projection of the hub beyond
the back face of the rim shall not vary more than yg- in. from
that specified.

Bore.

(j>) Diameter of Rough Bore. — The diameter of rough bore

shall not vary more than ys in. over nor more than | in. under
that specified. When finished-bore diameter only is specified,
the rough-bore diameter shall be made j in. less with the
permissible variations specified above.
(q) Black Spots in Bore. — Black spots in rough bore within
2 in. of either face of the hub shall not exceed y^ in. in depth.
{r) Eccentricity of Bore. — The eccentricity between the
tread at its center line and the rough bore shall not exceed ^ in.

V. FINISH.

10. {a) The wheels shall be free from injurious defects and Finish,
shall have a workmanlike finish.
{b) Wheels shall not be offered for inspection if covered
with paint, rust or any other substance to such an extent as to
hide defects.
 194 Specifications for Wheels for Electric Service.

VI. MARKING.
Marking. 1 1 . (tf) The name or brand of the manufacturer, date, and
serial number, shall be legibly stamped on each wheel in such a
way that the wheel may be readily identified.
(b) The tape size shall be legibly marked on each wheel.

VII. INSPECTION AND REJECTION.

Inspection. 12. (o) The manufacturer shall provide suitable gages and
tapes, which shall conform to the contour and dimensions
specified.
(b) The inspector representing the purchaser shall have
free entry, at all times while work on the contract of the pur-
chaser is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's
works which concern the manufacture of the wheels ordered.
The manufacturer shall afford the . inspector, free of cost, all
reasonable facihties to satisfy him that the wheels are being
furnished in accordance with these specifications. Tests and
inspection at the place of manufacture shall be made prior to
shipment.
(c) The purchaser may make the tests to govern the accept-
ance or rejection of wheels in his own laboratory or elsewhere.
Such tests, however, shall be made at the expense of the
purchaser.
(d) All tests and inspection shall be so conducted as not to
interfere unnecessarily with the operation of the works.
Rejection. 13. (o) Unless otherwise specified any rejection based on
tests made in accordance with Section 12 (c) shall be reported
within ten working days from receipt of samples.
(b) Wheels which show injurious defects while being finished
by purchaser will be rejected, and the manufacturer shall be
notified.
Rehearing. 14. Samples tested in accordance with Section 12 (c),
which represent rejected wheels, shall be preserved for one month
from the date of the test report. In case of dissatisfaction with
the results of the tests, the manufacturer may make claim for a
^ rehearing within that time.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Assocl\tion for Testing Materials.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR
STEEL TIRES.

Serial Designation: A 26 - 16.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion A 26; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1901; Revised, 1909, 1913, 1914, 1916.

1. (a) These specifications cover three classes of tires. classes.

(b) The purposes for which these classes are frequently used
are as follows:
Class A, for driving tires for passenger locomotives;
Class B, for driving tires for freight locomotives and tires for
locomotive-truck, tender-truck, trailer and car wheels, and
miscellaneous service;
Class C, for dri\ang tires for switching locomotives.

I. MANUFACTURE.

2. The steel shall be made by the open-hearth process. ' Process.

II. CHEMICAL PROPIiRTIES AND TESTS.
3. The steel shall conform to the following requirements Chemical
as to chemical composition: Composition.
(195)
 196 Specifications for Steel Tires.

fClassA 0.50 -0.70 per cent

Carbon j Class B 0.60-0.80
[Class C 0.70-0.85
Manganese not over 0.75 "
Phosphorus " " 0.05 "
Sulfur " " 0.05
Silicon 0.15-0.35

Ladle Analyses. 4. An analysis of each melt of steel shall be made by the

manufacturer to determine the percentages of the elements
specified in Section 3. This analysis shall be made from a
test ingot taken during the pouring of the melt. The chemical
composition thus determined shall be reported to the purchaser
or his representative, and shall conform to the requirements
specified in Section 3.
Check Analyses. 5. An analysis to represent each melt may be made by the
purchaser from turnings taken from a tire or from a tension test
specimen, if the tension test is specified. The chemical compo-
sition thus determined shall conform to the requirements
specified in Section 3.

III. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.

Tension Tests. 6. If tension tests from representative bars in accordance
with Section 7 are specified by the purchaser, the tensile proper-
ties shown shall conform to the following minimum requirements :
Class A. Class B. Class C.
Tensile strength, lb. per sq. in 105 000 1 15 000 125 000
Elongation in 2 in., per cent 12 10 8
Reduction of area, " 16 14 12

Tension 7. (o) The tension test specimen representing each melt

Test specimens, gj^g^jj ^^ taken from a test ingot taken during the pouring of the
melt, and shall have received approximately the same amount of
work as the tires which it represents.
(b) The specimens shall conform to the dimensions shown
in Fig. 1. The ends shall be of a form to fit the holders
of the testing machine in such a wa}^ that the load shall be axial.
Number of Tests. 8. {(i) If specified by the purchaser, one tension test shall
be made from each melt.
 Serial Designation: A 26-16. 197

(b) If any test specimen shows defective machining or

develops flaws, it may be discarded and another specimen
substituted.
(c) If the percentage of elongation of any test specimen
is less than that specified in Section 6 and any part of the
fracture is more than f in. from the center of the gage length,
as indicated by scribe scratches marked on the specimen before
testing, a retest shall be allowed,
9. If the results of the tension test for any melt do not Retests.
conform to the requirements of Section 6, a retest may be made
'-4
on a specimen cut from a tire of the- same melt furnished at the
Radius
not less
than a • ,

d 'k--
1
^ "\
i T 1
[<— 2 Gage Length-

Note ■- The Gagelength, Parallel Portions and Fillets shall be asShown,

but the Ends may be of any Form which will Fit the Holders of
the Testing Machine.
Fig. 1.

expense of the manufacturer. This retest shall give results

conforming to the requirements of Section 6.

IV, MATING.
10. The tires shaU be grouped as to outside diameters and Mating,
shipped in sets.
V. PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS IN DIMENSIONS.
11. Tires may be furnished with all surfaces as rolled, and Permissible
shall conform to the dimensions specified within the following Sanations,
permissible variations:
(a) Height of Flange. — The height of flange shall not vary
more than ^ in. from that specified.
 198 Specifications for Steel Tires.

(b) lliickness of Flange. — The thickness of flange shall not

vary more than ye in. from that specified.
(c) Radius of Throat. — The radius of throat shall not vary
more than | in. over nor more than 3^ in. under that specified.
(d) Width of Tire. — The width of tire shall not vary more
than I in. over nor more than Yt in. under that specified.
(e) Inside Diameter. — The rough mside diameter shall not
be more, but may be | in. less than that specified. When
finished inside diameter only is specified, the rough diameter
shall be from 3^ to 3^ in. less than this diameter.
(/) Outside Diameter. — Unless otherwise specified, the out-
side diameter when 54 in. or under shall not be less, but may
be I in. more than that specified; and when over 54 in. shall not
vary more than | in. under nor more than f in. over that
specified.
(g) Set Diameters.- — The tires shall be furnished in sets and
the variation in outside diameters in each set shall not exceed
xg- in. for tires 33 in. or under in outside diameter, nor exceed
■^ in. for tires over 33 in. in outside diameter.
(h) Rotundity. — Tires shall not be out of round more than
Y6 in. for tires 33 in. or under in outside diameter, nor more than
for tires over 33 in. in outside diameter.
^in.
VI. FINISH.
Finish. 12. The tires shall be free from injurious defects and shall
have a workmanHke finish.
VII. MARKING.
Marking. 13. The name or brand and serial number of the manu-
facturer shall be legibly stamped on the tire close to the inside
edge, where they will not be removed at the last turning. Set
numbers shall be legibly stenciled on each tire.
VIII. INSPECTION AND REJECTION.
Inspection. 14. The inspector representing the purchaser shall have
free entry, at all times while work on the contract of the pur-
chaser is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's
works which concern the manufacture of the tires ordered. The
manufacturer shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all reason-
 Serial Designation: A 26-16. 199

able facilities to satisfy- him that the tires are being furnished in
accordance with these specifications. All tests (except check
analyses) and inspection shall be made at the place of manufac-
ture prior to shipment, unless otherwise specified, and shall be
so conducted as not to interfere unnecessarily with the operation
of the works.
15. (a) Unless otherwise specified, any rejection based on Rejection.
tests made in accordance with Section 5 shall be reported within
five working days from the receipt of samples.
(b) Tires which show injurious defects while being finished
by the purchaser will be rejected, and the manufacturer shall
be notified.
16. Samples tested in accordance with Section 5, which Rehearing,
represent rejected tires, shall be preserved for two weeks .from
the date of the test report. In case of dissatisfaction with the
results of the tests, the manufacturer may make claim for a
rehearing within that time.
 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Assocl\tion for Testing Materials.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR

STEEL CASTINGS.

Serial Designation: A 27-16.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion A 27; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1901; Revised, 1905, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1916.

Classes. 1. These specifications cover two classes of castings, namely:

Class A, ordinary castings for which no physical require-
ments are specified;
Class B, castings for which physical requirements are speci-
fied. These are of three grades: hard, medium, and soft.
Patterns. 2. (a) Patterns shall be made so that suflScient finish is
allowed to provide for all variations in shrinkage.
(b) Patterns shall be painted three colors to represent
metal, cores, and finished surfaces. It is recommended that
core prints shall be painted black and finished surfaces red.
Basis of 3. The purchaser shall indicate his intention to substitute
Purchase.
the test to destruction specified in Section 11 for the tension
and bend tests, and shall designate the patterns from which
castings for this test shall be made,
I. MANUFACTURE,
Process. 4. The stecl may be made by the open-hearth, crucible,
or any other process approved by the purchaser.
Heat Treatment. 5. (a) Class A castings need not be annealed unless so
specified.
(200)
 Serial Designation: A27-16. 201

(b) Class B castings shall be properly annealed, the treat-

ment depending upon the design and chemical composition of
the castings.
II. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.
6. The castings shall conform to the following requirements chemical
as to chemical composition: Composition.
Class A. Class B.
Carbon not over 0.30 per cent ....
Phosphorus " " 0.06 " not over 0.05 per cent
Sulfur .... " " 0.05 "

7. An analysis of each melt of steel shall be made by the Ladle

manufacturer to determine the percentages of carbon, man- •^^^^y^^^-
ganese, phosphorus and suKur. This analysis shall be made
from drillings taken at least | in. beneath the surface of a test
ingot obtained during the pouring of the melt. The chemical
composition thus determined shall be reported to the purchaser
or his representative, and shall conform to the requirements
specified in Section 6.
8. (a) Analyses of Class A castings may be made by the check
purchaser. The phosphorus content thus determined shall not ^°^y^®^- .
exceed that specified in Section 6 by more than 20 per cent.
Drillings for analysis shall be taken not less than I in. beneath
the surface.
(b) Analyses of Class B castings may be made by the
purchaser from a broken tension or bend test specimen. The
phosphorus and sulfur content thus determined shall not exceed
that specified in Section 6 by more than 20 per cent. Drillings
for analysis shall be taken not less than I in. beneath the surface.
III. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.
(For Class B Castings Only.)
9. (a) The castings shall conform to the following minimum Tension Tests,
requirements as to tensile properties-:
Hard. Medu'm.
Tensile strength, lb. per sq. in. . . 80 000 70 18
000 60 000
Yield Point, lb. per sq. in 0.45 tens. str. 0.45 tens. str. 30
22 str
0.45 tens,
Elongation in 2 in., per cent. ... 15
25
Reduction of area, " .... 20
Soft.'
 202 Specifications for Steel Castings.

(b) The yield point shall be determined by the drop of the

beam of the testing machine.
Bend Tests, 10. (a) The test specimen for soft castings shall bend cold
through 120 deg., and for medium castings through 90 deg.,
around a 1-in. pin, without cracking on the outside of the bent
portion.
(b) Hard castings shall not be subject to bend test
requirements.
Alternative Tests
to Destruction. 11. In the case of small or unimportant castings, a test to
destruction on three castings from a lot may, upon agreement
between the manufacturer and the purchaser, be substituted for
the tension and bend tests. This test shall show the material
to be ductile, free from injurious defects, and suitable for the
Radius
-^ —
not less
j
than Q - ,

dr
\
r1
•
i
-
kLength
\<-—2"Ga^e — >\

Note ■— The Gage Length, Parallel Portions and Fillets shall be as Shown,
but the Ends may be of any Form which will Fil the Holders of
the Testing Machine.
Fig. 1.

purpose intended. Unless otherwise agreed upon between the

manufacturer and the purchaser, a lot shall consist of all castings
from one melt, in the same annealing charge.
Test Specimens. 12. {a) Sufficient test bars, from which the test specimens
required in Section 13 {a) may be selected, shall be attached
to castings weighing 500 lb. or over, when the design of the
castings will permit. If the castings weigh less than 500 lb.,
or are of such a design that test bars cannot be attached, two
test bars shall be cast to represent each melt; or the quality
of the castings shall be determined by tests to destruction as
specified in Section 11. All test bars shall be annealed with the
castings they represent.
 Serial Designation: A 27 - 16. 203

(b) The manufacturer and purchaser shall agree whether

test bars can be attached to castings, on the location of the bars
on the castings, on the castings to which bars are to be attached,
and on the method of casting unattached bars.
(c) Tension test specimens shall conform to the dimensions
shown in Fig. 1 . The ends shall be of a form to lit the holders
of the testing machine in such a way that the load shall be axial.
Bend test specimens shall be machined to 1 by | in. in section
with corners rounded to a radius not over ys in.
13. (a) One tension and one bend test shall be made from Number of Tests,
each annealing charge. If more than one melt is represented in
an annealing charge, one tension and one bend test shall be made
from each melt.
(b) If any test specimen shows defective machining or
develops flaws, it may be discarded; in which case the manu-
facturer and the purchaser or his representative shall agree
upon the selection of another specimen in its stead.
(c) If the percentage of elongation of any tension test
specimen is less than that specified in Section 9 (a) and any
part of the fracture is more than | in. from the center of the gage
length, as indicated by scribe scratches marked on the specimen
before testing, a retest shall be allowed.
14. If the results of the physical tests of any test lot do
not conform to the requirements specified, the manufacturer
may re-anneal such lot not more than twice and retests shall be
made as specified in Sections 9 and 10.

IV. WORKMANSHIP AND FINISH.

15. The castings shall substantially conform to the sizes Workmanship,
and shapes of the patterns, and shall be made in a workman-
like manner.
16. (a) The castings shall be fr^e from injurious defects. Finish.
(b) Minor defects which do not impair the strength of the
castings may, with the approval of the purchaser or his repre-
sentative, be welded by an approved process. The defects
shall first be cleaned out to solid metal; and after welding, the
castings shall be annealed, if specified by the purchaser or his
representative.
 204 Specifications for Steel Castings.

(c) Castings shall not be offered for inspection if covered

with paint, rust, or any other substance to such an extent as to
hide defects.

V. INSPECTION AND REJECTION.

Inspection. 17. The inspector representing the purchaser shall have free
entry, at all times while work on the contract of the purchaser is
being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's works which
concern the manufacture of the castings ordered. The manu-
facturer shall afiford the inspector, free of cost, all reasonable
faciHties to satisfy him that the castings are being furnished in
accordance with these specifications. All tests (except check
analyses) and inspection shall be made at the place of manufac-
ture prior to shipment, unless otherwise specified, and shall be so
conducted as not to interfere unnecessarily with the operation
of the works.
Rejection. 18. (o) Unless otherv/ise specified, any rejection based on
tests made in accordance with Section 8 shall be reported within
five working days from the receipt of samples.
(6) Castings which show injurious defects subsequent to
their acceptance at the manufacturer's works will be rejected,
and the manufacturer shall be notified.
Rehearing. 19, Samples tested in accordance with Section 8, which
represent rejected castings, shall be preserved for two weeks
from the date of the test report. In case of dissatisfaction with
the results of the tests, the manufacturer may make claim for
a rehearing within that time.

VI. SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR CASTINGS FOR SHIPS.

Castings for 20. In addition to the preceding requirements, castings
^^'P^- for ships, when so specified, shall conform to the following
requirements :
Heat Treatment. 21. All castings shall be annealed.
Number of Tests. 22. (o) One tension and one bend test shall be made from
each of the following castings: stern frames, stern posts, twin
screw spectacle frames, propellor shaft brackets, rudders, steer-
ing quadrants, tillers, stems, anchors, and other castings when
specified.
 Serial Designation: A 27-16. 205

(b) When a casting is made from more than one melt,

four tension and four bend tests shall be made from each casting.
23. (a) A percussion test shall be made on each of the Percussion
following castings : stem frames, stern posts, twin screw spectacle
frames, propellor shaft brackets, rudders, steering quadrants,
tillers, stems, anchors, and other castings when specified.
(b) For this test, the casting shall be suspended by chains
and hammered all over with a hammer of a w^eight approved
by the purchaser or his representative. If cracks, flaws, defects,
or weakness appear after such treatment, the casting will be
rejected.

VII. SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR CASTINGS FOR

RAILWAY ROLLING STOCK.
24. Castings for railway rolling stock, when so specified. Castings for
shall conform to the requirements for Class B castings, Sections srjj;k.^^ Roihng
1 to 19, inclusive, except that check analyses made in accordance
with Section 8 {b) shall conform to the requirements as to phos-
phorus and sulfur specified in Section 6.
 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association for Testing Materials.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR

LAP-WELDED AND SEAMLESS STEEL BOILER TUBES,

BOILER FLUES, SUPERHEATER PIPES, SAFE
ENDS, AND ARCH TUBES FOR
LOCOMOTIVES.

Serial Designation : A 28-16.

The specifications for tliis material are issued tinder the fixed designa-
tion A 28; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1912; Revised, 1913, 1916.

I. MANUFACTURE.
Process. L The Steel shall be made by the open-hearth process.
II. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.
Chemical 2. The steel shall conform to the following requirements
Composition, ^g ^q chemical composition:
Carbon 0.08 - 0.18 percent
Manganese 0.30-0.50 "
Phosphorus not over 0 . 04 "
Sulfur " " 0.045

Check 3. (a) Analyses of two tubes in each lot of 250 or less may
An yses. ^^ made by the purchaser. The chemical composition thus
determined shall conform to the requirements specified in
Section 2. Drillings for anal}'ses shall l^e taken from several
points around each tube.
(b) If the analysis of only one tube does not conform to
the requirements specified, analyses of two additional tubes
(206)
 Serial Designation: A 28-16. 207

from the same lot shall be made, each of which shall conform
to the requirements specified.
III. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.
4. (a) For all tubes except superheater pipes, a test specimen Flange Tests,
not less than 4 in. in length shall have a flange turned over at
right angles to the body of the tube, without showing cracks or
flaws. This flange, as measured from the outside of the tube,
shall be f in. wide for tubes 2| in. or under in outside diameter,
and I in. wide for tubes over 2^ in. in outside diameter.
(b) In making the flange test, it is recommended that the
flaring tool and die block shown in Fig. 1 be used.
Position
after Using .■Position
i afterilsing
Flaring Too/:,_ ) Flatter.
<CQO

1.

^ — I ±

A = Outs. Diam. of Flue fessf".

B= Outs. Diam. of Flue less^".
C= Outs. Diam. of Flue plus ^ A = Outs. Diam. of Flue plus ^.
Flaring Tool. LinersDie
--'^ Block.
Fig. 1.

5. (a) For all tubes except superheater pipes, a test speci- Flattening Tests,
men 4 in. in length shall stand flattening or hamm.ering until
the inside of the walls are in contact, without cracking at the
edges or elsewhere. For lap- welded tubes, care shall be taken
that the weld is not located at the point of maximum bending.
(6) For superheater pipes, a test specimen 4 in. in length
shall stand flattening by pressure or hammering until the distance
between the inside of the walls is equal to twice the thickness
of the material, without cracking at the edges or elsewhere. -
6. (a) For all tubes except superheater pipes, a test speci- Crush Tests,
men 2\ in. in length shafl stand crushing longitudinally until
the outside folds are in contact, without showing cracks or flaws.
{h) For superheater pipes, a test specimen 2\ in. in length
shall stand crushing longitudinally down to \\ in., without
showing cracks or flaws.
 208 Specifications for Locomotive Boiler Tubes.

Hydrostatic 7. Tubes under 5 in. in diameter shall stand an internal

Tests.
hydrostatic pressure of 1000 lb. per sq. in.; and tubes 5 in. or
over in diameter shall stand an internal hydrostatic pressure of
800 lb. per sq. in.
Test Specimens. 8. (a) Test specimens shall consist of sections cut from
tubes selected by the inspector representing the purchaser from
the lot offered for shipment. They shall be smooth on the
ends and free from burrs.
(b) All specimens shall be tested cold.
Numberof Tests. 9. One flange, one flattening, and one crush test shall be
made from each of two tubes in each lot of 250 or less. Each
tube shall be subjected to the hydrostatic test.
Retests.
10. If the results of the physical tests of only one tube
from any lot do not conform to the requirements specified in
Sections 4, 5, or 6, retests of two additional tubes from the
same lot shall be made, each of which shall conform to the
requirements specified.

IV. STANDARD WEIGHTS.

Standard 11. The standard weights for tubes of various outside
Weights.
diameters and thicknesses, are as indicated in Table I.
Permissible 12. The weight of the tubes shall not vary more than 5
Variations.
per cent from that specified in Table I.

V. WORKMANSHIP AND FINISH.

Workmanship. 13. The finished tubes shall be circular within 0.02 in.,
and the mean outside diameter shall not vary more than 0.015
in. from the size ordered. The thickness at any point shall
not vary more than 10 per cent from that specified. In the case
of boiler tubes which are expanded and swaged, the thickness of
the expanded end may be 1| gages lighter, and of the swaged
end 2 gages heavier than the thickness specified. The length
shall not be less, but may be 0.125 in. more than that ordered.
Finish. 14. The finished tubes shall be free from injurious defects
and shall have a workmanhke finish. They shall be free from
kinks, bends, and buckles.
 ■* r-l 209
Serial Designation: A 28-16.
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 210 Specifications for Locoaiotr-e Boiler Tubes.
VI. MARKING

Marking 15. The name or brand of the manufacturer, and "Tested

at 1000 lb." for tubes under 5 in. in diameter, and "Tested at
• 800 lb." for tubes 5 in. or over in diameter, shall be legibly
stenciled in white on each tube.

VII. INSPECTION AND REJECTION.

Inspection. 16. The inspector representing the purchaser shall have
free entry, at all times while work on the contract of the purchaser
is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's works which
concern the manufacture of the tubes ordered. The manu-
facturer shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all reasonable
facilities to satisfy him that the tubes are being furnished in
accordance with these specifications. All tests (except check
analyses) and inspection shall be made at the place of manu-
facture prior to shipment, unless otherwise specified, and shall
be so conducted as not to interfere unnecessarily with the
operation of the works.
Rejection. 17. (a) Unless otherwise specified, any rejection based on
tests made in accordance with Section 3 shall be reported
within five working days from the receipt of samples.
{b) Tubes when inserted in the boiler shall stand expanding
and beading without showing cracks or flaws, or opening at the
weld. Superheater pipes when properly manipulated shall
stand all forging, welding, and bending operations necessary for
application without developing defects. Tubes or superheater
pipes which fail in either of the above operations will be rejected,
and the manufacturer shall be notified.
Rehearing. 18. Samples tested in accordance with Section 3, which
represent rejected tubes, shall be preserved for two weeks from
the date of the test report. In case of dissatisfaction with the
results of the tests, the manufacturer may make claim for a
rehearing within that time.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association for Testing Materials.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR

LAP-WELDED AND SEAMLESS STEEL AND

WROUGHT-IRON BOILER TUBES FOR
STATIONARY SERVICE.

Serial Designation : A 52-15.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion A 52; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1915.

I. MANUFACTURE.

1. (a) Lap-welded tubes shall be made of open-hearth Process,

steel or knobbled hammered charcoal iron.
(6) Seamless tubes shall be made of open-hearth steel.
II. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.

2. (a) The steel shall conform to the following require- chemical ■

ments as to chemical composition: . Composition.
Carbon 0.08 - 0. 18 per cent
Manganese 0.30-0.50 "
Phosphorus not over 0.04 "
Sulfur " " 0.045 "

(6) Chemical analysis will not be required for charcoal-iron

tubes,
(211)
 212 Specifications for Stationary Boiler Tubes.

Check 3. (a) Analyses of two tubes in each lot of 250 steel tubes
Analyses.
or less may be made by the purchaser. The chemical composi-
tion thus determined shall conform to the requirements specified
in Section 2. Drillings for analyses shall be taken from several
points around each tube.
(b) If the analysis of only one tube does not conform to
the requirements specified, analyses of two additional tubes
from the same lot shall be made, each of which shall conform
to the requirements specified.

III. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.

Flange Tests. 4. (o) A test specimen not less than 4 in. in length shall
have a flange turned over at right angles to the body of the
Position
after Using i.■Position
afterilsin^
) , Flatten,
Flaring Tool-
<IQU

A = 0ut6. Diam. of Flue less^\

B= Outs. Diam. of Flue less^'!
C= Outs. Diam. of Flue p/os ^' .A Line '^ .K of Flue plus^ .
. Diam
= Putsrs-
Flaring Tool. Die Block.
Fig. 1.

tube, without showing cracks or flaws. This flange, as measured

from the outside of the tube, shall be f in. wide for steel and
Ye in. wide for iron tubes.
(6) In making the flange test, it is recommended that the
flaring tool and die block shown in Fig. 1 be used.
Flattening 5. A test specimen 3 in. in length shall stand flattening or
Tests.
hammering until the inside of the walls are brought parallel and
separated by a distance equal to three times the wall thickness,
without showing cracks or flaws. In the case of lap-welded
tubes, the test shall be made with the weld at the point of
maximum bend.
Hydrostatic 6. Tubes under 5 in. in diameter shall stand an internal
Tests.
hydrostatic pressure of 1,000 lb. per sq. in.; and tubes 5 in.
or over in diameter shall stand an internal hydrostatic pressure
 Serial Designation: A 52 - 15. 213

of 800 lb. per sq. in. Lap-welded tubes shall be struck near
both ends, while under pressure, with a 2-lb. hand hammer or
the equivalent.
7. A cross-section of charcoal-iron tube may be turned or Etch Tests for
ground to a perfectly true surface, polished free from dirt or Charcoai-iron
cracks, and etched until the soft parts are sufficiently dissolved
for the iron tube to show a decided ridged surface, with the weld
very distinct, while a steel tube would show a homogeneous
surface.
8. (a) All test specimens shall be taken from tubes before Test Specimens.
being cut to finished lengths and shall be smooth on the ends
and free from burrs.
(6) All specimens shall be tested cold.
9. One flange and one flattening test shall be made from Number of Tests,
each of two tubes in each lot of 250 or less. Each tube shall
be subjected to the hydrostatic test.
10. If the results of the physical tests of only one tube Retests.
from any lot do not conform to the requirements specified in
Sections 4 or 5, retests of two additional tubes from the same
lot shall be made, each of which shall conform to the require-
ments specified.

IV. WORKMANSHIP AND FINISH.

11. (a) Finished tubes 3| in. or under in diameter shall Workmanship,
be circular within 0.02 in. and the mean outside diameter shall
not vary more than 0.015 in. from the size ordered. For tubes
over 3^ in. in diameter, these variations shall not exceed 0.5
per cent of the outside diameter. The measurements to deter-
mine whether the tubes meet these requirements shall be made
near the ends of the tubes.
(b) All tubes shall be gaged with a B.w.g. gage and shall
not be less than the thickness specified, except that tubes will
be accepted on which the gage will go on tightly at the thinnest
point.
(c) The length shall not be less, but may be 0.125 in. more
than that ordered.

'A solution of two parts water, one part concentrated hydrochloric acid, and one part
concentrated sulfuric acid is recommended for the etch test.
 214 Specificatioxs for Statioxary Boiler Tubes.

Finish. 12. The finished tubes shall be free from injurious defects
and shall have a workmanlike finish. They shall be practically
free from kinks, bends and buckles.

V. MARKING.
Marking. 13. The name or brand of the manufacturer, the material
from which it is made, whether steel or charcoal iron, and
"Tested at 1000 lb." for tubes under 5 in. in diameter, and
"Tested at 800 lb." for tubes 5 in. or over in diameter, shall
be legibly stenciled on each tube.

VI. INSPECTION AND REJECTION.

Inspection. 14. Inspection and all tests except check analyses shall be
made at the place of manufacture. The manufacturer shall
furnish the purchaser of each lot of- tubes a statement of the
kind of material of which the tubes are made, and that the
tubes have been tested and have met all the requirements of the
specifications.
Rejection. 15. Tubcs whcn inserted in the boiler shall stand expanding
and beading without showing cracks or flaws, or opening at
the weld. Tubes which fail in this manner will be rejected and
the manufacturer shall be notified.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association for Testing Materials.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR

WELDED STEEL AND WROUGHT-IRON PIPE.

Serial Designation: A 53-15.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion A 53; the final nurtiber indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1915,

1. (a) All pipe to be used on locomotives and cars shall Basis of

be of coiling or bending quality. ^^'^ *°**
(b) Unless otherwise specified on the purchase order, inspec-
tion and all tests except the hydrostatic pressure test shall be
made by the purchaser at destination, and at his expense.

I. manufacture.

2. (a) Steel Pipe. — Steel used in the manufacture of pipe Process,

shall be of a soft weldable quality made by the Bessemer or
other approved process.
(b) Wrought-lron Pipe. — The iron shall be made from
muck bars, made from puddled pig iron, free from any admix-
ture of iron scrap or steel.
(c) All pipe 3 in. or under in nominal diameter may be
butt-welded, unless otherwise specified. All pipe over 3 in.
in nominal diameter shall be lap-welded.
(215)
 216 Specifications for Welded Steel and Iron Pipe.

Definition of
Terms. 3. Iron Scrap. — This term applies only to foreign or bought
scrap and does not include local mill products, free from foreign
or bought scrap.
II. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.
Tension Tests.
4. (a) The material shall conform to the following mini-
mum requirements as to tensile properties:
Wrought Iron. Steel.
Tensile strength, lb. per sq. in 45 000 50 000
Yield point, " " 24 000 30 000
Elongation in 8 in., per cent 12 18

{h) The yield point shall be determined by the drop of the

beam of the testing machine. For wrought-iron pipe, the speed
of the cross-head of the machine shall not exceed 1| in. per
minute.
Hydrostatic 5. All pipe shall be tested at the mill to the hydrostatic
Tests.
pressures specified in Table I.
Flattening 6. A section of steel pipe 6 in. in length shall be flattened
Test for
Steel Pipe. until the maximum distance between the walls is equal to three
times the thickness of the material, without developing cracks,
except at the weld.
Fracture Test
7. A section of wrought-iron pipe 6 in. in length shall be
for Wrought-
Iron Pipe. broken by repeated light blows of a hammer or by pressure;
the fracture developed shall have a fibrous appearance.
Bend Test. 8. {a) For steel pipe, a sufficient length of pipe shall bend
cold through 180 deg. around a mandrel the diameter of which
is 18 times the nominal diameter of the pipe, without develop-
ing cracks in any portion, and without opening at the weld.
{h) For wrought-iron pipe, the test specified in Paragraph
(a) shall be omitted, except for coiling or bending pipe.
Test Specimens. 9. {a) Test specimens shall consist of sections cut from a
pipe. They shall be smooth on the ends and free from burrs.
(6) Tension test specimens shall be longitudinal,
(c) All specimens shall be tested cold.
Number of Tests. 10. One of each of the tests specified in Sections 4, 6 or 7,
and 8, may be made on a length in each lot of 500 or less, of each
size. Each length shall be subjected to the hydrostatic test.
Retests.
11. If the results of the physical tests of an}-- lot do not
conform to the requirements specified in Sections 4, 6 or 7,
 Serial Designation: A 53-15. 217

and 8, re tests of two additional pipes shall be made, each of

which shall conform to the requirements specified.
III. STANDARD WEIGHTS.
12. (a) The standard weights for pipe of various inside standard
diameters are given in Table II. Weights.
(b) Nipples shall be cut from pipe of the same weight and
quality as described in these specifications.
Table I.— Hydrostatic Pressures for Welded Pipe.
(Fbessubb bxpbesseo in Founds per Square Inch.)

Standard-Grade Rpe. Extra-Strong Hpe.

Inside Diameter, in.
Butt-Weld. Lap-Weld. Butt-Weld. Lap-Weld.

700 700
70O 700
700 700

700
700
700 700
700
700
700 1000 1500 2500

1000 1500 2500

700
2i 700 1000 1500
2500

800 1000 1500 2000

2000
3.. 800 1000
1500 2000
1000
4.. 2000
1000
1000 1800

5.. 4. 1000
1000
1800

1800

13. The weight of the pipe shall not vary more than 5 Permissible
per cent from that specified in Section 12 (a). Variations.
IV. WORKMANSHIP AND FINISH.
14. (a) For pipe 1^ in. or under, the outside diameter, at Workmanship,
any point, shall not vary more than ^ in. over nor more than
-^ in. under the standard. For pipe 2 to 6 in., inclusive, the
outside diameter shall not \'ar3' more than 1 per cent over nor
218 Specifications for Welded Steel and Iron Pipe.

(b) All standard-weight pipe shall be provided with the

prevailing standard thread, which will make a tight joint when
tested to the internal hydrostatic pressure at the mill. The
threads shall not vary more than one and one-half turns either
way, when tested with a Pratt & Whitney standard gage. All
burrs at the end of the pipe shall be removed.
(c) Unless otherwise ordered, pipe shall be furnished in
random lengths of 16 to 22 ft., but not more than 5 per cent
Table II. — Standard Weights.
(All Dimensions are Nominal.)
Dimensions. Standard-Grade Extra-Strong
Pipe. Pipe.
Weight of Pipe ^ . . , , „.
Number Outside
Diameter,
Inside Diameter, in. of Threads per Linear Foot, Weight of Pipe
27
per Inch. Threaded and P"Linear Foot,
with Couplings, Plain Ends,
n^ 0.405
0.25
lb. , lb-
0.31
n^ 0.43
18
ni O.S40 0.54
18 0.675 0.74
ni 0.840
0.57 1.09

1.050 0.85
14
2.17
1.47
1.315
1.68
2.28
1.660 1.13
li- 3.00
lt-2i 1.900
2.73
3.63
2... 2.375 3.68
2.875 5.02
3i 8 7.66
5.82 10.25
8 3.500
4.000 7.62 12.51
8 9 20
4... 8 4.500 10.89 14.98
8 5.000 12.64 17.61
20.78
6... 8 5.563 14.81 28.57
8 6.625
19.19

of the total number of lengths furnished may be "jointers,"

which are two pieces coupled together. When ordered with
plain ends, 5 per cent may be furnished in lengths of 12 ft. or
over.
(d) Each standard-weight pipe shall be provided with a
coupling, having clean-cut threads of such a pitch diameter as
to piake a tight joint. For steel pipe, couplings may be of
 Serial Designation: A 53-15. 219

wrought iron or steel. For wrought-iron pipe, couplings shall

be of wrought iron.
{e) Unless otherwise specified, extra-strong pipe shall be
furnished in random lengths, with plain ends.
15. The finished pipe shall be reasonably straight and free Finish,
from injurious defects.

V. INSPECTION AND REJECTION.

16. {a) The inspector representing the purchaser shall have inspection,
free entry, at all times while work on the contract of the pur-
chaser is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's
works which concern the manufacture of the pipe ordered.
The manufacturer shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all
reasonable facilities to satisfy him that the pipe are being fur-
nished in accordance with these specifications.
(&) When tests and inspection are made at the place of
manufacture, they shall be so conducted as not to interfere
unnecessarily with the operation of the works.
17. Pipe which develop injurious defects in shop working Rejection,
or application will be rejected, and the manufacturer shall be
notified.
18. Samples tested in accordance with Section 1 (&), which Rehearing.
represent rejected pipe, shall be preserved for two weeks from
the date of test report. In case of dissatisfaction with results
of the tests, the manufacturer may make claim for a rehearing
within that time.
 AMERICAN SOCIETY EOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association for Testing Materials.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR

AUTOMOBILE CARBON AND ALLOY STEELS.

Serial Designation : A 29-16.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion A 29; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1912; Revised, 1913, 1914, 1915, 1916.

Basis of 1 • Automobile steels shall be purchased on the basis of

Purchase. j-j^g requirements as to chemical composition specified in Sec-
tions 5,6 and 7. Requirements as to physical properties have
been omitted for all steels except castings, because the majority
of automobile steels, except castings, are either worked or given
special heat treatments by the purchaser. It is recommended
that tension and bend tests shall be specified for the material
as shipped, whenever it is practicable to do so. When physical
requirements are specified, requirements as to carbon shall be
omitted,
steel Castings. 2. The Standard Specifications for Steel Castings, Class B
(Serial Designation: A 27), adopted by the American Society
for Testing Materials, shall govern the purchase of automobile
steel castings.
I. MANUFACTURE.
Process. 3. The steels may be made by the Bessemer, open-hearth,
crucible, electric, or any other process approved by the pur-
chaser.
Discard. 4. A Sufficient discard shall be made from each ingot to
secure freedom from injurious piping and undue segregation.
(220)
 Serial Designation: A 29-16. 221 .

II. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.

5. The steels shall conform to the requirements as to chem- Chemical

ical composition specified in Tables I to VI, appended to °°^^°^^ '°°-
these specifications, and which are entitled as follows:
Table. Title.
I Automobile Carbon Steels.
II Automobile Nickel Steels.
Ill Automobile Nickel-Chromium Steels.
IV Automobile Chromium Steels.
V Automobile Chromium- Vanadium Steels.
VI Automobile Silico-Manganese Steels.
6. An analysis of each melt of steel shall be made by the Ladle
manufacturer to determine the percentages of the elements °*y^®^"
specified in Tables I to VI. This analysis shall be made from
driUings taken at least i in. beneath the surface of a test ingot
obtained during the pouring of the melt, and in as sound metal
as possible. The chemical composition thus determined shall be
reported to the purchaser or his representative, and shall con-
form to the requirements specified in Tables I to VI.
7. (a) Analyses may be made by the purchaser. The Check
chemical composition thus determined shall conform to the ° ^^*^'
requirements specified in Tables I to VI.
(b) Drillings for analyses of bars, biUets, or other regular
shapes shall be taken parallel to the axis, at any point midway
between the center and surface.
(c) Drillings for analyses may be taken from broken ten-
sion or bend test specimens, if physical requirements are
specified.
(d) Drillings or cuttings for analyses of irregularly shaped
pieces for which no physical requirements are specified, shall
be taken from both the thickest and the thinnest sections.
Surface drilHngs shall be discarded.
(e) Wire, tubing, sheets, and rods less than l| in. in thick-
ness, shall be sampled through or across the entire section.
III. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.
8. If physical requirements are specified, the following Physical
Sections 9 to 13 shall form a part of the modified specifications. ^°^" ®^'
9. The yield point shall be determined by the drop of the Yield Point,
beam of the testing machine.
 222 Specifications for Automobile Steels.

Elastic Limit. 10. The elastic limit called for by these specifications
shall be determined by an extensometer reading to 0.0002 in.
The extensometer shall be attached to the specimen at the gage
marks and not to the shoulders of the specimen nor to any part
of the testing machine. When the specimen is in place and the
extensometer attached, the testing machine shall be operated so
as to increase the load on the specimen at a uniform rate. The
observer shall watch the elongation of the specimen as shown by
the extensometer and shall note, for this determination, the
load at which the rate of elongation shows a sudden increase.
The extensometer shall then be removed from the specimen,
and the test continued to determine the tensile strength.

! Parallel Section 1
Y^-"- About 3' not less than 9"]'

1 >^'
"
2
Abou

I k- 'a"--^ '
■About 18"
t

Fig. 1.
Bend Tests. 1 1 . The bend test shall be made cold.
Test Specimens. 12. (a) Tension and bend test specimens shall be taken
from the rolled or forged material; except that in the case of
irregularly shaped forgings, they may be taken from a full-size
prolongation. Specimens shall not be annealed or otherwise
treated, except as specified in Paragraph (6).
(6) Tension and bend test specimens for material which is
to be annealed or otherwise treated before use shall be cut, for
rolled material, from properly annealed or similarly treated short
lengths of the full section of the piece, and for forged material
from the treated forgings.
(c) Tension and bend test specimens for plates and shapes
shall be of the full thickness of material as rolled; and may be
 223
Serial Designation: A 29-16.

machined to the form and dimensions shown in Fig. 1, or with

both edges parallel.
(d) Tension and bend test specimens for rolled bars and
forgings of uniform cross-section 1| in. or under in thickness
or diameter, may be of the full-size section of material as rolled
or forged, or may be machined to a thickness or diameter of at
least f in, for a length of at least 9 in. Tension test specimens
shall be of 8-in. gage length.
(e) The axis of tension and bend test specimens for rolled
bars and forgings of uniform cross-section over 1^ in. in thickness
or diameter, and for forgings of irregular sections, when practi-
-H center
cable, shall be located at any point midway between the
•. 1
Radius
1

^ 1 f
not less „

2i"--- 1\y

^ 1
k--
i
. A

" 2 Gage Length -

Noh ■— The Gagelength, Parallel Portions and Fi/lels shall beasShcwn,

but the Ends may be of any Form which wi/l Fit the Holders of
the Testing Machine.
Fig. 2.
k-
and surface when solid, and at any point midway between the
inner and outer surfaces of the wall when bored, and shall be
parallel to the axis of the piece in the direction in which the
metal is most drawn out. Tension test specimens shall conform
to the dimensions shown in Fig. 2. The ends shall be of a
form to fit the holders of the testing machine in such a way that
the load shall be axial. Bend test specunens shall be \ in. square
in section with corners rounded to a radius not over re iri-' ^nd
need not exceed 6 in. in length.
13. (a) Unless otherwise specified by the purchaser, one Number of Test
tension and one bend test shall be made from each melt; except
that if material rolled from one melt differs # in. or more in
 224 Specifications for Automobile Steels.

thickness, one tension and one bend test shall be made from
both the thickest and the thinnest material.
(b) If any test specimen shows defective machining or
develops flaws, it may be discarded; in which case the manu-
facturer and the purchaser or his representative shall agree upon
the selection of another specimen in its stead.
(c) If the percentage of elongation of any tension test
specimen is less than that specified and any part of the fracture
is more than f in. from the center of the gage length of a 2-in.
specimen or is outside the middle third of the gage length of an
8-in. specimen, as indicated by scribe scratches marked on the
specimen before testing, a retest shall be allowed.
IV. FINISH.
Finish. 14. The material shall be free from injurious defects and shall
have a workmanlike finish.

V. INSPECTION AND REJECTION.

Inspection. 15. (o) The inspector representing the purchaser shall have
free entry, at all times while work on the contract of the pur-
chaser is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's
works which concern the manufacture of the material ordered.
The manufacturer shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all
reasonable faciUties to satisfy him that the material is being
furnished in accordance with these specifications. Tests and
inspection at the place of manufacture shall be made prior to
shipment.
(b) The purchaser may make the tests to govern the
acceptance or rejection of the material in his own laboratory or
elsewhere. Such tests, however, shall be made at the expense
of the purchaser.
(c) All tests and inspection shall be so conducted as not
to interfere unnecessarily with the operation of the works.
Rejection. 16. (a) Unless otherwise specified, any rejection based on
tests made in accordance with Section 15 (b) shall be reported
within ten working days from the receipt of samples.
(b) Material which shows injurious defects while being
finished by the purchaser will be rejected, and the manufacturer
shall be notified.
 Serial Designation: A 29-16. 225

17. Samples tested in accordance with Section 15(6), which Rehearing,

represent rejected material, shall be preserved for one month
from the date of the test report. In case of dissatisfaction with
the results of the tests, the manufacturer may make claim for a
rehearing within that time.

Table I. — Automobile Carbon Steels.

Carbon. Manganese. SULF.
Phos.
Not Not
Desired. Permissible Desired. Permissible
Range. Range. Over Over

0.10 0.05-0.15 0.45 0.30-0.60 0.045 0.05

0.20 0.15-0.25 0.45
0.65 0.30-0. 60
0.25 0.20-0.30 0.50-0.80
0.35 0.30-0.40 0.65 0.60-0.80
0.45 0.40-0.50 0.65 0.50-0.80
0.95 0.35 0.25-0.50 0.04
0.90-1.05

ScBEw Stock.

0.14 0.65 0.30-0.80 0.12 0.06-0.12

0.08-0.20

Steel Castings. Class B,

As required for the chemical and physical properties. See Standard Specifications for
Steel Castings (Serial Designation: A 27).
All values are expressed in per cent.

Table II. — Automobile Nickel Steels.

Carbon. Manganese. Phob. Sulf. Nickel.

Desired. Permissible Desired. Permissible Not Not

Range. Range. Over Over
Desired. 11 Permi
Rang e. e
ssibl
0.045 3.50
0.15 0.10-0.20 0.65 3.25-3.75
0.20 0.15-0.25 0._50-0.80 0.04
<> M
0.30 0.25-0.35
0 35 0.30-0.40
0.40 0.35-0.45

All values are expressed in per cent.

226 SPtCIFICATIONS FOR AuTOMOBUE Ste£LS.

Table III. — Automobile Nickel-Chromium Steels.

With 1.25 per cent Nickel.

Manoanxse. Phos. SULF. Nickel.

Cabbon. Chrouiuu.
Not
Permiasible Permbsiblc Permissible Permissible
Desired. Range. Desired. Range. Not Desired. Range.
Over Over Desired. Rangd.
0.65 1.25 0.60 0.45-0.76
0.20 0.15-0.25 0.50-0 80 1.O0-1.50
0.25 0.04 0.045
0.20-0.30
0.30
0.25-0.35
0.35 0.30-0.40
0.40 0.35-0.45

With 1.75 peb cent Nickel.

0.20 0.04 1.75 I 1.50-2.00 1.10 0.90-1 25

0.30 0.15-0.25 0.45 0.30-0.60
0.25-0 35 0.04
0.40 0 35-0.45
0.50 0.45-0.55

With 3.00 per cent Nickel.

0.15 0.10-0.20 0.60 0.45-0.75 0.04 0.04 3.00 2.75-3.25 0.80 0.60-0.95
0.35 0.30-0.40
0.50 0.45-0.55

With 3.50 per cent Nickel.

0.20 0.15-0.25 0.04 0.04 3.25-3.75 1.50 1.25-1.76

0.45 0.30-0.60 3.50
0.30 0.25-0 35
0.40 0.35-0.45

All values are expressed in per cent.

 Serial Designation: A 29- 16. 227

Table IV. — Automobile Chromium Steels.

Carbon. Manganese. Ph08. Chromium.
SULF.
Not Not
Permissible Desired. Permissible Permissible
Range. Over Desired. Range.
aired.
De- Range. Over

0.20 0.04 0.045 0.75 0.65-0.85

0.15-0.25
0.40 0.35-0.45 a
a
0.65 0.60-0.70 a
o
0.95 0.90-1.05 0.35 0.20-0.45 0.C3 0.03 1.00 0.90-1.10
1.20 1.10-1 30
0.95 1.20 1.10-1.30
0.90-1 05
1 20 1.10-1 30

a In these three grades the specified percentages of manganese and silicon may be either of
the following: manganese, 0.35 desired (permissible range, 0.25-0.50) and silicon, not over 0.20;
or manganese, 0.70 desired (permissible range, 0.60-0.80) and silicon, 0.15-0.50.
All values are expressed in per cent.

Table V. — Automobile Chromium-Vanadium Steels.

Carbon. Manganese. Phos. SCLF. Chromium. Vanadium.
Not ; 1
Desired. Permissible Desred. Permissible Not Desired. Permissible
Range. nooiro/i
Range. Over
Range. Over

0.18
0.20 0.15-0.25 0.65
" "
0 50-0.80 0.04 0.04 "
0.95
0 80-1.10
•'■I '• 0.15
0.25 0.20-0.30
" " " "
0.30 0 25-0.35 " " " " • "
0.35 0.30-0.40
" " " •'
0.40 0.35-0.45
" " " •
0.45
0.50
0.40-0.50 " " " "
0.95
0 45-0 55
0.90-1.05 0.35 0.20-0.45 0.03 0.03 '
All values are expressed in per cent.

Table VI. — Automobile Silico-Manganese Steels.

Carbon. Manganese. Phos. SuLF. Silicon.

Not Not
Permissible Desired. Permissible
sired. Range. Range. Over Range.
De- Over
Desired. Permissible
0.50 0.45-0.55 0.70 0.60-0.80 0.045 1.95
1.65 1.80-2.10 ."
0.60 0.55-0.65 0.60 0.50-0.70 0.045O 1.50-1.80
0.045

o Steels made by the acid process may contain .0.045

0 . 05 a maximum phosphorus^
AU values are expressed in per cent.
 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association for Testing Materials.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR

BOILER AND FIREBOX STEEL FOR

LOCOMOTIVES.

Serial Designation: A 30-16.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion A 30; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1901; Revised, 1909, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1916.

Grades. 1. These specifications cover two grades of steel for boilers

for locomotives, namely: flange and firebox.
I. MANUFACTURE.

Process. 2. The steel shall be made by the open-hearth process.

II. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.
Chemical 3. The steel shall conform to the following requirements as
Composition.
to chemical composition:
Flange. Firebox.
Carbon . . . . 0.12 -0.25 per cent
Manganese . 0.30-0.60 0.30-0 50
f Acid not over 0.05 not over 0.04
Phosphorus "" "" 0.035
0.04
0.04
Sulfur. . . \ Basic " " " 0.05
0.05
Copper..,
Ladle 4. An analysis of each melt of steel shall be made by the
Analyses.
manufacturer to determine the percentages of the elements
(228)
 Serial Designation: A 30 - 16. 229

specified in Section 3. This analysis shall be made from a test

ingot taken during the pouring of the melt. The chemical
composition thus determined shall be reported to the purchaser
or his representative, and shall conform to the requirements
specified in Section 3.
5. An analysis may be made by the purchaser from a Check
broken tension test specimen representing each plate as rolled.
The chemical composition thus determined shall conform to
the requirements specified in Section 3.

III. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.

6. (a) The material shall conform to the following require- Tension Tests,
ments as to tensile properties:
Flange. Firbbox.
Tensile strength, lb. per sq. in 55 000 - 65 000 52 000 - 62 000
Yield point, min., " " 0.5 tens. str. 0.5 tens. str.
„, ^-
Elongation m• 8o in.,
• min.,per
• cent.* . 1 500 000 1 500 000

(See Section 7) Tens. str. Tens. str.

(b) The yield point shall be determined by the drop of the

beam of the testing machine.
7. (a) For material over f in. in thickness, a deduction of Modifications ii
0.5 from the percentages of elongation specified in Section 6(a) o°g*t'0'>-
shall be made for each increase of | in. in thickness above f in.
{b) For material | in. or under in thickness, the elongation
shall be measured on a gage length of 24 times the thickness of the
specimen.
8. The test specimen shall bend cold through 180 deg. Bend Tests,
without cracking on the outside of the bent portion, as follows:
For material 1 in. or under in thickness, around a pin the
diameter of which is equal to the thickness of the specimen;
and for material over 1 in. in thickness, around a pin the
diameter of which is equal to twice the thickness of the
specimen.
9. For firebox steel, a sample taken from a broken tension Homogeneity
test specimen shall not show any single seam or cavity more than
\ in. long, in either of the three fractures obtained in the test
for homogeneity, which shall be made as follows:
 230 Specifications for Boiler and Firebox Steel.

The specimen shall be either nicked with a chisel or grooved

on a machine, transversely, about rs in. deep, in three places
about 2 in. apart. The first groove shall be made 2 in. from the
square end ; each succeeding groove shall be made on the opposite
side from the preceding one. The specimen shall then be firmly
held in a vise, with the first groove about | in. above the jaws,
and the projecting end broken off by Hght blows of a hammer,
the bending being away from the groove. The specimen shall be
broken at the other two grooves
"^v
, in the same manner. The object
of this test is to open and render visible to the eye any seams
due to failure to weld up or to interposed foreign matter, or any

I ^1
( Parallel Section\ \

\not less than9"y\

.v?.-.^^

About 2 '

ki - I i<-About'8"--\
18"
Fig. L

cavities due to gas bubbles in the ingot. One side of each fracture
shall be examined and the lengths of the seams and cavities
determined, a pocket lens being used if necessary.
Test specimens. 10. (a) Tension test specimens shall be taken longitudinally
from the bottom of the finished rolled material, and bend test
specimens shall be taken transversely from the middle of the
top of the finished rolled material. The longitudinal test speci-
mens shall be taken in the direction of the longitudinal axis of
the ingot, and the transverse test specimens at right angles
to that axis.
(6) Tension and bend test specimens shall be of the full
thickness of material as rolled, and shall be nachined to the form
and dimensions shown in Fig. 1 ; except that bend test speci-
mens may be machined with both edges parallel.
 231
Serial Designation: A 30 - 16.

11. {a) One tension and one bend test shall be made from Number of Tei
each plate as rolled.
(b) If any test specimen shows defective machining or
develops flaws, it may he discarded and another specimen
substituted.
(c) If the percentage of elongation of any tension test
specimen is less than that specified in Section 6 (a) and any part
of the fracture is outside the middle third of the gage length,
as indicated by scribe scratches marked on the specimen before
testing, a retest shall be allowed.

IV. PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS IN WEIGHT AND THICKNESS.

12. When Ordered to Thickness. — The

thickness of each Permissible
plate shall not vary more than 0.01 in. under that ordered. ariations.
The overweight of each lot' in each shipment shall not exceed
the amount given in Table I. One cubic inch of rolled steel is
assumed to weigh 0.2833 lb.

Table I. — Permissible Overweights of Plates Ordered to Thickness

Permissible Excess in Atbra.ge Weights per
Square Foot op Plates for Widths Givbn,
Ordered ExpEBSSBD IN Percentages of Nominal Weights Ordered
or in.
Thicknkss,
Thickn'es
IN. 48 to 60 to 84 72 in.,
to 9684 to
in., 96 to 120
108 in.,
to 132 to 132 in.
120 in.,
Under 60 in., 72 in., 108 in.,
48 in. excl. excl. excl. excl. over.
excl. excl. expl.
Under 1/8 9 10 12 14 Under 1/8

1 8 to 3/16 e; icl. 8 9 10 12
10 1/8 to 3/16 excl.
1
7 12 19
3 16 '■ 1/4 8 1 9
3/16 " 1/4 "
1'4 " 5/16 6 7 8 9 10 10 14 16
5 6 7 8 9 12 12 17 1/4 " 5/16 "
5 16 " 3/8
13 5/16 " 3/8 "
3 8 " 7/16 4.5 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 15
14
4.5 5 . 3/8 " 7/16 "
7 16 " 1/2 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
. 7/16 " 1/2 "
3.5 4 4.5 6 7 11
1'2 " 5/8 8 9
4.5 1/2 " 5/8 "
5/8 " 3/4 3 3.5 4 5 6 7 8 9
2.5 4.5
3 3.5 4 5 6 7 8 5/8 ".3/4 "
3/4 " 1
2.5 2.5 3.5
1 or over 3 4 4.5 5 6 7 1 or over
3/4 " 1

'The term "lot" applied to Table I means all of the plates of each group viridth and
RTOup thickness
 232 Specifications for Boiler and Firebox Steel.

V. FINISH.
Finish.
13. The finished material shall be free from injurious defects
and shall have a workmanlike finish.

VI. MARKING.
Marking. 14. (a) The name or brand of the manufacturer, melt or
slab number, grade, and lowest tensile strength for its grade
specified in Section 6 (a) , shall be legibly stamped on each plate.
The melt or slab number shall be legibly stamped on each test
specimen.
(b) When specified on the order, plates shall be match-
marked as defined in Paragraph (c) so that the test specimens
representing them may be identified. When more than one
plate is sheared from a single slab or ingot, each shall be match-
marked so that they may all be identified with the test specimen
representing them.
(c) Each match mark shall consist of two o\'er-lapping
circles each not less than 1^ in. in diameter, placed upon the
shear lines, and made by separate impressions of a single-circle
steel die.
(d) Match-marked coupons shall match ^^dth the sheets
represented and only those which match properly shall be
accepted.
VII. INSPECTION AND REJECTION.
Inspection. 15. The inspector representing the purchaser shall have free
entry, at all times while work on the contract of the purchaser is
being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's works which
concern the manufacture of the material ordered. The manu-
facturer shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all reasonable
facilities to satisfy him that the material is being furnished in
accordance with these specifications. All tests (except check
analyses) and inspection shall be made at the place of manu-
facture prior to shipment, unless otherwise specified, and shall
be so conducted as not to interfere unnecessarily with the
operation of the works.
Rejection. 16. (a) Unless otherwise specified, any rejection based on
tests made in accordance with Section 5 shall be reported within
five working days from the receipt of samples.
 Serml Designation: A 30-16. 233

(b) Material which shows injurious defects subsequent to

its acceptance at the manufacturer's works will be rejected,
and the manufacturer shall be notified.
17. Samples tested in accordance with Section 5, which Rehearing,
represent rejected material, shall be preserved for two weeks
from the date of the test report. In case of dissatisfaction
with the results of the tests, the manufacturer may make claim
for a rehearing within that time.
 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association for Testing Materials.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR

BOILER RIVET STEEL.

Serial Designation: A 31-14.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion A 3 1 ; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1901; Revised, 1909, 1912, 1913, 1914.

A . Requirements for Rolled Bars.

I. MANUFACTURE.
Process. 1. The stccl shall be made by the open-hearth process.
II. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.
Chemical 2. The steel shall conform to the following requirements
Composition. ^^ ^^ chemical composit
ion:
Manganese .- . . . 0.30 - 0.50 per cent
Phosphorus not over 0.04 "
Sulfur " " 0.045
Ladle 3. An analysis of each melt of steel shall be made by the
ni yses. manufacturer to determine the percentages of carbon, man-
ganese, phosphorus and sulfur. This analysis shall be made
from a test ingot taken during the pouring of the melt. The
chemical composition thus determined shall be reported to the
purchaser or his representative, and shall conform to the
requirements specified in Section 2.
(234)
 Serial Designation: A 31 - 14. 235

4. Analyses may be made by the purchaser from finished Check

bars representing each melt. The chemical composition thus "^ ^^^^"
determined shall conform to the requirements specified in
Section 2.
III. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.
5. (a) The bars shall conform to the following requirements Tension Tests
as to tensile properties:
Tensile strength, lb. per sq. in 45 000 - 55 ODD
Yield point, min., " " 0.5 tens. str.
u, .. . o . . , 1 500 000
Elongation in 8 in., mm., per cent ,
Tens. str.
but need not exceed 30 per cent.

(&) The yield point shall be determined by the drop of the

beam of the testing machine.
6. (a) Cold-bend Tests. — The test specimen shall bend cold Bend Tests,
through 180 deg. flat on itself without cracking on the outside
of the bent portion.
(b) Quench-bend Tests. — The test specimen, when heated to
a light cherry red as seen in the dark (not less than 1200° F.),
and quenched at once in water the temperature of which is be-
tween 80° and 90° F., shall bend through 180 deg. flat on itself
without cracking on the outside of the bent portion.
7. Tension and bend test specimens shall be of the full- Test Specimens.
size section of bars as rolled.
8. (a) Two tension, two cold-bend, and two quench-bend Number of Tests,
tests shall be made from each melt, each of which shall conform
to the requirements specified.
(b) If any test specimen develops flaws, it may be discarded
and another specimen substituted.
(c) If the percentage of elongation of any tension test
specimen is less than that specified in Section 5 (a) and any
part of the fracture is outside the middle third of the gage length,
as indicated by scribe scratches marked on the specimen before
testing, a retest shall be allowed.
IV. PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS IN DIAMETER.
9. The diameter of each bar shall not vary more than 0.01 Permissible
Variations.
in. from that specified.
 236 Specifications for Boiler Rivet Steel.

V. WORKMANSHIP AND FINISH.

Workmanship. 10. The finished bars shall be circular within 0.01 in.
Finish.
1 1 . The finished bars shall be free from injurious defects
and shall have a workmanlike finish.

VI. MARKING.
Marking. 12. Rivet bars shall, when loaded for shipment, be properly
separated and marked with the name or brand of the manu-
facturer and the melt number for identification. The melt
number shall be legibly marked on each test specimen.

VII. INSPECTION AND REJECTION

Inspection. 13. The inspector representing the purchaser shall have free
entry, at all times while work on the contract of the purchaser
is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's works which
concern the manufacture of the bars ordered. The mxanu-
facturer shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all reasonable
facilities to satisfy him that the bars are being furnished in
ac(^rdance with these specifications. All tests (except check
analyses) and inspection shall be made at the place of manu-
facture prior to shipment, unless otherwise specified, and shall
be so conducted as not to interfere unnecessarily with the
operation of the works.
Rejection. 14. (o) Unlcss Otherwise specified, any rejection based on
tests made in accordance with Section 4 shall be reported within
five working days from the receipt of samples.
(b) Bars which show injurious defects subsequent to their
acceptance at the manufacturer's works will be rejected, and the
manufacturer shall be notified.
Rehearing. 15. Samples tested in accordance with Section 4, which
represent rejected bars, shall be preserved for two weeks from
the date of the test report. In case of dissatisfaction with the
results of the tests, the manufacturer may make claim for a
rehearing within that time.
 Serial Designation: A 31-14. 237

B. Requirements for Rivets.

VIII. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.
16. The rivets, when tested, shall conform to the require- Tension Tests,
ments as to tensile properties specified in Section 5, except that
the elongation shall be measured on a gage length not less than
four times the diameter of the rivet.
17. The rivet shank shall bend cold through 180 deg. flat Bend Tests.
on itself, as shown in Fig. 1, without cracking on the outside
of the bent portion.
18. The rivet head shall flatten, while hot, to a diameter Flattening Tests.
2\ times the diameter of the shank, as shown in Fig. 2, without
cracking at the edges.

Fig. 1. Fig. 2.

19. (a) When specified, one tension test shall be made from Number of Tests.
each size in each lot of rivets offered for inspection.
(6) Three bend and three flattening tests shall be made
from each size in each lot of rivets offered for inspection, each
of which shall conform to the requirements specified.

IX. WORKMANSHIP AND FINISH.

20. The rivets shall be true to form, concentric, and shall Workmanship,
be made in a workmanlike manner.
21. The finished rivets shall be free from injurious defects. Finish.
X. INSPECTION AND REJECTION.
22. The inspector representing the purchaser shall have free inspection.
entry, at all times while work on the contract of the purchaser is
 238 Specifications for Boiler Rivet Steel.

being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's works which

concern the manufacture of the rivets ordered. The manu-
facturer shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all reasonable
facilities to satisfy him that the rivets are being furnished in
accordance with these specifications. All tests and inspection
shall be made at the place of manufacture prior to shipment,
unless otherwise specified, and shall be so conducted as not to
interfere unnecessarily with the operation of the works.
Rejection. 23. Rivets which show injurious defects subsequent to
their acceptance at the manufacturer's works will be rejected,
and the manufacturer shall be notified.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Assocl4tion for Testing Materials.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR

COLD-DRAWN BESSEMER STEEL AUTOMATIC

SCREW STOCK.

Serial Designation : A 32 - 14.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion A 32; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1914.

1. These specifications cover a free-cutting steel of any Material

specified section suitable for high-speed screw machine work, desired,
leaving a smooth finish after machining.

I. MANUFACTURE.
2. The steel shall be made by the Bessemer process, and Process,
shall be cold-rolled or cold-drawn or turned to size.

II. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.

3. The steel shall conform to the following requirements as Chemical
to chemical composition: ' Composition.
Carbon 0.08 - 0. 1 6 per cent
Manganese 0.60 - 0.80
Phosphorus 0.09 -0.13
Sulfur 0.075-0.15
(239)
 240 Specifications for Cold-Drawn Bessemer Steel.

Test Samples. 4. Samples for analysis shall be taken by machining off the
entire cross-section of the bar, or by driUing parallel to the axis
of the bar at any point midway between the center and surface
with a drill not under ^ nor over f in. in diameter. Samples
shall be clean, free from oil, uniformly fine and well mixed.

III. PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS IN DIMENSIONS.

Permissible
Variations. 5. The variation from the specified diameter, or distance
between parallel faces, and the allowable eccentricity shall not
exceed the following limits :
Permissible Variations.

Diameter. Over-size. Under-size. Eccentricity.

Up to and including 0.3 in 0 1% of diameter 0.5% of diameter

Over 0.3 in. to and including 1 in. 0 0.003 in. 0.0015 in.

Over 1 in. to and including 22 in. 0

. 0.004" 0.0020"
Over 2i in 0
0.005" 0.0025 "

IV. FINISH.
Finish. 6. The material shall be free from injurious defects and shall
have a bright smooth surface.

V. INSPECTION AND REJECTION.

Inspection. 7. The manufacturer shall afford the inspector representing
the purchaser, free of cost, all reasonable facihties to satisfy
him that the material is being furnished in accordance with these
specifications.
Rejection. 8. Material which fails to conform to the above specifications
will be rejected, and the manufacturer shall be notified.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Assoclvtion for Testing Materials.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR

COLD-DRAWN OPEN-HEARTH STEEL AUTOMATIC

SCREW STOCK.

Serial Designation : A 54-15.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion A 54; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1915.

1. These specifications cover a free-cutting steel of any Material

specified section suitable for high-speed screw machine work, ^^^sired.
leaving a smooth finish after machining.

I. MANUFACTURE.
2. The steel shall be made by the open-hearth process, and Process,
shall be cold-rolled or cold-drawn or turned to size.

II. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.

3. The steel shall conform to the following requirements as chemical
to chemical composition: - Composition.
Carbon 0.15 -0.25 per cent
Manganese 0.60 -0.90 "
Phosphorus not over 0 . 06 "
Sulfur 0.075-0.15

(241)
 242 Specifications for Cold-Drawn Open-hearth Steel.

Test Samples. 4. Samples for analysis shall be taken by machining off the
entire cross-section of the bar, or by drilKng parallel to the axis
of the bar at any point midway between the center and surface
with a drill not under ^ nor over f in. in diameter. Samples
shall be clean, free from oil, uniformly fine and well mixed.

III. PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS IN DIMENSIONS.

Permissible 5. The variation from the specified diameter, or distance
Variations.
between parallel faces, and the allowable eccentricity shall not
exceed the following limits:

Permissible Variations.
Ecceiitiitiiy.
Diameter. Over-size. Under-size.

Up to and including 0.3 in 0 1% of diameter 0.5% of diameter

Over 0.3 in. to and including 1 in 0 0.003 in. 0.0015 in.
Over 1 in. to and including 2J in 0
Over 2i in 0

0.004 " 0.0020 "

IV. FINISH. 0.005 " 0.0025 "
Finish. 6. The material shall be free from injurious defects and shall
have a bright smooth surface.

V. INSPECTION AND REJECTION.

Inspection. 7. The manufacturer shall afford the inspector representing
the purchaser, free of cost, all reasonable facilities to satisfy him
that the material is being furnished in accordance with these
specifications.
Rejection. 8. Material which fails to conform to the above specifica-
tions will be rejected, and the manufacturer shall be notified.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association for Testing Materials.

STANDARD TESTS

FOR

MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF IRON AND STEEL.

Serial Designation: A 34-14.

These te»ts are issued under the fixed designation A 34; the final number
indicates the year of original issue, or in the case of revision, the year of last
revision.
Adopted, 1911; Revised, 1912, 1914.

Core Loss.

The power consumption in electrical sheet steel when sub-

jected to an alternating magnetization is known as the core loss.
The standard core loss is the total power in watts consumed in
each kilogram of material at a temperature of 25° C, when sub-
jected to a harmonically varying induction having a maximum of
10,000 gausses and a frequency of 60 cycles per second, when
measured as specified below. It is represented by the symbol
Wio/60-
The aging coefl&cient is the percentage change in the standard
core loss after continued heating at 100° C. for 600 hours.
The standard core loss shall be measured under the following
conditions:
The magnetic circuit shall consist of 10 kg. (22 lb.) of the test
material, cut with a sharp shear into strips 50 cm. (19x6 in.) long
and 3 cm. (l j^ in.) wide, half parallel
(243) and half at right angles to
244 Tests for Magnetic Properties of Iron and Steel.

the direction of rolling, made up into four equal bundles, two con-
taining material parallel and two containing material at right
angles to the direction of rolling, and finally built into the four
sides of a square with butt joints and opposite sides consisting of
material cut in the same manner. No insulation other than the
natural scale of the material (except in the case of scale-free
material) shall be used between laminations, but the corner
joints shall be separated by tough paper 0.01 cm. (0.004 in.)
thick.
The magnetizing winding shall consist of four solenoids sur-
rounding the four sides of the magnetic circuit and joined in series.
A secondary coil shall be used for energizing the voltmeter and the
potential coil of the wattmeter.
These solenoids shall be wound on a form of any non-
magnetic non-conducting material of the following dimensions:
Inside cross-section 4 by 4 cm.
Thickness of wall ■. . not over 0.3 cm.
Winding length 42 cm.

The primary winding on each solenoid shall consist of 150 turns

of copper wire uniformly wound over the 42-cm. length. The
total resistance of the magnetizing winding shall be between 0.3
and 0.5 ohm. The secondary winding of 150 turns of copper
wire on each solenoid shall be similarly wound beneath the
primary winding. Its resistance shall not exceed 1 ohm.
A voltmeter and the voltage coil of a wattmeter shall be con-
nected inparallel to the terminals of the secondary winding of the
apparatus. The current coil of the wattmeter shall be connected
in series with the primary winding.
A sine wave electromotive force shall be appHed to the
primary winding and adjusted until the voltage of the secondary
circuit is given by the equation:
_ AfNnBM
E= —
in which
/= form factor of primary E.M.F. = 1.11 for sine wave
N = number of secondary turns = 600
n = number of cycles per second = 60
5 = maximum induction = 10,000
 245
5ERIAL Designation: A 34- 14.

il/ = total mass in grams = 10,000

/ = length of strips in centimeters =50
Z) = specific.gravity =7.5 for high-resistance steel
= 7.7 for low-resistance steel
£=106.6 volts for high resistance steel for sine voltage
= 103.8 volts for low-resistance steel for sine voltage

A specific gravity of 7.5 is assumed for all steels having a

resistance of over 2 ohms per meter-gram, and 7.7 for all steels
having a resistance of less than 2 ohms per meter-gram. These
steels are designated as high and low-resistance steels, respec-
tively.
—

T TT

—
Fig. 1.

■
i..

Fig. 2.

The wattmeter gives the power consumed in the iron and the
secondary circuit. The loss in the secondary circuit is given in
terms of the total resistance and voltage. Subtracting this
correction term from the total power gives the net power con-
sumed in the steel as hysteresis and eddy-current loss. Divid-
ing this value by ten gives the core loss in watts per kilogram.
Sampling. — The core-loss " material shall be cut from two
or more sheets taken at random from the shipment. The strips
should be distributed symmetrically over the sheet, as nearly
as may be practicable. For example, see Figs. 1 and 2.
It is recommended that a test sample shall represent not
more than 5000 kg. (11,000 lb.).
246 Tests for Magnetic Properties of Iron and Steel.

The Procedure. — 1. Cut the test material into strips 3 by 50

cm. as indicated under "Sampling."
2. Place on the balance a pile of strips weighing 2.5 kg. Add
a second pile of the same kind, bringing the weight up to 5 kg. In
each case the weight is taken to the nearest strip. Add in succes-
sion two piles of 2.5 kg. each, of the other kind of strips, bringing
the weight up to 7.5 kg. and 10 kg. respectively.
3. Secure each bundle by string or tape (not wire) and insert
in the apparatus as indicated.
4. Apply the alternating voltage to the primary coil and tap
the joints together until the current has a minimum value, as
shown by an ammeter in series. Then clamp the corners firmly
by some suitable device.
5 . Shunt the ammeter and adjust the primary current until
the voltmeter indicates the proper value. This adjustment may
be made by an auto-transformer, by varying the field of the
alternator, or by both, but not by the insertion of resistance or
inductance in the primary circuit. Simultaneously the frequency
must be adjusted to 60 cycles.
6. Read the wattmeter.
7. Calculations. Subtract from the wattmeter reading the
instrument losses, which will be constant for any set of instru-
ments and voltage, and divided by 10. The result is the standard
core loss.

Normal Induction.
The normal magnetic induction is the induction produced by
a magnetizing force in a given piece of magnetic material which
has been previously demagnetized and then subjected to many
reversals of the given magnetizing force.
Both the induction B and the magnetizing force H shall be
expressed in terms of the c. g. s. electromagnetic unit (gauss).
Sheet Metal. — The standard normal induction data for sheet
material shall consist of the magnetizing forces corresponding to
inductions of 2000, 4000, 6000, 8000, 10,000, 12,000, 14,000,
16,000, 18,000, 20,000 gausses, or such as may be obtained with-
out exceeding a magnetizing force of 200 gausses.
The following details are to be observed:
 Serial Designation: A 34-14. 247

The permeability sample for sheet material shall consist

of an even number of strips cut parallel to the direction of rolling
and an even number cut perpendicular to this direction, selected
from material sampled as for core loss.
The sample shall weigh not less than 1 nor more than 2 kg.
The magnetic circuit shall be a rectangle having the test
material for one pair of opposite sides, and the same or different
material for the other pair, which may be shorter. The joints at
each corner are alternately butt and lap, or may be clamped on
the edges.
The magnetomotive force is applied in two sections. The
main magnetizing coils shall consist of two equal and uniformly
wound solenoids surrounding the test material. The compen-
sating coils shall consist of four short coils, each having the
same number of turns wound closely over the ends of the mag-
netizing coils.
A test coil surrounds the middle portion of each bundle of test
material. Four other test coils each of half the number of turns
are placed over the four positions of the test material, approxi-
mately midway between the yokes and the center. The two
center test coils are joined in series and the four end test coils
are joined in series. The corresponding balhstic deflections,
due to these two sets of test coils, are measures of the magnetic
fluxes through the uiiderlying portions of the magnetic circuit.
By connecting the two test coils so that the induced electro-
motive force opposes that of the four coils, and adjusting the
current through the compensating magnetizing coils so that there
is no resulting ballistic deflection, an approximate uniformity
of flux is secured through the greater portion of the test material,
and the induction may be measured baUistically in the regular
manner. The magnetizing force when the flux is adjusted to
uniformity is that calculated from the uniform winding of the
main magnetizing solenoids.
The cross-section of the magnetic circuit is determined as in
the standard core-loss test.
Rods. — The standard test for rods for use in electromagnets
shaU consist of the magnetizing forces corresponding to inductions
of 2000, 4000, 6000, 8000, 10,000, 12,000, 14,000, 16,000, 18,000,
20,000 gausses, or such as may be obtained without exceeding
9, magnetizing force of 200 gausses.
248 Tests for Magnetic Properties of Iron and Steel.

The standard test for rods intended for permanent magnets

shall consist in the measurement of the magnetizing force, the
residual induction^ and the coercive force corresponding to a
maximum induction of 14,000 gausses.
Standard tests shall be made by the Burrows compensated
double-yoke method (described in Standard Electrical Engineer's
Handbook, and also in Technical Paper No. 117 of the Bureau of
Standards).
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Assocl\tion for Testing Materials.

STANDARD METHODS
FOR
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF PLAIN CARBON STEEL.

Serial Designation: A 33 - 14.

These methods are issued under the fixed designation A 33; the final
number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case of revision, the year
of last revision.
Adopted, 1914.

DETERMINATION OF CARBON
BY THE

DIRECT-COMBUSTION METHOD.

The method of direct combustion of the metal in oxygen

is recommended, the carbon dioxide obtained being absorbed in
barium-hydroxide solution, the precipitated barium carbonate
filtered off, washed, dissolved in a measured excess of hydro-
chloric acid and the excess titrated against standard alkali.
The use of potassium-hydroxide solution or soda lime for
the absorption of carbon dioxide, with suitable purifying train
following the furnace, is recognized as being capable of very
satisfactory refinement and as possessing merit where the time
element is of prime significance.
Owing to the diversity of apparatus by which correct
results may be obtained in the determination of carbon, the
recommendations are intended more to indicate what is accept-
able than to prescribe definitely (249) what shall be used.
250 Methods for Analysis of Carbon Steel.

Apparatus.

Purifying Tropin. — The method employed eHminates the

necessity of a purifying train following the furnace, inasmuch
as no precautions are necessary to prevent access of water
vapor, or sulfur trioxide — the impurities usually guarded against
— from the absorbing apparatus. All that is needed is a
calcium-chloride tower filled with stick sodium hydroxide placed
before the furnace, or between the furnace and catalyzer, if,
as recommended, the latter is used for the purpose of oxidizing
organic matter in the oxygen.
Material for Lining Boats. — Alundum, "RR Alundum,
alkali-free, specially prepared for carbon determination," as
supplied by dealers is suitable, and is recommended. The
90-mesh or finer grades are used. Chromite, properly sized and
freed from materials causing a blank, may also be employed.
No substance containing alkali or alkaline earth metals, or car-
bon as carbonates or in other form, should be used as a lining
material. Quartz sand, owing to its liability to fuse or to slag
with the oxides of iron, causing bubbles of gas to be enclosed,
is objectionable. Aluminum oxide, made by calcining alum or
otherwise, often contains sulfate not easily destroyed, or may
contain objectionable substances of an alkaline nature.
Catalyzers. — Suitable catalyzers are copper oxide, platinized
quartz or asbestos, or platinum gauze. One of these should be
used in the forward part of the combustion apparatus, as well
as in the purifying train preceding the combustion tube (see
above). Platinized materials sometimes give off volatile sub-
stances on heating, and whatever material is used should not be
subject to this defect.
Combustion Apparatus. — Any apparatus heated by gas or
electricity which will bring the sample to a temperature of 950
to 1100° C. may be used. Combustion tubes may be por-
celain, glazed on one or both sides, quartz or platinum. Quartz
is liable to devitrification when used continuously at tem-
peratures above 1000° C, and may then become porous. Com-
bustion crucibles of platinum may be heated by blast or by
Meker burner?,
 Serial Designation: A 33-14. 251

Boats or Other Containers of Samples being Burned. — These

may be of porcelain, quartz, alundum, clay, platinum, or nickel,
and should always receive a lining of granular alundum.
Purifying Train before Combustion Apparatus. — This con-
sists of a tower filled with stick sodium hydroxide, preceded by a
catalyzer.
The Train after the Combustion Apparatus. — This consists
merely of the Meyer tube for absorption of the carbon dioxide,
protected by a. soda-lime tube at the far end. Meyer tubes with
7 to 10 bulbs of 10 to 15-cc. capacity each, and large bulbs at
the ends, having volumes equal to the combined capacity of the
small bulbs, have been used and found satisfactory.
Filtering Apparatus. — In filtration for accurate work, care
should be taken to protect the solution from access of extra-
neous carbon dioxide. This is accomplished in the apparatus
shown in Fig. 1. For work requiring less accuracy, the barium
carbonate may be filtered off on a filter made by fitting a carbon
funnel with a perforated porcelain disk and filtering by suction.
The precipitate is then washed with distilled water from which
the carbon dioxide has been removed by boiling.
Reagents.

Oxygen. — Oxygen of not less than 97-per-cent purity is

recommended. Endeavor should be made to obtain oxygen
which gives no blank, since the correction for or elimination of
this is troublesome and uncertain. For the most accurate work,
particularly with low-carbon products, such as ingot iron, etc.,
the blank should be completely eliminated by the use of a
catalyzer before the furnace, with a carbon-dioxide absorbent
interposed between furnace and catalyzer.
Tenth-normal Hydrochloric Acid. — This may be standardized
by any of the accepted methods, or as follows: Twenty cubic
centimeters of the approximately N/10 acid is measured out
with a pipette, and the silver chloride precipitated by an excess
of silver-nitrate solution in a volume of 50 to 60 cc. After
digesting at 70 to 80° C, until the supernatant Hquid is clear,
the chloride is filtered off on a tared Gooch filter and washed
with water containing 2 cc. of nitric acid per 100 cc. of water
until freed from silver nitrate. After drying to constant weight
at 130° C, the increase of weight over the original tare is noted
252 Methods for Analysis of Carbon Steel.

and from this weight, corresponding to the silver chloride, the

strength of the hydrochloric acid is calculated, after which it is
adjusted to the strength prescribed. The standardization should
be based upon several concordant determinations using varying
amounts of acid.

1 cc. N/10 HC1 = 0.0006 g. carbon.

Methyl Orange. — Dissolve 0.02 g. in 100 cc. of hot distilled
water and filter.
Tenth-normal Sodium-Hydroxide Solution. — This is stand-
ardized against the hydrochloric acid. JMethyl orange is used
as the indicator. The sodium-hydroxide solution should be
stored in a large bottle from which it may be driven out by air
pressure, protecting against carbon dioxide by soda-lime tubes.
Barium- Hydroxide Solution. — A saturated solution is filtered
and stored in a large reservoir from which it is delivered by air
pressure, protecting from carbon dioxide by a soda-lime tube.
Three or four small bulbs of the Meyer tube are filled, and
C02-free water is added until the remaining small bulbs are
filled
Factors Influencing Rapid Combustion.

Size of Particles of Sample. — The finer the chips the better,

except with samples which burn too vigorously (see under "Rate
of Admitting Oxygen"). Particles too coarse to pass a 20-mesh
sieve are not recommended, nor long curly drillings which will
not pack closely. A ^-in. flat drill may be used for taking the
sample and the pressure and speed of the drill-press regulated
to secure the desired result; or, better still, the sample may be
obtained with a small milling machine suitable for sampling, or
by a shaping machine. Oil, dust, and other foreign matter
should be carefully excluded.
Manner of Distributing Sample in Boat. — This is of con-
siderable importance. With all samples, close packing in a
small space is conducive to rapid combustion. In the case of
samples which bum too vigorously, a satisfactory regulation
may sometimes be attained by spreading the sample loosely
over the lining in the boat.
Rate of Admitting Oxygen. — The rate at which oxygen is
 Serial Designation: A 33-14. 253

admitted is also a factor in the velocity of combustion. Assum-

ing the combustion apparatus to be heated to the temperature
range recommended above (950 to 1100° C), it is possible, if
the material is closely packed and if oxygen is admitted at too
rapid a rate, that the combustion may be so violent as to cause
excessive spattering of fused oxides, and such fluidity of the
molten slag that the boat or other container may be injured or
destroyed; therefore a moderate rate of burning is to be sought.
This is desirable also from the standpoint of the complete
absorption of the carbon dioxide by the barium-hydroxide solu-
tion. The factors, temperature of combustion apparatus,
manner of distribution of sample, and rate of admission of
oxygen, can be governed so as to burn successfully steels of a
very wide range of compositions, in either fine or coarse particles.
Method.
After having properly set up and tested the apparatus,
place 2 g. of steel (see note No. l) in the form recommended
above, in a moderately packed condition on the bed material and
introduce the boat into the combustion apparatus, already heated
to the proper temperature. After about a minute (to allow
the sample and container to reach the temperature of the fur-
nace), admit oxygen somewhat more rapidly than it is consumed,
as shown by the rate of bubbling in the Meyer tube (see note
No. 2). The sample burns completely in 1 or 2 minutes, and all
that is now necessary is to sweep all the carbon dioxide into
the absorption apparatus. This can be accomplished in 6 to 8
minutes by passing about 1 or 2 liters of ox}^gen. Detach the
Meyer tube (see note No. 2) and filter and wash the barium
carbonate, using the special filtering apparatus shown. After
solution in a measured excess of hydrochloric acid (the Meyer
tube being washed out with a portion of the acid, to remove
adhering barium carbonate), titrate the excess of acid against
alkali and from the data thus obtained calculate the percentage
of carbon.
Notes.
1. When working with steels high in carbon (above 1 per cent) it is
advisable not to use more than 1 g. in order that filtration may be sufficiently
rapid.
254 Methods for Analysis of Carbon Steel.

2. As a precaution against error resulting from too rapid passage of

the gases, it is well to attach a second barium-hydroxide tube to retain any
carbon dioxide that may pass the first.
3. For the most accurate work the Meyer tubes should be washed with
dilute acid before beginning work each day. After a determination is finished
the tube should be completely filled two or three times with tap water, then
rinsed with distilled water, in order to remove the carbon dioxide liberated
when dissolving the carbonate from the previous determination.
4. The flask containing the carbonate should be thoroughly agitated
after adding the acid, since the carbonate sometimes dissolves rather slowly
if this is not done; this is particularly the case if it has packed much during
filtration.

/.'/'/<'//y/>/'//y/'/////w.^/////////'//////////'/A///^/y////////////////^^^

Fig. L — Apparatus for Filtration in Determination of Carbon by the

Direct-Combustion Method.

Apparatus and Procedure for Filtration.

The apparatus is shown to approximately one-tenth size

in Fig. 1, which is self-explanatory. The stop-cock is a three-
way cock connected to the suction pipe. The rubber tubing
connected to the Meyer tube should be of best-grade black
rubber, and the lengths used should be so chosen as to permit
of easy manipulation of the tube. The Meyer tube is con-
nected or disconnected by the rubber stoppers which are left
always attached to the rubber tubes. The carbon tube C is
fitted with a perforated porcelain plate sliding easily.
 Serial Designation: A 33-14. 255

The funnel is prepared for filtration by making on the por-

celain disk a felt of asbestos about j^ to ^ in. in thickness, using
amphibole (not serpentine) asbestos which has been carefully
digested with strong hydrochloric acid for several hours and
washed with water until it gives no acid reaction. On top of
the asbestos pad is placed a layer of similarly treated quartz,
mixed with asbestos, of the height shown. A mixture of quartz
grains o" various sizes (approximately 50 per cent passing a
20-mesh sieve and 50 per cent passing a 10-mesh and remaining
on a 20-mesh sieve) is suitable. The mixture of quartz and
asbestos may be obtained by filling the fuimel from a beakei
(directing against it a stream from a wash-bottle) while main-
taining a gentle suction. In this way the asbestos is properly
mixed with the quartz. A little experience and attention to
these details will enable one to prepare the quartz-bed in a
manner that will greatly expedite filtration. The stopper is
now inserted in the funnel, the. Meyer tube connected as shown
and the liquid and precipitate sucked into the funnel. Only a
gentle suction should be used. When necessary Pz is opened to
admit air back of the column of liquid in the Meyer tube.
When the contents of the Meyer tube have been transferred,
the large bulb nearest B is half filled with water by opening
Pi; the stop-cock S is operated during this and subsequent
operations so as to maintain a gentle suction all the time. M is
now manipulated so as to bring the wash water in contact with
all parts of the interior, after which the water is sucked through
C; Pi is left open during this and subsequent washings. After
eight washings as directed, allowing the wash water to drain off
thoroughly each time before adding more, M may be detached,
the stopper removed from the funnel and the washings com-
pleted by filling C to the top with COo-free water, sucking off
completely and repeating the operation once. With care the
washing may be done with 150 cc. of water. Air is now
admitted through the side opening of 5, C is removed and the
porcelain disk carrying the asbestos, quartz and barium car-
bonate is thrust, by means of a long glass rod, into a flask,
removing any adhering particles from the sides of C, by a
stream of water from a wash bottle. An excess of the standard
acid is now added from a burette or pipette, using a portion to
256 Methods for Analysis of Carbon Steel.

wash out M, and after the contents of the flask have been thor-
oughly agitated by shaking, the excess of acid is titrated against
the standard alkali, usmg 3 drops of the methyl-orange indicator.
Notes.

The operation of filtering can be carried out very rapidly after a little
practice.
Glass wool should on no account be used as a substitute for the quartz,
on account of the probability of errors arising from its attack by the alkali
or acid.
It is well to wash out the rubber tubes connected to the Meyer tube
with a little water each day before beginning work.

DETERMINATION OF CARBON
BY THE
COLORIMETRIC METHOD.

(Routine.)

Solution Required.
Nitric Acid. — Mix 1000 cc. of nitric acid, sp. gr. 1.42, and
1200 cc. of distiUed water.
Method.
In a small Erlenmeyer flask or test tube, dissolve 0.2 to
0.5 g. of steel, depending on the carbon content of the sample, in
5 to 20 cc. of the nitric acid. Boil gently until the solution is
complete and the liquid is clear. Cool and compare with a solu-
tion of a standard steel treated under like conditions.

Note.
In order to obtain reliable results by this method the standard steel
should be of the same kind, of approximately the same chemical composition,
and in the same physical condition as the sample steel. The carbon content
of the standard steel is determined by the direct combustion method.
 SERLA.L Designation: A 33-14. 257

DETERMINATION OF MANGANESE
BY THE
BISMUTHATE METHOD.

Solutions Required.
Nitric Acid. — Mix 500 cc. of nitric acid, sp. gr. 1.42, and
1500 cc. of distilled water.
Nitric Acid for Washing. — Mix 30 cc. of nitric acid, sp. gr.
1.42, and 970 cc. of distilled water.
Stock Sodium Arsoiite. —^To 15 g. of arsenious oxide (AS2O3)
in a 300-cc. Erlenmeyer flask, add 45 g. of sodium carbonate
and 150 cc. of distilled water. Heat the flask and contents on a
water bath until the arsenious oxide is dissolved, cool the solu-
tion and make up to 1000 cc. with distilled water.
Standard Sodium Arsenite. — Dilute 300 cc. of stock-sodium-
arsenite solution to 1000 cc. with distilled water and titrate
against potassium-permanganate solution (about N/IO), which
has been standardized by using Bureau of Standards sodium
oxalate.^ Titrate 10-cc. portions of the permanganate solution,
to each of which have been added 50-cc. portions of the nitric
acid. A clear green color free from brownish or purplish tints
will be found a satisfactory and reproducible end-point. Adjust
the solution so that 1 cc. is equivalent to 0.10 per cent of man-
ganese, on the basis of a 1-g. sample.
The factor Na2C204— > Mn = 0.16397 (using the 1913
atomic weights).

Method.

In a 300-cc. Erlenmeyer flask dissolve 1 g. of steel in 50 cc.

of the nitric acid, and boil to expel the oxides of nitrogen.
Cool, and add about | g. of sodium bismuthate and heat for a
few minutes, or until the pink color has disappeared, with or
without precipitation of manganese dioxide. Add small por-
tions of ferrous suKate (or any suitable reducing agent) in
sufficient quantity to clear the solution, and boil to expel the
oxides of nitrogen. Cool to 15° C, add an excess of sodium
bismuthate and agitate for a few minutes. Add 50 cc. of 3-per-
^ Circular No. 40, Bureau of Standards, Oct. 1, 1912.
258 Methods for Analysis of Carbon Steel,

cent nitric acid and jEilter through an ahindum filter or asbestos

pad, washing with 3-per-cent nitric acid. Titrate immediately
with standard-sodium-arsenite solution to the disappearance of
the pink color, each cubic centimeter required representing 0.10
per cent manganese.
Notes.

In the method, the preliminary treatment with sodium bismuthate

has been found by a number of investigators to be apparently unnecessary;
however, the available data to confirm this position are not considered
sufficient to warrant its omission.
In making the asbestos filter pad it is advisable to have a thin bed, and
as much surface as possible. This insures rapid filtration, and the filter may
be used until it becomes clogged with bismuthate.
The filtrate must be perfectly clear, since the least particle of bismuthate
carried through the filter will vitiate the results.

DETERMINATION OF MANGANESE
BY THE
PERSULFATE METHOD.

(Routine.)

Solutions Required.
Nitric Acid. — Mix 1000 cc. of nitric acid, sp. gr. 1.42, and
1200 cc. of distilled water.
Silver Nitrate. — Dissolve 1.33 g. of silver nitrate in 1000 cc.
of distilled water.
Stock Sodium Arsenite. — To 15 g. of arsenious oxide (AS2O3)
in a 300-cc. Erlenmeyer flask, add 45 g. of sodium carbonate and
150 cc. of distilled water. Heat the flask and contents on a
water bath until the arsenious oxide is dissolved, cool the solution
and make up to 1000 cc. with distilled water.
Standard Sodium Arsenite. — Dilute a sufficient quantity of
stock-sodium-arsenite solution with distilled water, and stand-
ardize against a steel of known manganese content, as deter-
mined by the bismuthate method. This solution should be of
such strength that each cubic centimeter will be equivalent to
0.10 per cent of manganese on the basis of the weight of sample
taken.
 Serial Designation: A 33-14. 259

Method.
In a small Erlenmeyer jflask or large test tube, dissolve 0.1
to 0.3 g. of steel, depending on the manganese content of the
sample, in 15 cc. of the nitric acid. Boil gently until the solution
is complete and the Hquid is clear. Add 15 cc. silver-nitrate
solution and 1 g. of ammonium persulfate, and continue heat-
ing the solution for ^ minute after the oxidation begins and
bubbles rise freely. Cool in running water and complete the
determination by either of the following procedures:
(a) Colorimetric. — Compare the color of the solution with
that of a standard steel treated under like conditions.
{h) Titration. — Titrate with standard-sodium-arsenite solu-
tion to the disappearance of the pink color, each cubic centimeter
required representing 0.10 per cent of manganese.
Notes.
In order to obtain reliable results by the colorimetric procedure, the
standard should be of the same kind and of approximately the same chemical
composition as the sample steel. The manganese content of the standard steel
is determined by the bismuthate method.
The ammonium persulfate should be kept in moistened condition by
small additions of distilled water at requix-ed intervals.

DETERMINATION OF PHOSPHORUS

BY THE

MOLYBDATE-MAGNESIA METHOD.

Solutions Required.
Nitric Acid. — Mix 1000 cc. of nitric acid, sp. gr. 1.42, and
1200 cc. of distilled water.
Nitric Acid for Washing. — Mix 20 cc. nitric acid, sp. gr.
1.42, and 1000 cc. of distilled water.
Potassium Permanganate. — Dissolve 25 g. of potassium per-
manganate in1000 cc. of distilled water.
260 Methods for Analysis of Carbon Steel.

Ammonium Bisulfite. — Dissolve 30 g. of ammonium bisul-

fite in 1000 cc. of distilled water.
Ammonium Hydroxide, approximately 10-per-cent. — Mix
1000 cc. of ammopium hydroxide, sp. gr. 0.90, and 2000 cc. of
distilled water.
Ammonium Molybdate.
Solution No. 1. — Place in a beaker 100 g. of 85-per-cent
molybdic acid, mix it thoroughly with 240 cc. of distilled water,
add 140 cc. of ammonium hydroxide, sp. gr. 0.90, filter, and
add 60 cc. of nitric acid, sp. gr. 1.42.
Solution No. 2. — Mix 400 cc. of nitric acid, sp. gr. 1.42,
and 960 cc. of distilled water.
When the solutions are cold, add solution No. 1 to solution
No. 2, stirring constantly; then add 0.1 g. of ammonium phos-
phate dissolved in 10 cc. of distilled water, and let stand at
least 24 hours before using.
Magnesia Mixture. — Dissolve 50 g. of magnesium chloride
and 125 g. of ammonium chloride in. 750 cc. of distilled water,
and then add 150 cc. of ammonium hydroxide, sp. gr. 0.90.
Method.

In a 300-cc. Erlenmeyer flask dissolve 5 g. of steel in 75 cc.

of the nitric acid. Heat to boiling; while boiling add about
12 cc. of the potassium-permanganate solution, and continue
boiling until manganese dioxide precipitates. Dissolve this
precipitate by additions of the ammonium-bisulfite solution,
boil until clear and free from brown fumes, cool to 35° C, add
100 cc. of the ammonium-molybdate solution at room tem-
perature, let stand 1 minute, shake or agitate for 3 minutes,
filter on a 9-cm. paper and wash the precipitate at least 3 times
with the 2-per-cent nitric-acid solution to free it from iron.
Treat the precipitate on the filter with the 10-per-cent
ammonium-hydroxide solution, letting the solution run into a
100-cc. beaker containing 10 cc. of hydrochloric acid, sp. gr. 1.20,
and 0.5 g. of citric acid; add 30 cc. of ammonium hydroxide, sp.
gr. 0.90, cool, and then add 10 cc. of the magnesia mixture very
slowly, while stirring the solution vigorously. Set aside in a
cool place for 2 hours, filter and wash with the 10-per-cent
ammonium-hydroxide solution. Ignite and weigh. Dissolve
 Serial Designation: A 33-14. 261

the precipitate of magnesium pyrophosphate with 5 cc. of

nitric acid, sp. gr. 1.20, and 20 cc. of distilled water, filter and
wash with hot water. Ignite and weigh. The difference in
weights represents pure magnesium pyrophosphate containing
27.84 per cent of phosphorus.
Note.
The ammonium-molybdate solution should be kept in a cool place and
should always be filtered before using.

DETERMINATION OF PHOSPHORUS
BY THE
ALKALIMETRIC METHOD.
(Routine.)

Solutions Required.
Nitric Acid. — Mix 1000 cc. of nitric acid, sp. gr. 1.42, and
1200 cc. of distilled water.
Nitric Acid for Washing. — Mix 20 cc. of nitric acid, sp. gr.
1.42, and 1000 cc. of distilled water.
Potassium Permanganate. — Dissolve 25 g. of potassium per-
manganate in1000 cc. of distilled water.
Ammonium Bisulfite. — Dissolve 30 g. of ammonium bisul-
fite in 1000 cc. of distilled water.
Afnmonium Molybdate.
Solution No. 1. — Place in a beaker 100 g. of 85-per-cent
molybdic acid, mix it thoroughly with 240 cc. of distilled water,
add 140 cc. of ammonium hydroxide, sp. gr. 0.90, filter and
add 60 cc. of nitric acid, sp. gr. 1.42.
Solution No. 2. — Mix 400 cc. of nitric acid, sp. gr. 1.42,
and 960 cc. of distilled water.
When the solutions are cold, add solution No. 1 to solution
No. 2, stirring constantly; then add 0.1 g. of ammonium phos
phate dissolved in 10 cc. of distilled water and let stand at
least 24 hours before using.
262 Methods for Analysis of Carbon Steel.

Potassium Nitrate, 1-per-cent. — Dissolve 10 g. of potassium

nitrate in 1000 cc. of distilled water.
Phenol phthalein Indicator. — Dissolve 0.2 g. in 50 cc. of
95-per-cent ethyl alcohol and 50 cc. of distilled water.
Standard Sodium Hydroxide. — Dissolve 6.5 g. of purified
sodium hydroxide in 1000 cc. of distilled water, add a slight
excess of 1-per-cent solution of barium hydroxide, let stand for
24 hours, decant the liquid, and standardize it against a steel of
known phosphorus content, as determined by the molybdate-
magnesia method, so that 1 cc. will be equivalent to 0.01 per
cent of phosphorus on the basis of a 2-g. sample (see notes).
Protect the solution from carbon dioxide with a soda-lime tube.
Standard Nitric Acid. — IVIix 10 cc. of nitric acid, sp. gr.
1.42, and 1000 cc. of distilled water. Titrate the solution
against standardized sodium hydroxide, using phenolphthalein
as indicator, and make it equivalent to the sodium hydroxide by
adding distilled water.
Method.
In a 300-cc. Erlenmeyer flask dissolve 2 g. of steel in 50 cc.
of the nitric acid. Heat the solution to boiling and while boil-
ing add about 6 cc. of the potassium-permanganate solution and
continue boiling until manganese dioxide precipitates. Dissolve
this precipitate by additions of the ammonium-bisulfite solu-
tion, boil until clear and free from brown fumes, cool to 80° C,
add 50 cc. of the ammonium-molybdate solution at room tem-
perature, let stand 1 minute, shake or agitate for 3 minutes, and
filter on a 9-cm. paper. Wash the precipitate three times with the
2-per-cent nitric-acid solution to free it from iron, and continue
the washing with the 1-per-cent potassium-nitrate solution until
the precipitate and flask are free from acid.
Transfer the paper and precipitate to a solution flask, add
20 cc. of distilled water, 5 drops of phenolphthalein solution as
indicator, and an excess of standard-sodium-hydroxide solution.
Insert a rubber stopper and shake vigorously until solution of
the precipitate is complete. Wash off the stopper with distilled
water and determine the excess of sodium-hydroxide solution by
titrating with standard-nitric-acid solution. Each cubic cen-
timeter of standard-sodium-hydroxide solution represents 0.01
per cent of phosphorus.
 Serial Designation: A 33-14. 263

Notes.
The ammonium-molybdate solution should be kept in a cool place and
should always be filtered before using.
All distilled water used in titration should be freed from carbon dioxide
by boiling or otherwise.
Bureau of Standards Standard Steel No. 19(a) is recommended as a
suitable steel for standardization of the sodium-hydroxide solution.

DETERMINATION OF SULFUR
BY THE

OXIDATION METHOD.

Solution Required.
Barium Chloride. — Dissolve 100 g. of barium chloride in
1000 cc. of distilled water.
Method.
In a 400-cc. beaker dissolve 5 g. of the steel in a mixture of
40 cc. of nitric acid, sp. gr. 1.42, and 5 cc. of hydrochloric acid,
sp. gr. 1.20, add 0.5 g. of sodium carbonate and evaporate the
solution to dryness. Add 40 cc. of hydrochloric acid, sp. gr.
1 .20, evaporate to dryness and bake at a moderate heat. After
solution of the residue in 30 cc. of hydrochloric acid, sp. gr. 1.20,
and evaporation to sirupy consistency, add 2 to 4 cc. of hydro-
chloric acid, sp. gr. 1.20, and then 30 to 40 cc. of hot water.
Filter and wash with cold water, the final volume not exceeding
100 cc. To the cold filtrate add 10 cc. of the barium-chloride
solution. Let stand at least 24 hours, filter on a 9-cm. paper,
wash the precipitate first with a hot solution containing 10 cc.
of hydrochloric acid, sp. gr. 1.20, and 1 g. barium chloride to
the liter, until free from iron; and then with hot water till free
from chloride. Ignite and weigh as barium sulfate.
Keep the washings separate from the main filtrate and
evaporate them to recover any dissolved barium sulfate.
Note.
A blank determination on all reagents used should be made qnd thg
results corrected accordingly.
264 Methods for Analysis of Carbon Steel.

DETERMINATION OF SULFUR
BY THE
EVOLUTION-TITRATION METHOD.
(Routine.)

Apparatus.

Use a 480-cc. flask with a delivery tube and a 300-cc.

tumbler of tall form (Fig. 2).

Capacity
Iboz.
= 460cc.

""H---'-2i"----^

Fig. 2. — Apparatus for Determination of

Sulfur by the Evolution Method.

Solutions Required.
Dilute Hydrochloric Acid. — Mix 500 cc. of hydrochloric acid,
sp. gr. 1.20, and 500 cc. of distilled water.
Ammoniacal Cadmium Chloride. — Dissolve 10 g. of cadmium
chloride in 400 cc. of distilled water and add 600 cc. of ammo-
nium hydroxide, sp. gr. 0.90,
 Serlal Designation: A 33 14. 265

Potassium lodate. — Dissolve 1.116 g. of potassium iodate

and 12 g. of potassium iodide in 1000 cc. of distilled water.
Standardize with a steel of know^n sulfur content. Each cubic
centimeter should be equivalent to 0.01 per cent of sulfur,
when a 5-g. sample is used (see notes).
Starch. — To 1000 cc. of boiling distilled water, add a cold
suspension of 6 g. of starch in 100 cc. of distilled water; cool,
add a solution of 6 g. of zinc chloride in 50 cc. of distilled water,
and mix thoroughly.
Method.
Place 5 g. of steel in the flask and connect the latter as
shown in Fig. 2. Place 10 cc. of the ammoniacal-cadmium-
chloride solution and 150 cc. of distilled water in the tumbler.
Add 80 cc. of the dilute hydrochloric acid to the flask through
the thistle tube, heat the flask with its contents gently until
the solution of the steel is complete, then boil the solution for
\ minute. Remove the tumbler which contains all the sulfur
as cadmium sulfide, and to it add 5 cc. of starch solution and
40 cc. of the dilute hydrochloric acid, titrating immediately
with potassium-iodate solution to a permanent blue color.
Notes.
Extremely slow or rapid evolution of hydrogen sulfide is to be avoided.
Bureau of Standards Standard Steel No. 8(a) is recommended for standard-
izing the potassium-iodate solution.

DETERMINATION OF SILICON
BY THE

T^ITRO-SULFURIC METHOD.

Solutions Required.

Nitro-Sulfuric Acid.— Mix 1000 cc. of sulfuric acid, sp. gr.

1.84, 1500 cc. of nitric acid, sp. gr. 1.42, and 5500 cc. of distilled
water.
Dilute Hydrochloric Acid. — Mix 100 cc. of hydrochloric acid,
sp. gr. 1.20, and 900 cc. of distilled water.
266 Methods for Analysis of Carbon Steel.

Method.
Add cautiously 80 cc. of the nitro-sulfuric acid to 4.702 g of
steel, in a platinum or porcelain dish of 300-cc. capacity, cover
with a watch glass^ heat until the steel is dissolved and evaporate
slowly until copious fumes of sulfuric acid are evolved. Cool,
add 125 cc. of distilled water, heat with frequent stirring until all
salts are dissolved, add 5 cc. of hydrochloric acid, sp. gr. 1.20,
heat for 2 minutes, and filter on a 9-cm. paper. Wash the pre-
cipitate several times with hot water, then with hot, hydrochloric
acid and hot water alternately to complete the removal of iron
salts, and finally with hot water until free from acid. Transfer
the filter to a platinum crucible, burn off the paper carefully with
the crucible covered, finally igniting over a blast lamp or in a
muffle furnace at 1000° C. for at least 20 minutes; cool in a
desiccator and w^eigh. Add sufficient sulfuric acid, sp. gr. 1.84,
to moisten the silica and then a small amount of hydrofluoric
acid. Evaporate to dryness, ignite and weigh. The difference
in weights in milligrams divided by 100 equals the percentage
of siHcon.
Note.
A blank determination on all reagents used should be made and the
results corrected accordingly.

DETERMINATION OF SILICON
BY THE

SULFURIC-ACID METHOD.
(Optional.)

Solution Required.
Dilute Hydrochloric Acid. — Mix 100 cc. of hydrochloric acid,
sp. gr. 1.20, and 900 cc. of distilled water.
Method.
To 2.351 g. of steel, in a beaker of low form of 500-cc.
capacity, add 60 cc. of distilled water, and then cautiously
 Serial Designation: A 33 - 14. ^67

15 cc. of sulfuric acid, sp. gr. 1.84. Cover with a watch glass,
heat until the steel is dissolved and evaporate until copious
fumes of sulfuric acid are evolved. Cool, add 100 cc. of dis-
tilled water and heat with frequent stirring until the salts are in
solution. Filter on a 9-cm. paper, wash the precipitate several
times with cold water, then with cold dilute hydrochloric acid
until free from iron, and finally with cold water until free from
acid. Ignite and weigh. Add sufficient sulfuric acid, sp. gr.
1.84, to moisten the siHca and then a small amount of hydro-
fluoric acid. Evaporate to dryness, ignite and weigh. The
difference in weights in milligrams divided by 50 equals the
percentage of silicon.
Note.
A blank determination on all reagents used should be made and the results
corrected accordingl}'.

DETERMINATION OF COPPER

Solutions Required.
Sulfuric Acid. — Mix 200 cc. of sulfuric acid sp. gr. X 1.84,
and 800 cc. of distilled water.
Potassium Ferrocyanide. — Dissolve 10 g. of potassium ferro-
cyanide in 100 cc. of distilled water.
Standard Copper Nitrate. — Dissolve 2 g. of purest electrol-
ytic copper in 20 cc. of nitric acid (l: l), and dilute to 1000 cc.
with distilled water. Each cubic centimeter is equivalent to
0.02 per cent of copper on the basis of a 10-g. sample.
Method.
In a 300-cc. beaker dissolve 10 g. of the steel in 75 cc. of
the sulfuric acid, and then add 150 cc. of distilled water. Heat
the solution and saturate with hydrogen sulfide, filter and
wash the precipitate free from iron with 1-per-cent sulfuric acid
containing hydrogen sulfide. Incinerate the paper with its
contents in a porcelain crucible and fuse with 0.5 g. of acid
268 Methods for Analysis of Carbon Steel.

sodium sulfate. Extract with hot water, filter, and complete

the determination colorimetrically as under 1 (a) or 1 (b), or
electrolytically as under 2, as follows:
1. Evaporate the filtrate to about 25 cc, make faintly
ammoniacal, filter into a 100-cc. Nessler tube and wash with
hot water.
(a) If the solution is a strong blue, to another 100-cc.
Nessler tube add 50 cc. of distilled water, 5 cc. of ammonium
hydroxide, sp. gr. 0.90, and from a burette the standard-copper-
nitrate solution until the blue colors match.'
(b) If the solution is a faint blue, to the filtrate in a Nessler
tube add the dilute sulfuric acid to faint acidity and then a few
drops of the potassium-ferrocyanide solution. To another
100-cc. Nessler tube add 50-cc. of distilled water, a few drops of
the potassium-ferrocyanide solution, and from a burette the
standard-copper-nitrate solution until the reddish brown colors
match.
2. Make the filtrate slightly acid with sulfuric acid, dilute
with distilled water to a suitable volume, and determine the
copper electrolytically.

DETERMINATION OF NICKEL
BY THE

GRAVIMETRIC DIMETHYLGLYOXIME METHOD.

Solutions Required.
Hydrochloric Acid. — IMix 500 cc. of hydrochloric acid, sp.
gr. 1.20, and 500 cc. of distilled water.
Dimethyl glyoxime. — Dissolve 1 g. of dimethylglyoxime in
100 cc. of 95-per-cent ethyl alcohol.
Method.
In a 1 50-cc. beaker dissolve 1 g. of the steel in 20 cc. of the
hydrochloric acid, and add about 2 cc. of nitric acid, sp. gr. 1.42,
to oxidize the iron. Filter the solution and add to the filtrate
 Serial Designation: A 33-14. 269

6 g. of tartaric acid, and water till the volume is 300 cc. Make
the solution faintly ammoniacal, then faintly acid with the hydro-
chloric acid and heat nearly to boiling; add 20 cc. of the
dimethylglyoxime solution and then ammonium hydroxide, sp.
gr. 0.90, drop by drop till faintly alkaline, stirring vigorously.
After standing one hour, filter on a weighed Gooch crucible,
wash with hot water, dry at 110 to 120° C. and weigh. The
precipitate contains 20.31 per cent of nickel.
Notes.
In making dimethylglyoxime solution, methyl alcohol may be substituted
for ethyl alcohol.
The weight of sample taken should be varied according to the nickel
content.

DETERMINATION OF NICKEL
BY THE

VOLUMETRIC DIMETHYLGLYOXIME METHOD.

(Routine.)

Solutions Required.
Hydrochloric Acid. — Mix 500 cc. of hydrochloric acid, sp.
gr. 1.20, and 500 cc. of distilled water.
Dimethylglyoxime. — Dissolve 1 g. of dimethylglyoxime in
100 cc. of 95-per-cent ethyl alcohol.
Silver Nitrate. — Dissolve 0.5 g. of silver nitrate in 1000 cc.
of distilled water.
Potassium Iodide. — Dissolve 20 g. of potassium iodide in
100 cc. of distilled water.
Standard Potassium Cyanide. — Dissolve 2.29 g. of potassium
cyanide in 1000 cc. of distilled water. Standardize this solution
by the procedure described below, against a steel of known
nickel content as determined by the gravimetric dimethyl-
glyoxime method, so that each cubic centimeter is equivalent to
0.05 per cent of nickel on the basis of a 1-g. sample (see notes).
270 Methods for Analysis of C-\rbon Steel.

Method.
In a 150-cc. beaker dissolve 1 g. of the steel in 20 cc. of the
hydrochloric acid, and add about 2 cc. of nitric acid, sp. gr. 1.42,
to oxidize the iron. Filter the solution and add to the filtrate
6 g. of tartaric acid, and water until the volume is 300 cc.
Make the solution faintly ammoniacal, then faintly acid wift
the hydrochloric acid, and cool thoroughly. Add 20 cc. of the
diniethylglyoxime solution and then ammonium hydroxide, sp.
gr. 0.90, drop by drop, till faintly alkaline, stirring vigorously.
After standing for a few minutes, filter on a Gooch crucible and
wash with hot water. Dissolve the precipitate on the filter with
10 to 20 cc. of nitric acid (hot), sp. gr. 1.42, added drop by drop,
and then wash 5 times with hot water, using suction. To the
solution in a 500-cc. beaker add 3 g. of ammonium persulfate
and boil for 5 minutes. Cool, make distinctly ammoniacal, add
10 cc. each of the silver-nitrate and potassium-iodide solutions,
and titrate with the standard-potassium-cyanide solution to a
faint turbidity.
Notes.

In making dimethylgl^-oxime solution, methyl alcohol may be substituted

for ethyl alcohol.
Bureau of Standards Standard Steel No. 33 is recommended for stand-
ardizing the potassium-cyanide solution.
The weight of sample taken should be varied according to the nickel
content.

DETERMINATION OF CHROMIUM.

Solutions Required.
Hydrochloric Acid. — IMix 500 cc. of hydrochloric acid, sp.
gr. 1.20, and 500 cc. of distilled water.
Sodium Carbonate. — A saturated solution; approximately
60 g. of sodium carbonate and 100 cc. of distilled water,
 Serial Designation: A 33-14. 271

Barium Carbonate. — Ten grams of finely divided barium

carbonate suspended in 100 cc. of distilled water.
Standard Sodium Chromate. — Dissolve 2.6322 g. of sodium
chromate in 1000 cc. of distilled water. Each cubic centimeter
is equivalent to 0.02 per cent of chromium, when a 5-g. sample
is used.
Standard Potassium Permanganate. — Dissolve 2 g. of potas-
sium permanganate in 1000 cc. of distilled water. Stand-
ardize by using Bureau of Standards sodium oxalate/ and
dilute the solution with distilled water so that 1 cc. is equivalent
to 0.02 per cent chromium, when a 5-g. sample is taken.
The factor Na2C204— > Cr = 0.2584 (using the 1913 atomic
weights) .
Ferrous Sulfate. — Dissolve 25 g. of ferrous ammonium sulfate
in 900 cc. of distilled water and 100 cc. of sulfuric acid (1: 1).
Method.

In a 300-cc. Erlenmeyer flask, covered, dissolve 5 g. of steel

in 50 cc. of the hydrochloric acid. When completely dissolved,
add gradually the saturated solution of sodium carbonate until
practically all the free acid is neutralized; finish the neutraliza-
tion with the barium-carbonate suspension, using an excess of
about 1 g. of the carbonate. Boil the solution in the flask for
10 or 15 minutes, with the cover on. Filter the precipitate
rapidly on paper and wash twice with hot water. Transfer the
filter to a platinum crucible and after burning off the paper, fuse
the residue for 10 minutes with a mixture of 5 g. of sodium car-
bonate and 0.25 g. of potassium nitrate. Dissolve the fusion in
water, transfer to a beaker, add 2 cc. of 3-per-cent hydrogen
peroxide, boil a few minutes and filter. Complete the deter-
mination ofchromium in the filtrate by either of the following
procedures:
1 . If the solution is a strong yellow, add 10 cc. of sulfuric acid
(l : l), and then the ferrous-sulfate solution in measured excess.
Cool thoroughly and titrate with the standard-potassium-
permanganate solution. The number of cubic centimeters of
the potassium-permanganate solution obtained, subtracted from
the number corresponding to the volume of the ferrous-sulfate
^Circular No. 40. Bureau of Standards, Oct. 1, 1912.
272 Methods for Analysis of Carbon Steel.

solution used, will give the volume of the potassium-perman-

ganate solution equivalent to the chromium in the sample.
2. If the solution is a light yellow, cool the solution and
transfer to a 100-cc. Nessler tube. To another Nessler tube
add distilled water, and from a burette add the standard-
sodium-chromate solution until the yellow colors match.
Note.
If procedure No. 1 is used, all hydrogen peroxide must be destroyed by
boiling before acidifying, otherwise chromic acid will be reduced at this stage.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association for Testing Materials.

STANDARD METHODS
FOR

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF ALLOY STEELS.

Serial Designation: A 55-15.

These methods are issued under the fixed designation A 55; the final
number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case of revision, the year
of last revision.
Adopted, 1915.

NICKEL STEEL.
DETERMINATION OF CARBON.
See the Determination of Carbon in Plain Carbon Steel
by the Direct-Combustion Method.^
DETERMINATION OF MANGANESE.
See the Determination of Manganese in Plain Carbon Steel
by the Bismuthate Method. ^
See the Determination of Manganese in Plain Carbon Steel
by the Persulfate Method (Routine). ^
1 Standard Methods for Chemical Analysis of Plain Carbon St«el (Serial Designation :
A 33). p. 249.

(273)
274 Methods for Analysis of Alloy Steels.

DETERMINATION OF PHOSPHORUS.
See the Determination of Phosphorus in Plain Carbon Steel
by the Molybdate-Magnesia Method. ^

See the Determination of Phosphorus in Plain Carbon Steel

by the Alkalimetric Method (Routine).^
DETERMINATION OF SULFUR.
See the Determination of Sulfur in Plain Carbon Steel by
the Oxidation Method.^

See the Determination of Sulfur in Plain Carbon Steel by

the Evolution-Titration Method (Routine).^
Notes.
The Evolution-Titration Method should not be used with steels con-
taining appreciable amounts of tungsten, or of copper or other metals
precipitated by hydrogen sulfide from acid solutions.
The annealing of the steel drillings has been found b}^ a number of
investigators to increase the degree of refinement of the method.

DETERMINATION OF SILICON.
See the Determination of Silicon in Plain Carbon Steel by
the Nitro-Sulfuric Method.^

See the Determination of Silicon in Plain Carbon Steel by

the Sulfuric-Acid Method (Optional). ^
DETERMINATION OF NICKEL.
See the Determination of Nickel in Plain Carbon Steel by
the Gravimetric Dimethylgloxime Method.^

See the Determination of Nickel in Plain Carbon Steel by

the Volumetric Dimethylgloxime Method (Routine).^
I Standard Methods for Chemical Analysis of Plain Carbon Steel (Serial Designa-
tion: A 33). p. 249.
 SERLA.L Designation: A 55-15. 275
DETERMINATION OF NICKEL
BY THE

ETHER EXTRACTION - CYANIDE TITRATION METHOD.

(Optional Routine.)

Solutions Required.
Hydrochloric Acid. — ]Mix 600 cc. of hydrochloric acid, sp.
gr. 1.20, and 400 cc. of distilled water.
Nitric Acid. — Mix 1000 cc. of nitric acid, sp. gr. 1.42, and
1200 cc. of distilled water.
Potassium Iodide. — Dissolve 20 g. of potassium iodide in
1000 cc. of distilled water.
Silver Nitrate. — Dissolve 0.5 g. of silver nitrate in 1000 cc.
of distilled water.
Standard Potassium Cyanide. — Dissolve 4.589 g. of potas-
sium cyanide in 1000 cc. of distilled water. Standardize the
solution by the procedure described below, against a steel of
known nickel content as determined by the gravimetric dimethyl-
gloxime method, so that 1 cc. is equivalent to 0.10 per cent nickel
on the basis of a 1-g. sam.ple (see note).
Method.

In a 150-cc. beaker dissolve 1 g. of the steel in 20 cc. of

the hydrochloric acid, add about 2 cc. of nitric acid, sp. gr.
1.42, to oxidize the iron, and boil to expel the oxides of nitrogen.
Cool, and transfer the solution into an 8-oz. separatory funnel,
rinsing the beaker with small portions of the hydrochloric acid.
Add 50 cc. of ether, shake for 5 minutes, let settle for 1 minute,
and then draw off lower clear solution into another 8-oz. sepa-
ratory funnel. Add 10 cc. of h3-drochloric acid, sp. gr. 1.20, to
the solution in the first separator}' funnel, cool, shake thor-
oughly, allow to settle for 1 minute, and then draw off the lower
clear solution into the second separatory funnel. To the com-
bined solutions in the second separatory funnel add 50 cc. of
ether, shake for 5 minutes, let settle for 1 minute, and then draw
off the clear layer into a 150-cc. beaker. Heat the aqueous
276 Methods for Analysis of Alloy Steels.

solution gently to expel the ether, add 0.2 g. of potassium

chlorate, boil until chlorate is decomposed, dilute to 100 cc.
with hot water, make faintly ammoniacal, and boil for 5 min-
utes. Filter and wash with hot water. To the filtrate add
10 cc. of hydrochloric acid, sp. gr. 1.20, heat just short of boiling
and precipitate the copper with hydrogen sulfide. Filter and
wash with hot water. Boil the filtrate to expel hydrogen
sulfide, reducing the volume by evaporation to approximately
100 cc, cool, and make solution distinctly ammoniacal, add
10 cc. each of the silver-nitrate and potassium-iodide solutions,
and titrate with the standard-potassium-cyanide solution to a
clear solution.
Note.
Bureau of Standards Standard Steel No. 33, is recommended for stand-
ardizing the potassium-cyanide solution.

CHROME-NICKEL STEEL.

DETERMINATION OF CARBON.

See the Determination of Carbon by the Direct-Combustion

Method.i
DETERMINATION OF MANGANESE
BY THE

ZINC OXIDE - BISMUTHATE METHOD.

Solutions Required.
Sulfuric Acid. — Mix 200 cc. of sulfuric acid, sp. gr. 1.84,
and 800 cc. of distilled water.
Nitric Acid. — Mix 500 cc. of nitric acid, sp. gr. 1.42, and
1500 cc. of distilled water.
• Standard Methods for Chemical Analysis of Plain Carbon Steel (Serial Designation:
A 33). p. 249.
 Serial Designation: A 55-15. 277

Nitric Acid for Washing. — Mix 30 cc. of nitric acid, sp. gr.
1.42, and 970 cc. of distilled water.
Sodium Carbonate. — A saturated solution; approximately
60 g. of sodium carbonate and 100 cc. of distilled water.
Zinc Oxide. — Twenty grams of zinc oxide (dry process)
suspended in 100 cc. of distilled water (see notes)
Stock Sodium Arsenite. — To 15 g. of arsenious oxide (AS2O3)
in a 300-cc. Erlenmeyer flask, add 45 g. of sodium carbonate
and 150 cc. of distilled water. Heat the flask and contents on
a water bath until the arsenious oxide is dissolved, cool the
solution and make up to 1000 cc. with distilled water.
Standard Sodium Arsenite. — ^Dilute 300 cc. of the stock-
sodium-arsenite solution to 1000 cc. with distilled water and
titrate against potassium-permanganate solution (about N/IO)
which has been standardized by using Bureau of Standards
sodium oxalate.^ Titrate 10-cc. portions of the permanganate
solution, to each of which have been added 50-cc. portions of
the nitric acid. A clear green color free from brownish or
purplish tints will be found a satisfactory and reproducible end-
point. Adjust the solution so that 1 cc. is equivalent to 0.10 per
cent of manganese on the basis of a 1-g. sample.
The factor Na2C204—>Mn = 0.1 6397 (using the 1913 atomic
weights).
Method.

In a platinum or porcelain dish of 300-cc. capacity, to

2.5 g. of the steel add 40 cc. of the sulfuric acid, cover with a
watch glass, and heat until the steel "is dissolved. Add about
4 cc. of nitric acid, sp. gr. 1.42, to oxidize the iron and evaporate
slowly until copious fumes of sulfuric acid are evolved. Cool,
add 100 cc. of hot water, heat with frequent stirring until all
salts are dissolved, then transfer the solution into a volumetric
500-cc. flask. Add the sodium-carbonate solution until near
neutrahty, and the precipitate formed dissolves with difflculty,
then add small portions of the zinc-oxide suspension, shaking
vigorously after each addition, until after settling of the coag-
ulated precipitate, the supernatant liquid is practically clear.
Cool, and make up to the mark with water. Mix thoroughly by
pouring the entire contents of the flask into a large, dry beaker,
^Circular No. 40, Bureau of Standards, Oct. 1, 1912
278 Methods for Analysis of Alloy Steels.

and back again to the flask, repeating several times. Allow

the precipitate to settle, filter off 200 cc. of the solution into
a 300-cc. Erlenmeyer flask, add 25 cc. of the nitric -acid solution,
and boil to expel the oxides of nitrogen. Cool, add 0.5 g.
of sodium bismuthate and heat for a few minutes, or until the
pink color has disappeared, with or without the precipitation of
manganese dioxide. Add small portions of ferrous sulfate (or
other suitable reducing agent) in sufficient quantity to clear
the solution, and boil to expel the oxides of nitrogen. Cool to
15° C, add an excess of sodium bismuthate and agitate for a
few minutes. Let settle and filter through an alundum filter
or asbestos pad, washing with the 3-per-cent nitric acid. Titrate
immediately with the standard-sodium-arsenite solution to the
disappearance of the pink color.
Notes.

In the method, the preliminary treatment with sodium bismuthate has

been fotmd by a number of investigators to be apparently unnecessary;
however the available data to confirm this position are not considered suf
ficient to warrant its omission.
In making the asbestos filter pad it is advisable to have a thin bed and
as much surface as possible. This insures rapid filtration and the filter may
be used until it becomes clogged with bismuthate.
The filtrate must be perfectly clear since the least particle of bismuthate
carried through the filter wiU vitiate the results.
The zinc-oxide reagent should be free from manganese, or a correction
applied if it is present.
DETERMINATION OF MANGANESE
* BY THE

MODIFIED BISMUTHATE METHOD.

(Routine.)

Solutions Required.
Nitric Acid. — Mix 500 cc. of nitric acid, sp. gr. 1.42, and
1500 cc. of distilled water.
Nitric Acid for Washing. — Mix 30 cc. of nitric acid, sp. gr.
1.42, and 970 cc. of distiUed water.
Stock Sodium Arsenite. — To 15 g. of arsenious oxide (AS2O3)
in a 300-cc. Erlenme3'er flask, add 45 g. of sodium carbonate
and 150 cc. of distilled water. Heat the flask and contents on
 Serial Designation: A 55-15. 279

a water bath until the arsenious oxide is dissolved, cool the

solution and make up to 1000 cc. with distilled water.
Standard Sodium Arsenite. — Dilute 300 cc. of the stock-
sodium-arsenite solution to 1000 cc. with distilled water and
titrate against potassium-permanganate solution (about N/IO)
which has been standardized by using Bureau of Standards
sodium oxalate.^ Titrate 10-cc. portions of the permanganate
solution, to each of which have been added 50-cc. portions of the
nitric acid. A clear green color free from brownish or purplish
tints will be found a satisfactory and reproducible end-point.
Adjust the solution so that 1 cc. is equivalent to 0.10 per cent
of manganese on the basis of a 1-g. sample.
The factor Na2C204—>Mn = 0.1 6397 (using the 1913 atomic
weights).
Method.
In a 300-cc. Erlenmeyer flask dissolve 1 g. of the steel in
50 cc. of the nitric acid, and boil to expel the oxides of nitrogen.
Cool to 60-70° C, add about 0.5 g. of sodium bismuthate,
and heat for a few minutes, or until the pink color has disap-
peared, with or without the precipitation of manganese dioxide.
Add sufhcient sulfurous acid or scdium sulfite to clear the solu-
tion and to reduce all of the chromic acid. Cool to approxi-
mately 0° C. in ice water, add an excess of sodium bismuthate
and agitate. After 30 seconds standing, filter rapidly through
an alundum filter or asbestos pad, washing with 3-per-cent nitric
acid previously cooled in ice water to approximately 0° C.
Titrate immediately with the standard-sodium-arsenite solution
to the disappearance of the pink color.

Notes
In the method, the preHminary treatment with sodium bismuthate has
been found by a number of investigators to be apparently unnecessary;
however, the available data to confirm this position are not sufficient to
warrant its omission.
In making the asbestos filter pad it is advisable to have a thin bed,
and as much surface as possible. This insures rapid filtration, and the
filter may be used until it becomes clogged with bismuthate.
The filtrate must be ice cold and perfectly clear, since any appreciable
rise of temperature aloove 0° C, or the least particle of bismuthate carried
through the filter will vitiate the results.

^Circular No. 40, Bureau of Standards, Oct. I, 1912.

280 Methods for Analysis of Alloy Steels.

See the Determination of Manganese in Plain Carbon

Steel by the Persulfate Method.^
Note.
In making the titration special care should be given to standardizing the
end-point reading, and the reading should be corrected by a blank, which
varies with the amount of chromium present.

DETERMINATION OF PHOSPHORUS.

See the Determination of Phosphorus in Plain Carbon Steel

by the Molybdate-Magnesia Method.^

See the Determination of Phosphorus in Plain Carbon Steel

by the Alkalimetric Method.*

DETERMINATION OF SULFUR.

See the Determination of Sulfur in Plain Carbon Steel by

the Oxidation Method.*

See the Determination of Sulfur in Plain Carbon Steel by

the Evolution-Titration Method (Routine).*
Notes.

The Evolution-Titration Method should not be used with steels con-

taining appreciable amounts of tungsten, or of copper or other metals
precipitated by hydrogen sulfide from acid solutions.
The annealing of the steel drillings has been found by a number of
investigators to increase the degree of refinement of the method.

DETERMINATION OF SILICON.

See the Determination of Silicon in Plain Carbon Steel by

the Nitro-Sulfuric Method.*

See the Determination of Silicon in Plain Carbon Steel by

the Sulfuric- Acid Method (Optional).*
•Standard Methods for Chemical Analysis of Plain Carbon Steel (Serial Designation:
 Serial Designation: A 55-15. 281
DETERMINATION OF CHROMIUM
BY THE

FUSION METHOD.

Solutions Required.

Sulfuric Acid. — Mix 1000 cc. of sulfuric acid, sp. gr. 1.84,
and 3000 cc. of distilled water.
Sodium Carbonate. — A saturated solution; approximately
60 g. of sodium carbonate and 100 cc. of distilled water.
Magnesium Carbonate. — Ten grams of finely di\dded mag-
nesium carbonate suspended in 100 cc. of distilled water.
Barium Carbonate. — Ten grams of finely di\ided barium
carbonate suspended in 100 cc. of distilled water.
Nitric Acid. — Mix 1000 cc. of nitric acid, sp. gr. 1.42, and
1200 cc. of distilled water.
Potassium-Ferricyanide Indicator. — Dissolve 0.1 g. of potas-
sium ferricyanide in 50 cc. of distilled water (see notes).
Standard Potassium Bichromate. — Dissolve 5 g. of potassium
bichromate in 1000 cc. of distilled water, standardize against
pure ferrous ammonium sulfate, and adjust to tenth-normal.
Ferrous Sulfate. — Dissolve 25. g. of ferrous ammonium
sulfate in 900 cc. of distilled water and 100 cc. of sulfuric
acid (1 :1).
Method.

In a 300-cc. Erlenmeyer flask, covered, dissolve 1 g. of the

steel in 50 cc. of the sulfuric acid (see notes). When com-
pletely dissolved, add 50 to 75 cc. of hot water, then gradually
the sodium-carbonate solution until near neutrality, then add
an excess of the magnesium-carbonate suspension (see notes),
and boil vigorously for 15 minutes, with the cover on, adding
fresh portions of the carbonate suspension during this time, so
that there is present in the solution at the end of the operation
an excess of 2 to 3 g. of the carbonate. Let settle and pour the
supernatant liquid on a rapid filter, washing by dccantation
twice with cold water, pouring the washings through the filter.
Transfer the filter to a platinum crucible and after burning off
282 Methods for Analysis of Alloy Steels.

the paper, fuse the residue for 10 minutes with a mixture of 5 g.

of sodium carbonate and 0.25 g. of potassium nitrate. Dissolve
the fusion in water, transfer to a bealsier, add 2 cc. of 3-per-cent
hydrogen peroxide, boil a few minutes and filter. Add 20 cc. of
the sulfuric acid, stir vigorous^, cool and titrate against the
standardized ferrous-sulfate solution, using the potassium-
ferricyanide solution as outside indicator, or add at once a
measured amount (in excess) of the ferrous-sulfate solution, and
titrate back against the potassium-bichromate solution, using
the same indicator.

Notes.

The solution of the steel may be in hydrochloric acid, sp. gr. L20 or any
other desired strength, adjusting the amount of acid used to avoid a large
excess being present.
Barium-carbonate suspension may be substituted for the magnesium
carbonate suspension when hydrochloric acid is used as solvent.
All hydrogen peroxide must be destroyed by boiling before acidifying,
otherwise chromic acid will be reduced at this stage.
The insoluble residue remaining after extraction of the fusion should be
examined for chromium.
The potassium-ferricyanide indicator should be prepared fresh on the
day it is used.
The ferrous-sulfate solution should be standardized on the day it is
used.
In titrating with the ferrous-sulfate solution it is convenient to divide
the solution, roughly titrate one portion, add the other and finish carefully.

DETERMINATION OF CHROMIUM
BY THE

CHLORATE METHOD.

(Routine.)

Solutions Requlred.

Nitric Acid. — Mix 1000 cc. of nitric acid, sp. gr. 1.42, and
1200 cc. of distilled water.
Potassium-Ferricyanide Indicator. — Dissolve 0.1 g. of potas-
sium ferricyanide in 50 cc. of distilled water (see notes].
 Serial Designation: A 55-15. 283

Stavdard Potassium Bichromate. — Dissolve 5 g. ol potassium

bichromate in 1009 cc. of distilled water, and standardize
against pure ferrous ammonium sulfate, and adjust to tenth-
normal.
Standard Potassium Permanganate. — Dissolve 2 g. of potas-
sium permanganate in 1000 cc. of distilled water. Standardize
by using Bureau of Standards sodium oxalate.' Adjust the
solution so that 1 cc. is equivalent to 0.10 per cent chromium on
the basis of a 1-g. sample. The factor Na2C204 — >Cr = 0.2584
(using the 1913 atomic weights).
Ferrous Sulfate. — Dissolve 25 g. of ferrous ammonium sul-
fate in 900 cc. of distilled water and 100 cc. of sulfuric acid
(1:1).

Method.

In a 300-cc. Erlenme3'er flask dissolve 1 g. of the steel in

30 cc. of the nitric acid, and evaporate rapidly to approximately
one-half volume. Add 50 cc. of nitric acid, sp. gr. 1.42, and
add 1 g. of sodium chlorate (see notes). Evaporate by boiling
to approximately one-half volume and complete the determina-
tion by either of the following procedures:
1. Dilute the solution with 100 cc. of distilled water and
filter off the manganese dioxide, using suction, washing with
hot water. Cool the filtrate, dilute with cold water to 600-cc.
volume, and titrate against the standard-ferrous-sulfate solu-
tion, using the potassium-ferricyanide solution as outside
indicator, or add at once a measured amount (in excess) of the
ferrous-sulfate solution and titrate back against the standard-
potassium-bichromate solution, using the same indicator.
2. Add 10 cc. of hydrochloric acid (1:1) and boil until the
solution is clear and all manganese dioxide dissolved. Cool,
dilute the solution with water to 300-cc. volum^e, add the ferrous-
sulfate solution in measured amount (in excess), and titrate back
with the standard-potassium-permanganate solution to a per-
manent pink color.
Circular No. 4U, Bureau of Standards, Oct. I, 1912.
284 Methods for Analysis of Alloy Steels.

Notes.

The potassium-ferricyanide indicator should be prepared fresh on the

day it is used.
The ferrous-sulfate solution should be compared on the day it is used,
with the standard-potassium-pennanganate or standard-potassium-bichromate
solutions.
Potassium chlorate may be used as oxidizing agent in the place of sodium
chlorate.
In titrating with the ferrous-sulfate solution it is convenient to divide
the solution, roughly titrate one portion, add the other and finish carefully.

DETERMINATION OF CHROMIUM

BY THE

PERMANGANATE OXIDATION METHOD.

(Optionai, Routine.)

Solutions Required.

Sulfuric Acid. — Mix 1000 cc. of sulfuric acid, sp. gr. 1.84,
and 3000 cc. of distilled water.
Nitric Acid.— Mix 1000 cc. of nitric acid, sp. gr. 1.42, and
1200 cc. of distilled water.
Potassium Permanganate.— Dissolve. 25 g. of potassium
permanganate in 1000 cc. of distilled water.
Standard Potassium Permanganate. — Dissolve 2 g. of potas-
sium permanganate in 1000 cc. of distilled water. Standardize
by using Bureau of Standards sodium oxalate.^ Adjust the
solution so that 1 cc. is equivalent to 0.10 per cent chromium
on the basis of a 1-g. sample.
The factor Na2C204—>Cr = 0.2584 (using the 1913 atomic
weights) .
Ferrous Sulfate. — Dissolve 25 g. of ferrous ammonium
sulfate in 900 cc. of distilled water and 100 cc. of sulfuric
acid (1 : l).
^Circular No. JfO, Bureau of Standards, Oct. 1, 1912.
 Serial Designation: A 55 - 15. 285

Method.

In a 300-cc. Erlenmeyer flask, dissolve 1.25 g. (procedure

No. l) or 1 g. (procedure No. 2) of the steel in 50 cc. of the
sulfuric acid. When completely dissolved, add 5 cc. of the
nitric acid, and boil until clear and free from oxides of nitrogen.
Dilute with hot water to approximately 150-cc. volume, heat,
and while boiling add the potassium-permanganate solution
slowly until a permanent brown precipitate appears (see notes).
Complete the determination by either of the following pro-
cedures:
1. Add 25 cc. of ammonium hydroxide, sp. gr. 0.90, shake
well, place on the cooler part of the hot plate to avoid bumping.
Shake occasionally and digest for about 15 minutes, or until the
permanganate is all decomposed, then add cautiously 20 cc. of
the sulfuric acid and bring gently to a boil. Cool the solution
and pour into a volumetric 250-cc. flask. Make up to mark
with cold water and mix thoroughly. Allow precipitate to
settle, filter off 200 cc. of the clear solution (equal to 1 g.), add
the ferrous-sulfate solution in mea,sured amount (in excess) and
titrate back with the standard-potassium-permanganate solu-
tion to a permanent pink color. The number of cubic centi-
meters of the standard-potassium-permanganate solution ob-
tained, subtracted from the number corresponding to the
volume of the ferrous-sulfate solution used, will give the
volume of the standard-potassium-permanganate solution equiv-
alent to the chromium in the sample.
2. Add 10 cc. of hydrochloric acid (l: l), and boil until
the solution is clear and all manganese dioxide dissolved. Cool,
dilute the solution with water to 300-cc. volume, add the ferrous-
sulfate solution in measured amount (in excess), and titrate
back with the standard-potassium-permanganate solution to
a permanent pink color.
Notes.

In oxidizing with the potassiam-permanganate solution care should be

taken to avoid a large excess, since the manganese-dioxide precipitate tends
to hold the chromic acid.
In the solution of the manganese dioxide under procedure No. 2, the
boiling should be continued until all chlorine fumes are expelled.
The ferrous-sulfate solution should be compared on the day it is used
with the standard-potassium -permanganate solution.
286 Methods for Analysis of Alloy Steels.

DETERMINATION OF NICKEL.
See the Determination of Nickel in Plain Carbon Steel by
the Gravimetric Dimethylgloxime Method.^

See the Determination of Nickel in Plain Carbon Steel by

the Volumetric Dimethylgloxime Method (Routine).^

VANADIUM STEEL.
DETERMINATION OF CARBON.
See the Determination of Carbon in Plain Carbon Steel by
the Direct- Combustion Method.^

DETERMINATION OF ' MANGANESE.

See the Determination of Manganese in Chrome-Nickel
Steel by the Zinc Oxide-Bismuthate Method. ^
For the Routme Determination of Manganese, see the
Determination of Manganese in Plain Carbon Steel by the
Bismuthate Method.^

DETERMINATION OF PHOSPHORUS
BY THE

MODIFIED MOLYBDATE - MAGNESIA METHOD

Solutions Required.
Nitric Acid. — Mix 1000 cc. of nitric acid, sp. gr. 1.42, and
1200 cc. of distilled water.
Nitric Acid for Washing. — Mix 20 cc. of nitric acid, sp. gr.
1.42, and 1000 cc. of distilled water.

» Standard Methods for Chemical .Analysis of Plain Carbon Steel (Serial Designa-
tion: A 33), p. 249.
3 Page 276,
 Serial Designation: A 55-15. 287

Potassium Permanganate.— Dissolve 25 g. of potassium

permanganate in 1000 cc. of distilled water.
Sodium Bisulfite. — ^Dissolve 30 g. of sodium bisulfite in
1000 cc. of distilled water.
Ammonium Molybdate. — Solution No. 1. — Place in a beaker
100 g. of 85-per-cent molybdic acid, mix it thoroughly with
240 cc. of distilled water, add 140 cc. of ammonium hydroxide,
sp. gr. 0.90, filter, and add 60 cc. of nitric acid, sp. gr. 1.42.
Solution No. 2. — Mix 400 cc. of nitric acid, sp. gr. 1.42,
and 960 cc. of distilled water.
When the solutions are cold, add solution No. 1 to solution
No. 2, stirring constantly; then add 0.1 g. of ammonium phos-
phate dissolved in 10 cc.'of distilled water, and let stand at least
24 hours before using.
Magnesia Mixture. — Dissolve 50 g. of magnesium chloride
and 125 g. of ammonium chloride in 750 cc. of distilled water,
and then add 150 cc. of ammonium hydroxide, sp. gr. 0.90.
Ammonium Hydroxide, Approximately 10-per-cent. — Mix
1000 cc. of ammonium hydroxide, sp. gr. 0.90, and 2000 cc. of
distilled water.
Ferrous Sulfate. — ^A saturated solution ; approximately 40 g.
of ferrous sulfate and 100 cc. of distilled water.

Method.

In a 300-cc. Erlenmeyer flask dissolve 5 g. of steel in 75 cc.

of the nitric acid. Heat, and while boiling add about 12 cc. of
the potassium-permanganate solution, and continue boiling until
manganese dioxide precipitates. Dissolve the precipitate by
additions of the sodium-bisulfite solution, boil until clear and
free from oxides of nitrogen. Cool to 15-20° C, add 5 cc. of the
ferrous-sulfate solution, and 2 or 3 drops of concentrated
sulfurous acid, and then 100 cc. of the ammonium-molybdate
solution. Let stand 1 minute, shake or agitate thoroughly for
5 minutes, filter on a 9-cm. paper and wash at least 3 times with
the 2-per-cent nitric-acid solution to free from iron.
Treat the precipitate on the filter with the 10-per-cent
ammonium-hydroxide solution, letting the solution run into a
100-cc. beaker containing 10 cc. of hydrochloric acid, sp. gr.
288 Methods for Analysis of Alloy SteelS.

1.20, and 0.5 g. of citric acid; add 30 cc. of ammonium hydrox-

ide, sp. gr. 0.90, cool, and then add 10 cc. of the magnesia
mixture very slowly, while stirring the solution vigorously. Set
aside in a cool place for 2 hours, filter and wash with the 10-
per cent ammonium-hydroxide solution. Ignite and weigh.
Dissolve the precipitate of magnesium pyrophosphate with 5 cc.
of nitric acid, sp. gr. 1.20, and 20 cc. of water, filter and wash
with hot water. Ignite and weigh. The difference in weights
represents pure magnesium pyrophosphate containing 27.84
per cent of phosphorus.
Note.

The ammonium-molybdate solution should be kept in a cool place and

should always be filtered before using.

DETERMINATION OF .PHOSPHORUS
BY THE

MODIFIED ALKALIMETRIC METHOD.

(Routine.)

Solutions Required.

Nitric Acid. — Mix 1000 cc. of nitric acid, sp. gr. 1.42, and
1200 cc. of distilled water.
Nitric Acid for Washing. — Mix 20 cc. of nitric acid, sp. gr.
1.42, and 1000 cc, of distilled water.
Potassium Permanganate. — Dissolve 25 g. of potassium per-
manganate in1000 cc. of distilled water.
Sodium Bisulfite. — Dissolve 30 g. of sodium bisulfite in
1000 cc. of distilled water.
Ammonium Molyhdate. — Solution No. 1. — Place in a beaker
100 g. of 85-per-cent molybdic acid, mix it thoroughly with
240 cc. of distilled water, add 140 cc. of ammonium hydroxide,
sp. gr. 0.90, filter, and add 60 cc. of nitric acid, sp. gr. 1.42.
Solution No. 2. — Mix 400 cc. of nitric acid, sp. gr. 14.2,
and 960 cc. of distilled water.
 Serial Designation: A 55-15. 289

When the solutions are cold, add solution No. 1 to solu-

tion No. 2, stirring constantly; then add 0.1 g. of ammonium
phosphate dissolved in 10 cc. of distilled water, and let stand
at least 24 hours before using.
Ferrous Sulfate. — A saturated solution; approximately 40 g.
of ferrous sulfate and 100 cc. of distilled water.
Potassium Nitrate, 1-per-cent. — Dissolve 10 g. of potassium
nitrate in 1000 cc. of distilled water.
Phenolphthalein Indicator. — Dissolve 0.2 g, of phenol-
phthalein in 50 cc. of 95-per-cent ethyl alcohol and 50 cc. of
distilled water.
Standard Sodium Hydroxide. — Dissolve 6.5 g. of purified
sodium hydroxide in 1000 cc. of distilled water, add a slight
excess of 1-per-cent solution of barium hydroxide, let stand for
24 hours, decant the liquid, and standardize it against a steel
of known phosphorus content, as determined by the molybdate-
magnesia method, so that 1 cc. will be equivalent to 0.01 per
cent of phosphorus on the basis of a 2-g. sample (see notes).
Protect the solution from carbon dioxide with a soda-lime tube.
Standard Nitric Acid. — Mix 10 cc. of nitric acid, sp. gr.
1.42, and 1000 cc. of distilled water. Titrate the solution
against the standardized sodium hydroxide, using phenol-
phthalein asindicator, and make it equivalent to the sodium
hydroxide by adding distilled water.

Method.

In a 300-cc. Erlenmeyer flask dissolve 2 g. of steel in 50 cc.

of the nitric acid. Heat, and while boiling add 6 cc. of the
potassium-permanganate solution and continue boiling until
manganese dioxide precipitates. Dissolve this precipitate by
additions of the sodium-bisulfite solution, boil until clear and
free from oxides of nitrogen, cool to 15-20° C, add 5 cc. of the
ferrous-sulfate solution and 2 or 3 drops of concentrated sul-
furous acid, and then 50 cc. of the ammonium-molybdate solu-
tion. Let stand for 1 minute, shake or agitate for 5 minutes,
filter on a 9-cm. paper, wash the precipitate three times with
the 2-per-cent nitric-acid solution to free it from iron, and con-
tinue the washing with the 1-per-cent potassium-nitrate solution
until the precipitate and flask are free from acid.
290 Methods for Analysis of Alloy Steels.

Transfer the paper and precipitate to the solution flask,

add 20 cc. of distilled water (see notes), 5 drops of phenol-
phthalein solution as indicator, and an excess of the standard-
sodium-hydroxide solution. Insert a rubber stopper and shake
vigorously until solution of the precipitate is complete. Wash
off the stopper with distilled water and determine the excess of
standard-sodium-hydroxide solution by titrating with standard-
nitric-acid solution. Each cubic centimeter of standard-sodium-
hydroxide solution represents 0.01 per cent of phosphorus.
Notes.
The ammoniiun-molybdate solution should be kept in a cool place and
should always be filtered before using.
All distilled water used in titration should be freed from carbon dioxide
by boiling or otherwise.
Bureau of Standards Standard Steel No. 24 is recommended as a suitable
steel for standardizing the sodium-hydroxide solution.

DETERMINATION OF SULFUR.
See the Determination of Sulfur in Plain Carbon Steel by
the Oxidation Method.^

See the Determination of Sulfur in Plain Carbon Steel by

the Ev jlution-Titration Method (Routine).^
Notes.
The Evolution-Titration Method should not be used with steels con-
taining appreciable amounts of tungsten, or of copper or other metals
precipitated by hydrogen sulfide from acid solutions.
The annealing of the steel drillings has been found by a number of
investigators to increase the degree of refinement of the method.

DETERMINATION OF SILICON.
See the Determination of Silicon in Plain Carbon Steel by
the Nitro-Sulfuric Method.^
See the Determination of Sihcon in Plain Carbon Steel by
the Sulfuric- Acid Method (Optional).^
* Standard Methods for Chemical Analysis of Plain Carbon Steel (Serial Designation :
A 33), p. 249.
 Serial Designation: A 55 - 15. 291
DETERMINATION OF VANADIUM
BY THE

PHOSPHOMOLYBDATE- PRECIPITATION METHOD.

Solutions Required.
Nitric Acid. — Mix 1000 cc. of nitric acid, sp. gr. 1,42, and
1200 cc. of distilled water.
Nitric Acid for Washing. — Mix 20 cc. of nitric acid, sp. gr.
1.42, and 1000 cc. of distilled water.
Potassium Permanganate. — Dissolve 25 g. of potassium
permanganate in 1000 cc. of distilled water.
Sodium Bisulfite. — Dissolve 30 g, of sodium bisulfite in
1000 cc. of distilled water.
Ammonium Phosphate. — Dissolve 50 g. of ammonium phos-
phate in 1000 cc. of distilled water.
Ammonium Molyhdate. — Solution No. 1. — Place in a beaker
100 g. of 85-per-cent molybdic acid, mix it thoroughly with 240
cc. of distilled water, add 140 cc. of ammonium hydroxide,
sp. gr. 0.90, filter, and add 60 cc. of nitric acid, sp. gr. 1.42.
Solution No. 2. — Mix 400 cc. of nitric acid, sp. gr. 1.42,
and 960 cc. of distilled water.
When the solutions are cold, add solution No. 1 to solu-
tion No. 2, stirring constantly; then add 0.1 g. of ammonium
phosphate dissolved in 10 cc. of distilled water, and let stand
at least 24 hours before using.
Acid Ammonium Sulfate. — Mix 50 cc. of sulfuric acid,
sp. gr. 1.84, and 950 cc. of distilled water, and when cold add
15 cc. of ammonium hydroxide, sp. gr. 0.90. Use at a tem-
perature of80° C.
Standard Potassium Permanganate. — Dissolve 0.35 g. of
potassium permanganate in 1000 cc. of distilled water, and
standardize by using Bureau of Standards sodium oxalate.^
Adjust the solution so that 1 cc. is equivalent to 0.02 per cent
vanadium on the basis of a 2.5-g. sample.
The factor Na2C204—>V = 0.7612 (using the 1913 atomic
weights).
^Circuhr No- 40, Bureau of Standards, Oct. 1, 1912.
292 Methods for Analysis of Alloy Steels.

Method.

In a 300-cc. Erlenmeyer flask dissolve 2.5 g. of steel in

50 cc. of the nitric acid. Heat, and while boiling add 6 cc.
of the potassium-permanganate solution and continue boiling
until manganese dioxide precipitates. Dissolve the precipitate
by additions of the sodium-bisulfite solution and boil until
clear and free from oxides of nitrogen. Add 5 cc. of the am-
monium-phosphate solution and 10 g. of ammonium nitrate,
heat to boiUng, remove from the plate and add immediately
50 cc. of the anunonium-molybdate solution. Let stand 1
mmute, shake or agitate for 3 minutes, filter the supernatant
liquid by suction through an asbestos filter, and wash three
times with the hot acid ammonium-sulfate solution. The flask
containing the bulk of the precipitate is then set under the
funnel fitted into a bell-jar filter and the asbestos pad is treated
with successive small portions of hot sulfuric acid, sp. gr. 1.84.
The solution is then heated until the precipitate is completely
dissolved, a few drops of the nitric acid added, and the heating
continued until copious fumes of sulfuric acid are evolved.
Cool the solution, add hydrogen peroxide in small quantities,
with vigorous shaking after each addition, until the solution
takes on a deep brown color. Replace flask on the hot plate,
fume for 4 or 5 minutes, cover the flask, cool, add 100 cc. of
distilled water, heat to 80° C. and titrate with the standard-
potassium-permanganate solution to a permanent pink color.

Note.

If, after the addition of hydrogen peroxide and subsequent heating, the
solution does not take on a clear green or blue color, it should be heated
until fumes of sulfuric acid are evolved to rid of any traces of nitric acid
which interferes with the reduction, then cooled and the treatment with
hydrogen peroxide repeated-
 Serial Designation: A 55-15. 293

DETERMINATION OF VANADIUM
BY THE

ETHER EXTRACTION -HYDROCHLORIC - ACID

REDUCTION METHOD.
(Routine.)

Solutions Required.
Hydrochloric Acid. — Mix 600 cc. of hydrochloric acid, sp.
gr. 1.20, and 400 cc. of distilled water.
Nitric Acid. — Mix 1000 cc. of nitric acid, sp. gr. 1.42, and
1200 cc. of distilled water.
Sulfuric Acid. — Mix 500 cc. of sulfuric acid, sp. gr. 1.84,
and 500 cc. of distilled water.
Potassium Permanganate. — Dissolve 25 g. of potassium
permanganate in 1000 cc. of distilled water.
Standard Potassium Permanganate. — Dissolve 0.35 g. of
potassium permanganate in 1000 cc. of distilled water, and
standardize by using Bureau of Standards sodium oxalate.^
Adjust the solution so that 1 cc. is equivalent to 0.02 per cent
vanadium on the basis of a 2.5 g. sample.
The factor Na2C204— >V = 0.7612 (using the 1913 atomic
weights).
Method.

In a 150-cc. beaker dissolve 2.5 g. of the steel in 50 cc. of

the hydrochloric acid, add small portions of the nitric acid to
oxidize the iron, and heat to expel the oxides of nitrogen. Cool,
and transfer the solution into an 8-oz. separatory funnel, rins-
ing the beaker with small portions of the hydrochloric acid.
Add 50 cc. of ether, shake for 5 minutes, let settle for 1 minute,
and then draw off lower clear solution into another 8-oz. separa-
tory funnel. Add 10 cc. of hydrochloric acid, sp. gr. 1.20, to the
solution in the first separatory funnel, shake thoroughly, allow
to settle for 1 minute, and then draw off the lower clear solution
into the second separatory funnel. To the combined solutions
in the second separatory funnel add 50 cc. of ether, shake for
» Circular No. 40, Bureau of Standards. Oct. 1, 1912.
294 Methods for Analysis of Alloy Steels.

5 minutes, let settle for 1 minute, and then draw off the clear
layer into a 150-cc. beaker. Heat the aqueous solution gently to
expel the ether, add 25 cc. of the sulfuric acid, and heat until
copious fumes are- evolved. Cool, dilute with 25 cc. of water,
add a slight excess of the potassium-permanganate solution,
and boil. Add 15 cc. of hydrochloric acid, sp. gr. 1.20, and
heat to fuming for 10 minutes. Cool, add 100 cc. of water,
heat to 80° C, and titrate with the standard-potassium-perman-
ganate solution to a permanent pink color.
Note.

In heating the sokxtion to exjjel oxides of nitrogen care should be taken

not to boil.

CHROME - VANADIUM STEEL.

DETERMINATION OF CARBON
See the Determination of Carbon in Plain Carbon Steel
by the Direct-Combustion Method.^
DETERMINATION OF MANGANESE.
See the Determination of Manganese in Chrome-Nickel
Steel by the Zinc Oxide-Bismuthate Method. ^
See the Determination of Manganese In Chrome-Nickel
Steel by the Modified Bismuthate Method.^
DETERMINATION OF PHOSPHORUS.
See the Determination of Phosphorus in Vanadium Steel by
the Modified Molybdate-Magnesia Method.*
See the Determination of Phosphorus in Vanadium Steel
by the Modified Alkalimetric Method (Routine).^
> Standard Methods for Chemical Analysis of Plain Carbon Steel (Serial Designation:
A 33). p. 249.
s Page 276.
» Page 278.
* Page 286.
» Page 288.
 Serial Designation: A 55-15. 295
DETERMINATION OF SULFUR.
See the Determination of Sulfur in Plain Carbon Steel by
the Oxidation Method.^
See the Determination of Sulfur in Plain Carbon Steel by
the Evolution-Titration Method (Routine).^
Notes.
The Evolution-Titration Method should not be used with steels con-
taining appreciable amounts of tungsten, or of copper or other metals
precipitated by hydrogen sulfide from acid solutions.
The annealing of the steel drillings has been found by a number of
investigators to increase the degree of refinement of the method.

DETERMINATION OF SILICON.
See the Determination of SiHcon in Plain Carbon Steel by
the Nitro-Sulfuric Method.'
See the Determination of SiHcon in Plain Carbon Steel by
the Sulfuric- Acid Method (Optional).'

DETERMINATION OF CHROMIUM
BY THE

FUSION METHOD.

Solutions Required.
Sulfuric Acid. — Mix 1000 cc. of sulfuric acid, sp. gr. 1.84,
and 3000 cc. of distiUed water.
Sodium Carbonate. — ^A saturated solution; approximately
60 g. of sodium carbonate and 100 cc. of distilled water.
Magnesium Carbonate. — Ten grams of finely divided mag-
nesium carbonate suspended in 100 cc. of distilled water.
Barium Carbonate. — Ten grams of finely divided barium
carbonate suspended in 100 cc. of distilled water.

1200 Nitric
cc. of Acid. — Mix
distilled 1000 cc. of nitric acid, sp. gr. 1.42,' and
water.
'Standard Methods for Chemical Analysis of Plain Carbon Steel (Serial Designation:
A 33), p. 249,
296 Methods for Analysis of Alloy Steels.

Potassium -Ferricyanide Indicator. — Dissolve 0.1 g. of potas-

sium ferricyanide in 50 cc. of distilled water (see notes).
Staiidard Potassium Bichromate. — Dissolve 5 g. of potas-
sium bichromate in 1000 cc. of distilled water, standardize
against pure ferrous ammonium sulfate, and adjust to tenth-
normal.
Ferrous Sulfate. — Dissolve 25 g. of ferrous ammonium sul-
fate in 900 cc, of distilled water and 100 cc. of sulfuric acid
(1:1). The strength of this solution should be expressed in
terms of chromium and vanadium.

Method.
In a 300-cc. Erlenmeyer flask, covered, dissolve 1 g. of the
steel in 50 cc. of the sulfuric acid (see notes). When completely
dissolved, add 50 to 75 cc. of hot water, then gradually the
sodium-carbonate solution until near neutrality, and then add
an excess of the magnesium-carbonate suspension (see notes),
and boil vigorously for 15 minutes, with the cover on, adding
fresh portions of the carbonate suspension during this time,
so that there is present in the solution at the end of the opera-
tion an excess of 2 to 3 g. of the carbonate. Let settle and pour
the supernatant liquid on a rapid filter, washing by decaritation
twice with cold water, pouring the washings through the filter.
Transfer the filter to a platinum crucible and after burning off
the paper, fuse the residue for 10 minutes with a mixture of
5 g. of sodium carbonate and 0.25 g. of potassium nitrate.
Dissolve the fusion in water, transfer to a beaker, add 2 cc.
of 3-per-cent hydrogen peroxide, boil a few minutes and filter.
Add 20 cc. of the sulfuric acid, stir vigorously, cool and titrate
against the standardized ferrous-sulfate solution, using the
potassium ferricyanide as outside indicator, or add at once a
measured amount (in excess) of the ferrous-sulfate solution and
titrate back against the standard-potassium-bichromate solu-
tion, using the same indicator.
From the number of cubic centimeters of the standard-fer-
rous-sulfate solution required deduct the number of cubic centi-
meters of the standard-ferrous-sulfate solution equivalent to the
vanadium in the steel, as determined by the Phosphomolybdate-
 Serial Designation: A 55-15. 297

Precipitation Method for Vanadium Steel/ and the result will

be the number of cubic centimeters of the standard-ferrous-
suKate solution equivalent to the chromium in the steel.

Notes.

The solution of the steel may be in hydrochloric acid, sp. gr. 1.20 or
any other desired strength, adjusting the amount of acid used to avoid a
large excess being present.
Barium-carbonate suspension may be substituted for the magnesium-
carbonate suspension when' hydrochloric acid is used as solvent.
All hydrogen peroxide must be destroyed by boiling before acidifying,
otherwise chromic acid will be reduced at this stage.
The insoluble residue remaining after extraction of the fusion should be
examined for chromium.
The potassium-ferricyanide indicator should be prepared fresh on the
day it is used.
The ferrous-sulfate solution should be standardized on the day it is
used.
In titrating with the ferrous-sulfate solution it is convenient to divide
the solution, roughly titrate one portion, add the other and finish carefully.

DETERMINATION OF CHROMIUM
BY THE

CHLORATE METHOD.

(Routine.)

Solutions Required.
Nitric Acid.^S/Lix 1000 cc. of nitric acid, sp. gr. 1.42, and
1200 cc. of distilled water.
Potassium Ferricyanide Indicator. — Dissolve 0. 1 g. of potas-
sium ferricyanide in 50 cc. of distilled water (see notes).
Standard Potassium Bichromate. — Dissolve 5 g. of potas-
sium bichromate in 1000 cc. of distilled water, standardize
against pure ferrous ammonium sulfate, and adjust to tenth-
normal.
Standard Potassium Permanganate. — Dissolve 0.5 g. of potas-
sium permanganate in 1000 cc. of distilled water. Standardise
'Page 291.
298 Methods for Analysis of Alloy Steels.

by using Bureau of Standards sodium oxalate.^ Adjust the

solution so that 1 cc. is equivalent to 0.05 per cent vanadium
on the basis of a 1-g. sample.
The factor Na2C204— >V = 0.7612 (using the 1913 atomic
weights) .
Ferrous Sulfate. — Dissolve 25 g. of ferrous ammonium sul-
fate in 900 cc. of distilled water and 100 cc. of sulfuric acid
(l :l). The strength of this solution should be expressed in
terms of chromium and vanadium.

Method.

In a 300-cc. Erlenmeyer flask dissolve 1 g. of the steel in

30 cc. of the nitric acid, and evaporate rapidly to approximately
one-half volume. Add 50 cc. of nitric acid, sp. gr. 1.42, and
1 g. of sodium chlorate (see notes). Evaporate by boiUng
to one-half volume, dilute with 100 cc. of water and filter off
the manganese dioxide, using suction, washing with hot water.
Cool the solution to room temperature and complete the deter-
mination byeither of the following procedures:
1. Titrate against the ferrous-sulfate solution, using the
potassium-ferricyanide solution as outside indicator (see notes).
From the number of cubic centimeters of the ferrous-sulfate
solution required deduct the number of cubic centimeters of
the ferrous-sulfate solution equivalent to the vanadium in the
steel, as determined by the Phosphomolybdate-Precipitation
Method for Vanadium Steel,^ and the result will be the num-
ber of cubic centimeters of the ferrous-sulfate solution equivalent
to the chromium in the steel.
2. Titrate against the ferrous-sulfate solution, using the
potassium-ferricyanide solution as outside indicator (see notes).
Cool to 15° C. and titrate against the standard-potassium-
permanganate solution to a pink color permanent for 10 seconds.
Deduct the number of cubic centimeters of the standard-potas-
sium-permanganate solution consumed, which gives a direct
measure of the vanadium content of the steel, from the first
titration; the remainder will represent the chromium content
of the steel.
^Circular No. 40, Bureau of Standards, Oct. 1, 1912,
• Page 291,
 Serial Designation: A 55-15. 299
Notes.
The potassium-ferricyanide indicator should be prepared fresh on the
day it is used.
The ferrous-sulfate solution should be compared on the day it is used
with the standard-potassium-permanganate or potassium-bichromate solutions.
Potassium chlorate may be used as ozidizing agent in the place of
sodium chlorate.
In titrating with the ferrous-sulfate solution it is convenient to divide
the solution, roughly titrate one portion, add the other and finish carefully.

DETERMINATION OF VANADIUM.
See the Determination of Vanadium in Vanadium Steel
by the Phosphomolybdate-Precipitation Method.^

DETERMINATION OF VANADIUM
BY THE

ETHER EXTRACTION - HYDROCHLORIC - ACID REDUCTION

METHOD.
(Routine.)

Solutions Required.
Hydrochloric Acid. — Mix 500 cc. of hydrochloric acid, sp.
gr. 1.20, and 500 cc. of distilled water.
Standard Potassium Permanganate. — Dissolve 2 g. of potas-
sium permanganate in 1000 cc. of distilled water, and stand-
ardize by using Bureau of Standards sodium oxalate.^ Adjust
the solution so that 1 cc. is equivalent to 0.10 per cent van-
adium on the basis of when a 5-g. sample.
The factor Na2C204—>V = 0.7612 (using the 1913 atomic
weights) .

Method.

In a 150-cc. beaker, dissolve 5 g. of the steel in 6T) cc. of

the hydrochloric acid, add small portions of nitric acid, sp.-gr.
1.42, to oxidize the iron, avoiding an excess, and heat to expel
1 Page 291.
"^Circular No. .',0, Bureau of Standards, Oct. I, 1912.
300 Methods for Analysis of Alloy Steels.

the oxides of nitrogen. Cool, and transfer the solution into an

8-oz. separatory funnel, rinsing the beaker with small portions of
the hydrochloric acid. Add 50 cc. of ether, shake for 5 minutes,
let settle for 1 minute, and then draw off lower clear solution
into another separatory funnel. Add 10 cc. of hydrochloric
acid, sp. gr. 1.20, to the solution in the first separatory funnel,
shake thoroughly, allow to settle for 1 minute, and then draw
off the lower clear solution into the second separatory funnel.
To the combined solution in the second separatory funnel add
50 cc. of ether, shake for 5 minutes, let settle for 1 minute, and
then draw off the clear layer into a 150-cc. beaker. Heat the
aqueous solution gently to expel the ether, evaporate to approxi-
mately one-fourth original volume, add 0.5 g. of potassium
chlorate and boil down to a volume of 10 cc. Add 25 cc. of
hydrochloric acid, sp. gr. 1.20, and again evaporate to 10 cc.
Add 20 cc. of sulfuric acid, sp. gr. 1.84, and evaporate until
copious fumes of sulfuric acid are evolved. Cool, dilute with
water to 100-cc. volume, and titrate against the standard potas-
sium permanganate to a pink color permanent for 10 seconds.
Deduct the chromium blank and the remainder is equivalent
to the vanadium content of the steel.

Note.
If much chromium relative to the vanadium is present the result will
be high due to the oxidation of a portion of the chromium by the perman-
ganate, and should be corrected by a blank which varies with the amount
of the chromium present. This blank is conveniently made by putting a
suitable amoimt of a chrome or chrome-nickel steel, free from vanadium,
through the above process. By using varying amoimts of this steel, so as
to vary the chromium correspondingly, a curve may be constructed showing
the relation between amount of chromium present and the amount of blank,
and this curve can then be used in all subsequent work.
 Serial Designation: A 55-15. 301

SILICO - MANGANESE STEEL.

DETERMINATION OF CARBON.
See the Determination of Carbon in Plain Carbon Steel
by the Direct- Combustion Method.^
DETERMINATION OF MANGANESE.
See the Determination of Manganese in Plain Carbon Steel
by the Bismuthate Method.^
See the Determination of Manganese in Plain Carbon Steel
by the Persulfate Method (Routine).^
DETERMINATION OF PHOSPHORUS.
See the Determination of Phosphorus in Plain Carbon
Steel by the Molybdate-Magnesia Method.^
See the Determination of Phosphorus in Plain Carbon Steel
by the Alkalimetric Method (Routine).^
DETERMINATION OF SULFUR.
See the Determination of Sulfur in Plain Carbon Steel
by the Oxidation Method.^
See the Determination of Suhur in Plain Carbon Steel by
the Evolution-Titration Method (Routine).^
Notes.
The Evolution-Titration Method should not be used with steels con-
taining appreciable amounts of tungsten, or of copper or other metals
precipitated by hydrogen sulfide from acid solutions.
The annealing of the steel drillings has been foimd by a number of
investigators to increase the degree of refinement of the method.

DETERMINATION OF SILICON.
See the Determination of SiHcon in Plain Carbon Steel by
the Nitro-Sulfuric Method. ^

See the Determination of Silicon in Plain Carbon Steel' by

the Sulfuric- Acid Method (Optional). ^
» Standard Methods for Chemical Analysis of Plain Carbon Steel Serial Designation ;
A 33), p. 249.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
-PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFU^IATED WITH THE

International Assoclvtion for Testing Materials.

RECOMIMENDED PRACTICE
FOR
ANNEALING OF MISCELLANEOUS ROLLED AND
FORGED CARBON-STEEL OBJECTS.
Serial Designation: A 35-11.
This recommended practice is issued under the fixed designation A 35;
the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case of revision,
the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1911.

1. Purpose and General Procedure. — The usual purpose in

annealing miscellaneous forged or rolled carbon-steel objects is
to remove existing coarseness of grain. This removal is brought
about by heating the object to an annealing temperature, which
varies with the carbon content of the metal. But the rate at which
the object cools from this annealing temperature influences its
properties very profoundty. Hence this rate of cooling should be
suited to the duties which the object has to perform in service, and
hence to the properties which we seek to give it.
Therefore these specifications first consider the aimealing
temperature to which the piece must be heated in order to remove
existing coarse grain, and then the rate of cooling from that
temperature.
Under certam special conditions an annealing is required in
order to remove, not coarseness of grain, but the effects of rolling
or otherwise working the metal at a temperature so low as to
set up serious internal stress. Appropriate treatment for these
conditions is given in Section 14.
(302)
 Serial Designation: A 35-11. 303

As these specifications are intended to apply to a great variety

of miscellaneous (i])jects, the)- arc i)urposely made suggestive
rather than mandatory in many respects, because no single set
of rules can be applied rigorously to such widely var3dng classes
of objects and purposes.
Annealing for Removing Existing Coarse Grain.
2. Method of Heating. — In the case of large objects, the
heating of the interior of which lags behind that of the outside,
though the early part of the heating may if desired be rapid,
the final approach to the annealing temperature aimed at should
be slow, so that the interior may be brought fully up to it with-
out carrying the exterior far beyond it, because in general any
needlessly high temperature is injurious, and tends to re-coarsen
the grain. The temperature should be held long enough at the
aimealing point to insure that the whole of the interior reaches
that point, and that the refining of the grain may become com-
plete. An exposure of one hour should be long enough for
pieces 12 in. thick. Thicker pieces need a longer heating.
3. Control of Temperature. Pyrometers. — For all important
work in careful hands the use of some trustworthy pyrometer is
strongly recommended. But most pyrometers should be checked
frequently against some standard. For those who are unwilling
to take this trouble it is safer to rely on a trained eye than on an
unchecked pyrometer. The operator should have clearly before
him the fact that no pyrometer indicates the temperature of the
interior of the object heated, and that the temperature which
most pyrometers indicate is one between the temperature of the
outside of the object heated and the temperature of the flame
which is supplying the heat. Wherever practicable the part of
the pyrometer which is supposed to reach the temperature of the
object heated should be in immediate contact with that object,
and should be protected from the flame or other source of heat
by a suitable insulation, as for instance by covering it with sand.
In important cases the gas or other source of heat should be
shut off for at least ten minutes before taking the observation.
4. Control Without the Use of a Pyrometer. — In working
without a pyrometer and relying on the eye, the light surround-
ing the furnace should be dull, and should be kept as nearly
constant as practicable, in order that the eye may not be misled
304 Recommended Practice for Annealing.

by the changing contrasts between the surrounding Ught and

that of the object heated. In particular, direct sunlight should
be excluded, and any arc or other strong Hghts should be so
placed that neither they themselves nor any concentrated part
of their light is in the field of the operator's sight when he is
estimating by eye the temperature of the objects to be annealed.
Allowance should be made for the brighter surroundings by day
than at night, and on sunny than on dark days.
5. Magnetic Indications. — The annealing temperature for
steels containing between 0.50 and 0.90 per cent of carbon is
that at which the metal suddenly ceases to be magnetic. This
fact may sometimes be used for the purpose of fixing or verify-
ing the annealing temperature.
6. Annealing Temperature. — In general, the higher the car-
bon content the lower should be the annealing temperature.
Hence different temperatures are given for different ranges of
carbon content. Further, in order to bring the interior of large
objects up to an effective annealing temperature, their outside may
often be raised advantageously somewhat above that temperature.
Hence for each range of carbon content a range of temperature is
given. The upper limit of this range appHed (l) to larger objects,
and (2) to the lower part of the range of carbon content given.
The following ranges of temperature should be used for the
several ranges of carbon content indicated. They refer to the usual
moderate manganese content. For steels with a manganese content
greater than 0.75 per cent slightly lower temperatures sufl&ce.
Range of Carbon Content. Range of Annealing Temperature.
Less than 0. 12 per cent 875 to 925° C. (1607-1697° F.)
0.12 to 0.29 " 840" 870 " (1544-1598 ")
0.30" 0.49 " 815" 840 " (1499-1544 ")
0.50" 1.00 " 790" 815 " (1454-1499 ")
7. Care in Heating. — Care should be taken that all parts of
the object reach the same temperature. To that end it may be
necessary to mask from the heat, by means of bricks, the
thinner part of objects of varying thickness. When the heating
is nearly finished, these bricks may be removed. In particular
the flame should never be allowed to touch any part of the
object under treatment.
8. Cooling. — ^After the object has been held at the aimealing
temperature long enough to make its temperature nearly uniform
throughout, and to complete the refining of the grain, it should
 Serial Designation: A 35-11. 305

he cooled in a way suited to its carbon content and to giving it

the specific properties needed. The general principles are : first,
the higher the carbon the slower should be the cooling; and
second, the slower the cooling the softer and more ductile the
metal will be, and the lower will be its tensile strength, elastic
Hmit, and yield point. The greatest softness and ductiHty are
obtained at a certain sacrifice of strength and elasticity, and the
greatest strength and elasticity at a certain sacrifice of soft-
ness and ductility.
For most purposes neither of these extremes is desired, and
it is not only sufficient as regards quality but economical to
remove the object from the furnace as soon as it has been thor-
oughly annealed, and to allow it to cool in air, always com-
pletely protected not only from rain and snow but from sharp
drafts of air. Objects containing more than 0.50 per cent of
carbon should cool more slowly till the color dies out, say at
500° C. (932° F.), as for instance by leaving them in the furnace.
They may then be removed and cooled in air. Further, thin
objects containing between 0.25 and 0.50 per cent of carbon
should be treated like those of 0.50 per cent of carbon, unless
they can be so massed together that their collective bulk will
retard their cooling, so that they will collectively cool even in
air with moderate slowness, like single large objects.
Special Annealing Methods.
9. The foregoing methods are economical because they
release the furnaces early for further use. In case special qual-
ities are desired the following methods may be used:
10. To Give the Greatest Softness and Ductility of which the
metal is capable, even at a certain sacrifice of strength and
elastic limit, for instance for ease of machining or to resist a
small number of severe distortions, the metal should be cooled
slowly, either within the furnace, or in the case of large objects,
under a cover of lime, clay, or other slow conductor of heat.
The slower the cooling and the lower the temperature to which
slow cooling is carried, the softer and weaker will be the steel.
But for most cases for which even unusual softness and ductility
are required, it suffices to remove the object from the furnace
when it has become dead black, and to cool it thenceforth in air.
11. To Give Great Tensile Strength and High Elastic Limit
even at a certain sacrifice of ductility, the cooling should be
306 Recommended Practice for Annealing.

more rapid, the rapidity to be governed by the thickness and

carbon content of the object. Thin objects and those with high
carbon content cannot stand so rapid a cooling as thick and low-
carbon ones, lest their ductiHty be too far sacrificed. For in-
stance, thick objects with less than 0.50 per cent of carbon may
be cooled completely in air, of course protected from rain or
snow. Objects with 0.50 per cent of carbon or more, and thin
objects with from 0.30 to 0.50 per cent of carbon, may be cooled
in air if their cooling is somewhat retarded, as for instance by
massing them together, as happens in the case of rails.
12. To Give an Unusually High Combination of Ductility
with Tensile Strength and Elastic Limit. Water or Oil Quenching
and Annealing. — This process needs great care and intelligence,
and should in general be used only by those familiar with high-
grade steels. After holding at the aimeaUng temperature suited
to the particular steel, as indicated in Section 6, the object is
quenched in oil, which should be kept in circulation. It may be
quenched in water if its carbon content is so low and its shape
so simple that it is not in danger of cracking or receiving per-
manently harmful stress. In any event the danger of such
cracking and stress is lessened by removing the object from the
oil or water before it has cooled completely, say when its tem-
perature has fallen to 160° C. (320° F.). It should if possible
not cool below 100° C. (212° F.) and certainly not below 20° C.
(68° F.). The annealing should begin within a very few hours
after the quenching and if possible without ever allowing the
piece to cool below 100° C. (212° F.) and certainly not below
20° C. (68° F.).
The steel thus hardened should next be annealed by heat-
ing to a temperature suited for giving the properties needed.
In general the higher this annealing goes, the more ductile will
the steel become, and the lower will be its strength and elastic limit.
For very high elastic limit and tensile strength, anneal at
500 to 650° C. (932 to 1202° F.). In this case the ductility will
be low. Some steels, such as watch-springs and shafting, are an-
nealed at3 5 0 ° C . Little commercial annealing is done below 5 00 ° C .
For intermediate tensile strength, elastic limit, and ductil-
ity, best suited to the majority of cases, anneal at 600 to 650° C.
(1112 to 1202° F.).
 Serial Designation: A 35-11. 307

For the greatest ductility, with good strength and elastic

limit, anneal at from 725 to 750° C. (1337 to 1382° F.).
The object should be held at this second annealing tempera-
ture long enough not only to allow its interior to reach it, but also
to relieve the stress given in the water or oU quenching. For
pieces of moderate thickness a 4-hour exposure should suf3&ce.
13. To Give a Moderate Increase of Strength and Elastic
Limit above that Given by a Simple Slow Cooling, without the Full
Sacrifice of Ductility which a Simple Air Cooling would Cause. —
After holding at the annealing temperature suited to the carbon
content, as indicated in Section 6, hasten the cooling till the
object is at a dull red, say 650° C. (1202° F.), and henceforth
cool slowly. The hastening of the cooling may be brought about
in the case of thin objects in relatively shallow furnaces by open-
ing the furnace door till the temperature falls to dull redness;
or by running the objects out into the air on a movable car-
bottom, and returning them to the furnace when they have
cooled to dull redness; or even, in the case of objects with not
over 0.30 per cent carbon and not too thin, by a temporary
immersion in oil or even water, followed by a return to the
furnace. In cases in which such operations are to be performed
frequently, special unfired chambers may be used for the final slow
cooling, thus lea\dng the annealing furnaces proper available for
their regular work. The results obtained in this way are not as
good as those obtained ^\ith the method described in Section 11.
14. Special Annealing to Remove the Effects of Rolling or
Otherwise Working the Object in the Cold or at any Unduly Low
Temperature. — The object should be heated to about 775° C.
(1427° F.) and cooled with a slowness which should' increase
with the thickness, that is, the least dimension of the piece. In
the case of thin plates a mere heating to 725° C. (1337° F.),
followed immediately by slow cooling, should sufiice. In the
case of thick forgings, in which much time may be needed to
allow severe stress to relieve itself, the sojourn at 775° C.
(1427° F.) may be prolonged for several hours, though always
at the cost of superficial decarburizing.
Such anneahng for steel containing less than 0.15 per cent
carbon should be at 900° C. (1652° F.). Great brittleness may
])e caused by annealing very low carbon steel in the neighbor-
hood of 700° C. (1292° F.), after cold working.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association for Testing Materials.

RECOMMENDED PRACTICE
FOR
ANNEALING OF CARBON-STEEL CASTINGS.

Serial Designation: A 36-14.

This recommended practice is issued under the fixed designation A 36;
the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case of revision,
the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1914.

1. The castings should preferably be sufficiently cleaned

of adhering sand before annealing to ensure thorough and uni-
form heating.
2. The castings should be heated slowly and uniformly to
temperatures varying with the carbon content of the steel,
approximately as follows:
Carbon, Temperature,
percent. dec. cent.
Up to 0.16 925
0.16 to 0.34 875
0.35 to 0.54 850
0.55 to 0.79 830

Nothing in these recommendations shall operate against

the temperatures aimed at being 50 and, in special cases, 100° C.
higher than those given in the table, when necessary to attain
the desired result.
3. The castings should be kept at the maximum temperature
a sufficient length of time to ensure the refining of the grain.
(308)
 Serial Designation: A 36-14. 309

In general, the heavier the sections of the casting, the longer

must be the time of exposure to the maximum temperature.
4. (a) The castings should be cooled slowly and uniformly
in the furnace, when it is desired that the steel shall possess the
maximum softness.
(b) The castings may be cooled at an accelerated rate, when
it is desired that the steel possess rather higher tensile strength
and elastic Umit than can be procured by very slow cooling.
This cooling must be so conducted as to leave the steel reasonably
free from cooUng stresses.
The manner of carrying out this accelerated cooling should be
such as will attain the desired result. For instance, the castings
may be withdrawn from the furnace and buried in a bed of mate-
rial that is a poor conductor of heat; or the annealing furnace
may be so thrown open that it will cool more rapidly than if left
closed. Should the castings be of such uneven section that they
cool at unequal rates at various points when the furnace is
opened, especially if the carbon of the steel is high, the furnace
should be closed after the castings have become black, and their
further cooHng so retarded that the stresses set up by the
unequal rates of cooling are relieved.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association for Testing Materials.

RECOMMENDED PRACTICE
FOR

HEAT TREATMENT OF CASE-HARDENED

CARBON-STEEI. OBJECTS.

Serial Designation: A 37-14.

This recommended practice is issued under the fixed designation A 37;
the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case of revision,
the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1914.

It is recommended that the following treatments be applied

to case-hardened carbon-steel objects according to requirements:
1. When hardness of case only is desired and lack of tough-
ness or even brittleness unimportant, the carburized objects may
be quenched from the carburizing temperature, as for instance,
by emptying the contents of the boxes in cold water or in oil.
Both the core and the case are then coarsely crystallin.
2. In order to reduce the hardening stresses and to decrease
the danger of distortion and cracking in the quenching bath,
the objects may be removed from the box and allowed to cool
before quenching to a temperature slightly exceeding the critical
range of the case, namely, 800 to 825° C, Both the core and
case remain coarsely crystallin.
3. To refine the case and increase its toughness, the car-
burized objects should be allowed to cool slowly in the carburiz-
ing box within the furnace or outside to 650° C. or below, and
should then be reheated to a temperature sUghtly exceeding the
(310)
 Serial Designation: A 37-14. 311

lower critical point of the case (in the majority of instances a

temperature varying in accordance with the carbon content
and thickness of the case between 775 and 825° C. will be
suitable), and quenched in water, or, for greater toughness but
less hardness, in oil. The objects should be removed from the
quenching bath before their temperature has fallen below 100° C.
This treatment is more especially to be recommended when the
carburizing temperature has not exceeded 900° C. It refines
the case but not the core.
4. To refine both the core and the case and to increase
their toughness, the objects should be allowed to cool slowly
from the carburizing temperature to 650° C. or below and
should then be (a) reheated to a temperature exceeding the
critical point of the core, which will generally be from 900 to
950° C, followed by quenching in water or in oil; and (b) before
they have cooled below 100° C.,' they should be reheated to a
temperature sHghtly exceeding the lower critical point of the
case (in the majority of instances a temperature varying in
accordance with the carbon content and thickness of the case
between
in 775oil.and 825° C. will be suitable), and again quenched
water or
5. In order to reduce the hardening stresses created by
quenching, the objects, as a final treatment, may be tempered
by reheating them to a temperature not exceeding 200° C.
> The objects should be removed from the quenching bath before they have cooled below
100° C. in order to lessen the danger of cracking, and they should be placed in the reheating
furnace while still at a temperature of at least 100° C. likewise to lessen the danger of crack-
ing, it being inadvisable (a) to allow steel to cool completely in the quenching bath and (6)
to place hardened steel in a hot furnace. Obviously, if the furnace is cold the hardened steel
may likewise be cold when placed in it for reheating.
 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association for Testing Materials.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR
LAP-WELDED CHARCOAL-IRON BOILER TUBES,
BOILER FLUES, SAFE ENDS, AND ARCH
TUBES FOR LOCOMOTIVES.

Serial Designation: A 38-16.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion A 38; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1912; Revised, 1916.

I. MANUFACTURE.
Process. 1. The tubes shall be made from knobbled, hammered
charcoal iroHo
II. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.
Bend Tests. 2. (o) Quench-beud Tests. — Strips § in. in wddth by 6 in.
in length, planed lengthwise from tubes, when heated to a cherry
red and quenched at once in water the temperature of which
is 80° F., shall bend in opposite directions at each end, as
shown in Fig. 1, without showing cracks or flaws.
Outside of Tube-- ^^^__^

V I • f
Inside
Fig. of
1. Tube--'

(6) Nick-hend Tests. — Strips ^ in. in width by 6 in. in

length, planed lengthwise from tubes, when nicked and broken
(312)
by light blows, shall show a wholly fibrous fracture.
 Serial Designation: A 38-16. 313

3. A test specimen 12 in. in length shall be heated for Expansion Tests

a length of 5 in. to a bright cherry red (1200-1400° F.),
placed in a vertical position, and a smooth tapered steel pin at
blue heat (600-800° F.) forced into the end of the tube by
pressure or by light blows of a 10-lb. hammer. Under this test
the tube shall expand to l| times its original diameter without
splitting or cracking. The pin shall be of tool steel and shall
have a taper of l| in. per foot of length.
4. A test specimen 2^ in. in length shall stand crushing Crush Tests,
longitudinally to a height ofl| in. without splitting in either
direction and without cracking or opening at the weld.
5. Each tube shall stand an internal hydraulic pressure of Hydraulic Tests,
between 500 and 750 lb. per sq. in.
6. In case of doubt as to the quality of material, the follow- Etch Tests."
ing test shall be made to detect the presence of steel. A cross-
section of tube shall be turned or ground to a perfectly true
surface, polished free from dirt or cracks, and etched until the
soft parts are sufficiently dissolved for the iron tube to show
a decided ridged surface, with the weld very distinct, while a
steel tube would show a homogeneous surface.
7. Test specimens shall consist of sections cut from a tube. Test Specimens.
They shall be smooth on the ends and free from burrs.
8. One tube from each lot of 250 or fraction thereof shall be Number of Tests
tested as specified in Sections 2, 3, and 4. Each tube shall be
tested as specified in Section 5.
9. If the results of the tests do not conform to the require- Retests.
ments specified in Sections 2, 3, or 4, retests of two additional
tubes from the same lot shall be made and each of these shall
conform to the requirements specified.

III. STANDARD MINIMUM WEIGHTS.

10. The standard minimum weights for tubes of various standard
outside diameters and thicknesses, are as indicated in Table I. *^*
IV. WORKMANSHIP AND FINISH.
11. (a) The finished tubes shall be circular within 0.02 in., Workmanship.
and the mean diameter shall not vary more than 0.015 in. from
'A solution of two parts water, one part concentrated hydrochloric acid, and one part
concentrated sulfuric acid is recommended for the etch test.
 3 14 Specifications for Lap-Welded Iron Boiler Tubes.

the size ordered. They shall not be shorter than the length
ordered, but may exceed it by 0.125 in.
(b) The thickness at any point shall not vary more than
0.01 in. from that specified, except at the weld, where an addi-
tional thickness of 0.015 in. shall be allowed.
Finish. 12. The finished tubes shall have a smooth surface, free from
laminations, cracks, blisters, pits, and imperfect welds, and
shall have a workmanHke finish. They shall be free from kinks,
bends and buckles, and evidences 2| of unequal contraction in
cooling or injury in Ifmanipulation.
Table I . — Standard Minimum Weights.

Thicknisss. Weight, lb. per ft. ot Length.

Outside Diameter, in.

In. Nearest
B. w. g. 2 H 3
4 5 51 5| 51 6
3i 4
0.095 13 1 65 2.14' 2.39
1.90
0.110 1.89
2.13 2.18 2.46! 2.75 Z.33
0.125 11
12 2.45 2.78 3.11 3.76 4;42
0.135 10 2.28 2.64 2.99 3.34 4.05 4.76 5.46
0.150 9 2.51 2.90 3.29 3.68 4.48 5.26 6.05 6!83 7.61 8.01 8.20 8.40 10.07
0.165 8 .... 4.03 4.90 5.76 8.35 8 78 9 00 9.21 9.18
0.180 7 .... 4.37 6.25 6.62 7.49 9.79 10.03 10.97
5.31 7.19 8.13 9.08 9.55
i

V. MARKING.
Marking.
13. "Knobbled charcoal, tested to 500 lb. pressure," shall
be legibly marked at the middle of the length of each tube.
VI. INSPECTION AND REJECTION.
Inspection 14. The inspector representing the purchaser shall have
free entry, at all times while work on the contract of the pur-
chaser is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's
works which concern the manufacture of the material ordered.
The manufacturer shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all
reasonable facihties to satisfy him that the material is being
furnished in accordance with these specifications. All tests and
inspection shall be made at the place of manufacture prior to
shipment.
Rejection. 15. Tubes when inserted in the boiler shall stand expanding
and beading without splitting or breaking. Tubes which fail
in this manner will be rejected, and the manufacturer shall be
notified.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association for Testing MaterialSc

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR
STAYBOLT IRON.

Serial Designation : A 39 - 14.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion A 39; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1910; Revised, 1912, 1914.
I. MANUFACTURE.
1. The iron shall be rolled from a bloom or boxpile, made Process.
whoUy from puddled iron or knobbled charcoal iron. The
puddle mixture and the component parts of the bloom or box-
pile shall be free from any admixture of iron scrap or steel.
2. (a) Bloom. — A bloom is a solid mass of iron that has Definition of
been hammered into a convenient size for rolling. ^^™^'
{h) Boxpile. — ^A boxpile is a pile, the sides, top and bottom
of which are formed by four flat bars and the interior of which
consists of a number of small bars the full length of the pile.
(c) Iron Scrap. — This term applies only to foreign or bought
scrap and does not include local mill products free from foreign
or bought scrap.
II. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.'
3. {a) The iron shall conform to the following requirements Tension Tests.
as to tensile properties :
' Committee A-2 on Wrought Iron, which prepared these specifications for presentation to
the Society, desires to call attention to the fact that the vibration test has been omitted from
the specifications. While recognizing its importance, the committee feels that the variations
in the results obtained by this test are so great that it is not advisable to include such a
requirement in the specifications until it has been carefully standardized. The. committee
means to institute further inquiries with the hope of reaching a sound basis for this test in
the measurably near future.

(315)
 316 SPECIFICAflONS FOR StAYBOLT IrON.

Tensile strength, lb. per sq. in 49 000 - 53 000

Yield point, min., " " 0.6 tens. str.
Elongation in 8 in., min., per cent 30
Reduction of area, " " 48
(J)) The yield point shall be determined by the drop of the
beam of the testing machine. The speed of the cross-head of
the machine shall not exceed 1^ in. per minute.
Bend Tests.
4. (a) Cold-hend Tests. — The test specimen shall bend cold
through 180 deg. flat on itself in both directions without fracture
on the outside of the bent portion.
{h) Quench-bend Tests. — The test specimen, when heated to
a yellow heat and quenched at once in water the temperature
of which is between 80° and 90° F., shall bend through 180 deg.
flat on itself without fracture on the outside of the bent portion.
(c) Nick-bend Tests. — The test specimen, when nicked 25
per cent around with a tool having a 60-deg. cutting edge, to
a depth of not less than 8 nor more than 16 per cent of the
diameter of the specimen, and broken, shall show a clean fiber
entirely free from crystalHzation.
(d) Bend tests may be made by pressure or by blows.
Etch Tests.' 5. The cross-section of the test specimen shall be ground or
poKshed, and etched for a sufficient period to develop the struc-
ture. This test shall show the material to have been rolled
from a bloom or a boxpile, and to be free frofn steel.
Test Specimens. 6. All test specimens shall be of the full section of material
as rolled.
Number of Tests. 7. (a) Bars of one size shall be sorted into lots of 100 each.
Two bars shall be selected at random from each lot or fraction
thereof, and tested as specified in Sections 3 and 4; but only one
of these bars shall be tested as specified in Section 5.
(b) If any test specimen from either of the bars originally
selected to represent a lot of material, contains surface defects
not visible before testing but visible after testing, or if a tension
test specimen breaks outside the middle third of the gage length,
one retest from a different bar will be allowed.
(c) When retests as specified in Paragraph (b) are not per-
mit ed, a reduction of 2 per cent in elongation and 3 per cent in
' A solution of two parts water, one part concentrated hydrochloric acid, and one part
concentrated sulfuric acid is recommended for the etch test.
 Serial Designation: A 39-14. 317

reduction of area from that specified in Section 3 (a) shall be

allowed.
III. PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS IN GAGE.
8. The bars shall be truly round within 0.01 in., and shall not Permissible
vary more than 0.005 in, above nor more than 0.01 in. below the Variations,
specified size.
IV. FINISH.
9. The bars shaU be smoothly rolled and free from slivers, Finish,
depressions, seams, crop ends, and evidences of being burnt.
V. MARKING.
10. The bars shall be stamped or marked as designated by Marking,
the purchaser.
VI. INSPECTION AND REJECTION.
11. (a) The inspector representing the purchaser shall have Inspection,
free entry, at all times while work on the contract of the pur-
chaser is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's
works which concern the manufacture of the material ordered.
The manufacturer shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all
reasonable facilities to satisfy him that the material is being
furnished in accordance with these specifications. Tests and
inspection at the place of manufacture shall be made prior to
shipment.
(b) The purchaser may make the tests to govern the accept-
ance or rejection of material in his own laboratory or elsewhere.
Such tests, however, shall be made at the expense of the pur-
chaser.
12. (a) If either of the test bars selected to represent a Rejection,
lot does not conform to the requirements specified in Sections 3,
4, 5, and 6, the lot will be rejected.
(b) Bars which will not take a clean, sharp thread with
dies in fair condition, or which develop defects in forging or
machining, will be rejected^and the manufacturer shall be notified.
 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
-PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association por Testing Materials.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR
ENGINE-BOLT IRON.

Serial Designation: A 40-13.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion A 40 ; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1912; Revised, 1913.

I. MANUFACTURE
Process. 1. The iron shall be made wholly from puddled iron and
shall be free from any admixture of iron scrap or steel.
Definition of
Terms. 2. Iron Scrap. — This term applies only to foreign or bought
scrap and does not include local mill products free from foreign
or bought scrap.
II. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.
Tension Tests. 3. {o) The iron shall conform to the following requirements
as to tensile properties:
Tensile strength, lb. per sq. in 50 000 - 54 000
(See Section 4)
Yield point, min., lb. per sq. in 0.6 tens. str.
Elongation in 8 in., min., per cent 25
Reduction of area, " " 40
(6) The yield point shall be determined by the drop of the
beam of the testing machine. The speed of the cross-head of the
machine shall not exceed 1^ in. (318)
per minute.
 Serial Designation: A 40 - 13. 319

4. For material over Ij sq. in. in section,

a deduction inModifications
Tensile
Strength.
of 2000 lb. per sq. in. from the tensile strength specified in "^ Tensile
Section 3 shall be made.
5. (a) Cold-bend Tests. — The test specimen shall bend cold Bend Tests,
through 180 deg. around a pin the diameter of which is equal
to the diameter of the specimen, without fracture on the outside
of the bent portion.
(b) Hot-bend Tests. — The test specimen, when heated to a
bright cherry red, shall bend through 180 deg. fiat on itself
without fracture on the outside of the bent portion.
(c) Nick-bend Tests. — The test specimen, w^hen nicked 25
per cent around with a tool having a 60-deg. cutting edge, to
a depth of not less than 8 nor more than 16 per cent of the diame-
ter of the specimen, and broken, shall show a wholly fibrous frac-
ture.
(d) Bend tests may be made by pressure or by blows.
6. The cross-section of the test specimen shall be ground Etch Tests.'
or polished, and etched for a sufi&cient period to develop the
structure. This test shall show the material to be free from
steel.
7. (a) Tension test specimens shall be of the full section of Test specimens,
material as rolled, if possible. Otherwise, the specimens shall be
taken from the material as rolled; for bars 2^ in. or less in diameter,
the axis of the specimen shall coincide with the axis of the bar;
for bars over 2| in. in diameter, the axis of the specimen shall be
located at any point one-half the distance from the center to the
surface and shall be parallel to the axis of the bar; and the speci-
mens shall be turned to a diameter of 1 in. for a length of at least
9 in., with enlarged ends.
(b) Bend and etch test specimens shall be of the full section
of material as rolled; except that for bars over l| in. in diameter,
the cold-bend test specimen may be machined to not less than
1 sq. in. in section.
8. (a) Bars of one size shall be sorted into lots of 100 each. Number of Tests
Two bars shall be selected at random from each lot or fraction
thereof, and tested as specified in Sections 3 and 5; but only
one of these bars shall be tested as specified in Section 6.
• A solution of two parts water, one part concentrated hydrochloric acid, and one part
concentrated sulfuric acid Ls recommended for the etch test.
 320 Specifications for Engine-Bolt Iron.

(b) If any test specimen from either of the bars originally

selected to represent a lot of material, contain surface defects
not visible before testing but visible after testing, or if a tension
test specimen breaks outside the middle third of the gage length,
one retest from a different bar will be allowed.

III. PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS IN GAGE.

Permissible 9. The bars shall conform to the standard hmit gages adopted
Variations.
by the Master Car Builders' Association, as given in Table I.^
Table I.— Standard Limit -EGages.
nd,

Large Size, Small Size, Total

Nominal Diameter of Bars, + End, Variation,
in.
in. in.
in.
1 0.2450 0.010
0.2550
5 0.3180 0.011
4 0.3070
3
16 0.3810 0.3690 0.012
7 • 0.4310
8 0.4440 0.013
1 0.5070 0.4930
16 0.014
9 0.5550 0.015
2 0.5700
5
16 0.6330 0.6170 0.016
3 0.017
8 0.7585 0.7415
7 0.8660
4 • 0.8840
1.0095 0.018
18 0.9905 0.019
ll8 1.1350 1.1150
0.020
ll4 1.2605 1.2395 0.021
;
a8 1.3860 1.3640
1.5115 1.4885 0.023
0.022 •
^h
1| 1.6370 1.6130
8 0.024
ll 1.7625 1.7375 0.025
4
ll8 ; 1.8880 1.8620 0.026

Round bars 2 in. in diameter and over shall be rolled to nominal diameter.

IV. FINISH.
Finish. 10. The bars shall be smoothly rolled and free from slivers,
depressions, seams, crop ends, and evidences of being burnt.
See
1 Adopted by the Master Car Builders' Association in 1883 and revised in 1911.
Proceedings, Master Car Builders' Assoc, Vol. 49, Part 2, pp. 956-957 (1915).
 Serial Designation: A 40-13. 321
V. MARKING.
11. The bars shall be stamped or marked as designated by Marking,
the purchaser.
VI. INSPECTION AND REJECTION.
12. (a) The inspector representing the purchaser shall have inspection,
free entry, at all times while work on the contract of the pur-
chaser isbeing performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's
works which concern the manufacture of the material ordered.
The manufacturer shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all
reasonable facilities to satisfy him that the material is being
furnished in accordance with these specifications. Tests and
inspection at the place of manufacture shall be made prior to
shipment.
(b) The purchaser may make the tests to govern the ac-
ceptance or rejection of material in his own laboratory or else-
where. Such tests, however, shall be made at the expense of
the purchaser.
13. (a) If either of the test bars selected to represent a lot Rejection,
does not conform to the requirements specified in Sections 3, 4, 5.
and 6, the lot will be rejected.
(b) Bars which develop defects in forging or machining will
be rejected, and the manufacturer shall be notified.
 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association for Testing Materials.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR
REFINED WROUGHT-IRON BARS.

Serial Designation: A 41 - 13.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion A 41; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case ,
of revision, the j^ear of last revision.
Adopted, 1912; Revised, 1913.
I. MANUFACTURE.

Process. 1. Refined wrought-iron bars shall be made wholly from

puddled iron, and may consist either of new muck-bar iron or a
mixture of muck-bar iron and scrap, but shall be free from any
admixture of steel.
II. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.
Tension Tests. 2. (o) The iron shall conform to the following minimum
requirements as to tensile properties:
Tensile strength, lb. per sq. in 48 000
(See Sections 3 and 4)
Yield point, lb. per sq. in 25 000
Elongation in 8 in., per cent 22
(See Section 5)
(b) The yield point shall be determined by the drop of the
beam of the testing machine. The speed of the cross-head of the
machine shall not exceed 1^ in. per minute.
Permissible 3. Twenty per cent of the test specimens representing one
TensUe strength, size may show tensile strengths 1000 lb. per sq. in. under or
(322)
 Serial Designation: A 41-13. 323 •

5000 lb. per sq. in. over that specified in Section 2; but no speci-
men shall show a tensile strength under 45,000 lb. per sq. in.
4. For flat bars which have to be reduced in width, a deduc- Modifications ir
tion of 1000
Sections 2 andlb.3 per from the tensile strength specified m TensUe strengti
shallsq.bein.made.
5. Twenty per cent of the test specimens representing one Permissible
size may show the following percentages of elongation in 8 in.: Elongation.

Round Bars.

I in. or over, tested as rolled 20 per cent

Underpin., " " " 16 "
Reduced by machining 18 "
Flat Bars.

I in. or over, tested as rolled 18 per cent

Under fin., ' 16 "
Reduced by machining 16 "

6. (a) Cold-hend Tests. — Cold-bend tests will be made only Bend Tests,
on bars having a nominal area of 4 sq. in. or under, in which
case the test specimen shall bend cold through 1 80 deg. without
fracture on the outside of the bent portion, around a pin the
diameter of which is equal to twice the diameter or thickness
of the specimen.
(b) Hot-bend Tests. — The test specimen, when heated to
a temperature between 1700° and 1800° F., shall bend through
180 deg. without fracture on the outside of the bent portion, as
follows: For round bars under 2 sq. in. in section, flat on it-
self; for round bars 2 sq. in. or over in section and for all flat
bars, around a pin the diameter of which is equal to the diameter
or thickness of the specimen.
(c) Nick-bend Tests. — The test specimen, when nicked 25
per cent around for round bars, and along one side for flat
bars, with a tool having a 60-deg. cutting edge, to a depth of
not less than 8 nor more than 16 per cent of the diameter or
thickness of the specimen, and broken, shall not show more
than 10 per cent of the fractured surface to be crystallin.
(d) Bend tests may be made by pressure or by blows,
 324 Specifications for Refined Wrought-Iron Bars.

Etch Tests.! 7^ The cross-section of the test specimen shall be ground

or polished, and etched for a sufficient period to develop the
structure. This test shall show the material to be free from
steel.
Test specimens. 8. (o) Tension and bend test specimens shall be of the full
section of material as rolled, if possible. Otherwise, the speci-
-End,
Table I.— Standard Limit Gages.
Large Size, Small Size,
Nominal Diameter of Bars, Variation,
Total
+End,

1 0.2550 0.010
0.2450
5 0.3180 0.3070 0.011

0.3810 0.3690 0.012

7 0.4440 0.4310 0.013
1 4"
16" 0.5070 0.4930 0.014
9 0.5700 0.5550
5. 0.015
0.6330 0.6170
16' 0.016
3 0.7585
¥•• 0.7415
0.017
16" 0.8840 0.8660 0.018

1... 8 • 1.0095 0.9905 0.019

1.1350 1.1150
4"" 0.020
1.2605 1.2395 0.021
1.3860
If- 1.3640 0.022
1.5115 1.4885 0.023

1.6370 1.6130

If- 1.7625 1.7375 0.024

0.025
1.8880 1.8620
0.026
Round bars 2 in. in diameter and over shall be rolled to nominal diameter.

mens shall be machined from the material as rolled; the axis

of the specimen shall be located at any point one-half the distance
from the center to the surface of round bars, or from the center
to the edge of flat bars, and shall be parallel to the axis of the bar.
(b) Etch test specimens shall be of the full section of material
as rolled.
Number of Tests. 9. (a) All bars of one size shall be piled separately. One
1 A solution of two parts water, one part concentrated hydrochloric acid, and one part
concentrated sulfuric acid is recommended for the etch test
 Serial Designation: A 41 - 13. 325

bar from each 100 or fraction thereof will be selected at random

and tested as specified.
(&) If any test specimen from the bar originally selected to
represent a lot of material, contains surface defects not visible
before testing but visible after testing, or if a tension test
specimen breaks outside the middle third of the gage length,
one retest from a different bar vnll be allowed.

III. PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS IN GAGE,

10. (a) Round bars shall conform to the standard limit gages Permissible
adopted by the Master Car Builders' Association, as given in ^^^^^°'^^-
Table I.^
(b) The width or thickness of flat bars shall not vary more
than 2 per cent from that specified.
IV. FINISH.
1 1 . The bars shall be smoothly rolled and free from sHvers, Finish,
depressions, seams, crop ends, and evidences of being burnt.
V. INSPECTION AND REJECTION.
12. (a) The inspector representing the purchaser shall have inspection,
free entry, at all times while work on the contract of the pur-
chaser is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's
works which concern the manufacture of the material ordered.
The manufacturer shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all
reasonable facilities to satisfy him that the material is being
furnished in accordance with these specifications. Tests and
inspection at the place of manufacture shall be made prior to
shipment.
{b) The purchaser may make the tests to govern the accept-
ance or rejection of material in his own laboratory or elsewhere.
Such tests, however, shall be made at the expense of the pur-
chaser.
13. All bars of one size will be rejected if the test specimens Rejection,
representing that size do not conform to the requirements
specified.
'Adopted by the Master Car Builders' Association in 1883 and re\'ised in 1911. See
Proceedings, Master Car Builders' Assoc., Vol. 49. Part 2, pp. 956-957 (1915).
 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association for Testing Materials.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR

WROUGHT-IRON PLATES.

Serial Designation: A 42-13.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion A 42 ; the final number indicates the year- of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1913.

Classes. 1. These specifications cover two classes of wrought-iron

plates, namely:
Class A , as defined in Section 2 (b) ;
Class B, as defined in Section 2 (c).
I. MANUFACTURE.
Process. 2. (a) All plates shall be rolled from piles entirely free from
any admixture of steel.
(b) Piles for Class A plates shall be made from puddle bars
made wholly from pig iron and such scrap as emanates from
rolHng the plates.
(c) Piles for Class B plates shall be made from puddle bars
made wholly from pig iron or from a mixture of pig iron and cast-
iron scrap, together ^dth wrought-iron scrap.
II. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.
Tension Tests. 3. (a) The plates shall conform to the following mini-
mum requirements as to tensile properties:
(326)
 Serial Designation: A 42 - 13. 327

Cl.\ss a. Class B.

Properties Considered 6 in. incl.,

to 24 in., , Over 24 in. 6 in. to 24 in.. Over 24 in.
to 90 in., incl., incl., to90in.,incl.,
in width. in width. in width. in width.

Tensile strength, lb. per sq. in ... . 49 000 48 000 48 000 47 000
26 000 26 12000 , 26 000 26 000
Elongation in 8 in., per cent - 16 14 10
1

(b) The yield point shall be determined by the drop of the

beam of the testing machine. The speed of the cross-head
of the machine shall not exceed 1| in. per minute.
4. For plates under yg in. in thickness, a deduction of 1 Modifications ir
from the percentages of elongation specified in Section 3 shall be Elongation,
made for each decrease of j^ in, in thickness below -j^ in.
5. (a) Cold-bend Tests. — The test specimen shall bend cold Bend Tests,
through 90 deg. without fracture on the outside of the bent por-
tion, as follows: For Class A plates, aroimd a pin the diameter
of which is equal to 1^ times the thickness of the specimen;
and for Class B plates, around a pin the diameter of which is
equal to 3 times the thickness of the specimen.
(b) Nick-bend Teds. — The test specimen, when nicked on
one side and broken, shall show for Class A plates a wholly
fibrous fracture, and for Class B plates, not more than 10 per
cent of the fractured surface to be crystallin.
6. Tension and bend test specimens shall be taken from Test Specimen
the finished plates and shall be of the full thickness of plates
as rolled. The longitudinal axis of the specimen shall be
parallel to the direction in which the plates are rolled.
7. {a) One tension, one cold-bend and one nick-bend test Number of Test
shall be made for each variation in thickness of | in. and not less
than one test for every ten plates as rolled.
(&) If any test specimen fails to conform to the require-
ments specified through an apparent local defect, a retest shall
be taken; and should the retest fail, the plates represented by
such test shall be rejected.
III. FINISH.
8. The plates shall be straight, smooth and free from cinder Finish,
spots and holes, and free from injurious flaws, buckles, blisters,
§eams and laminations.
 328 Specifications for Wrought-Iron Plates.

IV. INSPECTION.

Inspection. 9. (o) The inspector representing the purchaser shall have

free entry at all times while work on the contract of the pur-
chaser is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's
works which concern the manufacture of the plates ordered.
The manufacturer shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all
reasonable facilities to satisfy him that the plates are being
furnished in accordance with these specifications. Tests and
inspection at the place of manufacture shall be made prior to
shipment.
(6) The purchaser may make the tests to govern the accep-
tance or rejection of plates at his own laboratory or else-
where. Such tests, however, shall be made at the expense of the
purchaser.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association for Testing Materials.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR
IRON AND STEEL CHAIN.

Serial Designation: A 56-15.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion A 56; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.
ALiOPTED, 1915.

1 . (a) These specifications cover two classes of iron and Basis of

one class of steel chain. Purchase.
Class A, wrought-iron chain, is of the quality generally
sold under the trade designation of "Crane Chain";
Class B, wrought-iron or steel chain, is of the quality gen-
erally sold under the trade designation of "Ordinary Coil
Chain."
(b) The purposes for which these classes are generally used
are as follows:
Class A, for slings, railway cranes, hoists and other places
where a failure would imperil human Ufe;
Class B, for ordinary service.
I. MATERIAL AND MANUFACTURE.

2. (a) Class A, Iron Chain, shall be manufactured from Process,

wrought iron which has been made wholly from puddled iron,
free from any admixture of steel or scrap containing steel.
(329)
 330 Specifications for Iron and Steel Chain.

(b) Class B, Iron Chain, shall be manufactured from a

grade of wrought iron conforming to the requirements of the
Standard Specifications for Refined Wrought-Iron Bars (Serial
Designation: A 41), of the American Society for Testing
Materials.
(c) Class B, Steel Chain, shall be manufactured from steel
made by the open-earth process, which shall be ductile and of
satisfactory welding quality.

II. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.

Chemical 3. The wrought iron and steel used in the manufacture of
Composition.
chain of the respective classes referred to in this paragraph
shall conform to the following requirements as to chemical
composition :
Class A. Class B.
Iron. Iron. Steel.
.not over 0. 10 per cent " 0.05
Manganese .
Phosphorus . not over 0.05 per cent
Sulfur

Check
Analyses.
4. (a) Analyses may be made by the purchaser from fin-
ished chain, which shall conform to the requirements specified
in Section 3.
(b) Drillings for analysis shall be taken with a drill the
diameter of which is approximately one-half the diameter of
the bar from which drillings are being taken, and the cuttings
shall be taken through the bar from surface to surface.

III. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.

Proof Tests. 5. (a) All chain shall be proof- tested by subjecting it to

the loads shown in Table I, and when so tested it shall stand
these loads without showing any defects.
(b) When requested, the manufacturer shall furnish a
certificate of proof-test to the purchaser or his representative.
Tension Tests. 6. Samples from finished chain shall conform to the mini-
mum requirements as to tensile properties specified in Table II,
the elongation being determined in a gage length of from 12
to 18 in., to the nearest linjc.
 331
Serial Designation: A 56-15.

7. Tension test specimens shall consist of a length not Test Specimens,

less than 2 ft. cut from the finished chain.
8. One tension test shall be made to represent each 200 ft. Number of Tests,
or fraction thereof ordered.

Table I.

Proof-Test Loads, lb.

Diameter of Bar, in. ClaasA. Class B.

Iron. Iron.
Steel.
1 1500
1850 1650
5 2 900 2 400 2 650
4-
316- 3400
4100 3 750
7 • 5100
8 4 700
5 600
16- 6100 6 700
7 300
9200 7800 8500
516' 10 500
11500
9 600
11600 12 500
168- 13 400
1 16500 13 800 15 100
4
13
15 800 17 600
T6 19400
20 600
^ 22 500 18 800
21200 23500
T6 25 800
29 400 24 500 26 900

27 600 30 400
33 200
37 200 31000 34100
46 000 42100
38 300
56 000
66 200

82 500

95 000

2 1 108000

9. If the tension test fails to conform to the requirements Retests.

specified in Section 6, two additional tension tests may be made,
each of which shall meet the requirements of Section 6.
 332 Specifications for Iron aito Steel Chain.

IV. STANDARD WEIGHTS AND DIMENSIONS.

Nominal 10. (o) The nominal weights and maximum lengths of 100
Maldmum^*^ luiks for chain of various sizes are given in Table III.
Lengths. (b) The wei^t of the chain shall not vary more than 3

Table II.
Class A. Class B.

Iron. Iron. SteeL

Diameter of Bar, in.
Breaking Elongation,
Elongation, Breaking Elongation,
Load, lb. per cent. Load. lb. Load, lb.
per cent. per cent.
1
3700 3000
5 3 300
5 800 4800
3 4- 5 300
8 200 6800 7500
716- 9400 10200
11200
8-- 14 600 12 200 13 400
16- 17 000
3.
Ye 18400 21000
5 23000 19200
8 3^600
23 200 25 000
xi s 26800
33 000
27 600 30 200
13
4 38 800 31600 35 200
16 41200
1 45000 37 600
42400 47000
tI 51600
1 58 800 49 000 53 800
55 200 60800
1^ 66400
62 000 68 200
if 74400
92 000 76 600 84 200
.1
If 112000
1§ 132400
if ! 138200
if 165 000
if 190000
2 216000

per cent over nor more than 5 per cent under the nominal
weight specified in Table III. Excess weight over the permis-
sible variation of 3 per cent will not be paid for.
 Serial Designation: A 56-15. 333

(c) The length shall be measured after the chain has been
proof-tested, and shall be measured to the inside of the end links.
(d) In determining the length of the chain, a load not
exceeding 10 per cent of the proof load specified in Table I
shall be applied to take up the slack.

Table III.
Maximum Lengths Nominal Weight
of 100 Links, in. per 100 ft., lb.
Diameter of Bar, in.

Class A. 1 Class B. Class A. Class B.

i 88 102 83 75

V. WORKMANSHIP AND FINISH.

11. (a) The chain shall be free from injurious defects and Workmanship
shall have a workmanlike finish. The diameter at the welds ""'^ Fimsh.
shall not be preceptibly less than the diameter of the bar and,
 334 Specifications for Iron and Steel Chain.

unless otherwise specified, shall not exceed the diameter of the

bar by more than 25 per cent.
(b) Prior to testing and inspection the chain shall be free
from paint or any other coating which would tend to conceal
defects.

VI. INSPECTION AND REJECTION.

Inspection. 12. (a) The inspector representing the purchaser shall
have free entry, at all times while work on the contract of the
purchaser is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's
works which concern the manufacture of the material ordered.
The manufacturer shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all
reasonable facilities to satisfy him that the material is being
furnished in accordance with these specifications.
(b) The purchaser may make the tests to govern the ac-
ceptance of the material at his own laboratory, or elsewhere.
Such tests, however, shall be made at the expense of the
purchaser.
(c) Tests and inspection shall be so conducted as not to
interfere unnecessarily with the operation of the works.
Rejection, 13. Unless otherwise specified, any rejection based on tests
made in accordance with Section 12 (b) shall be reported within
five working days from receipt of samples.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Assocl\tiox for Testing Materials.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR

FOUNDRY PIG IRON.'

Serial Designation : A 43-09.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion A 43 ; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.

Adopted, 1904; Revised, 1909.

Percentages and Variations.

In order that there may be uniformity in grading, the follow-

ing percentages and variations shaU be used.^
Silicon. Sulfur. Total Carbon.
Per cent. Code. Per cent. Code. Sy Per cent. Code.
1,.00 La 0.04 3.00 Ca
L .50 Le 0.05 Sa
Li 3.20
2 .00 Ly 0.06 Se
Si 3.40 Ce
2 .50 Lo 0.07 So 3.60 Co
Ci
3 .00 Lu 0.08 Su 3.80
3 .50 0.09 Cu
0.10 Sh
(0.25 allowed either way.) (Maximum.) (Minimum.)

> It is recommended that foundry pig iron be bought by analysis, and that when so
bought these Standard Specifications be used.
* These specifications do not advise that all five elements be specified in all contracts
for pig iron, but do recommend that when these elements are specified, the given percentages
shall be used.

(335)
336 Specifications tor Foundry Pig Iron.
Py
Manganese. Phosphi irus.
Per cent. Code. Pa
Per cent. Code.
0.20 Ma 0.20 Pe
0.40 Me 0.40 Pi
0.60 Mi 0.60 Po
0.80 Mo 0.80 Pu
1 . 00 Mu 1.00
1.25 My 1.25
1.50 Mh 1.50 Ph
(0.20 allowed either way.) (0.15 allowed either way.)

Illustration of the use of above coding: The word Li-se-ca-mo-pi indicates

Sil. Sul. Carb. Mang. Phos.
2.00 0.05 3.00 0.80 0.60
with variations as allowed.

Percentages of any element specified half way between the

above shall be designated by the addition of the letter X to the
next lower symbol.
Example. — PeX indicates Phosphorus 0.-50 with " allowed " variations
(0.15) up and down.
In the case of phosphorus and manganese, the percentages
may be used as maximum or minimum figures, but unless so
specified they will be considered to include the variations above
given.
Sampling and Analysis.
Each car load, or its equivalent, shall be considered as a
unit in sampling.
One sample shall be taken to every four tons in the car,
and shall be so chosen from different parts of the car as to
represent as nearly as possible the average quality of the iron.
Drillings shaU be taken so as to fairly represent the compo-
sition of the pig as cast.
An equal weight of the drillings from each pig shall be thor-
oughly mixed to make up the sample for analysis.
In case of dispute, the sampling and analysis shall be made
by an independent chemist, mutually agreed upon, if practicable,
at the time the contract is made.
It is recommended that the standard methods of the
American Foundrymen's Association be used for analysis.
 Serial Designation: A 43-09. 337

Gravimetric methods shall be used for the analysis of sulfur,

unless otherwise specified in the contract.
The cost of re-sampling and re-analysis shall be borne by
the party in error.

Base or Quoting Price.

For market quotations, an iron of 2.00 per cent in silicon
(with variations of 0.25 either way) and 0.05 per cent in sulfur
(maximum) shall be taken as the base.

THE AMERICAN FOUNDRYMEN'S ASSOCIATION SUGGESTS THE

FOLLOWING CLAUSES. FOR THE PURPOSE OF ADJUSTING
DISPUTES BETWEEN BUYER AND SELLER.

Base Table. — The following table may be filled out, and

may become a part of the contract. "B," or Base, represents
the price agreed upon for a pig iron running 2.00 per cent in
silicon (with allowed variation of 0.25 either way) and under
0.05 per cent in sulfur; "C" is a constant differential to be
determined at the time the contract is made.
This table is for settling any dififerences which may arise
in filHng a contract, as explained under penalties and allow-
ances, and may be used to regulate the price of a grade of pig
iron which the purchaser desires, and the seller agrees, to sub-
stitute for the one originally specified.
SiHcon percentages allow 0.25 variation either way. Sulfur
percentages are maximum.
Sulfur,
per cent. Silicon, per cent.
3.00 2.75 2.50 2.25 2.00 1.75 1.50
B-IC 1.25 B-3C
3.25 B-2C 1.00
0.04. . B+6C B+5C B+IC B B-2C B-3C B-4C
B+4C B+3C B+2C B-IC B-5C
0.05. . B+5C B+4C B+3C B+IC BB-IC B-3C B-4C
B+2C B-2C B-5C
0.06. . B+4C B+3C B+2C B+IC B B-2C B-3C B-4C B-6C
B-IC B-5C B-6C B-7C
0.07. . B+3C B+2C B+IC BB-IC B-2C B-3C B-4C
0.08. . B+2C B+IC B
0.09. B+IC B B-IC B-2C B-3C B-4C B-5C B-6C B-7C B-80
0.10.... B B-IC B-2C B-3C B-4C B-5C B-6C B-7C B-8C B-9C

Penalties. — In case the iron, when deUvered, does not con-

form to the specifications, the buyer shall have the option of
either refusing the iron, or accepting it on the basis shown in the
338 Specifications for Foundry Pig Iron.

above table, which must be tilled out at the time the contract
is made.
Allowances. — In case the furnace cannot, for any good
reason, deliver the iron as specified at the time delivery is due,
the purchaser may at his option accept any other analysis which
the furnace can dehver, the price to be determined by the base
table above, which must be filled out at the time the contract
is made.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association for Testing Materials.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR

CAST-IRON PIPE AND SPECIAL CASTINGS.

Serial Designation : A 44 04.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion A 44; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.

Adopted, 1904.

Description op Pipes.
Section 1 . The pipes shall be made with hub and sj:)igot
joints, and shall accurately conform to the dimensions given in
Tables I and 11. They shall be straight and shall be true circles
in section, with their inner and outer surfaces concentric, and
shall be of the specified dimensions in outside diameter. The}'
shall be at least 12 ft. in length, exclusive of socket. For pipes
of each size from 4 in. to 24 in., inclusive, there shall be two
standards of outside diameter, and for pipes from 30 in. to 60 in.,
inclusive, there shall be four standards of outside diameter, as
shown by Table II.
All pipes having the same outside diameter shall have the
same inside diameter at both ends. The inside diameter of the
lighter pipes of each standard outside diameter shall be gradually
increased for a distance of about 6 in. from each end of the
pipe so as to obtain the required standard thickness and weight
for each size and class of pipe.
Pipes whose standard thickness and weight are intermediate
(339)
340 Specifications for Cast-Iron Pipe.

Table I.— General Dimensions of Pipes.

i40'^40J*^a5"

DuM. OF Sockets. Depth OF Sockets.

Nomioal Actual Pipe,
Diam., Classes. Outside
Diam., Kpe, Castings,
Castings, A B C
in. in. Special
in.
in. in. Special
in.

4.00 1.30
4 A-B 4.80 5.60 5.70 3.50 • 4.00 1.5 0.65
4 C— D 5.00 5.80 5.70 3.50 1.5 1.30 0.70
7.70 7.80 4.00 0.65
6 A— B 6.90 3.50 1.5 1.40
6 7.10 7.90 7.80 3.50 4.00 1.5 0.70
C-D 9.05 10.00 4.00 4.00 1.40
8 9.85 1.5 1.50 0.75
8 9.30 10.10 10.00 4.00 4.00 1.5 0.75
C-D 4.00 4.00
10 11.10 11.90 12.10 1.5 1.50 0.75
10 A-B 4.00 4.00
C— D 11.40 12.20 12.10 1.5 1.60 0.80
A-B 13.20 14.00 14.20 4.00 4.00 1.5 0.80
12 4.00 1.60
13.50 14.30 14.20 4.00 1.70 0.85
12 C— D 16.10
14 A— B 15.30 16.10 4.00 4.00 1.5 1.70 0.85
15.65 16.45 16.45 4.00 4.00
14 C-D 1.5 0.90
16 4.00 1.80
A— B 17.40 18.40 18.40 4.00 1.80 0.90
16 17.80 18.80 18.80 4.00 1.75
1.5 - 1.00
20.50 4.00 4.00
4.00
18 19.50 20.50 1.75 1.90
1.90
18 A-B 20.92 4.00 2.10 0.95
C— D 19.92 20.92 4.00 2.00 1.05
21.60 22.60 22.60 4.00 1.75
20 A— B 4.00 1.75 2.30 1.00
— 22.06 23.06 23.06 4.00 4.00
20
24 C-D C 26.80 26.80 4.00 4.00 1.75
A— B 25.80 2.00 2.10 1.15
1.05
24 26.32 27.32 27.32 4.00
C— D 4.00 2.00 2.50
2.50 1.25
30 32.74 32.74 4.50 2.00
A 31.74 4.60 1.15
33.00 33.00 4.50 4.50 2.00
30 B 32.00 2.30 1.15
30 4.60 4.60 2.00 2.60
C 32.40 33.40 33.40
30 D 32.74 33.74 33.74 4.50 4.50 2.00
2.00 3.00 1.32
1.50
4.50 2.00 2.50
36 A 37.96 38.96 38.96 4.50 2.80 1.25
36 B 38.30 39.30 39.30 4.50 4.50 1.40
39.70 4.50 4.50 3.10
36 C 38.70 39.70
40.16 2.00 1.60
36 D 39.16 40.16 4.50 4.50 1.80
45.20 2.00 3.40
2.80 1.40
42 A 44.20 45.20 6.00 5.00 2.00
42
B 44.55 45.50 46.50 5.00 5.00 2.00 3.00
C 45.10 46.10 46.10 5.00 2.00 1.50
1.75
42 46.58 3.40 1.95
42 D 45.58 46.58 5.00 2.00 3.80
48 51.50 5.00 5.00 2.00
A 50.50 51.50 5.00 3.00 1.50
5.00
 Serial Designation: A 44 - 04, 341

Table I. — (Continued.)
DiAH. OF SOCKBTS. Dbfth OF Sockets.
Nominal Actual
Diam., Classes. Outside
Diam., Pipe, Kpe, A B C
in. 1 Castings,
in. in. : Castings,
Special in.
in. in.
Special

48 B 50.80 51.80 2.00 3.30

51.80 5.00 5.00 2.00 1.65
48 C 51.40 52.40 52.40 3.80 1.95
5.00 5.00
48 D 51.98 52.98 52.98 5.00 4 20 2.20
5.00 2.00 1.60
A 56.66 57.66 57.66 5.50 5.50 2.25
54 B 57.10 5.50 2.25 3.20 1.80
54 58.10 58.10 5.50 2.25 4.00
3.60 2.15
54 C 57.80 58.80 58.80 5.50 5.50
5.50 2.25 2.45
D 58.40 59.40 59.40 5.50 4.40
54
60 2.25
A 62.80 63.80 63.80 5.50 5.50 1.70
2.25 3.40 1.90
2.25
60 B 63.40 64.40 64.40 5.50
5.50 2.25 3.70
60 C 64.20 65.20 65.20 5.50 5.50 2.25 4.20
60 D 64.82 65.82 5.50 4.70 2.60
65.82 5.50

between the classes in Table II shaU be made of the same out-

side diameter as the next heavier class. Pipes whose standard
thickness and weight are less than shown by Table II shall be
made of the same outside diameter as the Class A pipes, and
pipes whose thickness and weight are more than shown by Table
II shall be made of the same outside diameter as the Class D
pipes.
For pipes 4 in. to 12 in., inclusive, one class of special
castings shaU be furnished, made from Class D pattern. Those
ha\'ing spigot ends shall have outside diameters of spigot ends
midway between the two standards of outside diameter as shown
by Table II, and shall be tapered back for a distance of 6 in.
For pipes from 14 in. to 24 in., inclusive, two classes of special
castings shall be furnished, Class B special castings with Classes
A and B pipes, and Class D special castings with Classes C and
D pipes, the former to be stamped "AB" and the latter to be
stamped "CD." For pipes 30 in. to 60 in., inclusive, four
classes of special castings shall be furnished, one for each class
of pipe, and shall be stamped with the letter of the class to which
they belong.
Allowable Variation in Diameter of Pipes and Sockets,
Section 2. Especial care shall be taken to have the sockets
of the required size. The sockets and spigots will be tested by
circular gages, and no pipe wiU be received which is defective in
 -*

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342 Specifications for Cast-Iron Pipe.

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 Serial Designation: A 44 U4. 343

joint room from any cause. The diameters of the sockets and
the outside diameters of the bead ends of the pipes shall not vary
from the standard dimensions by more than 0.06 in. for pipes
16 in. or less in diameter; 0.08 in. for 18-in.. 20-in. and 24-in.
pipes; 0.10 in. for 30-in., 36-in. and 42-in. pipes; 0.12 in. for
48-in. pipes; and 0.15 in. for 54-in. and 60-in. pipes.

Allowable \'ariation in Thickness.

Section 3. For pipes whose standard thickness is less than
1 in., the thickness of metal in the body of the pipe shall not be
more than 0.08 in. less than the standard thickness; and for
pipes whose standard thickness is 1 in. or more, the variation
shall not exceed 0.10 in., except that for spaces not exceeding
8 in. in length in any direction, variations from the standard
thickness of 0.02 in. in excess of the allowance above given shall
be permitted.
For special castings of standard patterns a variation of 50
per cent greater than allowed for straight pipe shall be permitted.
Defective Spigots May be Cut.
Section 4. Defective spigot ends on pipes 12 in. or more
in diameter may be cut oflf in a lathe, and a half-round wrought-
iron band shrunk into a groove cut in the end of the pipe. Xot
more than 12 per cent of the total number of accepted pipes of
each size shall be cut and banded, and no pipe shall be banded
which is less than 11 ft. in length, exclusive of the socket.
In case the length of a pipe differs from 12 ft., the standard
weight of the pipe given in Table II shall be modified in accord-
ance therewath.
Speclal Castings.
Section 5. All special castings shall be made in accordance
with the cuts and the dimensions given in the table forming a part
of these specifications.
The diameters of the sockets and the external diameters
of the bead ends of the special castings shall not var}- from the
standard dimensions by more than 0.12 in. for castings 16 in.
or less in diameter; 0.15 in. for 18-in., 20-in. and 24-in. pipes;
0,20 in. for 30-ip., 36-in. and 42-in. pipes; and 0.24 in. for 48-in.,
344 Specifications for Cast-Iron Pipe.

54-in. and 60-in. pipes. These variations apply only to special

castings made from standard patterns.
The flanges on all manhole castings and manhole covers
shall be faced true and smooth, and drilled to receive bolts of the
sizes given in the tables. The manufacturer shall furnish and
dehver all bolts for bolting on the manhole covers, the bolts to be
of the sizes shown on plans and made of the best quality of mild
steel, with hexagonal heads and nuts and sound, well-fitting
threads.
Marking.
Section 6. Every pipe and special casting shall have dis-
tinctly cast upon it the initials of the maker's name. When cast
especially to order, each pipe and special casting larger than
4 in. may also have cast upon it figures showing the year in which
it was cast and a number signifying the order in point of time in
which it was cast, the figures denoting the year being above and
the number below, thus:
1901 1901 1901
1 2 3

etc., also any initials, not exceeding four, which may be required
by the purchaser. The letters and figures shall be cast on the
outside and shall be not less than 2 in. in length and | in. in
rehef for pipes 8 in. in diameter and larger. For smaller sizes of
pipes the letters may be 1 in. in length. The weight and the
class letter shall be conspicuously painted in white on the inside
of each pipe and special casting after the coating has become
hard.
Allowable Percentage of Variation in Weight.
Section 7. No pipe shall be accepted the weight of which
shall be less than the standard weight by more than 5 per cent
for pipes 16 in. or less in diameter, and 4 per cent for pipes
more than 16 in. in diameter; and no excess above the standard
weight of more than the given percentages for the several sizes
shall be paid for. The total weight to be paid for shall not exceed
for each size and class of pipe received the sum of the standard
weights of the same number of pieces of the given size and cla§s
by more than 2 per cent.
 Serial Designation: A 44-04. 345

No special casting shall be accepted the weight of which

shall be less than the standard weight by more than 10 per cent
for pipes 12 in. or less in diameter, and 8 per cent for larger
sizes, except that curves, Y-pieces and breeches pipe may be 12
per cent below the standard weight, and no excess above the
standard weight of more than the above percentages for the
several sizes will be paid for. These variations apply only to
castings made from the standard patterns.

Quality of Iron.
Section 8. All pipes and special castings shall be made
of cast iron of good quality, and of such character as shall make
the metal of the castings strong, tough and of even grain, and
soft enough to satisfactorily admit of drilling and cutting. The
metal shall be made without any admixture of cinder iron or
other inferior metal, and shall be remelted in a cupola or air
furnace.

Tests of Materials.
Section 9. Specimen bars of the metal used, each being
26 in. long by 2 in. wide and 1 in. thick, shall be made without
charge as often as the engineer may direct, and, in default of
definite instructions, the contractor shall make and test at least
one bar from each heat or run of metal. The bars, when placed
flat-wise upon supports 24 in. apart and loaded in the center,
shall, for pipes 12 in. or less in diameter, support a load of 1900
lb. and show a deflection of not less than 0.30 in. before break-
ing; and for pipes of sizes larger than 12 in., they shall support
a load of 2000 lb. and show a deflection of not less than 0.32 in.
The contractor shall have the right to make and break three
bars from each heat or run of metal, and the test shall be based
upon the average results of the three bars. Should the dimen-
sions of the bars differ from those above given, a proper allow-
ance therefor shall be made in the results of the tests.

Casting of Pipes.
Section 10. The straight pipes shall be cast in dry sand
molds in a vertical position. Pipes 16 in. or less in diameter
346 Specifications for Cast-Iron Pipe,

shall be cast with the hul) end up or down, as specified in the

proposal. Pipes 18 in. or more in diameter shall be cast with
the hub end down.-
The pipes shall not be stripped or taken from the pit while
showing color of heat, but shall be left in the flasks for a sufficient
length of time to prevent unequal contraction by subsequent
exposure.
Quality of Castings.
Section 11. The pipes and special castings shall be
smooth, free from scales, lumps, blisters, sand holes and defects
of ever>' nature which unfit them for the use for which they are
intended. No plugging or filling will be allowed.

Cleaning and Inspection.

Section 12. All pipes and special castings shall be thor-
oughly cleaned and subjected to a careful hammer inspection.
No casting shall be coated unless entirely clean and free from
rust, and approved in these respects by the engineer immediately
before being dipped.
Coating.
Section 13. Every pipe and special casting shall be coated
inside and out with coal-tar pitch varnish. The varnish shall be
made from coal tar. To this material sufficient oil shall be
added to make a smooth coating, tough and tenacious when
cold, and not brittle nor with any tendency to scale off.
Each casting shall be heated to a temperature of 300° F.
immediately before it is dipped, and shall possess not less than
this temperature at the time it is put in the vat. The ovens in
which the pipes are heated shall be so arranged that all portions
of the pipe shall be heated to an even temperature. Each cast-
ing shall remain in the bath at least five minutes.
The varnish shall be heated to a temperature of 300° F.
(or less if the engineer shall so order), and shall be maintained
at this temperature during the time the casting is immersed.
Fresh pitch and oil shall be added when necessary to keep
the mixture at the proper consistency, and the vat shall be
ernptied of its contents and refilled with fresh pitch when
 Serial Designation: A 44-04. 347

deemed necessary by the engineer. After being coated, the

pipes shall be carefully drained of the surplus varnish. Any
pipe or special casting that is to be re-coated shall first be thor-
oughly scraped and cleaned.

Hydrostatic Test.
Section 14. When the coating has become hard, the
straight pipes shall be subjected to a proof by hydrostatic pres-
sure and, if required by the engineer, they shall also be sub-
jected to a hammer test under this pressure.
The pressure to which the different sizes and classes of
pipes shall be subjected are as follows:

20-In. Diameter Less than 20-In.

and Larger, Diameter,
lb. per sq. in. lb. per sq. in.

Class A pipe 150 300

Class B pipe 200 300

Class G pipe 250 300

Class D pipe 300 300

Weighing.
Section 15. The pipes and special castings shall be
weighed for payment under the supervision of the engineer
after the application of the coal-tar pitch varnish. If desired
by the engineer the pipe^ and special castings shall be weighed
after their delivery, and the weights so ascertained shall be used
in the final settlement, provided such weighing is done by a
legalized weighmaster. Bids shall be submitted and a final
settlement made up on the basis of a ton of 2000 lb.

Contractor to Furnish Men and Materials.

Section 16. The contractor shall provide all tools, test-
ing machines, materials and men necessary for the required
testing, inspection and weighing at the foundry of the -pipes
and special castings; and, should the purchaser have no inspector
at the works, the contractor shall, if required by the engineer,
furnish a sworn statement that all of the tests have been made
348 SPECIFICAtlONS FOR CaST-IrON PiPE.

as specified, this statement to contain the results of the tests

upon the test bars.

PowpR OF Engineer to Inspect.

Section 17. The engineer shall be at Hberty at all times
to inspect the material at the foundry, and the molding, cast-
ing and coating of the pipes and special castings. The forms,
sizes, uniformity and conditions of aU pipes and other castings
herein referred to shall be subject to his inspection and approval,
and he may reject, without proving, any pipes or other castings
which are not in conformity with the specifications or drawings.

Inspector to Report.

Section 18. The inspector at the foundr}^ shall report

daily to the foundry office all pipes and special castings rejected,
with the causes for rejection.

Castings to be Delivered Sound and Perfect.

Section 19. All the pipes and other castings must be
deHvered in all respects sound and conformable to these specifi-
cations. The inspection shaU not reHeve the contractor of any
of his obHgations in this respect, and any defective pipe or other
castings which may have passed the engineer at the works or
elsewhere shall be at all times Hable to rejection when discovered
until the final completion and adjustment of the contract, pro-
vided, however, that the contractor s£iall not be held Hable for
pipes or special castings found to be cracked after they have
been accepted at the agreed point of deHvery. Care shall be
taken in handling the pipes not to injure the coating, and no
pipes or other material of any kind shaU be placed in the pipes
during transportation or at any time after they receive the
coating.

Definition of the Word "Engineer."

Section 20. Wherever the word "engineer" is used herein,
it shall be understood to refer to the engineer or inspector acting
for the purchaser and to his properly authorized agents, limited
by the particular duties intrusted to them.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELI^HIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association for Testing Materials. -

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR

CAST-IRON LOCOMOTIVE CYLINDERS.

Serial Designation: A 45-14.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion A 45 ; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1904; Revised, 1911, 1914.

I. MANUFACTURE.
1. Locomotive cylinders shall be made from good quality, Process,
close-grained gray iron cast in a dry mold.
II. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.
2. Drillings taken from the fractured end of the transverse Chemical
test bars shall conform to the following limits in chemical com- Composition,
position :
Phosphorus not over 0.90 per cent
Sulfur " " 0.12
3. A check analysis of drillings taken from the transverse Check
test bar may be made by the purchaser, and shall conform to A^^iy^es*
the requirements specified in Section 2.
III. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.
4. When placed horizontally upon supports 12 in. apart Transverse
'^®^*^*
(349) load, the arbitration_test
and tested under a centrally appHed
 350 Specifications for Locomotive Cylinders.

bars, specified in Section 6 (a), shall show an average trans-

verse strength of not less than 3200 lb. and an average deflec-
tion of not less than 0.09 in.
~A
Chiu Test. 5. Before pouring, a sample of the iron shall be taken and
chilled in a cast-iron mold, as specified in Section 6 (6). The
10" Pipe
Pattern
Cope

i-f\
10" Pipe
/i

Bored with
yen tholes.

16

Fig. I. — Mold for Arbitration Test Bar.

sample shall be allowed to cool in the mold until it is dark red

or almost black, when it may be knocked out and quenched
in water. The sample, on being broken, shall show a close-
grained gray iron, with a well-defined border of white iron at
the bottom of the fracture. The depth of the white iron shall
not be less than -^ in. as measured at the center line.
 Serial Designation: A 45- 14.
351
6. (a) Arbitration Bar. — The mold for the bars is shown Molds for Test
in Fig. 1. The bottom of the bar is i^ in. smaller in diameter Specimens,
than the top, to allow for draft and for the strain of pouring.
The pattern shall not be rapped before mthdrawing. The flask
shall be rammed up with green molding sand, a Uttle damper
than usual, well mixed and put through a No. 8 sieve, with a
mixture of 1 to 12 bituminous facing. The mold shall be
rammed evenly and fairly hard, thoroughly dried and not cast

i4 I -?

Fig. 2. — Mold for Chill Test Specimen.

until it is cold. The test bar shall not be removed from the
mold until cold enough to be handled. It shall not be rumbled
or otherwise treated, being simply brushed off before testing.
(b) Chill Test. — The form and dimensions of the mold
shall be in accordance with Fig. 2.
7. (a) Two arbitration test bars, cast as specified in Sec- Number of Tests
tion 6 (a), shall be poured from each ladle of metal used for one
or more cylinders.
(6) One chill test, cast as specified in Section 6 (b), shall
be poured from each ladle of metal used for one or more cylin-
 352 Specifications for Locomotive Cylinders.

ders. The chill specimens may be cast m adjacent molds, but

in such cases a space must be provided between the molds.
(See Fig. 2.)
IV. WORKMANSHIP AND FINISH.
Character of
Castings. 8. Cylinders shall be smooth, well-cleaned, free from shrink-
age cracks and from other defects sufficiently extensive to impair
the value of the castings, and shall finish to blue-print size.
V. MARKING.
Marking. 9. Each cylinder shall have cast on it, in raised letters,
marks designating the maker, the date of casting, the serial
and pattern numbers and other marks specified by the purchaser.
VI. INSPECTION AND REJECTION.
Inspection. 10. (a) The purchaser or his inspector shall be given a
reasonable opportunity to enable him to witness the pouring
of the cylinders and test specimens, as well as to be present
when physical tests are made.
(b) In case the inspector is not present to witness the
pouring of the castings and test specimens, the manufacturer
will make all tests required by these specifications, and, upon
demand, will furnish the purchaser with a copy of the results
of his tests, and will hold the transverse and chill test speci-
mens subject to examination by the inspector. The tests made
by the manufacturer shall be considered final.
(c) All physical tests and inspection shall be made at the
place of manufacture.
Rejection. 11. Unless otherwise specified, any rejection based on tests
made in accordance with Section 3 shaU be reported within
five working days from the receipt of samples.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Assocl\tion for Testing Materials.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR

CAST-IRON CAR WHEELS.

Serial Designation : A 46 - 05.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion A 46; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1905.

The wheels furnished under this specification must be made chemical

from the bestThematerials, and in accordance with the best foundry ^''op^rties.
methods. following pattern analysis is given for informa-
tion, as representing the chemical properties of a good cast-iron
wheel. Successful wheels, varying in some of the constituents
quite considerably from the figures given, may be made:
Total carbon 3.50 per cent
Graphitic carbon 2.90 "
Combined carbon 0. 60 "
Silicon 0.70
Manganese 0. 40 "
Phosphorus 0.50 "
Sulfur 0.08 "
1. Wheels will be inspected and tested at the place of manu-
facture.
2. AU wheels must conform in general design and in measure-
ments to drawings, which will be furnished, and any departure
from the standard drawing must be by special permission in
writing, and manufacturers wishing to deviate from the stand-
(353)
 354 Specifications for Car Wheels.

ard dimensions must submit duplicate drawings showing the

proposed changes, which must be approved.
Drop Tests. 3. The following table gives data as to weight and tests
of various kinds of wheels for different kinds of cars and service :
Wheel. 33-in. diameter Freight and Passenger cars. 3&-in. diameter.

600001b. Passenger Locomotive

Kind of service. capacity 70 000 lb. 100 000 lb. Cars.
and less. capacity. capacity. Tenders.

Number. 4 5

Desired. 600 650 700 7001b. 750 lb.

Weight
Variation
'
Two per cent either way.

Height of drop, ft 9
10
12 12
Number of blows 12 14
10
12 12
12
Marking. 4. Each wheel must have plainly cast on the outside plate
the name of the maker and place of manufacture. Each wheel
must also have cast on the inside double plate the date of casting
and a serial foundry number. The manufacturer must also
provide for the guarantee mark, if so required by the contract.
No wheel bearing a duplicate number, or a number which has
once been passed upon, will be considered. Numbers of wheels
once rejected will remain unfilled. No wheel bearing an indis-
tinct number or date, or any evidence of an altered or defaced
number will be considered.
Measures. 5. All wheels offered for inspection must have been meas-
ured with a standard tape measure and must have the shrinkage
number stenciled in plain figures on the inside of the wheel.
The standard tape measure must correspond in form and con-
struction to the "Wheel Circumference Measure" estabUshed
by the Master Car Builders' Association in 1900. The nomen-
clature ofthat measure need not, however, be followed, it being
sufficient if the graduating marks indicating tape sizes are j in.
apart. Any convenient method of showing the shrinkage or
stencil number may be employed. Experience shows that
standard tape measures elongate a Httle with use, and it is
essential to have them frequently compared and rectified. When
 Serial Designation: A 46-05. 355

ready for inspection, the wheels must be arranged in rows accord-

ing to shrinkage numbers, all wheels of the same date being
grouped together. Wheels bearing dates more than thirty days
prior to the date of inspection will not be accepted for test,
except by permission. For any single inspection and test only
wheels having three consecutive shrinkage or stencil numbers
will be considered. The manufacturer will, of course, decide
what three shrinkage or stencil numbers he will submit in any
given lot of 103 wheels offered, and the same three shrinkage or
stencil numbers need not be offered each time.
6. The body of the wheels must be smooth and free from Finish,
slag and blowholes, and the hubs must be solid. Wheels will not
be rejected because of drawing around the center core. The
tread and throat of the wheels must be smooth, free from deep
and irregular wrinkles, slag, sand wash, chill cracks or swollen
rims, and be free from any evidence of hollow rims, and the
throat and tread must be practically free from sweat.
7. Wheels tested must show soft, clean, gray iron, free Material
from defects, such as holes containing slag or dirt more than *°^ ^'''"'
I in. in diameter, or clusters of such holes, honeycombing of
iron in the hub, white iron in the plates or hub, or clear
white iron around the anchors of chaplets at a greater dis-
tance than I in. in any direction. The depth of the clear white
iron must not exceed | in. at the throat and 1 in. at the middle of
the tread, nor must it be less than | in. at the throat or any part
of the tread. The blending of the white iron mth the gray iron
behind must be without any distinct line of demarcation, and
the iron must not have a mottled appearance in any part of the
wheel at a greater distance than If in. from the tread or throat.
The depth of chill will be determined by inspection of the three
test wheels described below, all test wheels being broken for this
purpose, if necessary. If one only of the three test wheels fails
in hmits of chill, all the lot under test of the same shrinkage or
stencil number will be rejected and the test will be regarded as
finished so far as this lot of 103 wheels is concerned. The manu-
facturer may, however, offer the wheels of the other two shrinkage
or stencil numbers, provided they are acceptable in other respects
as constituents of another 103 wheels for a subsequent test. If
two of the three test wheels fail in Umits of chill, the wheels in the
 356 Specifications for Car Wheels.

lot of 103 of the same shrinkage or stencil number as these two

wheels will be rejected, and, as before, the test will be regarded as
finished so far as this lot of 103 wheels is concerned. The manu-
facturer may, however, offer the wheels of the third shrinkage or
stencil number, provided they are acceptable in other respects, as
constituents of another 103 wheels for a subsequent test. If all
three test wheels fail in limits of chill, of course the whole hundred
will be rejected.
Inspection and 8. The manufacturer must notify when he is ready to ship
Shipping. ^^^ jggg l-j^g^j^ jQQ ^jieels; must await the arrival of the inspector;
must have a car, or cars, ready to be loaded with the wheels,
and must furnish facilities and labor to enable the inspector to
inspect, test, load and ship the wheels promptly. Wheels offered
for inspection must not be covered with any substance which will
hide defects.
9. A hundred or more wheels being ready for test, the inspec-
tor will make a Ust of the wheel numbers, at the same time
examining each wheel for defects. Any wheels which fail to
conform to specifications by reason of defects must be laid aside,
and such wheels will not be accepted for shipment. As individual
wheels are rejected, others of the proper shrinkage, or stencil
number, may be offered to keep the number good.
Retaping. 10. The inspector will re tape not less than 10 per cent of
the wheels offered for test, and if he finds any showing wrong
tape-marking, he will tape the whole lot and require them to be
restenciled, at the same time having the old stencil marks obHt-
erated. He will weigh and make check measurements of at least
10 per cent of the wheels offered for test, and if any of these
wheels fail to conform to the specification, he will weigh and
measure the whole lot, refusing to accept for shipment any wheels
which fail in these respects.
Drop Tests. 1 1 . Experience indicates that wheels mth higher shrinkage or
lower stencil numbers are more apt to fail on thermal test; more
apt to fail on drop test, and more apt to exceed the maximum
allowable chill than those with higher stencil or lower shrinkage
numbers; while, on the other hand, wheels with higher stencil or
lower shrinkage numbers are more apt to be deficient in chill.
For each 103 wheels apparently acceptable, the inspector will
select three wheels for test — one from each of the three shrinkage
 Serial Designation: A 46-05. 357

or stencil numbers offered. One of these wheels chosen for this

purpose by the inspector must be tested by drop test as follows:
The wheel must be placed flange downward in an anvil block
weighing not less than 1700 lb., set on rubble masonry 2 ft. deep
and havmg three supports not more than 5 in. wide for the flange
of the wheel to rest on. It must be struck centrally upon the
hub by a weight of 200 lb., faUing from a height as shown in the
table in Section 3. The end of the falling weight must be flat,
so as to strike fairly on the hub, and when by wear the bottom of
the weight assumes a round or conical form, it must be replaced.
The machine for making this test is shown on drawings which
will be furnished. Should the wheel stand without breaking in
two or more pieces, the number of blows, shown in the above
table, the 100 wheels represented by it will be considered satis-
factory as to this test. Should it fail, the whole hundred will be
rejected.
12. The other two test wheels must be tested as foUows: Thermal Test.
The wheels must be laid flange down in the sand, and a channel-
way 1 1 in. in width at the center of the tread and 4 in. deep must
be molded with green sand around the wheel. The clean tread
of the wheel must form one side of this channelway, and the
clean flange must form as much of the bottom as its width will
cover. The channelway must then be filled to the top from one
ladle with molten cast iron, which must be poured directly into
the channelway without pre\'ious cooling or stirring, and this
iron must be so hot, when poured, that the ring which is formed
when the metal is cold shaU be solid or free from wrinkles or
layers. Iron at this temperature will usually cut a hole at the
point of impact with the flange. In order to avoid spitting during
the pouring, the tread and inside of the flange during the thermal
test should be covered with a coat of shellac; wheels which are
wet or which have been exposed to snow or frost may be warmed
sufficiently to dry them or remove the frost before testing, but
under no circumstances must the thermal test be applied to a
wheel that in any part feels warm to the hand. The time when
pouring ceases must be noted, and two minutes later an examina-
tion of the wheel under test must be made. If the wheel is found
broken in pieces, or if any crack in the plates extends through or
into the tread, the test wheel will be regarded as having failed.
 358 Specifications for Car Wheels.

If both wheels stand, the whole hundred will be accepted as to

this test. If both fail, the whole hundred will be rejected. If
one only of the thermal test wheels fails, all of the lot under test
of the same shrinkage or stencil number will be rejected, and the
test will be regarded as finished, so far as this lot of wheels is
concerned. The manufacturer may, however, offer the wheels
of the other two shrinkage or stencil numbers, provided they are
acceptable in other respects, as constituents of another 103
wheels for a subsequent test.
Storing and 13. All wheels which pass inspection and test will be regarded
Shipping.
as accepted, and may be either shipped or stored for future ship-
ment, as arranged. It is desired that shipments should be, as
far as possible, in lots of 100 wheels. In all cases the inspector
must witness the shipment, and he must give, in his report the
numbers of all wheels inspected and the disposition made of
them.
Rejections. 14. Individual wheels will be considered to have failed and
will not be accepted or further considered, which.
First. — Do not conform to standard design and measurement.
Second. — Are under or over weight.
Third. — Have the physical defects described in Section 6.
Rejections. 15. Each 103 wheels submitted for test will be considered
to have failed and will not be accepted or considered further, if,
First. — The test wheels do not conform to Section 7, espe-
cially as to limits of white iron in the throat and tread and
around chaplets.
Second. — One of the test wheels does not stand the drop test
as described in Section 1 1 .
Third. — Both of the two test wheels do not stand the thermal
test as described in Section 12.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association for Testing jMaterials.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS

FOR

iMALLEABLE-IRON CASTINGS.^

Serial Designation: A 47 - 15.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion A 47 ; the final ntunber indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1901; Revised, 1915.

I. MANUFACTURE.

1. The castings shall be made from iron melted in either Process,

an air furnace, open-hearth furnace or electric furnace.

II. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.

2. Tension test specimens specified in Section 5 shall con- Tension Tests,

fonn to the following minimum requirements as to tensile
properties:
Tensile strength, lb. per sq. in 38 000
Elongation in 2 in., per cent 5

3. Transverse t^st specimens specified in Section 5, tested Transverse

with the cope side up on supports 12 in. apart, pressure being '^*^*^-
' These specifications are intended for general use, and in particular for railroad malleable
iron castings, for which purpose they will be designated when additional specifications for
other classes of malleable iron castings shall be adopted.
(359)
 360 Specifications foe Malleable-Iron Castings.

applied at the center, shall conform to thp following require-

ments as to transverse properties:
Minimum Deflection
at Center,
Thickness of Specimen, Minimum' Load
in. Applied lb.
at Center
in.
1
1.25
52 900
1400 1.00
18 0.75
*

^OOC
Special Tests. 4. In addition to the tension and transverse tests, the
inspector representing the purchaser may satisfy himself of the
suitabiUty of the iron used for the castings by breaking a rea-
sonable number of castings before anneahng to examine for
excessive mottling or graphite spots. In the case of castings
of special design or importance, he may also require test-->Jlugs

*
1 1

r-
1
^
1 „ 1
- >k - / ■-■>k- -•>i<—/''-=M
U- 4'-'-
Fig./2"1.
J-"

of a size proportional to the thickness of the casting, but not

exceeding f by | in. in section. At least one of these lugs shall
be left on the casting for final inspection.
rest Specimens 5. (a) Tension test specimens shall be of the form and
dimensions shown in Fig. 1. Transverse test specimens shall
be 14 in. in length by 1 in. in width and either |, f or f in. in
thickness. The thickness of the specimen selected shall be in
proportion to the thickness of the casting which it represents.
(b) Two tension and two transverse test specimens shall
be cast in each mold with risers of sufficient height at each
end to secure sound bars. All specimens shall be cast without
chills, and with ends perfectly free in the mold.
(c) Four molds shall be poured to represent each melt.
When the entire melt is used for castings which are subject to
these specifications, two molds shall be poured within five
minutes after tapping into the first ladle, and two molds from
 Serial Designation: A 47 - 15. 361

the last iron of the melt. When only part of the melt is required
for such castings, two molds shall be poured from the first ladle
of iron used and two molds after the required iron has been
tapped.
(d) The molds shall be suitably stamped to identify the
specimens.
The test specimens from one mold from the first and one
mold from the last of the melt shall be annealed in the hottest
part of the annealing oven, and the remaining specimens shall
be annealed in the coldest part.
6. One tension and one transverse test specimen from each Number of Tests
of the four molds representing a melt shall be selected for test.
The remaining specimens shall be reserved, and shall be tested
in case of failure to conform to the requirements specified.
7. If more than one tension or transverse test specimen Requirements,
from each of the two molds annealed in the two points in the
oven specified in Section 5 (d) fails to meet the requirements as
to tensile or transverse properties specified in Sections 2 and 3,
the castings from that melt will be rejected.

III. WORKMANSHIP AND FINISH.

8. The castings shall substantially conform to the sizes Workmanship,
and shapes of the patterns, and shall be made in a workman-
like manner. A variation of ^ in. per ft. will be permitted.
9. The castings shall be free from blemishes, scale and Finish,
shrinkage cracks.
IV. INSPECTION.
10. The inspector representing the purchaser shall have inspection,
free entry, at all times while work on the contract of the pur-
chaser is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's
works which concern the manufacture of the castings ordered.
The manufacturer shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all
reasonable facilities to satisfy him that the castings are being
furnished in accoi:dance with these specifications. AU tests
and inspection shall be made at the place of manufacture prior
to shipment, unless otherwise specified, and shall be so con-
ducted as not to interfere unnecessarily with the operation of
the works.
 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association for Testing Materials.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR

GRAY-IRON CASTINGS.

Serial Designation: A 48 - 05.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion A 48 ; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1905.

Process of 1. Unless furnace iron is specified, all gray castings are

Manufacture.
understood to be made by the cupola process.
Chemical 2. The sulfur contents shall be as follows:
Properties.
Light castings not over 0. 08 per cent.
Medium castings " " 0.10 "
Heavy castings " " 0.12 "
Classification.
3i. In di\'iding castings iftto light, medium and hea\'y classes,
the following standards have been adopted:
Castings ha\ing any section less than | in. thick shall be
known as light castings.
Castings in which no section is less than 2 in. thick shall be
known as heavy castings.
Medium castings are those not included in the above classi-
fication.
Physical 4. Transverse Test. — The minimum breaking strength of the
Properties.
'^Arbitration Bar" under transverse load shall be not under:
Light castings 2 500 lb.
Medium castings 2 900 "
Heayj^ castings 3 300 "
In no case shall the deflection be under 0.10 in.
(362)
 Serial Designation: A 48-05. 363

Tension Te^/.^Where specified, this shall not run less than:

Light castings 18 000 lb. per sq. in.
Medium castings 21000 " "
Heavy castings 24 000 " "
Arbitration
5. The quahty of the iron going into castings under specifica- Bar.
tion shall be determined by means of the "Arbitration Bar." This
is a bar 1^ in. in diameter and 15 in. long. It shall be prepared as
stated further on and tested transversely. The tension test is
not recommended, but in case it is called for, the bar as shown in
Fig. 1, and turned up from any of the broken pieces of the
transverse test shall, be used. The expense of the tension test
shall fall on the purchaser.
■ ■Standard Thread-

T'

Fig. 1.— Tension Test Specimen.

6. Two sets of two bars shall be cast from each heat, one set Number of
•from the first and the other set from the last iron going into the ^^^* ^^'■^•
castings. Where the heat exceeds 20 tons, an additional set
of two bars shall be cast for each 20 tons or fraction thereof
above this amount. In case of a change of mixture during the
heat, one set of two bars shall also be cast for every mixture other
than the regular one. Each set of two bars is to go into a single
mold. The bars shall not be rumbled or otherwise treated, being
simply brushed off before testing.
7. The transverse test shall be made on all the bars cast. Method of
with supports 12 in. apart, load apphed at the middle, and Testing.
the deflection at rupture noted. One bar of every two of each set
made must fulfil the requirements to permit acceptance of the
castings represented.
 364 Specifications for Gray-Iron Castings.

4old for Test 8. The mold for the bars is shown in Fig. 2. The bottom of
ar.
the bar is ys in- smaller in diameter than the top, to allow for
draft and for the strain of pouring. The pattern shall not be
rapped before withdramng. The flask is to be rammed up with
green molding sand, a little damper than usual, well mixed and
10" Pipe
Pattern
Cope

10" Pipe

Bored with
Vent Holes.

Fig. 2. — Mold for Arbitration Test Bar.

put through a No. 8 sieve, with a mixture of one to twelve bitumi-

nous facing. The mold shall be rammed evenly and fairly hard,
thoroughly dried and not cast until it is cold. The test bar shall
not be removed from the mold until cold enough to be handled.
peed of Testing, 9. The rate of appUcation of the load shall be from 20 to 40
seconds for a deflection of 0.10 in.
 Serial Designation: A 48-05. 365

10. Borings from the broken pieces of the "Arbitration Bar" Samples for
shall be used for the sulfur determinations. One determination ^^^'y^'^.
for each mold made shall be required. In case of dispute, the
standards of the American Foundrjonen's Association shall be
used for comparison.
1 1 . Castings shall be true to pattern, free from cracks, flaws Finish,
and excessive shrinkage. In other respects they shall conform
to whatever points may be specially agreed upon.
12. The inspector shall have reasonable faciUties afforded inspection,
him by the manufacturer to satisfy him that the finished ma-
terial isfurnished in accordance with these specifications. All
tests and inspections shall, as far as possible, be made at the
place of manufacture prior to shipment.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association for Testing Materials.

STANDARD METHODS
FOR
SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS OF PIG AND
CAST IRON.

Serial Designation: A 64-16.

These methods are issued under the fixed designation A 64 ; the final
number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case of revision, the
year of last revision.
Adopted, 1916.

SAMPLING.

Pig Iron. — One pig shall be selected at random from each

four tons of iron and ten such pigs (representing 40 tons of iron)
shall constitute a unit for sampling-. The surface of each pig
shall be cleansed with a stiff wire brush or in any manner that
will remove all loose sand without introducing deleterious matter.
The skin, down to clean metal, shall then be removed with
an emery wheel at the center of the upper face of each pig and
the surface carefully brushed off.
Drillings shall be taken with a j-in. twist drill, from top to
bottom of each pig, starting from the center of the cleared space
and stopping when the point of the drill appears below. One
hole only shall be bored in each pig.
Suitable precautions shall be taken to prevent the escape
of fine particles during the drilling. To this end a disk of clean
sheet metal shall he clamped upon the pig after the skin has been
removed. This disk shall have a hole in its center just large
(366)
 Serial Designation: A 64-16. 367

enough to receive the drill. Most of the drilluigs will then

accumulate on top of the disk and can be brushed off after the
drill is withdrawn. The pig shall then be turned bottom side
up over any suitable receptacle for collecting what may have
remained in the drill hole.
Castings. — In accordance with the Standard Specifications
for Gray-Iron Castings (Serial Designation: A 48) of the
American Society for Testing Materials, three test bars, 1.2 in,
in diameter, shall be cast in sand from each heat at the beginning
and again at the end of the pouring.
One bar from each set having been broken, one end of each
next the fracture shall be thoroughly cleaned and the outer
skin removed for a sufiicient distance from the fracture and
down to clean metal. Chips shall then be taken by means of a
lathe or milling machine across the whole face of the bar and
untU not less than 100 g. weight has been collected. The same
amount shall be taken from each bar. The bar shall be so
clamped as to permit the attachment or use of any suitable
device for collecting ever}' part of the sample and the machine
shall be run slowly enough to reduce to a minimum the danger
of loss of fine particles.
Subsequent Treatment of Sample from both Pig and Cast-
ings.— In the determination of total and graphitic carbon, and in
the case of check analyses on the other constituents, the following
precautions shall be taken : The entire unit shall be weighed and
then sifted on tight-fitting sieves (with cover) ha\ing 80 (and if
need be 120) meshes to the linear inch (approximately 900 and
2500 per square centimeter). The finer sieve need be used only
in case the particles passing the coarser sieve are not sufficiently
uniform in size and shape to meet the requirements of the
treatment that follows.
The two (or three) portions so obtained shall be separately
weighed. Each one shall then be thoroughly mixed without
any loss of material and divided by weight into two (or three)
exactly equal portions, each of which shall be placed in a clean,
glass-stoppered bottle or other receptacle of suitable material
and appropriately labeled. Of the three sets of the subdivided
samples, one shall be retained by the works, one sent to the
purchaser's chemist and the third reserved.
368 Methods for Analysis op t*iG and Cast Iron.

Before weighing out for analysis, the contents of each

bottle shall be thoroughly mixed and each portion used for
analysis shall be made up of the two (or three) partial samples
in the same proportion which they bear to the gross sample.
Thus, if the gross sample, weighing, say, 500 g., has been sep-
arated into portions weighing 400, 80, and 20 g., the amounts of
each that must be weighed to yield a 2-g. portion for analysis
are 1.6 g,, 0.32 g., and 0.08 g., respectively.

METHODS OF ANALYSIS.

DETERMINATION OF SILICON
BY THE

NITRO-SULFURIC (DROWN) METHOD.

Solutions Required.
Nitro-Sulfuric Acid. — Mix 1000 cc. of sulfuric acid, sp. gr.
1.84, 1500 cc. of nitric acid, sp. gr. 1.42, and 5500 cc. of dis-
tilled water.
Dilute Hydrochloric Acid. — Mix 100 cc. of hydrochloric
acid, sp. gr. 1.20, and 900 cc. of distilled water.
Method.
Add cautiously 30 cc. of the nitro-sulfuric acid to 1 g. of
iron in a platinum or porcelain dish of 300-cc. capacity, cover
with a clock glass, heat until the metal is dissolved, and
evaporate slowly until copious fumes of sulfuric acid are evolved.
Cool, add 125 cc. of distilled water, heat with frequent stirring
until all salts are dissolved, add 5 cc. of hydrochloric acid, sp. gr.
1.20, heat for 2 minutes, and filter on a 9-cm. paper. Wash the
precipitate several times with hot water, then with hot hydro-
chloric acid and hot water alternately to complete the removal
of iron salts, and finally with hot water until free from acid.
Transfer the filter to a platinum crucible, burn off the paper
carefully with the crucible covered, finally igniting over a blast
 Serial Designation: A 64- 16. 369

lamp or in a muffle furnace at 1000° C. for at least 20 minutes;

cool in a desiccator and weigh. Add sufficient sulfuric acid,
sp. gr. 1.84, to moisten the silica and then a small amount of
hydrofluoric acid. Evaporate to dr}Tiess, ignite and weigh.
The difference in weights represents silica from which the per-
centage ofsilicon may be calculated.
Run a blank determination on all reagents.

DETERMINATION OF SILICON
BY THE
HYDROCHLORIC-ACID METHOD.

Solutions Requhled.
Hydrochloric Acid. — Mix equal volumes of hydrochloric
acid, sp. gr. 1.20, and distilled water.
Method.
Place 1 or 2 g. of the metal in a casserole or 400-cc. beaker
and add 30 to 40 cc. of the hydrochloric acid. When action has
ceased, evaporate to dryness and bake in an air bath or on a hot
plate until all acid is removed. Cool, add 15 cc. of concen-
trated hydrochloric acid and heat until all iron salts are in
solution. Dilute with four or five times the volume of water,
filter, wash, ignite and treat the precipitate as described under
the Nitro-Sulfuric Method.

DETERMINATION OF SULFUR.

Solutions Required.
Barium Chloride.— Dissolve 100 g. of barium chloride
(BaCl2-2H20) in 1000 cc. of distilled water.
Method.
Dissolve 5 g. of iron in a 400-cc. beaker, using a mixture of
40 cc. of nitric acid, sp. gr. 1.42, and 5 cc. of hydrochloric acid,
sp. gr. 1.20. Add 0.5 g. of sodium carbonate, evaporate the
370 Methods for Analysis of Pig and Cast Iron.

solution to dryness and bake the residue on the hot plate until
fumes are no longer given off. Treat the residue in 30 cc. of
strong hydrochloric acid, dilute and filter. (See subsequent
paragraph in this section for treatment of this residue for
extraction of its possible sulfur content.) Cool the filtrate and
add ammonia until a permanent cloudiness appears, then add
5 cc. of strong hydrochloric acid so as to obtain a perfectly clear
liquid. Precipitate the sulfur in the cold filtrate (about 100 cc.)
with 10 cc. of the barium-chloride solution. After 24 to 48
hours collect the precipitate on a filter paper, wash first with
hot water (containing 10 cc. of concentrated hydrochloric acid
and 1 g. of barium chloride to the liter) until free from iron, and
then with hot water till free from chloride; or, first with cold
water, then with 25 cc. of water containing 2 cc. of concentrated
hydrochloric acid to the liter. Keep the washings separate
from the main filtrate and evaporate them to recover any
dissolved barium sulfate.
Place the insoluble residue, containing silica, graphite, etc.,
in a platinum crucible, cover with sodium carbonate (free from
sulfur) and char the paper (use an alcohol lamp for this and
subsequent heating operations) without allowing the carbonate
to melt; the crucible should be covered during this operation.
Then thoroughly mix in 0.2 g. of sodium nitrate and fuse the
mass with the cover removed. Dissolve the contents of the
crucible in water, filter and evaporate the filtrate with hydro-
chloric acid in excess, using a porcelain container; repeat the
evaporation with water and hydrochloric acid to insure removal
of nitrates. Extract the residue with a few drops of hydro-
chloric acid and water, filter off the insoluble matter and add
barium chloride to the filtrate. Add the barium sulfate obtained
to the main portion.
Run a blank with all reagents.

DETERMINATION OF PHOSPHORUS.

Solutions Required.
Nitric Acid for Dissolving. — Mix 1000 cc. of nitric acid,
sp. gr. 1.42, and 1200 cc. of distilled water.
 Serial Designation: A 64- 16. 371

Nitric Acid for Washing. — Mix 20 cc. of nitric acid, sp. gr.
1.42, and 1000 cc. of distilled water.
Ammonium-Molyhdate Solution for Precipitating.
Solution No. 1. — Place in a beaker 100 g. of 85-per-cent
molybdic acid, mix it thoroughly with 240 cc. of distilled water,
add 140 cc. of ammonium hydroxide, sp. gr., 0.90, filter and add
60 cc. of nitric acid, sp. gr. 1.42.
Solution No. 2. — Mix 400 cc. of nitric acid, sp. gr., 1.42,
and 960 cc. of distilled water.
When the solutions are cold, add solution No. 1 to solution
No. 2, stirring constantly; then add 0.1 g. of ammonium phos-
phate dissolved in 10 cc. of distilled water; agitate thoroughly,
let stand at least 24 hours and filter before using.
Ammonium-Molyhdate Solution for Washing, — Mix equal
volumes of the above compounded molybdate solution and of
water.
Potassium-Nitrate Solution. — Dissolve 10 g. of potassium-
nitrate in 1000 cc. of distilled water.
Phenol phthalein Solution. — ^Dissolve 0.2 g. of phenolphtha-
lein in 50 cc. of 95-per-cent ethyl alcohol and 50 cc. of dis-
tilled water.
Standard Sodium-Hydroxide Solution. — To 100 g. of pure
sodium hydroxide add an amount of distilled water just insufii-
cient to completely dissolve it. Pour into a tall cylinder,
close the cyHnder and allow the insoluble matter to settle.
Dilute in the proportion of 30 cc. to 2000 cc. of distilled water.
Standard Nitric Acid. — Measure 2000 cc. of distilled water
into a glass-stoppered bottle, add 20 cc. of nitric acid, sp. gr.
1.42, and mix thoroughly. Measure accurately 10 cc. of the
"standard sodium-hydroxide solution." Place this in a small
flask, add 40 cc. of distilled water and 3 drops of "phenolphtha-
lein solution." Drop "standard nitric acid" from a carefully
calibrated burette into the flask until the pink color just dis-
appears. Ifthe solutions are not of the same strength, dilute
the stronger with water until they agree.
The solutions being of equal strength, standardize them as
follows: Titrate the ammonium phosphomolybdate from an
iron in which the phosphorus has been accurately determined,
and divide the i)erccntagc of phosphorus by the numl)cr of
372 Methods for Analysis op Pig and Cast Iron.

cubic centimeters of the "standard sodium-hydroxide solution"

required to neutraHze it. The result is the value of the "stand-
ard sodium-hydroxide solution." The solution should preferably
be of such strength that 1 cc. = 0.0002 g. of phosphorus. Protect
the solution from carbon dioxide by a soda-lime tube.
Magnesia Mixture. — ^Dissolve 110 g. of crystallized mag-
nesium chloride (MgCl2.6H20) or 50 g. of the anh5^drous salt in
distilled water, and filter. Dissolve 28 g. of ammonium chloride
in distilled water, add a little bromine water and a slight
excess of ammonia and filter. Add this solution to the solution
of magnesium chloride, add enough ammonia to make the
solution smell decidedly of ammonia, dilute to about 2 liters,
transfer to a bottle, shake vigorously from time to time, allow
it to stand for several days, and filter into a smaU bottle as
required for use. Ten cubic centimeters of this solution will
precipitate about 0.15 g. of P2O5.
Ammonia Wash Water, Approximately 10 per cent. — Mix
1000 cc. of ammonia water, sp. gr. 0:90, and 2000 cc. of distilled
water in which has been dissolved 25 g. of ammonium nitrate.

Methods.
A. Molybdate Method for Non-titaniferous Irons.
Procedure for Obtaining Phosphomolyhdate. — In a 400 cc.
beaker dissolve 1 g. of metal (2 g. for irons low in phosphorus),
using 25 (or 50) cc. of "nitric acid for dissolving." Evaporate
to dr3^ness and heat on the hot plate or in the air bath at approxi-
mately 200° C. for about an hour. Allow the beaker to cool,
dissolve the residue in 15 cc. of concentrated hydrochloric acid
and evaporate to dr}Tiess to render the silica insoluble. Redis-
solve in 15 cc. of concentrated hydrochloric acid, dilute with
water, filter off insoluble and wash. (Bum off the filter paper
and graphite; expel silica with a few drops of hydrofluoric acid
and a drop or two of sulfuric acid, taking care not to drive off"
all of the last-named acid. Take up the residue with con-
centrated hj'drochloric acid, dilute, and filter if need be into the
main solution). Evaporate to a small volume until salts just
begin to separate. Add 10 cc. of concentrated nitric* acid and
evaporate until salts again begin to separate; add 15 cc. more of
 Serial Designation: A 64 - 16. 373

concentrated nitric acid and evaporate to a small volume. The

solution being in an Erlenmeyer flask and the initial volume not
over 25 cc. and its temperature that of the room, add 25 to
100 cc. of the molybdate reagent, according to the phosphorus
content of the iron, shake for 4 or 5 minutes and let stand for
30 minutes to 3 or 4 hours at room temperature.
Then (a): Filter on a Gooch crucible, wash with the solu-
tion of "ammonium-molybdate solution for washing" and then
with water containing 1 per cent of nitric acid, dry at 120° C.
and weigh as ammonium phosphomolybdate containing 1.63
per cent of phosphorus.
Or, (b): Filter on a 9-cm. paper and wash, first with the
"nitric acid for washing," and then with "potassium-nitrate
solution," until the washings are no longer acid. Place filter
and precipitate in the precipitating vessel and run in from a
pipette 10 cc. of the "standard sodium-hydroxide solution."
If, after agitation, this is insufficient to dissolve the precipitate,
add 10 cc. more, and if necessary continue the additions until
the precipitate is dissolved. Dilute to 50 cc, add 3 drops of
"phenolphthalein solution," and add from a burette "standard
nitric acid" until the puik color disappears; subtract the num-
ber of cubic centimeters of "standard nitric acid" used from the
number of cubic centimeters of "standard sodium-hydroxide
solution" taken to dissolve the precipitate, and the remainder
will be the number of cubic centimeters of the "standard
sodium-hydroxide solution" required to neutralize the ammo-
nium phosphomolybdate. From this calculate the amount of
phosphorus.
Or, (c): Filter on a small filter and wash with the "ammo-
nium-molybdate solution for washing" until a drop of the
filtrate gives no reaction for iron with potassium ferrocyanide.
Dissolve the precipitate in 2 or 3 cc. of strong ammonia and
filter through the paper that held the precipitate into a small
beaker of about 100-cc. capacity, washing with ammoniacal
water. With large precipitates more ammonia may be needed,
but always the amounts of ammonia and wash water used
should be as small as is consistent with perfect solution of the
precipitate and thorough washing. When the precipitate is
small the filtrate and washings should amount to about 25 cc.
374 Methods for Analysis of Pig and Cast Iron.

Neutralize the solution with strong hydrochloric acid; if the

yellow precipitate forms, add ammonia until it redissolves.^
To the cold alkaline Hquid add very slowly 10 cc. of "mag-
nesia mixture," stirring constantly, add a Httle more ammonia
and again stir vigorously. It is well to stand the beaker in cold
water and stir the solution several times after the precipitate
has begun to form. After 4 hours, filter on a small filter and
wash with the "ammonia wash water." Dry, ignite in a crucible
very carefully to burn off the carbonaceous matter, and finally
heat for 10 minutes over the blast lamp. (The heat should not
be so high as to cause partial fusion of the pyrophosphate.)
Fill the crucible half full of hot water, add from 5 to 20 drops
of hydrochloric acid, and heat for a few minutes to dissolve the
magnesium pyrophosphate. If a residue remains, filter, wash,
ignite in the crucible used for the pyrophosphate, weigh it, and
deduct its weight from that of the unpurified salt. Calculate
the phosphorus on the basis of 27.84 per cent in Mg2P207.

B. Molybdate Method for Irons containing Titanium.

Proceed as under method A until the solution resulting from
treatment of the insoluble residue has been combined with the
main solution. Then proceed according to Blair- up to a cer-
tain point, as follows:
Heat the solution nearly to boiHng, remove from the flame
and add gradually from a small beaker a mixture of 2 cc. of acid
ammonium sulfite'* and 10 cc. of ammonia, stirring constantly.
The precipitate, which forms at first, redissolves, and when all
but a Uttle of the reagent has been added, replace the beaker
over the flame. If, at any time while adding the sulfite solu-
tion, the precipitate formed will not redissolve, even after
vigorous stirring, add a few drops of hydrochloric acid, and
when the solution clears, continue the addition, very slowly, of
1 If a flocculent white precipitate now shows, filter it ofif, dry and ignite it in a platinum
crucible, fuse the residue with a very little sodium carbonate, extract the melt with hot water,
filter, acidify the filtrate with nitric acid, add some ammonium nitrate and molybdate reagent
and if phosphorus is indicated by the formation of a yellow precipitate, filter, wash and dis-
solve this in ammonia and add to the main solution.
2"The Chemical Analysis of Iron," 7th Ed., p. 81.
3 Made by saturating strong ammonia water with sulfur-dioxide gas. Eighteen cubic
centimeters of such a solution will deoxidize a solution of 10 g. of iron.
 Serial Designation: A 64-16. 375

the add ammonium sulfite. After replacing the beaker over the
flame, add to the solution (which should smell quite strongly
of sulfurous anhydride) ammonia, drop by drop, until the solu-
tion is quite decolorized, and finally until a slight greenish
precipitate remains undissolved even after vigorous stirring.
Now add the remainder of the sulfite solution, which should
throw down a white precipitate, which usually redissolves,
leaving the solution quite clear and almost perfectly decol-
orized. Should any precipitate remain undissolved, however,
add hydrochloric acid, drop by drop, until the solution clears,
when it should smell perceptibly of sulfurous anhydride. If the
reagents are used exactly in the proportions indicated, the
reactions will take place as described, and the operations will be
readily and quickly carried out. If the solution of acid
ammonium sulfite is weaker than it should be, of course the
ferric chloride will not be reduced, and the solution, at the end
of the operation described above, will not be decolorized and
will not smell of sulfurous anhydride. In this case add more
acid ammonium sulfite (without the addition of ammonia)
until the solution smells strongly of sulfurous anhydride, then
add ammonia until the slight permanent precipitate appears,
and redissolve it in as few drops of hydrochloric acid as possible.
The solution being now very nearly neutral, the iron in the
ferrous condition, and an excess of sulfurous acid present, add
to the solution 5 cc. of hydrochloric acid to make it decidedly
acid and to insure the complete decomposition of any excess of
the acid ammonium sulfite that may be present. Boil the
solution while a stream of carbon dioxide passes through it,
until every trace of sulfurous anhydride is expelled'. Add a
few drops of bromine water or of a solution of ferric chloride,
and cool the solution by placing the beaker in cold water. To
the cold solution add ammonia from a small beaker very slowly,
and finally, drop by drop, with constant stirring. The green
precipitate of ferrous hydroxide which forms at first is dissolved
by stirring, leaving the solution perfectly clear, but subse-
quently, although the green precipitate dissolves, a whitish one
remains, and the next drop of ammonia increases the whitish
•If arsenic is present pass a current of hydrogen-sulfide gas through the solution for 15
minutes, filter, and expel excess of the precipitant by a current of carbon djoxide.
376 Methods for Analysis of Pig and Cast Iron.

precipitate or gives it a reddish tint, and finally the greenish

precipitate remains undissolved even after vigorous stirring,
and another drop of ammonia makes the whole precipitate
appear green. If, before this occurs the precipitate does not
appear decidedly red in color, dissolve the green precipitate, by
a drop or two of hydrochloric acid, and add a little bromine
water or ferric-chloride solution (l or 2 cc), then add ammonia
as before, and repeat this until the reddish precipitate is
obtained, and then the green coloration as described above.
Dissolve the green precipitate in a very few drops of acetic
acid (sp. gr. 1.04), when the precipitate remaining will be quite
red in color, then add about 1 cc. of acetic acid, and dilute the
solution with boiling water, so that the beaker may be about
four-fifths full. Heat to boiling, and when the solution has
boiled one minute, lower the flame, filter as rapidly as possible
through a 14-cm. filter, and wash once with hot water. The
filtrate should run through clear, but in a few minutes it will
appear cloudy by the precipitation of ferric hydroxide. The
points to be observed are the red color of the precipitate and the
clearness of the solution when it first runs through.
Dry the filter and precipitate without scorching the paper.
Remove with filter paper any precipitate adhering to the beaker
and dry the paper. Transfer the main portion of the precipi-
tate (all that can be removed) to a small porcelain mortar.
Bum carefully the filter and the wipings of the beaker and
transfer the ash to the mortar. Grind the contents of the
mortar with 3 g. of sodium carbonate and a little nitrate and
transfer the mixture to a platinum crucible, cleaning pestle and
mortar with a Httle sodium carbonate. Fuse the whole for half
an hour or more, cool, dissolve the fused mass in hot water,
filter,^ and wash with hot water.
Acidify the alkaline solution with nitric acid, evaporate in
a small casserole nearly to dryness, transfer to a small Erlen-
meyer flask, so that the final volume shall not exceed 25 cc,
add at room temperature 25 to 100 cc. of the molybdate reagent
and shake for 4 or 5 minutes. Let stand for 30 minutes to
3 or 4 hours. From this point the procedure is exactly as
described for non-titaniferous irons under method A.
' The residue on the filter contains the whole of the titanium.
 Serial Designation: A 64-16. 377

DETERMINATION OF MANGANESE
BY THE
BISMUTHATE METHOD. .

Solutions Required.
Nitric Acid for Solution. — Mix 500 cc. of nitric acid, sp. gr.
1.42, and 1500 cc. of distilled water.
Nitric Acid for Washing. — Mix 30 cc. of nitric acid, sp. gr.
1.42, and 970 cc. of distilled water.
Stock Sodium Arsenite. — To 15 g. of arsenious oxide (AS2O3)
in a 300-cc. Erlenmeyer flask, add 45 g. of sodium carbonate
and 150 cc. of distilled water. Heat the flask and contents in
a water bath until the oxide is dissolved, cool the solution and
make up to 1000 cc. with distilled water.
Standard Sodium Arsenite. — Dilute 300 cc. of "stock sodium
arsenite" solution to 1000 cc. with distilled water and titrate
against potassium-permanganate solution (about N/IO), which
has been standardized by using Bureau of Standards Sodium
Oxalate.^
Adjust the solution so that 1 cc. is equivalent to 0.10 per
cent of manganese, when a 1-g. sample is taken.
The factor Na2C204—>Mn = 0.16397 (using the 1913 atomic
weights) .

Method.

In a 300-cc. Erlenmeyer flask dissolve 1 g. of iron in 50 cc.

of the "nitric acid for solution" and boil to expel the oxides
of nitrogen, cool, filter,^ add about 0.5 g. of sodium bismuthate,
and heat for a few minutes or until the pink color has dis-
appeared, with or without precipitation of manganese dioxide.
Add small portions of ferrous sulfate (or any suitable reducing
agent) in sufi&cient quantity to clear the solution and boil to
expel the oxides of nitrogen. Cool to about 15° C, add an
excess of sodium bismuthate and agitate for a few minutes.
Add 50 cc. of the "nitric acid for washing" and filter through an
« Circular No. 40, Bureau of Standards, Oct. 1, 1912.
' The insoluble residue should be examined for manganese.
378 Methods for Analysis of Pig and Cast Iron.

alundum filter or asbestos pad,^ washing with the same nitric

acid. Titrate immediately with "standard sodium arsenite"
solution to the disappearance of the pink color, each cubic
centimeter required representing 0.10 per cent manganese.

DETERMINATION OF MANGANESE
BY THE
FORD-WILLIAMS METHOD.

Solutions Required.
Nitric Acid for Solution. — Mix equal volumes of nitric acid,
sp. gr. 1.42, and distilled water.
Standard Ferrous-Sulfate Solution. — Dissolve 10 g. of pure
crystallized Fe2S04-7H20 in 900 cc, of distilled water and 100 cc.
of sulfuric acid, sp. gr. 1.84.
Standard Permanganate Solution, about N/10. — Dissolve
3.735 g. of potassium permanganate in 1000 cc. of distilled
water. After aging, standardize this solution by means of
sodium oxalate of ascertained purity (Sorensen's as furnished
by the Bureau of Standards for a fee of $2.00 for 120 g. or $3.00
for 200 g.).
Method.

Dissolve 3 g. of iron in 40 cc. of "nitric acid for solution,"

dilute, filter,'- and evaporate almost to a syrupy consistency.
Add 40 cc. of nitric acid, sp. gr. 1.42, and 3 g. of potassium
chlorate. Boil the solution for 15 minutes. Remove from the
source of heat and add 15 cc. of nitric acid, sp. gr. 1.42, and 3 g.
of potassium chlorate. Boil again until yellow fumes cease to
come off. Cool quickly and filter on an asbestos pad in a car-
bon funnel. Wash with cold nitric acid, sp. gr. 1.42 (free from
oxides of nitrogen" until the iron is removed and then with water
1 la making the asbestos pad it is advisable to have a thin bed and as much surface as
possible. This insures rapid filtration, and the filter may be used tmtil it becomes clogged
with bismuthate. The filtrate must be perfectly clear, since the least particle of bismuthate
carried through the filter will vitiate the results.
2 The insoluble residue should be examined for manganese.
' It is very important to use nitric acid free from oxides of nitrogen, since these dissolve
the precipitated manganese dioxide.
 Serial Designation: A 64-16. 37.9

until the nitric acid is removed. Transfer the filter to the

beaker in which precipitation was made, add a measured amount
of the "standard ferrous-sulfate solution," so that there shall
be an excess, and titrate the excess with the "standard perman-
ganate solution."
In another operation titrate the same amount of "standard
ferrous-sulfate solution" directly against the permanganate.
The difference between the two amounts of permanganate used
gives the measure of the manganese present in the iron. The
comparison of the ferrous sulfate and permanganate solutions
should be made each day they are used.

DETERMINATION OF CARBON
BY THE

DIRECT-COMBUSTION METHOD.

The method of direct combustion of the metal in oxygen is

recommended, the carbon dioxide obtained being absorbed in
barium-hydroxide solution, the precipitated barium carbonate
filtered off, washed, dissolved in a measured excess of hydro-
chloric acid and the excess titrated against standard alkali.
The use of potassium-hydroxide solution or soda lime for
the absorption of carbon dioxide, with suitable purifying train
between absorption tube and furnace, is recognized as being
capable of very satisfactory refinement and as possessing merit
where the time element is of prime significance.
Owing to the diversity of apparatus by which correct results
may be obtained in the determination of carbon, the recom-
mendations are intended more to indicate what is acceptable
than to prescribe definitely what shall be used.

Apparatus.

Purifying Train. — The method employed eliminates the

necessity of a purifying train following the furnace, inasmuch
as no precautions are necessary to prevent access of water
vapor, or sulfur trioxide — the impurities usually guarded against
— from the absorbing apparatus. All that is needed is a
380 Methods for Analysis of Pig and Cast Iron.

calcium-chloride tower filled with stick sodium hydroxide placed

before the furnace, or between the furnace and catalyzer, if, as
recommended, the latter is used for the purpose of oxidizing
organic matter in thfe oxygen.
Material for Lining Boats. — ^Alundum, "RR Alundum,
alkali-free, specially prepared for carbon determination," as
suppUed by dealers is suitable, and is recommended. The
90-mesh or finer grades are used. Chromite, properly sized and
freed from materials causing a blank, may also be employed.
No substance containing alkali or alkaline earth metals, or car-
bon as carbonates or in other form, should be used as a lining
material. Quartz sand, owing to its Hability to fuse or to slag
with the oxides of iron, causing bubbles of gas to be enclosed, is
objectionable. Aluminum oxide, made by calcining alum or
otherwise, often contains sulfate not easily destroyed, or may
contain objectionable substances of an alkaHne nature.
Catalyzers. — Suitable catalyzers are copper oxide, plati-
nized quartz or asbestos, or platuiuni gauze. One of these
should be used in the forward part of the combustion apparatus,
as well as in the purifying train preceding the combustion tube
(see above). Platinized materials sometimes give off volatile
substances on heating, and whatever material is used should
not be subject to this defect.
Combustion Apparatus. — ^Any apparatus heated by gas or
electricity which will bring the sample to a temperature of 950
to 1100° C. may be used. Combustion tubes may be porcelain,
glazed on one or both sides, quartz or platinum. Quartz is
liable to devitrification when used continuously at temperatures
above 1000° C, and may then become porous. Combustion
crucibles of platinum may be heated by blast or by Meker
burners.
Boats or Other Containers of Samples being Burned. — ^These
may be of porcelain, quartz, alundum, clay, platinum, or nickel,
and should always receive a lining of granular alundum.
Purifying Train before Combustion Apparatus. — ^This con-
sists of a tower filled with stick sodium hydroxide, preceded by
a catalyzer.
;,M The Train after the Combustion Apparatus. — This consists
merely of the Meyer tube for absorption of the carbon dioxide,
 Serial Designation: A 64-16. 381

protected by a soda-lime tube at the far end. Meyer tubes

with 7 to 10 bulbs of 10 to 15-cc. capacity each, and large bulbs
at the ends, having volumes equal to the combined capacity of
the smaU bulbs, have been used and found satisfactory.
Filtering Apparatus. — In filtration for accurate work, care
should be taken to protect the solution from access of extra-
neous carbon dioxide. This is accomplished in the apparatus
shown in Fig. 1. For work requiring less accuracy, the barium
carbonate may be filtered oJGf on a filter made by fitting a carbon
funnel with a perforated procelain disk and filtering by suction.
The precipitate is then washed with distilled water from which
the_carbon dioxide has been removed by boiling.

Reagents.

Oxygen. — Oxygen of not less than 97-per-cent purity is

recommended. Endeavor should be made to obtain oxygen
which gives no blank, since the correction for or elimination of
this is troublesome and uncertain. For the most accurate work
the blank should be completely eliminated by the use of a
catalyzer before the furnace, with a carbon-dioxide absorbent
interposed between furnace and catalyzer.
Tenth-normal Hydrochloric Acid. — This may be standardized
by any of the accepted methods, or as follows: Twenty cubic
centimeters of the approximately N/10 acid is measured out
with a pipette, and the silver chloride precipitated by an excess
of silver-nitrate solution in a volume of 50 to 60 cc. After
digesting at 70
the chloride to 80° C,
is filtered ofif until
on a the
taredsupernatant liquid
Gooch filter and iswashed
clear,
with water containing 2 cc. of nitric acid per 100 cc. of water,
until freed from silver nitrate. After drying to constant weight
at 130° C, the increase of weight over the original tare is noted,
and from this weight, corresponding to the silver chloride, the
strength of the hydrochloric acid is calculated, after which it is
adjusted to the strength prescribed. The standardization should
be based upon several concordant determinations, using varying
amounts of acid.

1 cc. N/10 HC1 = 0.0006 g. carbon.

382 Methods por Analysis of Pig and Cast Iron.

Methyl Orange. — Dissolve 0.02 g. in 100 cc. of hot distilled

water and filter.
Tenth-normal Sodium-Hydroxide Solution. — This is stand-
ardized against the hydrochloric acid. Methyl orange is used as
the indicator. The sodium-hyroxide solution should be stored
in a large bottle from which it may be driven out by air pressure,
protecting against carbon dioxide by soda-lime tubes.
Barium-Hydroxide Solution. — ^A saturated solution is filtered
and stored in a large reservoir from which it is delivered by air
pressure, protecting from carbon dioxide by a soda-lime tube.
Use enough of this solution to fill all the small bulbs of the
Meyer tube when the latter is properly set up for absorption.

Factors Influencing Rapid Combustion.

Manner of Distributing Sample in Boat. — This is of consid-

erable importance. With all samples, close packing in a small
space is conducive to rapid combustion. In the case of samples
which burn too \dgorously, a satisfactory regulation may some-
times be attained by spreading the sample loosely over the
lining in the boat.
Rate of Admitting Oxygen. — The rate at which oxygen is
admitted is also a factor in the velocity of combustion; a mod-
erate rate of burning is to be sought. This is desirable from
the standpoint of the complete absorption of the carbon dioxide
by the barium-hydroxide solution. The above-mentioned
factors can be governed so as to burn successfully irons of a
very wide range of compositions, in either fine or coarse
particles.
Method.

After having properly set up and tested the apparatus,

place 1 g. of iron in a moderately packed condition on the bed
material and introduce the boat into the combustion apparatus,
already heated to the proper temperature. After about a
minute (to allow the sample and container to reach the tem-
perature ofthe furnace), admit oxygen somewhat more rapidly
than it is consumed, as shown by the rate of bubbling in the
 Serial Designation: A 64-16. 383

Meyer tube.^ The sample burns completely in 1 or 2 minutes,

and all that is now necessary is to sweep all the carbon dioxide
into the absorption apparatus. This can be accomplished in
6 to 8 minutes by passing about 1 or 2 liters of oxygen. Detach
the Meyer tube and filter and wash the barium carbonate, using
the special filtering apparatus shown. After solution in a
measured excess of hydrochloric acid (the Meyer tube being
washed out with a portion of the acid, to remove adhering
barium carbonate), titrate the excess of acid against alkali and
from the data thus obtained calculate the percentage of carbon.

Apparatus and Procedure for Filtration.

The apparatus is shown to approximately one-tenth size in

Fig. 1, which is self-explanatory. The stop-cock is a three-way
cock . connected to the suction pipe. The rubber tubing con-
nected to the Meyer tube should be of best grade black rubber
and the lengths should be so chosen as to permit of easy manip-
ulation of the tube.- The Meyer tube is connected or discon-
nected by the rubber stoppers which are left always attached to
the rubber tubes. The carbon tube C is fitted with a per-
forated porcelain plate sHding easily.
The funnel is prepared for filtration by making on the
porcelain disk a felt of asbestos about ys to | in. in thickness,
using amphibole (not serpentine) asbestos which has been care-
fully digested with strong hydrochloric acid for several hours
and washed with w-ater until it gives no acid reaction. On top
of the asbestos pad is placed a layer of similarly treated quartz
mixed with asbestos, of the height shown. A mixture of quartz
grains of various sizes (approximately 50 per cent passing a
' As a precaution against error resulting from too rapid passage of the gases, it is well
to attach a second barium-hydro.xide tube to retain any carbon dioxide that may pass the
first.
For the most accurate work the Meyer tubes should be washed with dilute acid before
beginning work each day. After a determination is finished the tube should be completely
filled two or three times with tap water, then rinsed with distilled water, in order to remove
the carbon dioxide liberated when dissolving the carbonate from the previous determination.
The flask containing the carbonate should be thoroughly agitated after adding the acid,
since the carbonate sometimes dissolves rather slowly if this is not done; this is particularly
the case if it has packed much during filtration.
2 It is well to wash out the rubber tubes connected to the Meyer tube with a little water
each day before beginning work.
384 Methods for Analysis of Pig and Cast Iron.

20-mesh sieve and 50 per cent passing a 10-mesh and remaining

on a 20-mesh sieve) is suitable. The mixture of quartz and
asbestos may be obtained by filling the funnel from a beaker
(directing against it a stream from a wash-bottle) while main-
taining a gentle suction. In this way the asbestos is properly
mixed with the quartz. A little experience and attention to
these details wiU enable one to prepare the quartz-bed in a
manner that will greatly expedite filtration.^ The stopper is
now inserted in the funnel, the Meyer tube connected as shown
and the liquid and precipitate sucked into the funnel. Only

Fig. 1. — Apparatus for Filtering Barium Carbonate.

a gentle suction should be used. When necessary Pz is opened

to admit air back of the column of Hquid in the Meyer tube.
When the contents of the Meyer tube have been transferred,
the large bulb nearest B is half filled with water by opening Pi;
the stop-cock S is operated during this and subsequent opera-
tions so as to maintain a gentle suction aU the time. M is now
manipulated so as to bring the wash water in contact with all
parts of the interior, after which the water is sucked through
C; Pi is left open during this and subsequent washings. ^ After
• Glass wool should on no account be used as a substitute for the quartz, on account of
the probability of errors arising from its attack by the alkali or acid.
* The operation of filtering can be carried out very rapidly after a little practice.
 Serial Designation: A 64-16. 385-

eight washings as directed, allowing the wash water to drain

off thoroughly each time before adding more, M may be
detached, the stopper removed from the funnel and the wash-
ing completed by filling C to the top with COa-free water,
sucking off completely and repeating the operation once. With
care the washing may be done with 150 cc. of water. Air is now
admitted through the side opening of S, C is removed and the
porcelain disk carrying the asbestos, quartz and barium car-
bonate is thrust, by means of a long glass rod, into a flask,
removing any adhering particles from the sides of C, by a stream
of water from a wash bottle. An excess of the standard acid is
now added from a burette or pipette, using a portion to wash
out M, and after the contents of the flask have been thoroughly
agitated by shaking, the excess of acid is titrated against the
standard alkali, using 3 drops of the methyl-orange indicator.
 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Assocmtion for Testing Materials.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR
HARD-DRAWN COPPER WIRE.

Serial Designation: B 1-15.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion B 1 ; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of re\'ision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1909; Revised, 1911, 1913, 1915.

Material. 1. The material shall be copper of such quality and purity

that, when drawn hard, it shall have the properties and character-
istics herein required.
Shapes. 2. These specifications cover hard-drawn round wire,
grooved trolley wire, and figure-eight trolley wire, as hereinafter
described.
Finish. 3. (a) The wire, in all shapes, must be free from all imper-
fections not consistent with the best commercial practice.
(b) Necessary brazes in hard-drawTi wire must be made in
accordance with best commercial practice, and tests upon a sec-
tion of wire containing a braze must show at least 95 per cent of
the tensile strength of the unbrazed wire. Elongation tests
are not to be made upon test sections including brazes.
Packages. 4. (a) Package sizes for round wire shall be agreed upon in
the placing of indi\ddual orders; standard packages of grooved
trolley wire shall be shipments upon reels holding about 2500 lb.
each.
(b) The wire shall be protected against damage in ordinary
handling and shipping. (386)
 Serial Designation: B 1-15. 387,

5. For the purpose of calculating weights, cross-sections, etc.. Specific Gravity

the specific gravity of copper shall be taken as 8.89 at 20° C.
6. All testing and inspection shall be made at the place of inspection,
manufacture. The manufacturer shall afford the inspector
representing the purchaser all reasonable facihties to enable him
to satisfy himself that the material conforms to the requirements
of these specifications.

Hard-Drawn Round Wire.

7. (a) Size shall be expressed as the diameter of the wire in Dimensions anc
decimal fractions of an inch, using not more than three places of variations.*
decimals; that is, in mils.
(b) Wire is expected to be accurate in diameter; permissible
variations from nominal diameter shall be :
For wire 0.100 in. in diameter and larger, one per cent over
or under;
For wire less than 0.100 in. in diameter, one mil over or
under.

(c) Each coil is to be gaged at three places, one near each

end, and one approximately at the middle ; the coil may be re-
jected if,two points being within the accepted limits, the third
point is off gage more than 2 per cent in the case of wire 0.064
in. in diameter and larger, or more than 3 per cent in the case
of wire less than 0.064 in. in diameter.
8. Wire shall be so drawn that its tensile strength and elonga- Physical Test,
tion shall be at least equal to the value stated in Table I. Tensile
tests shall be made upon fair samples, and the elongation of wire
larger in diameter that 0.204 in. shall be determined as the perma-
nent increase in length, due to the breaking of the w4re in tension,
measured between bench marks placed upon the wire origin-
ally 10 in. apart. The elongation of wire 0.204 in. in diameter
and smaller shall be determined by measurements made between
the jaws of the testing machine. The zero length shall be the
distance between the jaws when a load equal to ten per Cent of
the required ultimate breaking strength shall have been apphed,
and the final length shall be the distance between the jaws at the
time of rupture. The zero length shall be as near 60 in. as
388 Specifications for Hard-Drawn Copper Wire.

possible. The fracture shall be between the bench marks in

the case of wire larger than 0.204 in. in diameter and between
the jaws in the case of smaller wire, and not closer than 1 in. to
either bench mark- or jaw. If upon testing a sample from any
coil of wire, the results are found to be below the values stated in
the table, tests upon two additional samples shall be made, and
the average of the three tests shall determine acceptance or
rejection of the coil. For wire whose nominal diameter is
between Usted sizes, the requirements shall be those of the next
larger size included in the table.
Table I.
Diameter, Tensile
Strength, Elongation
in 10 in.,
Area, mils.
circular
in.
lb. per sq. in.
per cent.
0.460 211 600 49 000
3.75
0.410 168 100 51 000 3.25
0.365 52 800 2.80
133 225
0.325 105 625 2.40
0.289 83 520 56 500
.54 100 2.17
1.98
0.258 66 565 57 600
0.229 52 440 59 000 1.79

in 60 in.
0.204 41 615 60 100 1.24
0.182 33 125 61 200 1.18
0.165 27 225 62 000
1.14
0.162 26 245 62 100 1.14
0.144 20 735 63 000 1.09
1.07
0.134 17 956 63 400
0.128 16 385 63 700 1.06
12 995 64 300 1.02
0.114
1.00
0.104 10 815 64 800
0.102 10 404 1.00
64 900
0.092 8 464 65 400 0.97
0.091 8 281 65 400 0.97
0.081 6 561 65 700 0.95
0.080 6 400 65 700
0.94
0.072 5 184 65 900 0.92
0.065 4 225 66 200 0.91
0.064 4 096 66 200 0.90
0.057 3 249 66 400 0.89
0.051 2 601 66 600 0.87
0.045 2 025 66 800 0.86
0.040 1 600 67 000 0.85
 389
Serial Designation: B 1-15.

9. Electric resistivity shall be determined upon fair samples Electric

by resistance measurements at a temperature of 20° C. (68° F.). Resistivity.
The wire shall not exceed the following limits:
For diameters 0.460 in. to 0.325 in., 900.77 lb. per mile-ohm
at 20° C;
For diameters 0.324 in. to 0.040 in., 910.15 lb. per mile-ohm
at 20° C.
Grooved Trolley Wire.

10. Standard sections shall be those known as the "American Sections.

Standard Grooved Trolley Wire Sections," the shape and dimen-
sions of which are as shown in Fig. 1.
^■376£-rri__

211600 CM, Wire. 16&I00 C.M.Wire 133200 CM. Wire

Fig. 1.

11. (a) Size shall be expressed as the area of cross-section Dimensions anc
in circular mils,'the standard sizes being°as follows: Permissible
Variations.

211,600 circular mils, weighing 3,386 lb. per mile.

168,100 " " " 2,690 " " "
133,200 " " " 2,132 " " "

(6) Grooved trolley wire may vary 4 per cent over or under
in weight per unit length from standard, as determined from
the nominal cross-section.
12. The physical tests shall be made in the same manner as physical Tests,
those upon round wire. The tensile strength of grooved wire
shall be at least 95 per cent of that required for round wire of the
same sectional area; the elongation shall be the same as that
required for round wire of the same sectional area.
 390 Specifications for Hard-Drawn Copper Wire.

Electric 13. The requirements for electric resistivity shall be the

Resistivity.
same as those for round wire of the same sectional area.

Figure-Eight Trolley Wire,

Sections. 14. Standard sections of figure-eight trolley wire shall be as

shown in Fig. 2. •
Requirements. 15, The requirements for weight, physical properties, and
electric resistivity of figure-eight trolley wire shall be the same
as for the same sizes of grooved trolley wir&.

wo.m am^i
kfi/ri'j

\<--o:j52 ->i k 0.400 -^

133,200 CM. 158,100 CM.
211,600 CM.
F,G.

Explanatory Notes on Standard Specifications

FOR Hard-Drawn Copper Wire.
5. The specific gravity of copper was formerly standardized
in these specifications at 8.90. The value has been changed to
8.89, since that is the value adopted as standard by the American
Institute of Electrical Engineers and the International Electro-
Technical Commission.
7. (a) The use of arbitrary gage numbers to express dimen-
sions cannot be too strongly condemned. There are many such
gages in existence, and confusion is to be expected unless the
particular gage to be used is specified. Many of the gages
have their dimensions stated in absurd figures, such as 0.090742
in., when it is not especially easy to measure dimensions in the
fourth decimal place by workshop tools. Definite diameters in
measurable units are evidently preferable.
8. Many other physical tests than those provided in these
 Serial Designation: B 1 - 15. 391

specifications are included in existing specifications. The reasons

for the omission of some of the more common are given as follows :
Twist Tests. — The wire is sometimes required to permit
twisting through a stated number of revolutions before breaking.
The results are so easily influenced by temperature, speed of
rotation, method of gripping, and other variables not easily
defined or controlled, that the test is at least of doubtful value.
It is the opinion of the committee^ that it is impractical to so
define the conditions of the test that a twist test can be made
definite and rehable; hence there is no warrant for its inclusion
in specifications.
Wrap Tests. — Wire is sometimes required to permit tight
wrapping about a wire of its own diameter, unwrapping and again
re-wrapping. It is obvious that the making of a test of this kind
with wire that is already hard-drawn is exceedingly difficult.
Every one who has tried to break off a piece of tough wire by
bending it back and forth between the fingers, knows how hard it
is to confine the bend to one place, because of the hardening
action of the previous bends. Hard wire which has been wrapped
around a wire of small diameter is hardened still more and it is
almost impossible to straighten the wire, let alone re-coil it in the
opposite direction. In the opinion of the committee, it is inad-
visable toinclude a test which at best is so indefinite as a wrap
test. Furthermore, it is the opinion of the committee that
wire which will meet the physical tests included in these specifi-
cations will meet any properly made twist or wrap test that
would reasonably be required.
Since the adoption of the Standard Specifications for Hard-
Drawn Copper Wire, proposed in 1909, the committee has very
carefully considered the matter of twist and wrap tests, and it is
their final opinion that while there might be some possible reason
for requiring that wire shall stand wrapping around a wire of
equal diameter, there can be no good reason for including in
specifications the requirement that it shall stand unwrapping and
re- wrapping, because such a test is indefinite and cannot be made
otherwise. It is almost physically impossible to unwrap and
re-wrap hard-drawn wire about a wire of its own diameter.
With respect to twist tests, the committee has nothing to add to
•Qommittee B-1 on Standard Specifications for Copper Wire.
392 Specifications for Hard-Drawn Copper Wire.

the statement already on record, condemning this charactei

of test.
Elastic Limit. — During the tension test on wire, there is
seldom to be observed any definite drop of the beam or increase in
the rate of elongation, corresponding to the yield point commonly
observed in testing steel. The only way in which the elastic limit
of hard ware may be determined is by the actual plotting of the
elastic curve from extensometer readings. Even such tests are
difficult of interpretation, because the wire when available for
tests is usually curved, due to its having been put up in a coil.
There are Httle sets observable before the true elastic Hmit has
been reached, owing to the fact that one side of the wire, having
been stretched in coiling, is really a little harder that the other
side, and the pull is, therefore, not even. Considering the
difficulty of making the test and the uncertainty of the results
obtained, it is the opinion of the committee that it would be inad-
visable to include an elastic limit test in these specifications.
It is evident that if the designing engineer requires a knowledge
of the location of the elastic limit, for purposes of calculation in
designing, such data can be obtained by special tests on represen-
tative sizes of wire, which will fix the relation of the elastic
limit to the ultimate strength for all wire which is properly
made.
Tests carefully made by members of the committee show
that the elastic limit of hard-drawn copper wire from sizes 0.460
to 0.325 in., inclusive, averages 55 per cent of the ultimate
tensile strength required in these specifications, with a minimum
value of 50 per cent; for sizes 0.324 to 0.040 in., inclusive, it
averages 60 per cent of the ultimate tensile strength required
in these specifications, with a minimum value of 55 per cent.
This statement of experience is based on the definition of elastic
Hmit as "that point on the elastic curve beyond which the
ratio of stress to strain ceases to be constant."
9. Conductivity. — Electric conductivity was formerly ex-
pressed as a percentage on the basis of a determination made
by Matthiessen about 1865, of the electric resistivity of suppos-
edly pure copper. Since that time the methods of refining
copper have advanced, so that it is not uncommon to find copper
of over 100 per cent conductivity on the Matthiessen basis.
 Serial Designation: B 1-15. 393

There has until recently not been international agreement on

the electric resistivity of copper to be considered the standard
for the expression of conductivity. While international agree-
ment upon the value 0.15328 ohms per meter-gram at 20° C. for
the resistivity of copper equal to 100 per cent conductivity was
reached by the International Electro-Technical Commission
in 1913, it has been deemed preferable to express the require-
ments in standard specifications in the terms of quantities
directly measurable, rather than by reference to some quantity
whose standard value is the subject of agreement only. The
use of the arbitrary term "conductivity" has no more warrant
than the employment of arbitrary gage numbers. Therefore, in
these specifications the requirements are stated as the maximum
rejection Hmits to the resistivity.
For the convenience of those who are accustomed to express
resistivity in any of the several more or less common units,
the following table of equivalents has been prepared, giving
the resistivity of copper at 20° C:
900.77 lb. per mile-ohm is equal to:
0. 15775 ohms per meter-gram,
1 . 7745 microhms per centimeter-cube,
0 . 69863 microhms per inch-cube,
10.674 ohms per mil-foot.

910. 15 lb. per mile-ohm is equal to:

0. 15940 ohms per meter-gram,
1 . 7930 michroms per centimeter-cube,
0 . 70590 microhms per inch-cube,
10 . 785 ohms per mil-foot.

10. It is obvious that the simplest designation of irregular

shapes of similar outline is by sectional area, and the most com-
monly used unit among electrical engineers is the circular mil.
Therefore, while the sizes of grooved trolley wire regularly used
are generally known by B & S gage number, corresponding to
their sectional area, it has been deemed advisable by the com-
mittee to list these sizes, in specifications, by their sectional area
expressed in circular mils. The three sizes which are most
394 Specifications for Hard-Drawn Copper Wire.

extensively used commercially are the only ones listed; a fourth

size is but Uttle used, and the use is growdng less.
11. The only way in which gage variations are easily
detenninable in irregular shapes is by recourse to weights of
standard lengths, and this has been the method adopted in the
specifications.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA. PA., U. S. A.

AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association for Testing Materials.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR

MEDIUM HARD-DRAWN COPPER WIRE.

Serial Designation: B 2-15.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion B 2; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1912; Revised, 1913, 1915.

1. The copper shall be of such quality and purity that Materiah

when drawn medium-hard, it shall have the properties and char-
acteristics herein required.
2. These specifications cover medium hard-drawn round Shapes,
wire, as hereinafter described.
3. (a) The wire must be free from all imperfections not Finish,
consistent with the best commercial practice.
(b) Necessary brazes in medium hard-drawn wire must be
made in accordance with the best commercial practice, and tests
upon a section of wire containing a braze must show at least 95
per cent of the tensile strength of the unbrazed wire. Elongation
tests are not to be made upon test sections including brazes.
4. (a) Packing sizes for round wire shall be agreed upon Packages,
in the placing of individual orders.
(b) The wire shall be protected against damage in ordinary
handling and shipping.
5. For the purpose of calculating weights, cross-sections, specific Gravi
etc., the specific gravity of copper shall be taken as 8.89 at 20° C.
(395)
 396 Specifications for Medium Drawn Copper Wire.

[nspection. 6. All testing and inspection shall be made at the place of

manufacture. The manufacturer shall afford the inspector
representing the purchaser all reasonable faciUties to satisfy
him that the material conforms to the requirements of these
specifications.

Medium Hard-Drawn Round Wire.

Dimensions and 7. (a) The size shall be expressed as the diameter of the
vari^tfon^!^ wirc in decimal fractions of an inch, using not more than three
places of decimals; that is, in mils.
(b) Wire is expected to be accurate in diameter; permissible
variations from nominal diameter shall be :

For wire 0.100 in. in diameter and larger, one per cent over
or uflder;
For wire less than 0.100 in. in diameter, one mil over or
under.

(c) Each coil is to be gaged at three places, one near each

end, and one approximately at the middle; the coil may be
rejected, if, two points being within the accepted limits, the
third point is off gage more than 2 per cent in the case of wire
0.064 in. in diameter and larger, or more than 3 per cent in the
case of wire less than 0.064 in. in diameter.
Physical Tests. 8. Wire shall be so drawn that its tensile strength shall
not be greater than the maximum values and not less than the
minimum values stated in Table I, and its elongation shall not
be less than the minimum values stated in Table I. Tension tests
shall be made upon fair samples, and the elongation of wire
larger in diameter than 0.204 in. shall be determined as the per-
manent increase in length, due to the breaking of the wire in
tension, measured between bench marks placed upon the vnre
originally 10 in. apart. The elongation of wire 0.204 in. in diam-
eter and smaller shall be determined by measurements made
between the jaws of the testing machine. The zero length shall
be the distance between the jaws when a load equal to 10 per
cent of the required ultimate breaking strength shall have been
applied, and the final length shall be the distance between the
\aws at the time of rupture. The zero length shall be as near
 397
Serial Designation: B 2-15,

60 in. as possible. The fracture shall be between the bench marks

in the case of wire larger than 0.204 in. in diameter and between
the jaws in the case of smaller wire, and not closer than 1 in. to
either bench mark or jaw. If upon testing a sample from any
coil of wire, the results are found to be below the values stated in
the table, tests upon two additional samples shall be made, and
the average of the three tests shall determine acceptance or
rejection of the coil. For wire whose nominal diameter is between
Table I.

Tensile Strength, lb. per sq. in.

Diameter, in. riongation in 10 in.
Minimum. Maximum. per cent.

0.460 42 000 49 000 3.75

0.410 43 000 50 000 3.6
0.365 44 000 51 000 3.25
0.325 45 000 52 000 3.0
46 000 53 000 2.75
0.289
0.258 47 000 54 000 2.5
0.229 48 000 55 000 2.25
in 60 in.
48 330 55 330 1-.20
1.25
0.204
0.182 48 600 55 660
0.162 49 000 56 000 1.15
0.144 49 330 56 330 1.11
0.128 49 660 56 660 1.08
0.114 50 000 57 000 1.06
0.102 50 330 57 330 1.04
0.091 50 660 57 660 1.02
0.081 51 000 58 000 1.00
0.072 51 330 0.98
58 330
0.064 51 660 58 660 0.96
0.057 52 000 5-9
59 330
000
0.051 52 330 0.94
0.92
0.045 52 660 59 660 0.90
0.040 53 000 60 000 0.88

listed sizes, the requirements shall be those of the next larger

size included in the table.
9. Electric resistivity shall be determined upon fair samples Electric
by resistance measurements at a temperature of 20° C. (68° F.). Resistivity.
The wire shall not exceed the following Hmits:
For diameters 0.460 in. to 0.325 in., 896.15 lb. per mile-ohm
at 20° C.
For diameters 0.324 in. to 0.040 in., 905.44 lb. per mile-ohm
at 20° C.
398 Specifications for Medium Drawn Copper Wire,

Explanatory Notes.

Definition. — Medium Hard-Drawn Wire is essentially and

necessarily a special product, because when wire has once started
on its course through the drawing operations, it can only finish
as a hard-drawn wire to be used as such or to be annealed and
become soft or annealed wire. Medium hard-drawn wire is an-
nealed wire drawn to a slightly smaller diameter.
5. The specific gravity of copper was formerly standardized
in these specifications at 8.90. The value has been changed to
8.89, since that is the value adopted as standard by the American
Institute of Electrical Engineers and the International Electro-
Technical Commission.
7. {a) The use of arbitrary gage numbers to express dimen-
sions cannot be too strongly condemned. There are many such
gages in existence, and confusion is to be expected unless the
particular gage to be used is specified. Many of the gages have
their dimensions stated in absurd figures, such as 0.090742 in.,
when it is not especially easy to measure dimensions in the fourth
decimal place by work-shop tools. Definite diameters in meas-
ureable units are evidently preferable.
8. Medium hard-drawn wire approaches hard-drawn wire
in its characteristics, but from the very nature of the product,
exact uniformity in tensile strength cannot be obtained; hence,
the necessity for establishing a range of tensile strength within
which standard medium hard-drawn wire must be expected to
be found. In the opinion of the committee,^ any narrowing or re-
duction inthe range permitted in tensile strength can only result
in an unjustifiable increase in the cost of production of the wire.
Many other physical tests than those provided in these
specifications are included in existing specifications. The rea-
sons for the omission of some of the more common are given as
follows :
Twist Tests. — The wire is sometimes required to permit
twisting through a stated number of revolutions before breaking.
The results are so easily influenced by temperature, speed of
rotation, method of gripping, and other variables not easily
defined or controlled, that the test is at least of doubtful value.
Committee B-1 on Standard Specifications for Copper Wire,
 Serial Designation: B 2-15. 399

It is the opinion of the committee that it is impractical to so

define the conditions of the test that a twist test can be made
definite and reliable; hence there is no warrant for its inclusion
in specifications.
Wrap Tests. — Wire is sometimes required to permit tight
wrapping about a wire of its own diameter, unwrapping and
again re-wrapping. It is obvious that the making of a test of
this kind with wire that is already hard is exceedingly difficult.
Every one who has tried to break off a piece of tough wire by
bending it back and forth between the fingers, knows how hard
it is to confine the bend to one place, because of the hardening
action of the previous bends. Hard wire which has been wrapped
around a wire of small diameter is hardened still more and it is
almost impossible to straighten the wire, let alone re-coil it in the
opposite direction. In the opinion of the committee, it is
inadvisable to include a test which at best is so indefinite as a
wrap test. Furthermore, it is the opinion of the committee that
wire which will meet the physical tests included in these specifi-
cations will meet any properly made twist or wrap test that
would reasonably be required
The committee has carefully considered the matter of twist
and wrap tests in connection with both hard-drawn and medium
hard-drawn wire, and it is their final opinion that w^hile there
might be some possible reason for requiring that wire shall stand
wrapping around a wdre of equal diameter, there can be no good
reason for including in specifications the requirement that it
shall stand unwrapping and re-wrapping, because such a test is
indefinite and cannot be made otherwise. It is almost physically
impossible to unwrap and re-wrap hard-drawn wire about a wire
of its own diameter.
Elastic Limit. — During the tension test on wire, there is
seldom to be observed any definite drop of the beam or increase
in the rate of elongation, corresponding to the yield point com-
monly observed in testing steel. The only way in which the
elastic limit of hard wire may be determined is by the actual
plotting of the elastic curve from extensometer readings. Even
such tests are difi&cult of interpretation, because the wire when
available for tests is usually curved, due to its having been put
up in a coil. There are Uttle sets observable before the true
400 Specifications for Medium Deawn Copper Wire.

elastic limit has been reached, owing to the fact that one side of
the wire, having been stretched in coiling, is really a little harder
than the other side, and the pull is, therefore, not even. Con-
sidering the difficulty of making the test and the uncertainty of
the results obtained, it is the opinion of the committee that it
would be inadvisable to include an elastic limit test in these speci-
fications. Itis evident that if the designing engineer requires a
knowledge of the location of the elastic Umit, for purposes of
calculation in designing, such data can be obtained by special
tests on representative sizes of wire, which will fix the relation of
the elastic limit to the ultimate strength for all wire which is
properly made.
Tests carefully made by members of the committee show
that the elastic Hmit of medium hard-drawn wire averages 50 per
cent of the ultimate tensile strength required in these speci-
fications. This statement of experience is based on the defi-
nition ofelastic hmit as "that point on the elastic curve beyond
which the ratio of stress to strain ceases to be constant."
9. Conductivity. — Electric conductivity was formerly ex-
pressed as a percentage on the basis of a determination made
by Matthiessen about 1865, of the electric resistivity of sup-
posedly pure copper. Since that time the methods of refining
copper have advanced, so that it is not imcommon to find copper
of over 100 per cent conductivity on the Matthiessen basis.
There has until recently not been international agreement on
the electric resistivity of copper to be considered the standard for
the expression of conductivity. While international agreement
upon the value 0.15328 ohms per meter-gram at 20° C. for the
resistivity of copper equal to 100 per cent conductivity was
reached by the International Electro-Technical Commission in
1913, it has been deemed preferable to express the requirements
in standard specifications in the terms of quantities directly
measurable, rather than by reference to some quantity whose
standard value is the subject of agreement only. The use of the
arbitrary term "conductivity" has no more warrant than the
employment of arbitrary gage numbers. Therefore, in these
specifications the requirements are stated as the maximum
rejection Umits to the resistivity.
For the convenience of those who are accustomed to express
 Serial Designation: B 2-15. 401

tesistivity in any one of the several more or less common units,

the following table of equivalents has been prepared, giving
the resistivity of copper at 20° C:
896.15 lb. per mile-ohm is equal to:
0. 15694 ohms per meter-gram,
1 . 7654 microhms per centimeter-cube,
0.69504 microhms per inch-cube,
10.619 ohms per mil-foot.
905.44 lb. per mile-ohm is equal to:
0. 15857 ohms per meter-gram,
1 . 7837 microhms per centimeter-cube,
0.70224 microhms per inch-cube,
10 . 729 ohms per mil-foot.
 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association for Testing Materials.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS.
FOR

SOFT OR ANNEALED COPPER WIRE.

Serial Designation : B 3-15.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion B 3 ; the final number indicates the year' of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1912; Revised, 1913, 1915.

Material. 1. The coppci shall be of such quality and purity that,

when drawn and annealed, it shall have the properties and char-
acteristics herein required.
Shapes. 2. These specifications cover untinned drawn and annealed
round wire.
Finish. 3. (fl) The wire must be free from all imperfections not
consistent with the best commercial practice.
(b) Necessary brazes in soft or annealed wire must be made
in accordance with the best commercial practice.
Packages. 4. (a) Wire may be shipped in coils or on reels as agreed
upon by the purchaser and manufacturer. In Table I there are
stated the maximum and minimun weights of wire of the stated
sizes which may be shipped in any one package, whether coil,
reel or spool; in the case of wire larger than 0.010 in. in diameter,
the maximum and minimum package weights are net, and in the
case of wire 0.010 in. and less in diameter, the maximum pack-
age weights are gross, and the minimum package weights are
net. The table also states the limiting dimensions of the coils,
reels and spools on which wire may be shipped. The length
(402)
 Serial Designation: B 3-15. 403

and diameter stated for reels and spools are to be measured over-
all and are maximum sizes; reels or spools smaller than these may
be used provided the minimum weights called for are carried by
the reel or spool. In the table, there are also stated the diam-
eters of the draw-block on which the final drawing of the wire
is to be made, when wire is shipped in coils; it being understood
that the wire is not to be re-wound after final drawing. This 'A
provision is made to insure that coils of wire of a given gage, ' 'U
2h
when suppHed by different manufacturers, will be of the same 'U
general dimensions. ' 11 '
m.
W
Package Weights, Diam. of Dimensions of Reels and Spools, 'u
" ' Block.
Diameters, in. lb
in.
Draw-
' li
Max. Min. Max.
Dia. Max. DiameterJ'of ' i|
Length. Hole for Rod.
'a
21
0.460 to 0.360 520 290 24 1§ to 2|
0.359 " 0.258 430 290 24 32 21 61
290 140 22 244 12
0.257 " 0.129
' H'
230 95 12
0.128 " 0.102 51 n
8
230 75 22 24 8
0.101 " 0.083
0.082 " 0.081 200 75
50 16 12 ' H
0.080 " 0.064 200 ^2 16 24 2| 12 t5 '1
120 50 16
0.063 " 0.051
100 50
24 2i 10
12 f '
0.050 " 0.041 20 24 10 8 I1h ' 7
0.040 " 0.032 l| 168 24 8
50
25 15 8 10
5 <
0.031 " 0.020 24 8 S16

0.019 " 0.011 10 5 8 4 8

42h
S 1
0.010 " 0.008 5 8 4 8
0.007 " 0.0056 1 6 4 3 ."
3 I
0.005 13 6 4
u H '
8
0 . 004 S 6 4 83 11 11
0.003 1
71
1
4 6 4 38 ' 16
9i 3 '

Wire 0.204 in. in diameter and larger may be shipped in

larger packages when agreed upon. 1 '
(b) The wire shall be protected against damage in ordinary
handling and shipping.
5. For the purpose of calculating weights, cross-sections, specific Gravitj
etc., the specific gravity of copper shall be taken as 8.892i at 20° C. f '
6. (a) Size shall be expressed as the diameter of the wire in Dimensions anc
decimal fractions of an inch. Permissible
Variations.
(b) Wire shall be accurate in diameter; permissible varia-
tions from nominal diameter shall be:
For wire 0.010 in. in diameter and larger, one per cent over
or under;
 404 Specifications for Soft Copper Wire.

For wire less than 0.010 in. in diameter, 0.1 mil (O.OOOl
in.) over or under.
(c) Each coil shall be gaged at three places, one near each
end and one approximately at the middle; from spools, approx-
imately 12ft. shaU be reeled off, the wire shall be gaged in
six places between the second and twelfth foot from the end.
The coils or spools will be rejected if the average of the measure-
ments obtained is not within the limits specified in Paragraph (6).
Physical Tests. 7. Wire shall be so drawn and annealed that its tensile
strength shall not be greater than the value stated in Table II
and its elongation not less than the value stated in Table II.
Tensile tests shall be made upon fair samples, and the elonga-
tion shall be determined as the permanent increase in length, due
to the breaking of the wire in tension, measured between bench
marks placed upon the wire originally 10 in. apart. The fracture
shall be between the bench marks and not closer than 1 in. to
either bench mark. If upon testing a sample from any coil, reel
or spool of wire, the results are found to be below the stated value
in elongation or above the stated value in tensile strength,
tests upon two additional samples shall be made, and the average
of the three tests shall determine acceptance or rejection of the
coil. For wire whose nominal diameter is between Hsted sizes,
the requirements shall be those of the next larger size included
in the table.
Table II.

Diameter, in. Tensile Strength, Elongation in 10 in.

lb. per sq. in.
per cent.
0.460 to 0.290 36 000 35
37 000 30
0.289 " 0.103 25
0.102 " 0.021 38 500
40 000 20
0.020 " 0.003

Electric 8. Electric resistivity shall be determined upon fair samples

Resistivity.
by resistance measurements at a temperature of 20° C. (68° F.),
and it shall not exceed 891.58 lb. per mile-ohm.
Inspection. 9. All testing and inspection shall be made at the place of
manufacture. The manufacturer shall afford the inspector
representing the purchaser all reasonable facilities to satisfy
him that the material conforms to the requirements of these
specifications.
 Serial ^Designation: B 3-15. 405-

Explanatory Notes.

Soft or annealed copper wire is wire which has been drawn

by customary operations and annealed, and finished by cleaning
when necessary to remove scale or oxide. The wire is so soft and
ductile that it is easily marred and even stretched by careless
handHng in the operations of winding or cabhng, hence the
necessity for confining specifications and inspection to wire in
packages as it leaves the manufacturer, and before being put
through processes incident to its use by the purchaser.
4. (a) Attention is called to the necessity for the purchaser
and manufacturer agreeing on the package weights which wdll
be standard under any individual contract. The committee^ has
indicated Hmitations to standard package weights which in their
opinion will provide packages of sufficient size to be desirable,
and without being so large that the wire is apt to be damaged in
handHng.
5. The specific gravity of copper was formerly standardized
in these specifications at 8.90. The value has been changed to
8.89, since that is the value adopted as standard by the American
Institute of Electrical Engineers and the International Electro-
Technical Commission.
6. The use of arbitary gage numbers to express dimen-
sions cannot be too strongly condemned. There are many such
gages in existence, and confusion is to be expected unless the par-
ticular gage to be used is specified. Many of the gages have their
dimensions stated in absurd figures, such as 0.090742 in., when
it is not especially easy to measure dimensions in the fourth
decimal place by workshop tools. Definite diameters in measure-
able units are evidently preferable.
8. Electric conductivity was formerly expressed as a per-
centage on the basis of a determination made by Matthiessen
about 1865, of the electric resistivity of supposedly pure copper.
Since that time the methods of refining copper have advanced,
so that it is not uncommon to find copper of over 100 per cent
conductivity on the Matthiessen basis. There has until recently
not been international agreement on the electric resistiv^ity of
copper to be considered the standard for the expression of
conductivity. While international agreement upon the value
•Committee B-1 on Standard Specifications for Copper Wire.
406 Specifications for Soft Copper Wmii.

0.15328 ohms per meter-gram at 20° C. for the resistivity of

copper equal to 100 per cent conductivity was reached by the
International Electro-Technical Commission in 1913, it has
been deemed preferable to express the requirements in
standard specifications in the terms of quantities directly measur-
able, rather than by reference to some quantity whose standard
value is the subject of agreement only. The use of the arbitrary
term "conductivity" has no more warrant than the employ-
ment of arbitrary gage numbers. Therefore, in these specifi-
cations the requirements are stated as the maximum rejection
limits to the resistivity.
For the convenience of those who are accustomed to express
resistivity in any one of the several more or less common units,
the following table of equivalents has been prepared, giving
the resistivity of copper at 20° C:
891.58 lb. per mile-ohm is equal to:
0. 15614 ohms per meter-gram,
1 . 7564 microhms per centimeter-cube,
0.69150 microhms per inch-cube,
10 . 565 ohms per mil-foot.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA.. U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Assocl\tion for Testing Materials.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR
BARE CONCENTRIC-LAY COPPER CABLE:
HARD, MEDIUM-HARD, OR SOFT.
Serial Designation: B 8-16.
The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion B 8; the final number indicates the j^ear of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1916.

I. MANUFACTURE.

1 . (a) These specifications cover bare concentric-lay cables Products

made from round copper wires laid helically around a central ^<'^®"'*-
core in one or more layers. The central core shall be made of
wire havmg the same quaUty and temper as the concentric
layers, unless otherwise especially provided for in separate
specifications governing the individual case.
(b) The purposes for which the several classes of concentric- classes,
lay cables are generally used are as follows:
Class A, for bare, weatherproof, slow-burning, and slow-
burning weatherproof cable for aerial use.
Class B, for various insulated cable, such as rubber, paper,
varnished cloth, etc.
Class C, for cable where greater flexibility is required than
in Class B.
2. The copper wires entering into the construction of Requirements
standard concentric-lay cable shall, before stranding, meet all ° "^^'
(407)
 408 Specifications for Copper Cable.

the requirements of that one of the Standard Specifications

of the American Society for Testing Materials for Hard-Drawn,
Medium Hard-Drawn, or Soft or Annealed Copper Wire (Serial
Designations: B 1, B 2, or B 3), which applies.
Brazes. 3. Brazes may be made in the wire when finished and
ready for cabHng. Such brazes shall be made in accordance
with the best commercial practice. No brazes in cable made
from hard, or medium hard-drawn copper wire may be closer
together than 50 ft.
Pitch and Lay. 4. The pitch of Standard cable shall not be less than 12
nor more than 16 diameters of the cable, and the lay may be
. right or left-handed, unless one direction of lay is specified by
the purchaser.
II. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.
Testing. 5. Tests for the physical and electrical properties of the
wires composing the cables may be made before, but not after,
stranding. Experience indicates that, the tensile strength of
concentric-lay copper cable of standard pitch is at least 90
per cent of the total strength required of the wires forming
the cable.
Weights and
Area. 6. For the purpose of calculating weights, cross-sections,
etc., the specific gravity of copper shall be taken as 8.89 at
20° C. The resistance and mass of a stranded conductor are
greater than in a solid conductor of the same cross-sectional
area, depending on the lay (that is, the pitch of the twist of the
wires). Two per cent shall be taken as the standard increment
of resistance and of mass. In cases where the lay is definitely
known, the increment shall be calculated and not assumed.
Variation in
Area.
7. The area of cross-section of the completed cable shall
not be more than 2 per cent below the area specified, as deter-
mined by weight.
Construction. 8. The area of cross-section, number and diameter of wires,
in standard cable Classes A, B, and C, shall be as specified in
Table I.
III. PACKING AND SHIPPING.
Packing and 9. (a) Package sizes for cable shall be agreed upon in the
Shipping.
placing of individual orders.
 409
Serial Designation: B 8-16.

(6) The cable shall be protected against damage in ordi-

nary handling and transportation.
Table I.
" Class B.
Class A. Class C.
Area of Approximate
A. W. G. or Diameter Diameter Diameter
of Wires,
Cross-Section, B. &S. of Wires, Number of Wires, Number mils.
circular mils. Number
of Wires. mils. of Wires. mils. of Wires.
Gage Sizes.
125.5
122.3 169
2 000 000 91 148.2 127 169 108.8
1 900 000 91 144.5 127 169 106.0
1 800 000 91 140.6 127 119.1 103.2
97.3
1 700 000 91 136.6 115.7 169
169 100.3
1 600 000 91 132.6 127 112.2
108.7
1 500 000 61 156.8 91 128.4 127
1 400 000 151.5 91 124.0 105.0
1 300 000 61 146.0 91 119.5 127 101.2
61 127
1 250 000 143.2 91 117.2 127 99.2
1 200 000 61 140.3 91 114.8 127
61 97.2
109.9 93.1
1 100 000 61 134.3 91 104.8
1 000 000 61 128.0 61 128.0 91
127
950 000 124.8 61 124.8
900 000 61 121.5 121.5 91 102.2
61 96.6
850 000 61 118.0 61 99.4
118.0 91
61
800 000 61 114.5 114.5 91 93.8
750 000 110.9 61 110.9 91 90.8
700 000 61
61 107.1 61 91
650 000 61 61 107.1 87.7
84.5
103.2 103.2 91
600 000 37 127.3 91
81.2
550 000 37
37 61 99.2 91
91 77.7
121.9 95.0
500 000 116.2 37 61
61
450 000 37 110.3 110.3
116.2 61 90.5
400 000 19 145.1 37 104.0 61 85.9
350 000 19 135.7 37 97.3 81.0
75.7
300 000 19
19 125.7 37 90.0 61 70.1
250 000 7-19 114.7 37 64.0
212 000 7-19 82,2 75.6-58.9
4/0 173.9-105.5 37-61
168 000 19 105.5 37-61
3/0 155.0-94.0 94.0 67.3-52.5
133 000 2/0 7 138.0 19 61
37
83.7
122.8 60.0
106 000 1/0 7 74.5 37
83 750 1 7 109.3 19 37 53.4
47.6
66 400 2 7 97.4 7 19 59.1
52 600 3 7 7 97.4
86.7 19 52.6
86.7 66.4 46.9
41700 4 7 19
77.2 77.2
68.8 41.7
33 100 5 7 7 68.8 19
26 300 6 7 61.2
54.5 7 61.2
20 800 7 7 7 19 37.2
33.1
29.5
16500 8 7 48.6 7 54.5 19
48.6 19

Note. — Class A cable, sizes 4/0 and 3/0, is usually 7-strand when bare and 19-6trand when weather-
proof, etc.

IV. INSPECTION.
10. (a) All testing and inspection, 7.both of individual wires inspection,
entering into the construction of the cable, and of the com-
pleted cable, shall be made at the place of manufacture. Tests
on individual wires shall be made on samples taken before
cabling, and not on wires removed from the completed cable.
 410 Specifications for Copper Cable.

(b) The manufacturer shall afford the inspector represent-

ing the purchaser all reasonable facilities to satisfy him that the
material conforms to the requirements of these specifications.

V. DEFINITION OF TERMS.

Concentric-Lay H. Coficentnc-Lay Cable. — ^A single conductor cable com-

Cabie. posed of a central core surrounded by one or more layers of
helically laid wires.
Lay. 12. Lay. — The lay of a cable is the length expressed in
inches for each complete turn of the wire around the axis,
measured along its axis.
Direction of 13. Direction of Lay. — The direction of lay is the lateral
^"^' direction in which the strands of a cable run over the top of
the cable as they recede from an observer looking along the
axis of the cable.

Explanatory Notes.

1. Classes of Cable. — These specifications have been drawn

to cover cables made from hard-drawn, medium hard-drawn,
and soft copper wire, since the manufacturing of cables from
the various classes of wire is similar, and the physical properties
of the cable depend upon, and are usually expressed in, terms
of those of the class of wire employed.
2. Physical Properties. — The accurate testing of cable for
its physical properties is practically impossible in commercial
laboratories. In order to do this, it is necessary to use long
lengths and hold the samples in such a way that the wires shall
all be in equal tension. Otherwise the strength will be con-
siderably below the actual strength of the cable. A much
more accurate idea of the quaUty of the cable may be obtained
by testing the individual wires before cabling than by attempt-
ing tests of the physical properties of the finished cable.
Wires unlaid from cable will manifestly have different
physical and electrical properties from those of the wire when
prepared for cabling', on account of the deformation brought
about by laying and again straightening for test.
3. Stranding Table. — The stranding table covers present
practice. Class A covers the usual bare and weatherproof con-
 Serial Designation: B 8-16. 411

struction. Class B is the same as adopted by the Standards

Committee of the American. Institute of Electrical Engineers,
and is given in the Bureau of Standards Circular No. 31, Table
XII.
In Class C the figures are those of the Bureau of Standards,
Circular No. 31, Table XII, with additions to cover well-estab-
Hshed practice. There is need for a table to cover extra-flexible
stranding from soft wire, but there are differences of opinion
in regard to what should become standard practice. The
Standards Committee of the A. I. E. E. have this matter under
consideration, and it has seemed best not to attempt to include
figures for extra-flexible stranding in this specification. The
stranding table will necessarily be the subject of revision which
will be undertaken in cooperation with the Standards Com-
mittee of the A. I. E. E.
 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association for Testing Materials.

STAND ARD_^SPECIFICATIONS
FOR

HIGH-STRENGTH BRONZE TROLLEY WIRE,

ROUND AND GROOVED:
40 AND 65-PER-CENT CONDUCTIVITY.

Serial Designation: B 9-16.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion B 9; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1916.

I. MANUFACTURE.

Shapes. 1. These specifications cover round and grooved bronze

trolley wire.
Material. 2. The material used shall be bronze of such nature and
composition as to secure, by proper' treatment, the quaHties
hereinafter specified for the finished wire. Bronze of two
quaHties may be required — one to have a conductivity of 40
per cent, and the other a conductivity of 65 per cent.
Brazes. 3. Necessary brazes in trolley wire shall be made in accord-
ance with the best commercial practice, and tests upon a sec-
tion of wire containing a braze shall show at least 95 per cent
of the tensUe strength of the unbrazed wire.
Elongation tests shall not be made on test sections includ-
ing brazes.
(412)
 Serial Designation: B 9-16. 413 .
II. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.
4. (a) Round wire shall conform to the requirements as Tension Tests,
to tensile properties specified in Table I.
(b) The tensile strength of grooved wire shall be at least
95 per cent of that required for round wire of the same sec-
tional area; the elongation of grooved wire shall be the same
as that required for round wire of the same sectional area.
5. Tension tests shall be made upon fair samples, and the Tension Test
elongation of the wire shall be determined as permanent increase p®'^""^"^-
in length, due to the breaking of the wire in tension, measured
between bench marks placed upon the wire originally 10 in.
apart. The fracture shall be between the bench marks, and

Table I.
40-PEIl-CBNT GoNDUCnVTIT Bhonze.
Area,
Diameter, Tensile
Strength, Elongation
in 10 in.,
circular
in. mils. lb. per sq. in.
per cent.
0.460 211600 69 200 3.00
0.410 168 100 69 700 2.50
0.365 133 225 71700 3.00
0.325 105 625 77 100 2.25

65-PBB-CKNT CONDDCTIVTTY BrON'ZB.

0.460 211 600

0.410 168 100 59 800
59300 ' 3.00
0.365 133 225 61600 2.50
0.325 105 625 66 300 1 2.25

not closer than 1 in. to either mark. If, upon testing a sample
from any coil or reel of vdie, the results are found to be below
the value stated in the table, tests on two additional samples
shall be made, and the average of the three tests shall deter-
mine the acceptance or rejection of the coil or reel.
6. (a) Round wire, known as "40-per-cent Conductivity," Conductivity,
shall have a conductivity of not less than 40 per cent, figured
according to the International Annealed Copper Standard, which
is 0.15328 ohms per meter-gram at 20° C.
Round wire, known as "65-per-cent Conductivity," shall
have a conductivity of not less than 65 per cent, figured accord-
ing to the same standard.
 414 Specifications for Bronze Trolley Wire.

(6) The requirements for conductivity of grooved wire

shall be the same as those for round wire of the same sectional
area.
III. STANDARD SIZES AND DIMENSIONS.
Dimensions and 7. (a) The size of round wire shall be expressed as the
Permissible |
Variations of diameter of the wire in decimal fractions of an inch, using not
Round Wire. more than three places of decimals, that is, in mils.
(b) Round wire is expected to be accurate in diameter.
Variations of one per cent over or under nominal diameter shall
be permissible.
Standard 8. (a) Standard sections of grooved trolley wire shall be
Sections,
Dimensions and those known as the "American Standard Grooved Trolley Wire
Permissible
Variations of
Grooved Wire.
0.376"

ZII600 CM. Wire. 168100 CM. Wire

133200 CM. Wire
Fig. 1.

Sections," the shape and dimensions of which are shown in

Fig. 1.
(b) The size of grooved wire shall be expressed as the area
of cross-section in circular mils, the standard sizes being as
follows :
2 11, 600 circular mils, weighing 3,386 lb. per mile
168,100 " " " 2,690 " " "
133,200 " " " 2,132 " " "
(c) Grooved trolley wire may vary 4 per cent over or
under in weight per unit length from standard as determined
from the nominal cross-section.

IV. WORKMANSHIP AND FINISH.

Finish. 9. The wire shall be free from all imperfections not con-
sistent with the best commercial practice.
 Serial Designation: B9-16. 415

V. PACKING AND SHIPPING.

10. All wire shall be furnished on substantial reels, suit- Packing and
able for the weight of the wire handled, and shall be protected ^^'pp'°s.
against damage in ordinary handUng and transportation. The
length or weight of wire to be wound upon reels shall be agreed
upon in placing individual orders.

VI. INSPECTION.
11. (a) All testing and inspection shall be made at the inspection,
place of manufacture.
(b) The manufacturer shall afford the inspector represent-
ing the purchaser all reasonable facilities to satisfy him that the
material conforms to the requirements of these specifications.
 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association for Testing Materials.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR
LAKE COPPER WIRE BARS, CAKES, SLABS, BILLETS,
INGOTS, AND INGOT BARS.

Serial Designation: B 4-13.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion B 4; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1911; Revised, 1913.

Pefinition. 1. In order to be classed as Lake, copper must originate

on the northern peninsula of Michigan, U. S. A.
Marks. 2. All wire bars, cakes, slabs, and billets shall be stamped
with the maker's brand and furnace charge mark. Ingots
and ingot bars shall have a brand stamped or cast in, but need
have no furnace charge mark.
Lots. 3. The refiner shall arrange carloads or lots so that as far
as possible each shall contain pieces from but one furnace charge,
in order to facilitate testing by the user.
Resistivity. 4. (o) Low Resistance Lake. — ^Lake copper offered for elec-
trical purposes, whether fire or electrolyticaUy refined, shall
be known as "Low Resistance Lake."
Low Resistance Lake wire bars shall have a resistivity not
to exceed 0.15535 international ohms per meter-gram at 20° C.
(annealed). All ingots and ingot bars shall have a resistivity
not to exceed 0.15694 international ohms per meter-gram at
20° C. (annealed). (416)
 Serl\l Designation: B 4-13. 417

Cakes, slabs, and billets shall come under the ingot classi-
fication, except when specified for electrical use at time of pur-
chase; inwhich case wire-bar classification shall apply.
(b) High Resistance Lake. — Lake copper having a resis-
tivity greater than 0.15694 international ohms per meter-gram
at 20° C. shall be known as "High Resistance Lake."
5. (a) Low Resistance Lake copper shall have a purity Metal
of at least 99.880 per cent as determined by electrolytic assay, Content,
silver being counted as copper.
{b) High Resistance Lake copper shall have a purity of
at least 99.880 per cent, copper, silver, and arsenic being counted
together. The arsenic content of High Resistance Lake copper,
when required for special purposes, shall be the subject of
agreement at time of purchase.
6. Wire bars, cakes, slabs, and billets shall be substantially Physical
free from shrink holes, cold sets, pits, sloppy edges, concave standard,
tops and similar defects in set or casting. This clause shall not
apply to ingots or ingot bars, in which case physical defects
are of no consequence.
7. Five per cent variation in weight or \ in. variation in Weights of
any dimension from the refiner's pubHshed list or purchaser's individual
specified size shall be considered good deHvery; provided,
however, that wire bars may vary in length 1 per cent from the
listed or specified length, and cakes 3 per cent from the fisted
or specified size in any dimension greater than 8 in. The weight
of ingot and ingot-bar copper shall not exceed that specified by
more than 10 per cent, but otherwise its variation is not impor-
tant.
8. Claims shall be made in writing within thirty days of Claims,
receipt of copper at the customer's mill, and the results of
the customer's tests shall accompany such claims. The refiner
shall be given one week from date of receipt of complaint to
investigate his records, and shall then either agree to replace
the defective copper or send a representative to the mill. No
claims will be considered unless made as above stated, and if
the copper in question, unused, cannot be sho'WTi to the refiner's
representative.
Claims against quahty will be considered as follows:
 418 Specifications for Lake Copper.

(a) Resistivity by furnace charges, ingot lots, or ingot-bar

lots.
(b) Metal contents by furnace charges, ingot lots, or ingot-
bar lots.
(c) Physical defects by individual pieces.
(d) Variation in weights or dimensions by individual
pieces.
Investigation of 9. The refiner's representative shall inspect all pieces
Claims. where physical defects or variation in weight or dimension are
claimed. If agreement is not reached, the question of fact
shall be submitted to a mutually agreeable umpire, whose
decision shall be final.
In a question of metal contents each party shall select
a sample of two pieces. These shall be drilled in the presence
of both parties, several holes approximately ^ in. in diameter
being drilled completely through each piece; scale from set
shall be rejected. No lubricant shall be used and drilhng shall
not be forced sufficiently to cause oxidation of chips. The
resulting samples shall be cut up, mixed, and separated into
three parts, each of which shall be placed in a sealed package,
one for each party and one for the umpire if necessary. Each
party shall make an analysis, and if the results do not establish
or dismiss the claim to the satisfaction of both parties the third
sample shall be submitted to a mutually agreeable umpire, who
shall determine the question of fact, and whose determination
shall be final.
In a question of resistivity each party shall select two
samples, and in the presence of both parties these shall be
rolled hot and drawn cold into wire of 0.080 in. diameter, approxi-
mately, which shall be annealed at approximately 500° C.
Three samples shall be cut from each coil and the same procedure
followed as described in the previous paragraph.
Settlement 10. The expenses of the shipper's representative and of
of Claims. ^^le umpire shall be paid by the loser, or divided in proportion
to the concession made in case of compromise. In case of
rejection being estabHshed, the damage shall be limited to
payment of freight both ways by the refiner for substitution
of an equivalent weight of copper meeting these specifications.
 Serial Designation: B 4-13. 419

Explanatory Note.
These specifications have been drawn to cover the pecuhar
trade situation which has classified the large production of copper
from this geographical district as a product in a class by itself.
It is realized that a better classification from an academic
point of view could be made by method of production or by
chemical composition, but the trade does not yet seem ready for
such a step.
 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association for Testing Materials.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS

FOR.
ELECTROLYTIC COPPER WIRE BARS, CAKES, SLABS,
BILLETS, INGOTS, AND INGOT BARS.

Serial Designation: B 5-13.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion B 5; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1911; Revised, 1913.

Marks. 1. All wire bars, cakes, slabs, and billets shall be stamped
with the maker's brand and furnace charge mark. Ingots and
ingot bars shall have a brand stamped or cast in, but need have
no furnace charge mark.
Lots. 2. The refiner shall arrange carloads or lots so that as far
as possible each shall contain pieces from but one furnace charge,
in order to facilitate testing by the user.
Quality. 3. (a) Metal Content. — The copper in all shapes shall have
a purity of at least 99.880 per cent, as determined by electrolytic
assay, silver being counted as copper.
{h) Resistivity. — All wire bars shall have a resistivity not
to exceed 0.15535 international ohms per meter-gram at 20° C.
(annealed) ; all ingot and ingot bars shall have a resistivity
not to exceed 0.15694 international ohms per meter-gram at
20° C. (annealed).
Cakes, slabs, and billets shall come under the ingot classifica-
tion, except when specified for electrical use at time of purchase,
in which case wire-bar classification shall apply.
(420)
 Serial Designation: B 5 - 13. 421

4. Wire bars, cakes, slabs, and billets shall be substantially Physical

free from shrink holes, cold sets, pits, sloppy edges, concave
tops, and similar defects in set or casting. This clause shall not
apply to ingots or ingot bars, in which case physical defects
are of no consequence.
5. Five per cent variation in weight or j in. variation in Weights of
any dimension from the refiner's published list or purchaser's pieces,
specified size shall be considered good delivery; provided,
however, that wire bars may vary in length 1 per cent from the
fisted or specified length, and cakes 3 per cent from the listed
or specified size in any dimension greater than 8 in. The
weight of ingot and ingot-bar copper shall not exceed that
specified by more than 10 per cent, but otherwise its variation
is not important.
6. Claims shall be made in writing -within thirty days of Claims,
receipt of copper at the customer's mill, and the results of
the customer's tests shall accompany such claims. The refiner
shall be given one week from date of receipt of complaint to
investigate his records, and shall then either agree to replace
the defective copper or send a representative to the mill. No
claims shall be considered unless made as above stated, and if
the copper in question, unused, cannot be shown to the refiner's
representative.
Claims against quafity will be considered as follows:

(a) Resisti\dty by furnace charges, ingot lots, or ingot-bar

lots.
{b) Metal contents by furnace charges, ingot lots, or ingot-
bar lots.
(c) Physical defects by individual pieces.
(d) Variation in weights or dimensions by individual pieces.

7. The refiner's representative shall inspect all pieces where investigation

physical defects or variation in weight or dimension are claimed. ° *'™^*
If agreement is not reached, the question of fact shall be sub-
mitted to a mutually agreeable umpire, whose decision shall be
final.
In a question of metal contents each party shall select a
sample of two pieces. These shall be drilled in the presence
of both parties, several holes approximately | in. in diameter
 422 Specifications for Electrolytic Copper.

being drilled completely through each piece ; scale from set shall
be rejected. No lubricant shall be used and drilling shall not
be forced sufhciently to cause oxidation of chips. The resulting
samples shall be cut up, mixed, and separated into three parts,
each of which shall be placed in a sealed package, one for each
party and one for the umpire if necessary. Each party shall
make an analysis, and if the results do not estabhsh or dismiss
the claim to the satisfaction of both parties the third sample
shall be submitted to a mutually agreeable umpire, who shall
determine the question of fact, and whose determination shall
be final.
In a question of resistivity each party shall select two
samples, and in the presence of both parties these shall be rolled
hot and drawn cold into wire of 0.080 in. diameter, approximately,
which shall be annealed at approximately 500° C. Three samples
shall be cut from each coil and the same procedure followed as
described in the previous paragraph.
Settlement
of Claims. 8. The expenses of the shipper's representative and of
the umpire shall be paid by the loser, or divided in proportion
to the concession made in case of compromise. In case of
rejection being established, the damage shall be hmited to
payment of freight both ways by the refiner for substitution
of an equivalent weight of copper meeting these specifications.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association for Testing Materials.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR

SPELTER.

Serial Designation : B 6-14.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion B 6; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1911; Revised, 1914.

1. Under these specifications Virgin Spelter, that is, spelter Grades.

made from ore or similar raw material by a process of reduction
and distillation and not produced from reworked metal, is con-
sidered infour grades, as follows:
A High Grade.
B Intermediate.
C Brass Special.
D Prime Western.

2. A brand shall be cast in each slab by which the maker Marks

and grade can be identified.
3. The maker shall use care to have each carload of as Lots,
uniform quality as possible.
4. A. High Grade. — The spelter shall not contain over: Composition.
0 . 07 per cent lead.
0.03 " iron.
0.05 " cadmium.
It shall be free from aluminum.
(423)
 424 Specifications for Spelter.

The sum of the lead, iron, and cadmium shall not exceed 0.10
per cent.
B. Intermediate. — The spelter shall not contain over:
0.20 per cent lead.
0.03 " iron,
s 0.50 " cadmium.
It shall be free from aluminum.
The sum of the lead, iron, and cadmium shall not exceed 0.50
per cent.
C. Brass Special. — The spelter shall not contain over:
0.75 per cent lead.
0.04 " iron.
0.75 " cadmium.
It shall be free from aluminum.
The sum of the lead, iron, and cadmium shall not exceed 1.20
per cent.
D. Prime Western. — The spelter shall not contain over:
1.50 per cent lead.
0.08 " iron.
Physicali 5. The slabs shall be reasonably free from surface corrosion
or adhering foreign matter.
Sampling. 6. Not less than ten slabs shall be taken as a sample from
each car; for smaller lots, in the same proportion to the total
number, but in no case less than three slabs. In case of dispute
half of the sample is to be taken by the maker and half by the
purchaser; and the whole shall be mixed.
The slabs selected as samples are to be sawed completely
across and the sawdust used as a sample. In case no saw is
available for this purpose, the slabs should be drilled completely
through and the drillings cut up into short lengths. The saw or
driU used must be thoroughly cleaned. No lubricant shall be
used in either sawing or drilling, and the sawdust or drilling must
be carefully treated with a magnet to remove any particles of
iron derived from the tools.
Analysis. 7. Lead. — For the determination of lead in High Grade not
less than 25 g., in Intermediate not less than 15, in Brass Special
not less than 10, and in Prime Western not less than 5 g., shall
 Serial Designation: B 6-14. 425.

be taken; that is, the sample used for analysis should not
contain less than 0.01 g. lead.
Iron. — The sample for iron should contain not less than 25
g. for the three higher grades and not less than 10 g. for Prime
Western. The entire sample must be dissolved, the iron preci-
pitated as ferric hydroxide, then redissolved, reduced, and the
iron determined by titration.
Cadmium. — Dissolve 25 g. in 330 cc. of a solution of one
part of hydrochloric acid (specific gravity 1.2) and five parts of
water. Let it stand over night; filter and wash; reject filtrate
and dissolve the residue, which should be about 5 per cent of the
zinc, in nitric acid. Add 10 cc. of sulfuric acid; evaporate to
fumes; dilute and filter out and wash the lead sulfate. Dilute
the solution to 500 cc; add 5 g. of ammonium chloride; pass
a slow stream of hydrogen sulfide for one hour and let stand
for about five hours; filter, wash with hot water; dissolve by
boiling in 10 cc. of sulfuric acid and 50 cc. of water; filter and
wash. Dilute to 400 cc; precipitate with hydrogen sulfide
as before. Weigh as cadmium sulfide or dissolve in hydro-
chloric acid and titrate wdth potassium ferrocyanide.
8. Claims to be considered shall be in writing within thirty Claims
days of receipt of material at customer's mill and the results of
customer's test shall be given. The shipper shall be given one
week from date of receipt of such claim to investigate his records
and then shall either agree to satisfy the claim or send a repre-
sentative to the mill.
{a) Analysis by Car Lots. — No claims shall be considered
unless the minimum samples as specified for the grade in question
can be shown to such representative.
(b) Physical Defects of Individual Pieces. — No claims shall
be considered unless the spelter in question, unused, can be shown
to such representative.
9. Where the spelter satisfies the chemical and physical re- Mill
quirements of these specifications, it shall not be condemned for Treatment,
defects of alloys in which it is used or for defects in the coating of
galvanized products.
10. The maker's representative shall inspect all pieces investigation
where physical defects are claimed. If agreement is not reached °^ Claims,
the question of fact shall be submitted to a mutually agreeable
umpire, whose decision shall be final.
 426 Specifications for Spelter.

On a question of metal contents an adequate sample shall

be drawn by the representatives of both parties; the sample
shall be prepared from the slabs so selected as described under
"Sampling." The -sample shall be mixed and separated into
three parts, each of which shall be placed in a sealed package,
one for each party and one for the umpire if necessary. Each
party shall make an analysis and if the results do not establish or
dismiss the claim to the satisfaction of both parties, the third
sample shall be submitted to a mutually agreeable umpire, who
shall determine the question of quality and whose determination
shall be final.
Settlement
of Claims. 11. The expenses of the maker's representative and of the
umpire shall be paid by the loser or divided in proportion to
concession made in case of compromise.
In case of rejection bemg established, damages shall be
limited to the payment of freight both ways by the maker for
substitution of an equivalent weight of spelter meeting these
specifications.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WaTH THE

International Association for Testing Materials.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR

MANGANESE-BRONZE INGOTS FOR SAND CASTINGS.

Serial Designation : B 7-14.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion B 7 ; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1911; Revised, 1914.

1. These specifications are intended to cover the copper-zinc General,

alloy, known commercially as manganese-bronze, in the foim
of ingots ha\dng notched flat bottoms, approximately 3 by 2j
in.
ironw-ide
mold.by 12 in. long, properly tapered to strip easily from an'
2. The chemical composition shall be as follows: chemical
^ ,, , ,^ . Composition.
Copper 53 to 62 per cent
Zinc 36 to 45
Aluminum O.OSto 0.5 "
Lead not over 0.15 "
3. The ultimate tensile strength shall be not less than 70,000 Physical
lb. per sq. in. Properties.
The elongatidn in 2 in. shall be not less than 20 per cent.
4. The standard turned test specimen, as shown by Fig. 1, Test
0.5 in. diameter and 2 in. gage length, shall be used to deter- Specimens,
mine the physical properties as specified above.
(427)
 428 Specifications for Manganese-Bronze Ingots.

Number and
Location of 5. One test ingot shall be selected by the inspector to repre-
Test of sent 10,000 lb. of ingots or fraction thereof. The test specimen
Specimens. shall be cut from one corner near the bottom of the ingot. In
case the test specimen shows a flaw, two additional tests may be
selected by the inspector from the same lot, and tested to repre-
sent the lot in question.
Marking. 6. Each ingot shall be stamped with its proper heat or
charge number.

Rejections. 7. All ingots in each lot will be rejected upon the physical
tests or chemical composition, irrespective of the heat or heats
from which the test ingots are selected.
Investigation
of Claims. 8. In case the buyer's tests show that the material does not
meet these specifications, the seller shall have an opportunity to
inspect the material and each party shall select a sample for
retest. If the results do not agree, each shall select a sample to
be sent to a mutually agreeable umpire, whose decision shall be
final. The costs of such retests shall be paid by the loser.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS.
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association for Testing Materials.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS AND TESTS

FOR

PORTLAND CEMENT.i

These specifications are the result of several years' work of a special

committee representing a United States Government Departmental Com-
mittee, the Board of Direction of the American Society of Civil Engineers,
and Committee C-1 on Cement of the American Society for Testing
Materials.

Serial Designation: C 9-17.

The specifications and tests for this material are issued under the fixed
designation C 9; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in
the case of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1904; Revised, 1908, 1909, 1916.

SPECIFICATIONS.

1. Portland cement is the product obtained by finely pul- Definition,

verizing clinker produced by calcining to incipient fusion, an
intimate and properly proportioned mixture of argillaceous and
calcareous materials, with no additions subsequent to calcina-
tion excepting water and calcined or uncalcined gypsum.
I. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES.
2. The following limits shall not be exceeded: Chemical
Limits.
Loss on ignition, per cent 4 . 00
Insoluble residue, per cent 0.85
Sulfuric anhydride (SO3), per cent 2 . 00
Magnesia (MgO), per cent 5 . 00
* These specifications and tests were adopted by letter ballot of the Society on September
1, 1916, with the understanding that they will not become effective tili January 1, 1917.
(429)
 430 Specifications and Tests for Portland Cement.

II. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES.

Specific Gravity. 3. The specific gravity of cement shall be not less than
3.10 (3.07 for white Portland cement). Should the test of
cement as received fall below this requirement a second test
may be made upon an ignited sample. The specific gravity test
will not be made unless specifically ordered.
Fineness. 4. The residue on a standard No. 200 sieve shall not exceed
22 per cent by weight.
Soundness. 5. A pat of neat cement shall remain firm and hard, and
show no signs of distortion, cracking, checking, or disintegra-
tion in the steam test for soundness.
Time of Setting. 6. The Cement shall not develop initial set in less than 45
minutes when the Vicat needle is used or 60 minutes when the
Gillmore needle is used. Final set shall be attained within
10 hours.
Tensile Strength. 7. The average tensile strength in pounds per square inch
of not less than three standard mortar briquettes (see Section 51)
composed of one part cement and three parts standard sand, by
weight, shall be equal to or higher than the following:

Age at Test, Storage of Briquettes.

days. jTensile
lb. perStrength,
sq. in.
200
1 day in moist air, 6 days in water. .
1 day in moist air, 27 days in water. 300

8. The average tensile strength of standard mortar at 28

days shall be higher than the strength at 7 days.

III. PACKAGES, MARKING AND STORAGE.

Packages and 9. The cement shall be delivered in suitable bags or barrels
Marking.
with the brand and name of the manufacturer plainly marked
thereon, unless shipped in bulk. A bag shall contain 94 lb. net.
A barrel shall contain 376 lb. net.
Storage. 10. The cement shall be stored in such a manner as to per-
mit easy access for proper inspection and identification of each
shipment, and in a suitable weather-tight building which will
protect the cement from dampness.
 Serial Designation: C 9-17. 431
IV. INSPECTION.

1 1 . Every facility shall be provided the purchaser for care- inspection

ful sampling and inspection at either the mill or at the site of
the work, as may be specified by the purchaser. At least 10
days from the time of sampling shall be allowed for the com-
pletion of the 7-day test, and at least 31 days shall be allowed
for the completion of the 28-day test. The cement shall be
tested in accordance with the methods hereinafter prescribed.
The 28-day test shall be waived only when specifically so ordered.
V. REJECTION.
12. The cement may be rejected if it fails to meet any of Rejection,
the requirements of these specifications.
13. Cement shall not be rejected on account of failure to
meet the fineness requirement if upon retest after dr>4ng at
100° C. for one hour it meets this requirement.
14. Cement failing to meet the test for soundness in steam
may be accepted if it passes a retest using a new sample at any
time within 28 days thereafter.
15. Packages varj'ing more than 5 per cent from the speci-
fied weight may be rejected; and if the average weight of pack-
ages in any shipment, as shown by weighing 50 packages taken
at random, is less than that specified, the entire shipment may
be rejected.

TESTS.
VI. SAMPLING.
16. Tests may be made on individual or composite samples Number of
Each test sample should weigh at least s^™p'*^-
8 lb.may be ordered.
as

17. (a) Individual Sample. — If sampled in cars one test

sample shall be taken from each 50 bbl. or fraction thereof.
If sampled in bins one sample shall be taken from each 100 bbl.
(b) Composite Sample. — If sampled in cars one sample
shall be taken from one sack in each 40 sacks (or 1 bbl. in each
10 bbl.) and combmed to form one test sample. If sampled in
bins or warehouses one test sample shall represent not more
than 200 bbl.
 432 Specifications and Tests for Portland Cement.

Method of 18, Cement may be sampled at the mill by any of the

amp ng. following methods that may be practicable, as ordered:
(a) From the Conveyor Delivering to the Bin. — At least 8 lb.
of cement shall be taken from approximately each 100 bbl.
passing over the conveyor.
{h) From Filled Bins by Means of Proper Sampling Tubes. — ■
Tubes inserted vertically may be used for sampling cement to
a maximum depth of 10 ft. Tubes inserted horizontally may be
used where the construction of the bin permits. Samples shall
be taken from points well distributed over the face of the bin.
(c) From Filled Bins at Points of Discharge. — Sufficient
cement shall be drawn from the discharge openings to obtain
samples representative of the cement contained in the bin, as
determined by the appearance at the discharge openings of
indicators placed on the surface of the cement directly above
these openings before drawing of the cement is started.
Treatment of 19. Samples preferably shall be shipped and stored in air-
amp e. tight containers. Samples shall be passed through a sieve
having 20 meshes per linear inch in order to thoroughly mix
the sample, break up lumps and remove foreign materials.

VII. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS.

Loss ON Ignition.
Method. 20. One gram of cement shall be heated in a weighed cov-
ered platinum crucible, of 20 to 25-cc. capacity, as follows,
using either method (a) or (b) as ordered:
(a) The crucible shall be placed in a hole in an asbestos
board, clamped horizontally so that about three-fifths of the
crucible projects below, and blasted at a full red heat for 15
minutes with an inclined flame; the loss in weight shall be
checked by a second blasting for 5 minutes. Care shall be
taken to wipe off particles of asbestos that may adhere to the
crucible when withdrawn from the hole in the board. Greater
neatness and shortening of the time of heating are secured by
making a hole to fit the crucible in a circular disk of sheet plat-
inum and placing this disk over a somewhat larger hole in an
asbestos board.
{b) The crucible shall be placed in a muffle at any tempera-
 Serial Designation: C 9-17. 433

ture between 900 and 1000° C. for 15 minutes and the loss in
weight shall be checked by a second heating for 5 minutes.
21. A permissible variation of 0.25 will be allowed, and all Permissible
results in excess of the specified limit but within this permissible venation,
variation shall be reported as 4 per cent.
Insoluble Residue.

22. To a 1-g. sample of cement shall be added 10 cc. of Method,

water and 5 cc. of concentrated hydrochloric acid; the liquid
shall be warmed until effervescence ceases. The solution shall
be diluted to 50 cc. and digested on a steam bath or hot plate
until it is evident that decomposition of the cement is complete.
The residue shall be filtered, washed with cold water, and the
filter paper and contents digested in about 30 cc. of a 5-per-
cent solution of sodium carbonate, the liquid being held at a
temperature just short of boihng for 15 minutes. The remain-
ing residue shall be filtered, washed with cold water, then with
a few drops of hot hydrochloric acid, 1 : 9, and finally with hot
water, and then ignited at a red heat and weighed as the insoluble
residue.
23. A permissible variation of 0.15 will be allowed, and all Permissible
results in excess of the specified limit but within this permissible Variation,
variation shall be reported as 0.85 per cent.
Sulfuric Anhydride.
24. One gram of the cement shall.be dissolved in 5 cc. of Method,
concentrated hydrochloric acid diluted with 5 cc. of water,
with gentle warming; when solution Is complete 40 cc. of water
shall be added, the solution filtered, and the residue washed
thoroughly with water. The solution shall be diluted to 250 cc,
heated to boiling and 10 cc. of a hot 10-per-cent solution of
barium chloride shall be added slowly, drop by drop, from a
pipette and the boiling continued until the precipitate is well
formed. The solution shall be digested on the steam bath until
the precipitate has settled. The precipitate shall be filtered,
washed, and the paper and contents placed in a weighed, plat-
inum crucible and the paper slowly charred and consumed
without flaming. The barium sulfate shall then be ignited and
weighed. The weight obtained multiplied by 34.3 gives the
pgj.centage of sulfuric anhydride. The acid filtrate obtained in
 434 Specifications and Tests for Portland Cement.

the determination of the insoluble residue may be used for the

estimation of sulfuric arJiydride instead of using a separate
sample.
Permissible 25. A pennissible variation of 0.10 will be allowed, and all
Variation.
results in excess of the specified limit but within this permissible
variation shall be reported as 2.00 per cent.

Magnesia.
Method. 26. To 0.5 g. of the cement in an evaporating dish shall
be added 10 cc. of water to prevent lumping and then 10 cc. of
concentrated hydrochloric acid. The liquid shall be gently
heated and agitated until attack is complete. The solution
shall then be evaporated to complete dryness on a steam or
water bath. To hasten dehydration the residue may be heated
to 150 or even 200° C. for one-half to one hour. The residue
shall be treated with 10 cc. of concentrated hydrochloric acid
diluted with an equal amount of water. The dish shall be
covered and the solution digested for ten minutes on a steam
bath or water bath. The diluted solution shall be filtered and
the separated silica washed thoroughly with water.^ Five cubic
centimeters of concentrated hydrochloric acid and sufficient
bromine water to precipitate any manganese which may be
present, shall be added to the filtrate (about 250 cc). This
shall be made alkaline with ammonium hydroxide, boiled until
there is but a faint odor of ammonia, and the precipitated iron
and aluminum hydroxides, after setthng, shall be washed with
hot water, once by decantation and slightly on the filter. Set-
ting aside the filtrate, the precipitate shall be transferred by a
jet of hot water to the precipitating vessel and dissolved in
10 cc. of hot hydrochloric acid. The paper shall be extracted
with acid, the solution and washings being added to the main
solution. The aluminum and iron shall then be reprecipitated
at boiling heat by ammonium hydroxide and bromine water in
a volume of about 100 cc, and the second precipitate shall be
collected and washed on the filter used in the first instance if
this is still intact. To the combined filtrates from the hydrox-
ides of iron and aluminum, reduced in volume if need be, 1 cc.
of ammonium hydroxide shall be added, the solution brought
1 Since this procedure does not involve the determination of silica, a second evapora-
tion is unnecessary.
 Serial Designation: C 9-17. 435 •

to boiling, 25 cc. of a saturated solution of boiling ammonium

oxalate added, and the boiling continued until the precipitated
calcium oxalate has assumed a well-defined granular form.
The precipitate after one hour shall be filtered and washed, then
with the filter shall be placed wet in a platinum crucible, and
the paper burned oflf over a small flame of a Bunsen burner;
after ignition it shall be redissolved in hydrochloric acid and the
solution diluted to 100 cc. Ammonia shall be added in slight
excess, and the Hquid boiled. The lime shall then be reprecipi-
tated by ammonium oxalate, allowed to stand until settled,
filtered and washed. The combined filtrates from the calcium
precipitates shall be acidified with hydrochloric acid, concen-
trated on the steam bath to about 150 cc, and made slightly
alkaline with ammonium hydroxide, boiled and filtered (to
remove a little aluminum and iron and perhaps calcium) . When
cool, 10 cc. of saturated solution of sodium-ammonium-hydrogen
phosphate shall be added with constant stirring. When the
crystallin ammonium-magnesium orthophosphate has formed,
ammonia shall be added in moderate excess. The solution shall
be set aside for several hours in a cool place, filtered and washed
with water containing 2.5 per cent of NH3. The precipitate
shall be dissolved in a small quantity of hot hydrochloric acid,
the solution diluted to about 100 cc, 1 cc. of a saturated solu-
tion of sodium-ammonium-hydrogen phosphate added, and
ammonia drop by drop, with constant stirring, until the pre-
cipitate isagain formed as described and the ammonia is in
moderate excess. The precipitate shall then be allowed to stand
about two hours, filtered and washed as before. The paper
and contents shall be placed in a weighed platmum crucible,
the paper slowly charred, and the resulting carbon carefully
burned off. The precipitate shall then be ignited to constant
weight over a Meker burner, or a blast not strong enough to
soften or melt the pyrophosphate. The weight of magnesium
pyrophosphate obtained multipHed by 72.5 gives the percentage
of magnesia. The precipitate so obtained always contains
some calcium and usually small quantities of iron, aluminum,
and manganese as phosphates.
27. A permissible variation of 0.4 will be allowed, and all Permissibi*
results in excess of the specified limit but within this permissible Variadon.
variation shall be reported as 5.00 per cent.
 436 Specifications and Tests for Portlantd Cement.

VIII. DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY.

Apparatus. 28. The determination of specific gra\dty shall be made
with a standardized Le Chatelier apparatus which conforms to
the requirements illustrated in Fig. 1 . This apparatus is stand-
ardized by the United States Bureau of Standards. Kerosene
free from water, or benzine not lighter than 62° Baume, shall
be used in making this determination.
Method. 29. The flask shall be filled with either of these liquids to
a point on the stem between zero and one cubic centimeter,
and 64 g. of cement, of the same temperature as the liquid,
shall be slowly introduced, taking care that the cement does
not adhere to the inside of the flask above the liquid and to
free the cement from air by rolling the flask in an inclined
position. After all the cement is introduced, the level of the
liquid will rise to some di\'ision of the graduated neck; the
difi'erence between readings is the volume displaced by 64 g.
of the cement.
The specific gra\'ity shall then be obtained from the formula
Weight of cement (g.)
Specific gra\-ity = Displaced volume (cc.)

30. The flask, during the operation, shall be kept immersed

in water, in order to avoid variations in the temperature of
the Hquid in the flask, which shall not exceed 0°.5 C. The
results of repeated tests should agree within 0.01.
31. The determination of specific gravity shall be made on
the cement as received; if it falls below 3.10, a second deter-
mination shall be made after igniting the sample as described
in Section 20.

IX. DETERMINATION OF FINENESS.

Apparatus- 32. Wire cloth for standard sieves for cement shall be
woven (not t^^^lled) from brass, bronze, or other suitable wire,
and mounted without distortion on frames not less than 1| in.
below the top of the frame. The sieve frames shall be circular,
approximately 8 in. in diameter, and may be pro^•ided with a
pan and cover.
33. A standard Xo. 200 sieve is one having nominally an
0.0029-in. opening and 200 wires per inch standardized by the
 437
Serml Designation: C 9-17.

P< - 9 cm

Fig. 1. — Le Chatelier Apparatus.

 438 Specifications and Tests for Portland Cement.

U. S. Bureau of Standards, and conforming to the following

requirements :
The No. 200 sieve should have 200 wires per inch, and the
number of wires in any whole inch shall not be outside the
limits of 192 to 208. No opening between adjacent parallel
wires shall be more than 0.0050 in. in width. The diameter of
the wire should be 0.0021 in. and the average diameter shall not
be outside the limits 0.0019 to 0.0023 in. The value of the
sieve as determined by sieving tests made in conformity with
the standard specification for these tests on a standardized
cement which gives a residue of 25 to 20 per cent on the
No. 200 sieve, or on other similarly graded material, shall not
show a variation of more than 1.5 per cent above or below the
standards maintained at the Bureau of Standards.
Method. 34. The test shall be made with 50 g. of cement. The
sieve shall be thoroughly clean and dry. The cement shall be
placed on the No. 200 sieve, with pan and cover attached, if
desired, and shall be held in one hand in a slightly inclined posi-
tion so that the sample will be well distributed over the sieve,
at the same time gently striking the side about 150 times per
minute against the palm of the other hand on the up stroke.
The sieve shall be turned every 25 strokes about one-sixth of a
revolution in the same direction. The operation shall continue
until not more than 0.05 g. passes through in one minute of
continuous sieving. The fineness shall be determined from the
weight of the residue on the sieve expressed as a percentage of
the weight of the original sample.
35. Mechanical sie\'ing devices may be used, but the cement
shall not be rejected if it meets the fineness requirement when
tested by the hand method described in Section 34.
Permissible 36. A permissible variation of 1 will be allowed, and all
Variation.
results in excess of the specified limit but within this permissible
variation shall be reported as 22 per cent.
X. MIXING CEMENT PASTES AND MORTARS.
Method. 37. The quantity of dry material to be mixed at one time
shall not exceed 1000 g. nor be less than 500 g. The propor-
tions of cement or cement and sand shall be stated by weight in
grams of the dry materials; the quantity of water shall be
 Serial Designation: C 9-17. 439

expressed in cubic centimeters (l cc. of water =1 g.). The dry

materials shall be weighed, placed upon a non-absorbent surface,
thoroughly mixed dry if sand is used, and a crater formed in
the center, into which the proper percentage of clean water shall
be poured; the material on the outer edge shall be turned into
the crater by the aid of a trowel. After an interval of | minute
for the absorption of the water the operation shall be completed
by continuous, vigorous mixing, squeezing and kneading with
the hands for at least one minute.^ During the operation of
mixing, the hands should be protected by rubber gloves.
38. The temperature of the room and the mixing water
shall be maintained as nearly as practicable at 21° C. (70° F.).
XI. NORMAL CONSISTENCY.

39. The Vicat apparatus consists of a frame A (Fig. 2) Apparatus,

bearing a movable rod B, weighing 300 g., one end C being
1 cm. in diameter for a distance of 6 cm., the other having a
removable needle D, 1 mm. in diameter, 6 cm. long. The rod
is reversible, and can be held in any desired position by a screw
E, and has midway between the ends a mark F which moves
under a scale (graduated to millimeters) attached to the frame A .
The paste is held in a conical, hard-rubber ring G, 7 cm. in diam-
eter at the base, 4 cm. high, resting on a glass plate H about
10 em. square.
40". In making the detennination, 500 g. of cement, with a Method,
measured quantity of water, shall be kneaded into a paste, as
described in Section 37, and quickly formed into a ball with
the hands, completing the operation by tossing it six times from
one hand to the other, maintained about 6 in. apart; the ball
resting in the palm of one hand shall be pressed into the larger
end of the rubber ring held in the other hand, completely fiUing
the ring with paste; the excess at the larger end shall then be
removed by a single movement of the palm of the hand; the
ring shall then be placed on its larger end on a glass plate and
> In order to secure uniformity in the results of tests for the time of setting and tensile
strength the manner of mixing above described should be carefully followed. At least one
minute is necessary to obtain the desired plasticity which is not appreciably affected by
continuing the mixing for several minutes. The exact time necessary is dependent upon
the personal equation of the operator. The error in mixing should be on the side of
over mixing.
440 Specifications and Tests for Portland Cement.

the excess paste at the smaller end sliced off at the top of the
ring by a single oblique stroke of a trowel held at a slight angle
with the top of the ring. During these operations care shall be
taken not to compress the paste. The paste confined in the
ring, resting on the plate, shall be placed under the rod, the
larger end of which shall be brought in contact with the surface

■.^\\\\m
'JMiim^' |E
wM////////////////'i'//})M.
Fig. 2. — Vicat Apparatus.
^7/

of the paste; the scale shall be then read, and the rod quickly
released. The paste shall be of normal consistency when the
rod settles to a point 10 mm. below the original surface in
\ minute after being released. The apparatus shall be free
from all vibrations during the test. Trial pastes shall be made
with varying percentages of water until the normal consistency
 Serl\l Designation: C 9-17, 441

is obtained. The amount of water required shall be expressed

in percentage by weight of the dry cement.
41. The consistency of standard mortar shall depend on the
amount of water required to produce a paste of normal con-
sistency from the same sample of cement. Having determined
the normal consistency of the sample, the consistency of stand-
ard mortar made from the same sample shall be as indicated in
Table I, the values being in percentage of the combined dry
weights of the cement and standard sand.

Table I. — Percentage of Water for Standard Mortars.

Percentage of Water Percentage of Water Percentage of Water Percentage of Water

for Neat Cement for One Cement, for Neat Cement for One Cement,
Paste of Normal Three Standard Ottawa Pa.ste of Normal Three Standard
Sand. Ottawa
Consistency Sand. Consistency.
23
15 24
9.0 10.3
16 25 10.5
17 9.2 26 10.7
9.3
18 9.5 27 10.8
19 28
9.7 11.0
20 29
9.8 i
21 11.2
10.0 1 11.3
22 10.2 30 11.5

XII. DETERMINATION OF SOUNDNESS.*

42. A ?team apparatus, which can be maintained at a tem- Apparatus

perature between 98 and 100° C, or one similar to that shown
in Fig. 3, is recommended. The capacity of this apparatus may
be increased by using a rack for holding the pats in a vertical
or inclined position.
43. A pat from cement paste of normal consistency about Method.
3 in. in diameter, ^ in. thick at the center, and tapering to a
thin edge, shall be made on clean glass plates about 4 in. square,
1 Unsoundness is usually manifested by change in volume which causes distortion,
cracking, checking or disintegration.
Pats improperly made or exposed to drying may develop what are known as shrinkage
cracks within the first 24 hours and are not an indication of unsoundness. These con-
ditions are illustrated in Fig. 4.
The failure of the pats to remain on the glass or the cracking of the glass to which the
pats are attached does not necessarily indicate unsoundness.
 442 Specifications and Tests for Portland Cement.
"^ > -^

i>; i; '») liJ

■F
r^

I \ k^^-

?r->
^.

1^
f

1^
 443
Serial Designation: C 9-17.

<u

I
3
O
W

M
c
(3
M
3O ^
3
^,
O
s
• tH
fe
d
o
,_,a
>»
^
1

o
£
 444 Specifications and Tests for Portland Cement.

and stored in moist air for 24 hours. In molding the pat, the
cement paste shall first be flattened on the glass and the pat
then formed by drawing the trowel from the outer edge toward
the center.
44. The pat shall then be placed in an atmosphere of steam
at a temperature between 98 and 100° C. upon a suitable sup-
port 1in. above boiling water for 5 hours.
45. Should the pat leave the plate, distortion may be
detected best with a straight edge appKed to the surface which
was in contact with the plate.

XIII. DETERMINATION OF TIME OF SETTING.

46. The following are alternate methods, either of which

may be used as ordered:
Vicat 47. The time of setting shall be determined with the Vicat
Apparatus, apparatus described in Section 39. (See Fig. 2.)
Vicat 48. A paste of normal consistency shall be molded in the
Method, hard-rubber ring G as described in Section 40, and placed under
the rod B, the smaller end of which shall then be carefully
brought in contact with the surface of the paste, and the rod
quickly released. The initial set shall be said to have occurred
when the needle ceases to pass a point 5 mm. above the glass
plate in ^ minute after being released; and the final set, when
the needle does not sink visibly into the paste. The test pieces
shall be kept in moist air during the test. This may be accom-
plished by placing them on a rack over water contained in a
pan and covered by a damp cloth, kept from contact with
them by means of a wire screen; or they may be stored in a
moist closet. Care shall be taken to keep the needle clean, as
the collection of cement on the sides of the needle retards the
penetration, while cement on the point may increase the pene-
tration. The time of setting is affected not only by the per-
centage and temperature of the water used and the amount of
kneading the paste receives, but by the temperature and humid-
ity of the air, and its determination is therefore only approximate.
Giiimore 49. The time of setting shall be determined by the Gill-
®® ^^' more needles. The Giiimore needles should preferably be
mounted as shown in Fig. 5 (b).
 Serial Designation: C 9-17. 445
Gillmor*
50. The time of setting shall be determined as follows:
Method.
A pat of neat cement paste about 3 in. in diameter and | in. in
thickness with a flat top (Fig. 5 (a) ), mixed to a normal con-
sistency, shall be kept in moist air at a temperature maintained
as nearly as practicable at 21° C. (70° F.). The cement shall be
considered to have acquired its initial set when the pat will bear,

(a) Pat with Top Surface Flattened for Determining

Time of Setting by Gillmore Method.

•w////////yy/w///////////////////////////////////////////////^^^^
(b) Gillmore Needles.
Fig. 5.

without appreciable indentation, the Gillmore needle iV in. in

diameter, loaded to weigh j lb. The final set has been acquired
when the pat will bear without appreciable indentation, the
Gillmore needle 2V in. in diameter, loaded to weigh 1 lb. In
making the test, the needles shall be held in a vertical position,
and appHed lightly to the surface of the pat.
 446 Specifications and Tests for Portland Cement.

XIV. TENSION TESTS.

Form of Test 51. The form of test piece shown in Fig. 6 shall be used.
Piece.
The molds shall be made of non-corroding metal and have suf-
ficient material in the sides to prevent spreading during mold-

Fig. 6. — Details for Briquette.

ing. Gang molds when used shall be of the t>TDe shown in

Fig. 7. Molds shall be wiped with an oily cloth before using.
Standard Sand. 52. The sand to be used shall be natural sand from Ottawa,
111., screened to pass a No. 20 sieve and retained on a No. 30
sieve. This sand may be obtained from the Ottawa SiHca Co.,
at a cost of two cents per pound, f. o. b. cars, Ottawa, 111.
 Serial Designation: C 9-17. 447

53. This sand, having passed the No. 20 sieve, shall be con-
sidered standard when not more than 5 g. pass the No. 30 sieve
after one minute continuous sieving of a 500-g. sample.
54. The sieves shall conform to the following specifications:
The No. 20 sieve shall have between 19.5 and 20.5 wires
per whole inch of the warp wires and between 19 and 21 wires
per whole inch of the shoot wires. The diameter of the wire
should be 0.0165 in. and the average diameter shall not be
outside the limits of 0.0160 and 0.0170 in.
The No. 30 sieve shall have between 29.5 and 30.5 wires
per whole inch of the warp wires and between 28.5 and 31.5
wires per whole inch of the shoot wires. The diameter of the
wire should be 0.0110 in. and the average diameter shall not
be outside the limits 0.0105 to 0.0115 in.

Fig. 7.— Gang Mold.

55. Immediately after mixing, the standard mortar shall Molding,

be placed in the molds, pressed in firmly with the thumbs and
smoothed off with a trowel without ramming. Additional mor-
tar shall be heaped above the mold and smoothed off with a
trowel; the trowel shall be drawn over the mold in such a man-
ner as to exert a moderate pressure on the material. The mold
shall then be turned over and the operation of heaping, thumb-
ing and smoothing off repeated.
56. Tests shall be made with any standard machine. The Testing.
briquettes shall be tested as soon as they are removed from the
water. The bearing surfaces of the clips and briquettes shall
be free from grains of sand or dirt. The briquettes shall be
carefully centered and the load appHed continuously at the rate
of 600 lb. per minute.
57. Testing machines should be frequently calibrated in
order to determine their accuracy.
 448 Specifications and Tests for Portland Cement.

Faulty 58. Briquettes that are manifestly faulty, or which give

nque es. g^j-gj^gj^j^g differing more than 15 per cent from the average value
of all test pieces made from the same sample and broken at
the same period, shall not be considered in determining the
tensile strength.

XV. STORAGE OF TEST PIECES.

Apparatus. 59. The moist closet may consist of a soapstone, slate or
concrete box, or a wooden box Hned with metal. If a wooden
box is used, the interior should be covered with felt or broad
wicking kept wet. The bottom of the moist closet should be
covered with water. The interior of the closet should be pro-
vided with non-absorbent shelves on which to place the test
pieces, the shelves being so arranged that they may be with-
drawn readily.
Methods. 60. Unless otherwise specified all test pieces, immedi-
ately after molding, shall be placed in the moist closet for from
20 to 24 hours.
61. The briquettes shall be kept in molds on glass plates
in the moist closet for at least 20 hours. After 24 hours in
moist air the briquettes shall be immersed in clean water in
storage tanks of non-corroding material.
62. The air and water shall be maintained as nearly as
practicable at a temperature of 21° C. (70° F.).
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Assocl\tion for Testing Materla.ls.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR

NATURAL CEMENT.

Serial Designation: C 10 09.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion C 10; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the
case of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1904; Revised, 1908, 1909.

1. Natural cement is the finely pulverized product result- Definition,

ing from the calcination of an argillaceous limestone at a
temperature only sufficient to drive oft" the carbonic acid gas.
I. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES.
2. The residue on a standard No. 100 sieve shall not exceed Fineness.
10 per cent, and on a standard No. 200 sieve shall not exceed
30 per cent, by weight.
3. Pats of neat cement about 3 in. in diameter, ^ in. thick Soundness,
at center, tapering to a thin edge, shall be kept in moist air for
a period of 24 hours.
(a) A pat shall then be kept in air at normal temperature.
(b) Another pat shall be kept in water maintained as near
70° F. as practicable.
These pats shall be observed at intervals for at least 28
days, and, to satisfactorily pass the tests, shall remain firm
(449)
 450 Specifications for Natural Cement.

and hard and show no signs of distortion, checking, cracking,

or disintegrating.
Time of Setting. 4. The cement shall not develop initial set in less than 10
minutes, using the Vicat needle. Final set shall be attained
in not less than 30 minutes nor more than 3 hours, using the
Vicat needle.
Tensile Strength.
5. The minimum requirements for tensile strength for bri-
quettes 1sq. in. in cross-section shall be as follows, and the
cement shall show no retrogression in strength within the periods
specified :
Age. Neat Cement. Strength.
24 hours in moist air 75 lb.
7 days (1 day in moist air, 6 days in water) 150 "
28 days (1 " " "27 " " ) 250 "

One Part Cement, Three Parts Standard Ottawa Sand.

7 days (1 day in moist air, 6 days in water) 50 lb.
28 days (1 " " "27 " " ) 125 "

II. PACKAGES, MARKING AND STORAGE.

Packages and 6. The cement shall be dehvered in suitable bags or barrels
Marking.
with the brand and name of the manufacturer plainly marked
thereon. A bag shall contain 94 lb. net. A barrel shall contain
282 lb. net.
Storage. 7. The cement shall be stored in such a manner as to per-
mit easy access for proper inspection and identification of each
shipment, and in a suitable weather-tight building which will
protect the cement from dampness.
III. INSPECTION.

Inspection. 8. (a) Every facility shall be provided the purchaser for

careful sampling and inspection at either the mill or at the
site of the work, as may be specified by the purchaser. At least
10 days from the time of sampling shall be allowed for the com-
pletion of the 7-day test, and at least 31 days shall be allowed
for the completion of the 28-day test.
(b) The cement shall be tested in accordance with the
methods contained in the Standard Specifications and Tests for
Portland Cement (Serial Designation: C 9) of the American
Society for Testing Materials.^
I See pp. 429-448.
 Serial Designation: C 10-09. 451.

IV. REJECTION.
9. The cement may be rejected if it fails to meet any of Rejection
the requirements of these specifications.
10. Cement failing to meet the 7-day requirements may be
held awaiting the results of the 28-day tests before rejection.

Editorial Note.

In connection with its reports on the Standard Specifications and Tests

for Portland Cement (Serial Designation: C 9-17), Committee C-1 on Cement
declared its purpose to give consideration during the ensuing year to the revi-
sion of the present above Standard Specifications for Natural Cement, and
recommended that in the meantime the new methods of tests for Portland
cement be applied to the testing of natural cement. In this connection
attention is directed to the following feature:
Fineness. — -The Standard Specifications for Natural Cement specify a
standard No, 100 sieve (see Section 2), which is not included in the Standard
Specifications and Tests for Portland cement. The requirements for the
standard No. 100 sieve wiU- therefore remain as pubHshed in the 1915 Year-
Book, page 358, as follows:

Diameter of Wire, in 0 . 0042 - 0 . 0048

Woof 95-101
93-103
Meshes per Linear Inch /^'^''P
 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

IXTERNATIONAL ASSOOATION POR TESTING MATERIALS.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR
DRAIN TILE.

Serial Designation : C 4 - 16.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion C 4; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1914; Revised, 1916.

Classes. 1. (a) These specifications cover three classes of drain tile,

namely, Farm Drain Tile, Standard Drain Tile, and Extra-
Quality Drain Tile.
(b) The purposes for which these classes are intended to be
suitable are as follows:
Farm Drain Tile, for ordinary private drainage work on
farms, for moderate sizes and depths;
Standard Drain Tile, for ordinary district land drainage at
moderate depths;
Extra-Quality Drain Tile, for district land drainage, for
considerable depths and where an extra quality is desired.
Basis of 2. The purchaser shall specify the class or classes of tile
Purchase.
to be supplied, whether Farm Drain Tile, Standard Drain Tile,
or Extra-Quality Drain Tile. Standard Drain Tile shall be sup-
plied where no other advance selection is stated.
Basis of 3. {a) The acceptabihty of drain tile shall be determined
Acceptance, (^jj ^y ^j^g results of the chemical and physical tests hereinafter
(452)
 Serial Designation: C 4-16. 453

specified, and (2) by visual inspection, to determine whether the

tiles comply with the specifications as to dimensions, shape, and
freedom from visible external and internal defects.
(b) The acceptance of drain tile as satisfactorily meeting
one of these two general requirements shall not be construed as
in any way wai\dng the other.
I. MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURE.
4. (a) These specifications shall apply to drain tile made of Materials,
shale, fire clays or surface clays and to drain tile made of concrete.
(b) By shale is meant a stratified clay, usually red-burning,
more or less indurated by heat or pressure, with well-marked
cleavage, laid down prior to the present geological epoch.
(c) By fire clay is meant a stratified clay, usually buff-
burrnng, usually less indurated than shales, with poorly marked
cleavage, laid down prior to the present geological epoch.
(d) By surface clay is meant an unstratified, unconsolidated
plastic glacial or alluvial clay, laid down by the glacial ice sheet,
or on the flood plains of rivers, during the present geological
epoch.
(e) By concrete is meant a suitable niLxture of Portland
cement, mineral aggregates and water, hardened by hydraulic
chemical reaction.
(/) If the purchaser desires to exclude any of these materials
he shall so specify in advance. All materials used shall be first-
class of their kind and suitable for the purpose.
5. The method of manufacture shall be such as to insure Manufacture,
excellence of product and uniformity in quality.
II. CHEMICAL TESTS AND REQUIREMENTS.
6. The purchaser may prescribe in advance special chemi- Chemical
cal. requirements
^ in cases where drainage ^ waters have marked Tests and
Requirements.
acid or alkaline character, or are of abnormally high tempera-
ture, and may use chemical analysis of the tile to ascertain
whether these special requirements are met. Without a special
agreement in advance, no drain tile shall be rejected by, reason
of its composition as determined by ultimate chemical analysis.
The presence in drain tile of visible grains or masses of
caustic lime, iron pyrites, or any other minerals which are
 454 Specifications for Drain Tile.

known to cause slaking or disintegration of the tile, shall be

construed as a valid ground for rejection, unless satisfactory
proof be submitted that the tiles are permanent and durable,
and that the objectionable minerals are not present in quantity
or condition to work damage.

III. PHYSICAL TESTS.

Physical Tests. 7. The physical tests of drain tile shall include (A) Strength
Tests and (B) Absorption Tests; and may include (C) Freezing
and Thawing Tests, when specified by the purchaser in advance,
or when called for by the manufacturer or other seller as pro-
vided in Sections 34, 35, 47 and 52.
Selection of 8. The specimens of tile shall all be selected at the fac-
Specimens of ^^j-y ^j. ^^^ ^^le shipping destination, or at the trench, at the
option of the purchaser. The selection shall be made by a
competent inspector employed by the purchaser. The inspec-
tor shall divide the tile into sub-classes if lack of uniformity in
any important particular warrants such division, and shall
select enough representative specimens of tile from each sub-
class for a complete set of standard physical tests.
Number and Cost 9. A Standard physical test shall comprise tests of five
of Specimens of individual tiles. Specimens of tile may be selected by the
inspector in such number as he judges necessary to determine
fairly the quality of all the tile. The manufacturer or other
seller shall furnish specimens of tile without separate charge up
to 0.5 per cent of the whole number of tile,' and the purchaser
shall pay for all in excess of that percentage at the same rate
as for other tile.

(A) Strength Tests of Drain Tile.

Specimens of ^^ rj.^^ specimens of tile shall be unbroken, full-size tile.
. 11. The walls of the tile shall, at the time of testing, be as
Condition of thoroughly wct as will result from completely covering with
Specimens of ^^y, cloth, or similar absorbent material, and keeping the cover-
ing wet for not less than 12 hours.
Temperature 12. No specimen of tile shall be exposed to water or air
Condition
Specimens ofof temperatures
/, , lower
-.^than -i 40° i F.,, from
i the ibeginning
i i of i wetting
i r
Tile. until tested. Frozen tile shall be completely thawed beiore
the wetting begins.
 Serial Designation: C 4-16. 455

13. Each specimen of tile shall be weighed on reliable scales Weighing,

just prior to testing, and the weights shall be reported.
14. Any machine or hand method which will apply the AppUcation
load continuously, or in increments not exceeding 5 per cent of °* ^°^^-
the estimated total breaking load, may be used in making the
test. The tile shall not be allowed to stand under load longer
than is required for observing and recording the loads. All
solid parts of the bearing frames and bearing blocks shall be so
rigid that the distribution of the load will not be affected appre-
ciably by the deformation of any part. All bearings and the
specimens of tile shall be so accurately centered as to secure a
symmetrical distribution of the loading on each side of the cen-
ter of the tile in every direction.
15. The purchaser shall choose (l) sand bearings, (2) Choice of
hydrauHc bearings, or (3) three-point bearings, for use in mak- ®"'°^^'
ing strength tests of drain tile. (See Sections 18, 19, and 20).
16. The test results shall be calculated and reported, in Calculation an
pounds per hnear foot of tile, in terms of the "Ordinary Sup- Test°Re°uits.
porting Strength." ^
The ordinary supporting strength shall be calculated by
multiplying the test breaking loads by the following factors:
For sand bearings, 1.00; for hydraulic bearings, 1.25; for
three-point bearings, 1.50.
The results of the strength tests shall be reported separately
for each of the live individual specimens of tile constituting a
standard test, together with the average.
17. The modulus of rupture may or may not be calculated Modulus of
and reported, at the option of the purchaser. When reported "^ "^^"
it shall be calculated by the equations^
W
M = 0.20r (1)
12
f=^'' (2) •

'The "ordinary supporting strength," when calculated as specified in Section 16, is

approximately equal to the actual supporting strength of a tile when laid in a ditch by the
/2

"ordinary" method. See note under Table II.

2 The coefficient of 0.20 in equation (1) approximates the value found by theoretical
analysis and also that determined by extended tests.
 456 Specifications for Drain Tile.

where M = maximum bending moment in wall in pound-inches

per inch of length, r = radius of middle line of tile wall in inches,
H^ = ordinary supporting strength, calculated as prescribed in
Section 16, in pounds per linear foot of tile, /= modulus of
rupture in pounds per square inch, and / = thickness of tile wall
in inches.
Five-eighths of the weight of the tile per linear foot for
sand bearings, or three-fourths for hydraulic or three-point
bearings, shall be added to W in computing the maximum
bending moment M, when such addition exceeds 5 per cent of
W. The value of / used shall be the average thickness of the
wall at the top of the tile or that at the bottom, selecting the
lesser of the two.
Sand Bearings. 18. (See Fig. 1 .)— When sand bearings are used, the ends of
each specimen of tile shall be accurately marked in quarters of
the circumference prior to the test. Specimens shall be care-
fully bedded, above and below, in sand, for one-fourth the cir-
cumference ofthe tile measured on the middle line of the wall.
The depth of bedding above and below the tile at the thinnest
points shall be one-half the radius of the middle line of the wall.
The sand used shall be clean, and shall be such as will pass
a No. 4 screen.
The top bearing frame shall not be allowed to come in con-
tact with the tile nor \vith the top bearing plate. The upper
surface of the sand in the top bearing shall be struck level with
a straight edge, and shall be covered with a rigid top bearing
plate, with lower surface a true plane, made of heavy timbers
or other rigid material, capable of distributing the test load
uniformly without appreciable bending. The test load shall
be apphed at the exact center of this top bearing plate, in such
a manner as to permit free motion of the plate in all directions.
For this purpose a spherical bearing is preferred, but two rollers
at right angles may be used. The test may be made without
the use of a testing machine, by piling weights directly on a
platform resting on the top bearing plate, provided, however,
that the weight shall be piled symmetrically about a vertical
line through the center of the tile, and that the platform shall
not be allowed to touch the top bearing frame.
The frames of the top and bottom bearings shall be made
 Serial Designation: C 4-16. 457

pq
o

<u

OQ
is
<»
E CQ
►^ ^ o
ex.
G
CO Q

tt^ rgoQ
^5 '^

C
c
hS

pq

g.

^
-

T
K§
 458 Specifications for Drain Tile.

of timbers so heavy as to avoid appreciable bending by the side

pressure of the sand. The interior surfaces of the frames shall
be dressed. No frame shall come in contact with the tile
during the test. A- strip of cloth may, if desired, be attached
to the inside of the upper frame on each side, along the lower
edge, to prevent the escape of sand between the frame and the
tile.
Hydraulic 19. (See Fig. 2.) — When hydrauHc bearings are used, the
Bearings.
ends of each specimen of tile shall be accurately marked in
halves of the circumference prior to the test.
An hydraulic bearing shall be composed of a wooden platen,
to which is attached, as hereinafter described, a section of rub-
ber hose. The hose shall lie against the tile, and the pressure
shall be applied to the hose through the platen.
The platen shall be built of strong wood, and shall be not
less than 6 by 6 in. in section, and its least length shall be the
length of the tile plus 8 in. One-inch quarter rounds, with their
convex surfaces facing and 2 in. apart in the clear, shall be
firmly attached to the bearing side. The straight portion of
this face shall extend at least the length of the tile, and the
platen beyond this length may be cut to the arc of a circle.
Between the quarter rounds shall be laid a piece of 2^-in.
hose which shall be closed in a water-tight mamier at each
end by clamps. The hose shall contain a volume of water not
less than one-half nor more than two-thirds its capacity, when
completely distended. This hose may be attached to the platen
at either end in any satisfactory manner which will not induce
wrinkling when under test pressure.
The test load shall be appHed at the middle of the top
bearing, in such a way as to leave the bearing free to move in
the vertical plane of the axis of the tile.
It is recommended that stops be screwed to the platen,
symmetrical with the point of application of the load, and at a
distance apart not greater than the length of the tile plus § in.
This will help center the load coming upon the tile.
Three-point 20. (See Fig. 3.) — When three-point bearings are used,
Bearings.
the ends of each specimen of tile shall be accurately marked in
halves of the circumference prior to the test.
The lower bearings shall consist of two wooden strips with
 Serial Designation: C 4-16. 459

vertical sides, each strip having its interior top corner rounded
to a radius of approximately | in. They shall be straight, and
shall be securely fastened to a rigid block with their interior
vertical sides 1 in. apart.
The upper bearing shall be a wooden block, straight and
true from end to end.
The test load shall be appHed through the upper bearing
block in such a way as to leave the bearing free to move in a
vertical plane passing midway between the lower bearings.
In testing a tile which is "out of straight," the lines of the
bearings chosen shall be from those which appear to give most
favorable conditions for fair bearings.

(B) Absorption Tests of Drain Tile.

2 1 . Not less than three separate test specimens from each Test Specime
of five separate tiles shall be taken as a "standard sample" for the
absorption test. Of the three specimens from each tile, one
shall be taken from one end, another from the opposite end, and
the third shall be taken from the middle portion of the tile.
Each specimen shall be of from 12 to 20 sq. in. in area,
measured upon the exterior or convex side, and shall be as nearly
square as the nature of the material will readily pennit. The
specimens shall be obtained by breaking the tile, and shall be
apparently sound, solid pieces of the wall of the tile, and shall
not show cracks or fissures or shattered edges due to the
shock of breaking or cutting. The specimens may be obtained
from the broken pieces of the tiles used in the strength test,
if the restrictions as to the size and* location of the specimens
can be duly obserbed. The specimens shall be so marked as to
permit the identity of each one to be ascertained at any stage
of the test.
22. Preparatory to the absorption test, all specimens shall Drying Test
be first weighed and then dried in a drier or oven, at a temper- p^"™®°^*
ature of not less than 110° C. (230° F.) for not less than three
hours. After removal from the drier, the specimens shall be
allowed to cool to a temperature of 20 to 25° C. (68 to 77° F.)
and reweighed. If the specimens were apparently dry when
taken, and the second weight closely checks the first, the speci-
mens shall be considered dry. If the specimens were known to
 460 Specifications for Drain Tile.

be wet when taken, they shall be placed in the drier for a fur-
ther drying treatment of two hours, and reweighed. If the
third weight checks the second, the specimens shall be consid-
ered dry. In case of any doubt, the specimens must be redried
for two-hour periods until check weights are obtained.
Weighing and 23. The balance used shall be sensitive to 0.5 g. when
Reweighing.
loaded with 1 kg., and weighings shall be read at least to the
nearest gram. Where other than metric weights are used* the
same order of accuracy must be obtained.
In reweighing after immersion, the specimens shall be
removed from the water, not allowed to drain for more than one
minute, the superficial water removed by towel or blotting
paper, and the specimens at once put upon the balance.
Immersion of 24. Specimens after weighing shall be placed in a suitable
Test Specimens, wovcn-wire receptacle, packed tightly enough to prevent jos-
tling, covered with distilled water or rainwater, raised to the
boiling point and boiled for five hours, and then cooled in water
to a final temperature of 10 to 15° C. (50 to 59° F.).
Calculation and 25. The test results shall be calculated as percentages of the
Reporting of initial dry weight, carried to the nearest first decimal place.
Results.
The results shall be reported separately for each individual
specimen, together with the mean of the fifteen or more speci-
mens comprising the standard sample, the maximum and the
minimum single observations entering into the mean, and the
variation between the maximum and the minimum of the three
specimens of each tile represented in the the standard sample.

(C) Freezing and Thawing Tests oj Drain Tile.

Test Specimens. 26. The test specimens employed in making the absorption
test shall preferably be used for the freezing and thawing test.
In the event that the same specimens are not available, an-
other set selected as specified in Section 21 shall be taken.
Drying Test 27. In the event that new specimens for the freezing and
Specimens.
thawing test must be prepared, they shall be dried as specified
in Section 22.
Weighing and 28. The same scales and weights as are specified in Section
Reweighing.
23 for the absorption test or others of equivalent sensitiveness
and accuracy shall be employed for the weighings required in
 Serial Designation: C 4-16. 461.

the freezing and thavsing test. The same procedure in weigh-

ings and reweighing as specified in Section 23 shall be used.
29. In the event that new specimens for the freezing and inunersion of
thawing test must be prepared, they shall be immersed and -^^^^ Specimen
boiled and cooled in water as specified in Section 24.
30. WTien the specimens (either from the absorption test or Freezing and
from a specially prepared series) have been weighed after satu- thawing,
ration with water, they shall be returned to the water, and
kept immersed till the freezing test is begun. For freezing,
they shall be placed with their concave faces upward in water-
tight metal trays, suitably mounted in a rigid metal crate,^ and
immersed in ice water until the specimens have attained sub-'
stantiall}' the temperature of the water, after which the water
shall be drawn down to a depth of | in. in each tray. The crate
shall then be lifted as a whole, without disturbing the specimens,
and placed in the freezing apparatus.
Freezing shall be performed in a quiet atmosphere, free
from perceptible natural or artificial currents. If artificial
freezing apparatus is employed,^ the apparatus shall have suf-
ficient heat-absorbent capacit}- to enable the temperature of
the freezing chamber to be brought to —10° C. (+14° F.) or
below, within thirt\' minutes after the introduction of the speci-
mens. The temperature in the freezing apparatus shall not fall
lower than — 20° C. (— 4° F.). The freezing shall be continued
until the water in the trays is frozen solid. Exposure to freez-
ing conditions in excess of this requirement shall be considered
as without significance.
At the conclusion of freezing under the specified condi-
tions, the crate of specimens shall be withdrawn and at once
immersed in water at a temperature of 85 to 100° C. (185 to
212° F.) in a special receptacle of proper size. Heating shall be
continued so that the water will regain the required temperature
as soon as practicable after the specimens are immersed. A
temperature of 85 to 100° C. (185 to 212° F.) shall then be
maintained for not less than 15 minutes. At the conclusion of
' Fig. 4 shows a crate and trays suitable for use in the boi for artificial freezing illustrated
in Plate I.
'Artificial freezing will generally be necessary. It may be conducted in a commercial
sero (F.) refrigerating room, or in an artificial freezing box similax to the one shown in Plate I,
in •which zero (F.) temperatures can readily be produced by the use of salt and ice.
462 Specifications for Drain Tile.

Trays

Removed
portly

II"-

Front Eleva+ion. Side Eleva+ion.

t-

•-^'<i—

K-
2 Corner Strips, l£"x g"x/'5i"J
Top View,

Jl
Trays Removed.

Notes :
Section A-A,
Irays Removed.
Galvanized
Rack Constructed
Angles, of /'x as
except ■§"xNoted.
^"
All Connections Riveted or Sol-
dered.

Trays, ll'k/lx 1^ "outside, Made of

No. 17 Galvani-zed Steel.
Fig. 4.— Suggested Plans for Freezing Crate and
Trays.
 Plate I

1916 A.S.T.M. Standards.

Standard Specifications for Drain Tiue

f^'^
^ a^^ ia^_ ^ ^
^^
_..^l{'FeH- |i Si-rips— .._
i| Sawdust ii
- -,.--[1— /? "/«/'' 5)''-/;o5 %. ,
-•/^ Pipe
- i--
■ Copper /jj.-v
.',CJ^^ Lining
Ice and-■••■> \l$', ' Copper L ining ■

V-< -7--> l=i=lfl

L_l_

Buildinq
1-/2 i
^s r
Building
<-5"> Lining
Paper
5 Lining.}-

■Threaded I Paper
Thermomefer
£4 Bulb.
^i^^<^^^^
1^ ^
■^7 "^—Salt^
..•^ Ice and
.Pet Cock
A a. gi2"

^1 ^ \ 1^1 Sawdust '-V

'"-Rack of I'Pipe
Ifack off' Pipe

Section B-B

^'J

Plan View, Plan View, Top in Place

Top Removed .
SUGGESTED PLANS
Note ■■ Boi' fo be Constructed of Seasoned
White Pine, fr^e from Defects, or other
Suitable Timber, /"»6',unieii otherwise
Specified,
FREEZING FOR
BOX
USING SALT AND ICE TO FREEZE
 Serial Designation: C 4-16, 463

the thawing treatment, the crate of specimens shall be cooled

down rapidly in water to 10 to 15° C. (50 to 59° F.) and then
inspected. The condition of each sample after each thawing
shall be noted in the records.
31. Failure under the freezing and thawdng treatment Method of
shall be considered to be reached when: Determining
.... . . Failure in
(a) The specimens show superficial dismtegration or spalling Freezing and
with loss of weight of more than 5 per cent of the initial dry Thawing Tests,
weight; or,
(b) The specimens are badly cracked in other than lamina-
tion planes; or,
(c) The specimens show evident serious loss of structural
strength.
IV. PHYSICAL TEST REQUIREMENTS.
32. The physical test requirements for the different classes Physical Test
of drain tile shall be as given in Table I. Requirements.
33. Drain tile made of mixtures of surface clays with other Absorption

clays tile
clay shallin conform
Table I, towhen
the the
absorption requirements
proportion of surface forclay
surface- ?^®''^*''^.™^'!|*
is 75 made of Mixed
per cent or more, and to the requirements for shale and fire clay ^^^y^-
tile for all other proportions.
• 34. In the event that a standard sample (Section 21) of Appeal from
tile fails to meet the requirements of the absorption test, the xes°t^*'°'^
manufacturer or other seller may demand recourse to the freezing Freezing and
and thawing test, to be made at his expense. In such recourse, T'^^^'^s Test,
the number of tiles tested shall be four times the number rep-
resented bythe standard sample (Section 21). If the material
passes the freezing and thawing test satisfactorily, it shall not
be rejected on account of its failure to meet the absorption
requirements specified in Table I, but the average percentage
of absorption of the specimens used in the freezing and thawing
test shall be adopted as the maximum allowable mean absorption
for the contract in question. Limits of
35. In the strength tests, individual tiles of a standard individual Test
test whose mean strength is satisfactory. may fall .
25 per cent SpecimensTests
Physical in
below the requirement for the average without causing rejection, cuiiing and
In the absorption test, the absorption of individual tiles of a Retesting
standard sample (Section 21), which gives a satisfactory mean Exceeded.
464 Specifications for Dila.in Tile.

absorption percentage, may exceed the average by 25 per cent

without causing rejection. In the freezing and thawing test,
at least 95 per cent of all the tiles tested shall meet the
requirement.
In the event of the failure of a standard sample (Sections
9, 21 and 26) to meet the above requirements, the manufacturer
Table I. — Physical-Test Requirements for Different Classes of lin
Drain Tile. per
"§.0 Ain lb.
i
Farm Drain Tile. Standard DrainmumTile. Extra-Quality Drain Tile.

linp
Maximum Average >. Maximum Average
Sup

Maximum Average
0-5, S
1 Absorption by
A in in

Absorption by Absorption by
er
a
por

ado £;£
Standard Boiling -tlStandard
Boiling
lb.
Standard Boiling Cm
imu
t

Internal
Test, per cent. <IJ Test, per cent.
m

Diameter .H Test, per cent.^3

of Tile, "S-s"
4) O .
in. u ?J3 6

1
> buS .b 1 .. > mS a5 > 6(1 S o
(X, aJ 5 fc^ S
J3
s fccc >5
CO

CQ
a a a
10
S .£3
O ^ 0
CO 6 s C3 -M^
03
3
oo
800 11 1600
4 11 14 1200
1200 9 13 1600 7
6 800 12 9 13 7 10
108 800 11 14 12 1200 9 13 1600 7 10
800 11 14
14 12 1200 9 13
13 1600 7 10
10
12
11
73
14 •3 12 1200 go
9 7 10
800 1200 13 1600 10
12 900 11
11 14 ."ts
12 9 13 7
14 1000 14 1 12
■z

1300
1400 9 13 1600 7 10
16
18
20 9 1800 7 10
."tS 1500 9 13 2000 7
10
22 10
1600
1700 9 2200
2400 7 10
24
26
—. -^ 1800
9
9
13
13
2600 7
7
10

3.^ 1 3a
1900
28
30
1 2000 9 13
13
13
2800 7
a
fS g
A4 Ph
S
9
i
3000 7 10
10
32 i 2100 9 13 3200 7 11
10
10
10
1
34 2200 9 13 7 11 10
o 2300
36
38 g 2400
9
9
13 3400
3600
3800
7
7
2500
40 9 13 4000 7
13
42 2600 9 13 11 4200 7 10

Note. — When the freezing and thawing test is specified or demanded, as provided in Section 11 7, the num-
ber of freezings and thawings to be endured shall be as follows: For farm drain tile, 8; for standard drain
tile. 12; for extra-quality drain tile^ 16.

or other seller may thoroughly cull the material and submit a

portion of retest at his own expense, and for such retest the
number of tiles per sample shall be 10 for the strength and
absorption tests and 20 for the freezing and thawing test. In
the event of the failure of the material after culling to pass the
requirements, it shall be rejected without further test.
 465
Serial Designation: C 4-16.
 466 Specifications for Drain Tile.

Strength Test 36. The manufacturer ar other seller shall not be held re-
Requirements
when sponsible for cracking of drain tile in ditches unless by special
Manufacturer agreement in advance, and in any event his obligation shall be
is held
Responsible held to be discharged by the delivery of drain tile having the min-
for Cracking imum ordinary supporting strengths specified in Table II; and,
in Ditches.
if it is not otherwise specified in advance by the purchaser, tile
shall be supplied of the strengths specified for clay ditch filling,
for "ordinary" pipe laying and for widths of ditch at the level
of the top of the tile equal to 0.5 ft. greater than the outside
diameters of the tile. The purchaser shall furnish to the manu-
facturer or other seller complete information, in advance of
receiving bids, as to the number of linear feet of drain tile of
each diameter required for each different depth of ditch, meas-
ured to the nearest foot from the surface of the ground to the
top of the tile.
V. VISUAL INSPECTION.
Visual
37. All drain tile shall be given a thorough visual inspec-
Inspection
and its tion at the trench by a competent inspector employed by the
Purposes, purchaser. The purposes of the visual inspection shall be: (l) to
cull and reject imperfect individual tiles; and (2) to determine
whether the tiles, independently of meeting the chemical and the
physical test requirements, comply with the specifications of
general properties, especially as stated hereinafter.
Shape. 38. All drain tile shall be of approximately circular cross-
section, except when otherwise specified in advance. They shall
be approximately straight, except in the case of special connec-
tions. The ends shall be so regular and smooth as readily to
admit of making close joints by turning and pressing together
adjoining tile.
Nominal 39. The sizes of drain tile shall be designated by their
Sizes.
interior diameters.
Minimum 40. Drain tile smaller than 12 in. in diameter shall have a
Lengths.
minimum length of 12 in. Tile of from 12 to 30 in. in diameter,
inclusive, shall have lengths not less than the diameters. Tile
larger than 30 in. in diameter shall have a minimum length of
30 in.
Structure. 41. Drain tile shall be substantially uniform in structure
throughout, and the inspector shall investigate this property by
examining fractured surfaces.
 Serial Designation: C 4-16. 467

42. Drain tile shall give a clear ring when stood on end and Ring,
while dry tapped with a hght hammer.
43. The inspector may use the color of drain tile as a gen- Color,
eral guide in sorting and inspecting, but he shall first so famil-
iarize himself wdth the raw materials and the processes used in
the manufacture of the particular tile in question as to be com-
petent to interpret the true meaning of variations in their color. Inside
44. Drain tile shall be reasonably smooth on the inside. Smoothness.
45. Drain tile shall be free from cracks and checks extend- Cracks, Checks
ing into the body of the tile in such a manner as to decrease B^ken Pieces,
the strength appreciably. Tile shall not be chipped or broken
Table III. — Distinctive General Physical Properties of
Different Classes of Drain Tile.
Farm Standard Extra-Quality
Physical Properties Specified. Drain Tile. Drain Tile.
Drain Tile.

Allowable variation of average diameter below specified

diameter, per cent
Allowable variation between maximum and minimum
diameters of same tile, or average diameters of adjoining
tile, percentage of thickness of wall
Allowable variation from straightness, percentage of length.
Allowable thickness of exterior bUsters, lumps and flakes
which do not weaken tiJe and are few in number, per-
centage ofthickness of wall
Allowable diameters of above blisters, lumps and flakes,
percentage of internal diameter ^ 20 15 10

General laspection '. Careful. Very rigid.

Rigid.

in such a manner as to decrease their strength materially or to

admit earth into the drain.
46. All drain tile shall be sufficiently "vitrified" or ''hard- use of the Ten
burned" to afford the degree of supporting strength, percentage g*"^g^ ^^\
of absorption, and resistance to freezing and thawing specified
in the physical test requirements prescribed in Table I.
47 . The manufacturer or other seller may appeal from Appeal from
decisions of the questions of strength or structure
inspector ,on ^, Jesuits of Visui
1
when such, decisions
, . . ^ .
are based on visual , . ° .
inspection ,
alone, .
in Inspection.

which case the point at issue shall be determined by standard

physical tests, the cost of which shall be paid by the appellant,
if the inspector was right, or by the purchaser if his inspector
was in error.
 468 Specifications for Drain Tile.

Additional 48. Drain tile of the different classes shall, in addition to

Distinctive
Physical all requirements heretofore specified, have the distinctive phy si-
Characteristics, cal characteristic prescribed in Table III

VI. TESTING, INSPECTION AND REJECTION.

Making and 49. All tests shall be made by experts employed by the
Reporting Tests,
purchaser. Full reports of all tests shall be furnished the manu-
facturer or other seller on his request. Tests shall be made and
reported promptly.
Expense of 50. The purchaser shall pay the expense of making all tests
Making Tests. except as otherwise specified in Sections 9, 34, 35, 47 and 52.
Number of Tests. 51. The number of standard tests to be made shall be
determined by the purchaser.
General Tests 52. In all contracts for ten or more carloads of tile, pre-
and Inspection
at Factory. liminary general tests and inspection shall be made at the
factory by the purchaser upon demand of the manufacturer or
other seller. The expense of such tests and inspection shall be
paid by the manufacturer or other seller.
Inspector. 53. The inspector shall be employed by the purchaser.
Inspection. 54. The manufacturer or other seller of the drain tile shall
afford the inspector all reasonable facilities for his work, both
as to the selection of specimens for tests, and as to visual
inspection. Inspection shall be completed promptly.
Rejection. 55. The inspector shall plainly mark all drain tile which
he rejects, and such rejected tile shall be removed promptly
by the manufacturer or other seller. Upon request of the
purchaser, the manufacturer or other seller shall give full account
of the removal of rejected tile.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association for Testing Materials.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR

QUICKLIME.

Serial Designation: C 5-15.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion C 5 ; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1915.

is a material the m.aj'or part of which is calcium Definition,

oxide 1.orQuicklime
calcium and magnesium oxides, which will slake on the
addition of water.
2. QuickHme is divided into two grades: Grades,
(a) Selected. — Shall be well-burned, picked free from ashes,
core, clinker or other foreign material.
{b) Run-of-Kiln. — Shall be well-burned, without selection.
3. Quicklime is shipped in two forms: Forms.
(a) Lump. — Shall be kiln size.
(b) Pulverized. — Shall be reduced in size to pass a J-in.
screen.
4. Quicklime is divided into four classes: Classes.
- (a) High-Calcium; (b) Calcium; (c) Magnesian; (c?)- High-
Magnesian.
5. The particular grade, form and class of quicklime Basis of
desired shall be specified in advance by the purchaser.
(469)
 470 Specifications for Quicklime.

I. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.

(A) Sampling.
Lime in Bulk. 6. When quicklime is shipped in bulk, the sample shall
be so taken that it will represent an average of all parts of the
shipment from top to bottom, and shall not contain a dispro-
portionate share of the top and bottom layers, which are most
subject to changes. The samples shall comprise at least 10
shovelsful taken from different parts of the shipment. The
total sample taken shall weigh at least 100 lb. and shall be
crushed to pass a 1-in. ring, and quartered to provide a 15db.
sample for the laboratory.
Lime in Barrels. 7. When quickHme is shipped in barrels, at least 3 per
cent of the number of barrels shall be sampled. They shall
be taken from various parts of the shipment, dumped, niixed
and sampled as specified in Section 6.
Laboratory
Samples. 8. All samples to be sent to the laboratory shall be imme-
diately transferred to an air-tight container in which the unused
portion shall be stored until the quicklime shall finally be accepted
or rejected by the purchaser.

(B) Chemical Tests.

Chemical 9. (a) The classes and chemical properties of quicklime shall
Properties.
be determined by standard methods of chemical analysis.
(6) Samples shall be taken as specified in Sections 6, 7 and 8.
(c) Quicklime shall conform to the following requirements as
to chemical composition:

Chemical Composition.
Calcium.
High-Calcium. Magnesian. High-Magnesian.
Properties Considered. ■
Selected. Selected. Kiln. Selected. Kiln. Selected. Kiln.
Kiln.
Run-of- Run-of- Run-of- Run-of-
Calcium Oxide, per cent 85-90
85-90
(min.)
90 (min.)
90
Magnesium Oxide, per cent. . 10-25 25 25
10-25
Calcium Oxide plus Magne- (min.) (min.)
sium Oxide, min., per cent . 90 85 85 90 85
Carbon Dioxide, max., per 85 90
3 5 3 5 90
3 5 3 5
Silica plus Alumina plus
Oxide of Iron, max., per
5 7.5 5 7.5 5 7.5 S 7.5
 Serial Designation: C 5 - 15. 471
II. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.

10. An average 5-lb. sample shall be put into a box and Percentage of
slaked by an experienced operator wdth sufficient water to
produce the maximum quantity of lime putty, care being taken
to avoid "burning" or "drowning" the hme. It shall be allowed
to stand for 24 hours and then washed through a 20-mesh sieve
by a stream of water having a moderate pressure. No material
shall be rubbed through the screens. Not over 3 per cent of the
weight of the selected quicklime nor over 5 per cent of the
weight of the run-of-kiln quickHme shall be retained on the
sieve. The sample of lump Hme taken for this test shall be
broken to all pass a 1-in. screen and be retained on a ^-in. screen.
Pulverized lime shall be tested as received.

III. INSPECTION AND REJECTION.

11. (a) All quicklime shall be subject to inspection. inspection.
(b) The quicklime may be inspected either at the place
of manufacture or the point of delivery as arranged at the time of
purchase.
(c) The inspector representing the purchaser shall have
free entry at all times while work on the contract of the pur-
chaser is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's
works which concern the manufacture of the quicklime ordered.
The manufacturer shall afford the inspector all reasonable
facihties for inspection and sampKng, which shall be so con-
ducted as not to interfere unnecessarily with the operation of
the works.
(d) The purchaser may make the tests to govern the
acceptance or rejection of the quickhme in his own laboratory
or elsewhere. Such tests, however, shall be made at the expense
of the purchaser.
12. Unless otherwise specified, any rejection based on Rejection,
failure to pass tests prescribed in these specifications shall be
reported within five days from the taking of samples.
13. Samples which represent rejected quicklime shall be Rehearing,
preserved in air-tight containers for five days from the date
of the test report. In case of dissatisfaction with the results
of the tests, the manufacturer may make claim for a rehearing
within that time.
 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association for Testing Materials.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR
HYDRATED LIME.

Serial Designation: C 6-15.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion C 6; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1915.

Definition. 1. Hydratcd lime is a dry flocculent powder resulting from

the hydration of quicklime.
Classes. 2. Hydra ted lime is commercially divided into four
classes :
(a) High-Calcium; (b) Calcium; (c) Magnesian; (d) High-
Magnesian.
Basis of 3. The particular class of hydrated Hme desired shall be
Purchase, specified in advance by the purchaser.
I. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.

Sampling. 4. The sample shall be a fair average of the shipment.

Three per cent of the packages shall be sampled. The sample
shall be taken from the surface to the center of the package.
A 2-lb. sample to be sent to the laboratory shall immediately be
transferred to an air-tight container, in which the unused portion
shall be stored until the hydrated lime has been finally accepted
or rejected by tlie purchaser.
(472)
 Serial Designation: C 6-15. 473

5 . (a) The classes and chemical properties of hydrated lime Chemical

be determined by standard methods of chemical analysis.
shall (b) ^°p^''*'®s-
The non-volatile portion of hydrated lime shall
conform to the following requirements as to chemical
composition :
Chemical Composition.

Properties Considered. High-Calciiim. Calcium. Magnesian. High-Magnesian.

Calcium Oxide, per cent 90 (min.) 85-90

Magnesium Oxide, per cent 10-25 25 (min.)

Silica plus Alumina plus Oxide

of Iron, max., percent 5 5 5 5

Carbon Dioxiae, max., percent. 5 5 5 5

Water SufEcient to Sufficient to Sufficient to Sufficient to
hydrate the hydrate the hydrate the hydrate the
Calcium-oxide Calcium-oxide Calcium-oxide Calcium-oxide
Content. Content. Content. Content.

II. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.

6. A 100-g. sample shall leave by weight a residue of not Fineness,

over 5 per cent on a standard 100-mesh sieve and not over 0.5
per cent on a standard 30-mesh sieve.
7. Hydrated lime shall be tested to determine its constancy Constancy Volume.
of
of volume in the following manner:
Equal parts of hydrated lime under test and volume-con-
stant Portland cement shall be thoroughly mixed together and
gaged with water to a paste. Only sufficient water shall be
used to make the mLxture workable. From this paste a pat
about 3 in. in diameter and | in. thick at the center, tapering to
a thin edge shall be made on a clean glass plate about 4 in. square.
This pat shall be allowed to harden 24 hours in moist air and
shall be without popping, checking, cracking, warping or disin-
tegration after 5 hours' exposure to steam above boiling water
in a loosely closed vessel.

III. PACKING AND MARKING.

8. Hydrated lime shall be packed either in cloth or in paper Packing,

bags and the weight shall be plainly marked on each package.
 474 Specifications for Hydra ted Lime.

Marking. 9. The name of the manufacturer shall be legibly marked

or tagged on each package.
IV. INSPECTION AND REJECTION.
Inspection. 10. (a) All hydrated Ume shall be subject to inspection.
(b) The hydrated lime may be inspected either at the place
of manufacture or the point of delivery, as arranged at the time
of purchase.
(c) The mspector representing the purchaser shall have
free entry at all times while work on the contract of the pur-
chaser is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's
works which concern the manufacture of the hydrated lime
ordered. The manufacturer shall afford the inspector all rea-
sonable facilities for inspection and sampling, which shall be so
conducted as not to interfere unnecessarily with the operation
of the works.
(d) The purchaser may make the tests to govern the
acceptance or rejection of the hydrated lime in his own laboratory
or elsewhere. Such tests, however, shall be made at the expense
of the purchaser.
Rejection. 11. Unlcss Otherwise specified, any rejection based on failure
to pass tests prescribed in these specifications shall be reported
within five working days from the taking of samples.
Rehearing. 12. Samples w^hich represent rejected hydrated lime shall
be preserved in air-tight containers for five days from the date
of the test report. In case of dissatisfaction wdth the results of
the tests, the manufacturer may make claim for a rehearing
within that time.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association for Testing Materials.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR

PAVING BRICK.

Serial Designation: C 7-15.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion C 7; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1915.

The quality and acceptability of paving brick, in the

absence of other special tests mutually agreed upon in advance
by the seller on the one side and the bu3'er on the other side
shall be determined by the following procedure:
I. The Rattler Test, for the pui"pose of determining whether
the material as a whole possesses to a sufficient degree strength,
toughness and hardness.
II. Visual Inspection, for the purpose of determining
whether the physical properties of the material as to dimen-
sions, accuracy and uniformity of shape and color, are in general
satisfactory, and for the purpose of culling out from the ship-
ment individually imperfect or unsatisfactory brick.
The acceptance of paving brick as satisfactorily meeting
one of these tests shall not be construed as in any way waiving
the other.
(475)
476 Specifications for Paving Brick.

I. The Rattler Test.

THE selection OF SAMPLES FOR TEST.

1. Place of Sampling. — In general, where a shipment of

bricks involving a quantity of less than 100,000 is under con-
sideration, the samphng may be done either at the brick factory
prior to shipment, or on cars at their destination or on the street,
when delivered ready for use. When the quantity under con-
sideration exceeds 100,000 the sampHng shall be done at the
factory prior to shipment. Bricks accepted as the result of
test prior to shipment, shall not be liable to subsequent rejec-
tion as a whole, but are subject to such culling as is provided
for under Part II, Visual Inspection.
2. Method of Selecting Samples. — In general, the buyer shall
select his own samples from the material which the seller pro-
poses to furnish. The seller shall have the right to be present
during the selection of a sample. The sampler shall endeavor,
to the best of his judgment, to select brick representing the
average of the lot. No samples shall include bricks which would
be rejected by visual inspection as provided in Part II, except
that where controversy arises, whole tests may be selected
to determine the admissibility of certain types or portions of
the lot having a characteristic appearance in common. In
cases where prolonged controversy occurs between buyer and
seller and samples selected by each party fail to show reason-
able concurrence, then both parties shall unite in the selection
of a disinterested person to select the samples, and both parties
shall be bound by the results of samples thus selected.
3. Number of Samples per Lot. — In general, one sample
of ten bricks shall be tested for every 10,000 bricks contained
in the lot under consideration; but where the total quantity
exceeds 100,000, the number of samples tested may be fewer
than one per 10,000, provided that they shall be distributed as
uniformly as practicable over the entire lot.
4. SJiipment of Samples. — Samples which must be trans-
ported long distances by freight or express shall be carefully
put up in packages holding not more than twelve bricks each.
When more than six bricks are shipped in one package, it shall
be so arranged as to carr}^ two parallel rows of bricks side by
 Serl4l Designation: C 7-15. 477.

side, and these rows shall be separated by a partition. In

event of some of the bricks being cracked or broken in transit,
the sample shall be disqualified if there are not remaining ten
sound undamaged bricks.
5. Storage and Care of Samples. — Samples shall be care-
fully handled to avoid breakage or injury. They shall be
kept in the dry so far as practicable. If wet when received,
or known to have been immersed or subjected to recent pro-
longed wetting, they shall be dried for at least six hours in a
temperature of 100° F. before testing.
THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE RATTLER.

6. General Design. — The machine shall be of good mechan-

ical construction, self-contained, and shall conform to the follow-
ing details of material and dimensions, and shall consist of
barrel, frame, and driving mechanism as herein described.
Accompanying these specifications is a complete drawing of a
rattler which will meet the requirements, and to which reference
should be made (Plate 11).
7. TJie Barrel. — The barrel of the machine shall be made
up of the heads, headliners, staves and stave-liners.
The heads may be cast in one piece with the trunnions,
which shall be 2^ in. in diameter, and shall have a bearing
6 in. in length, or they may be cast with heavy hubs, which
shall be bored out for 2fu-in. shafts, and shall be keyseated for
two ke}'s, each | by f in. and spaced 90 deg. apart. The shaft
shall be a snug fit and when keyed shall be entirely free from
lost motion. The distance from the end of the shaft or trunnion
to the inside face of the head shall be 15| in. in the head for the
driving end of the rattler, and llf in. for the other head, and
the distance from the face of the hubs to the inside face of the
heads shall be 5| in.
The heads shall be not less than f in. thick, nor more than
I in. thick. In outline, each head shall be a regular 14-sided
polygon inscribed in a circle 28f in. in diameter. Each head
shall be provided with flanges not less than f in. thick and extend-
ing outward 2| in. from the inside face of the head to afford
a means of fastening the staves. The surface of the flanges of
thp hes^.d shall be smooth and give a true and uniform bearing
478 Specifications for Paving Brick.

for the staves. To secure the desired true and uniform bearing
the surfaces of the flanges of the head shall be either ground
or machined. The flanges shall be slotted on the outer edge,
so as to provide for two f-in. bolts at each end of each stave,
said slots to be tI i^i- wide and 2f in., center to center. Each
slot shall be provided with a recess for the bolt head, which shall
act to prevent the turning of the same. Between each two
slots there shall be a brace | in. thick, extending down the out-
ward side of the head not less than 2 in.
There shall be for each head a cast-iron headliner 1 in.
in thickness and conforming to the outKne of the head, but
inscribed in a circle 28| in. in diameter. This headliner shall
be fastened to the head by seven f-in. cap-screws, through the
head from the outside. Whenever these headliners become
worn down | in. below their initial surface level at any point
of their surface, they shall be replaced with new ones. The
metal of these headliners shall be hard machinery iron and
should contain not less than one per cent of combined carbon.
The staves shall be made of 6-in. medium-steel structural
channels, 27 1 in. long and weighing 15.5 lb. per lineal foot.
The staves shall have two holes x| in. in diameter, drilled in
each end, the center Une of the holes being 1 in. from the end
and if in. either way from the longitudinal center line. The
spaces between the staves shall be as uniform as practicable,
but shall not exceed j^ in.
The interior or flat side of each stave shall be protected
by a liner f in. thick by 5| in. wide by 19f in. long. The Hner
shall consist of medium-steel plate, and shall be riveted to the
channel by three |-in. rivets, one of which shall be on the center
line both ways and the other two on the longitudinal center line
and spaced 7 in. from the center each way. The rivet holes
shall be countersunk on the face of the liner and the rivets
shall be driven hot and chipped off flush with the surface of the
liners. These liners shall be inspected from time to time, and
if found loose shall be at once re-riveted.
Any test at the expiration of which a stave-liner is found
detached from the stave or seriously out of position shall be
rejected. When a new rattler, in which a complete set of new
staves is furnished, is first put into operation, it shall be charged
 ~1
Plate II
1916 A.S.T.M Standards.

Standard Specifications for Paving Brick.

—■ S/"--
•4-^-e**-^^ — f74- ->k?f5<-6->|<
3z§'f:d.,szt.,\
l<i"C.R,
3" Face:50R.p.M^ ?fl'--

"^ '^ One L.H.

k 35*

End Elevation

for Soard.
Supports

Z,-gCapScr«ws, "HI ; I*'*!

^^"1' i, .

-
Clutch Lever.3«r
1

V A/aA* /jfi?, C. /.
'■•><3>c /54"-><3l|<

Side Frame.

*lf'^*
End Franne.
STANDARD RATTLER
TESTING PAVING
PROrOSEIJ BY
BRICK
Spherica\ Shot.
THE NATIONAL
r I, nn PAVING BRICK MANUFACTURERS" ASSOCIATION
 Serial Designation: C 7-15. 479

with 400 lb. of shot of the same sizes, and in the same proportions
as provided in Section 9, and shall then be run for 18,000 revo-
lutions at the usual prescribed rate of speed. The shot shall
then be removed and a standard shot charge inserted, after which
the rattler may be charged with brick for a test.
No stave shall be used for more than 70 consecutive tests
without renewing its lining. Two of the 14 staves shall be
removed and relined at a time in such a way that of each pair,
one falls upon one side of the barrel and the other upon the
opposite side, and also so that the staves changed shall be
consecutive but not contiguous; for example, 1 and 8, 3 and 10,
5 and 12, 7 and 14, 2 and 9, 4 and 11, 6 and 13, etc., to the end
that the interior of the barrel at all times shall present the same
relative condition of repair. The changes in the staves should
be made at the time when the shot charges are being corrected,
and the record must show the number of charges run since the
last pair of new lined staves was placed in position.
The staves when bolted to the heads shall form a barrel
20 in. long, inside measurement, between head liners. The
liners of the staves shall be so placed as to drop between the head-
liners. The staves shall be bolted tightly to the heads by four
f-in. bolts, and each bolt shall be provided with a lock nut,
and shall be inspected at not less frequent intervals than every
fifth test and all nuts kept tight. A record shall be made after
each inspection showing in what condition the bolts were found.
8. The Frame and Driving Afechanism. — The barrel shall
be mounted' on a cast-iron frame of sufficient strength and
rigidity to support it w^ithout undue vibration. It shall rest
on a rigid foundation with or without the interposition of wooden
plates, and shall be fastened thereto by bolts at not less than
four points.
It shall be driven by gearing whose ratio of driver to driven
is not less than one to four. The counter shaft upon which
the driving pinion is mounted shall not be less than Ixf in.
in diameter, with bearing not less than 6 in. in length. If a
belt drive is used the pulley shall not be less than 18 in. in
diameter and 6^ in. in face. A belt at least 6 in. in width
properly adjusted, to avoid unnecessary slipping, should be
used.
480 Specifications for Paving Brick.

9. The Abrasive Charge. — The abrasive charge shall con-

sist of cast-iron spheres of two sizes. When new, the larger
spheres shall be 3.75 in. in diameter and shall weigh approxi-
mately 7.5 lb. (3.40 kg.) each. Ten spheres of this size shall
be used.
These shall be weighed separately after each ten tests,
and if the weight of any large sphere falls to 7 lb. (3.175 kg.)
it shall be discarded and a new one substituted; provided,
however, that all of the large spheres shall not be discarded
and substituted by new ones at any single time, and that so
far as possible the large spheres shall compose a graduated
series in various stages of wear.
When new, the smaller spheres shall be 1.875 in. in diam-
eter and shall weigh approximately 0.95 lb. (0.43 kg.) each.
In general, the number of small spheres in a charge shall not
fall below 245 nor exceed 260. The collective weight of the
large and small spheres shall be as nearly 300 lb. as possible.
No small sphere shall be retained in use after it has been worn
down so that it will pass a circular hole 1.75 in. in diameter,
drilled in an iron plate I in. in thickness, or weigh less than
0.75 lb. (0.34 kg.). Further, the small spheres shall be tested,
by passing them over the above plate or by weighing, after
every ten tests, and any which pass through or fall below the
specified weight, shall be replaced by new spheres; provided,
further, that all of the small spheres shall not be rejected and
replaced by new ones at any'one time, and that so far as possible
the small spheres shall compose a graduated series in various
stages of wear. At any time that any sphere is found to be
broken or defective it shall at once be replaced.
The iron composing these spheres shall have a chemical
composition within the following limits:
" over
Combined carbon not under 2 . 50 per cent
Graphitic carbon 0.25
Silicon " " 1.00
II II
Manganese II II
Phosphorus 0.50 "
Sulfur <i <<
0.25 "
0.08 "
For each new batch of spheres used, the chemical analysis
shall be furnished by the maker or be obtained by the user,
 Serial Designation: C 7-15. 481

before introducing into the charge, and unless the analysis

meets the above specifications, the batch of spheres shall be
rejected.
THE OPERATION OF TEE TEST.

10. The Brick Charge. — ^The number of bricks per test

shall be ten for all bricks of so-called "block-size," whose dimen-
sions fall between 8 and 9 in. in length, 3 and 3f in. in
breadth, and 3f and 4| in. in thickness.^ No brick should
be selected as part of a regular test that would be rejected by
any other requirements of the specifications under which the
purchase is made.
11. Speed and Duration of Revolution. — The rattler shall
be rotated at a uniform rate of not less than 29.5 nor more than
30.5 revolutions per minute, and 1800 revolutions shall con-
stitute the test. A counting machine shall be attached to the
rattler for counting the revolutions. A margin not to exceed
ten revolutions will be allowed for stopping. Only one start
and stop per test is generally acceptable. If, from accidental
causes, the rattler is stopped and started more than once during
a test, and the loss exceeds the maximum permissible under
the specifications, the test shall be disqualified and another made.
12. The Scales. — ^The scales must have a capacity of not
less than 300 lb., and must be sensitive to 0.5 oz., and must
be tested by a standard test weight at intervals of not less than
every ten tests.
13. The Results. — The loss shall be calculated in percentage
of the initial weight of the brick composing the charge. In
weighing the rattled brick, any piece weighing less than 1 lb.
shall be rejected.
14. The Records. — ^A complete and continuous record shall
be kept of the operation of all rattlers working under these
specifications. This record shall contain the following data
concerning each test made:
1. The name of the person, firm or corporation furnishing each sample
tested.
2. The name of the maker of the brick represented in each sample
tested.
' Where brick of larger or smaller sizes than the dimensions given above for blocks are to
be tested, the same number of bricks per charge should be used, but allowance for the difference
in size should be made in setting the limits for average and maximum rattler loss.
482 Specefications for Paving feRicic.

3. The name of the street, or contract, which the sample represented.

4. The brands or marks upon the bricks by which they were identified.
5. The number of bricks furnished.
6. The date on which they were received for test.
7. The date on which they were tested.
8. The drying treatment given before testing, if any.
9. The length, breadth and thickness of the bricks.
10. The collective weight of the ten large spherical shot used in making
the test at the time of their last standardization.
11. The number and collective weight of the small spherical shot used
in making the test, at the time of their last standardization.
12. The total weight of the shot charge, after its last standardization.
13. Certificate of the operator that he examined the condition of the
machine as to staves, liners, and any other parts affecting the barrel, and
found them right at the beginning of the test.
14. Certificate of the operator of the number of charges tested since the
last standardization of shot charge and last renewals of stave liners.
15. The time of the begiiming and ending of each test, and the number
of revolutions made by the barrel during the test, as shown by the indicator.
16. Certificate of the operator as to number of stops and starts made in
each test.
17. The initial collective weight of the ten bricks composing the charge
and their collective weight after rattling.
18. The loss calculated in percentage of the initial weight; and the
calculation itself.
19. The number of broken bricks and remarks upon the portions which
were included in the final weighing.
20. General remarks upon the test and any irregularities occurring in its
execution.
21. The date upon which the test was made.
22. The location of the rattler and nan;e of the owner, upon which the
test was made.
23. The certificate of the operator that the test was made under the
specifications of the American Society for Testing Materials and that the
record is a true record.
24. The signature of the operator or person responsible for the test.
25. The serial number of the test.

In the event of more than one copy of the record of any

test being required, they may be furnished on separate sheets,
and marked duplicates, but the original record shall always
be preserved intact and complete.
For the convenience of the public, the accompanying blank
form, which provides space for the necessary data, is furnished
and its use recommended.
 483
Serial Designation: C 7-15.
Serial No
REPORT OF STANDARD RATTLER TEST OF PAVING BRICK.

Identification Data.
Name of the firm furnishing sample
Name of the firm manufacturing sample
Street or job which sample represents
Brands or marks on the brick
Quantity furnished Drying treatment-
Date received. Date tested
Length Breadth Thickness..
Standardization Data.

Condition of Condition Number and

Weight of Charge. Locknuta Position of Fresh Repairs. (Note any re-
(After Standardization.) of Scales. pairsditionaffecting the con-
on Staves. Stave Liners. ofthe barrel.)

10 Large spheres
Small spheres
Total

Number of charges tested since last inspection...

Running Data.
Time Readings.
Revolution Running Notes,
Hours. Minutes, Seconds. Counter
Readings. Stops, etc.

Beginning of Test

Weights and Calculations.

' Percentage Loss.

(Note.— The Calculation Must
Appear.)
Initial Weight of Ten Bricks
Final Weight of Same
Loss of Weight 1'
Number of broken bricks and remarks on' same
I certify that the foregoing test was made under the specifications of the
American Society for Testing Materials, and is a true record.
(Signature of Tester)
Date
Location of Laboratory
484 Specifications for Paving Brick.

acceptance and rejection of material.

15. Basis of Acceptance or Rejection. — Paving bricks shall
not be judged for acceptance or rejection by the results of
individual tests, but by the average of no less than five tests.
Where a lot of bricks fail to meet the required average, it shall
be optional with the buyer whether the bricks shall be definitely
rejected or whether they may be regraded and a portion selected
for further test as provided in Section 16.
16. Range of Fluctuation. — Some fluctuation in the results
of the rattler test, both on account of variations in the bricks
and in the machine used in testing, are unavoidable, and a
reasonable allowance for such fluctuations should be made,
wherever the standard may be fixed.
In any lot of paving brick, if the loss on a test computed
upon its initial weight exceeds the standard loss by more than
two per cent, then the portion of the lot represented by that
test shall at once be resampled and three more tests executed
upon it, and if any of these three tests shall again exceed by
more than two per cent the required standard, then that por-
tion of the lot shall be rejected.
If in any lot of brick, two or more tests exceed the per-
missible maximum, then the buyer may at his option reject
the entire lot, even though the average of all the tests executed
may be within the required limits.
17. Fixing of Standards. — The percentage of loss which
may be taken as the standard, will not be fixed in these speci-
fications, and shall remain within the province of the contracting
parties. For the information of the public, the following scale
of average losses is given, representing what may be expected
of ttests executed under the foregoing specifications:
General Maximum
Average Loss, Permissible Loss,
per cent. per cent.
For bricks suitable for heavy traffic 22 24
For bricks suitable for medium traffic 24 26
For bricks suitable for light traffic 26 28

Which of these grades should be specified in any given

district and for any given purpose is a matter wholly within
the province of the buyer, and should be governed by the kind
 Serial Designation: C 7-15. 485

and amount of trafi&c to be carried, and the quality of paving

bricks available.
18. Culling and Retesting. — Where, under Sections 15 and
16, a lot or portion of a lot of bricks is rejected, either by reason
of failure to show a low enough average test or because of tests
above the permissible maximum, the buyer may at his option
permit the seller to regrade the rejected brick, separating out
that portion which he considers at fault and retaining that
which he considers good. When the regrading is complete,
the good portion shall be then resampled and retested, under
the original conditions, and if it fails again either in average or
in permissible maximum, then the buyer may definitely and
finally reject the entire lot or portion under test.
19. Payment of Cost of Testing. — Unless otherwise specified,
the cost of testing the material as dehvered or prepared for
delivery, up to the prescribed number of tests for valid accept-
ance or rejection of the lot, shall be paid by the buyer. (See
also Section 23.) The cost of testing extra samples made
necessary by the failure of the whole lot or any portion of it,
shall be paid by the seller, whether the material is finally accepted
or rejected.
II. Visual Inspection.
It shall be the right of the buyer to inspect the bricks,
subsequent to their delivery at the place of use, and prior to
or during laying, to cull out and reject upon the following
grounds :
20. All bricks which are broken in two or chipped in such
a maimer that neither wearing surface remains substantially
intact, or that the lower or bearing surface is reduced in area by
more than one-fifth. Where bricks are rejected upon this
ground, it shall be the duty of the purchaser to use them so far
as practicable in obtaining the necessary half-bricks for breaking
courses and making closures, instead of breaking otherwise
whole and sound bricks for this purpose.
21. All bricks which are cracked in such a degree as to pro-
duce defects such as are defined in Section 20, either from shocks
received in shipment and handling, or from defective conditions
of manufacture, especially in drying, burning or cooling, unless
486 Specifications for Paving Brick.

such cracks are plainly superficial and not such as to percep-

tibly weaken the resistance of the brick to its conditions of use.
22. All bricks which are so off-size, or so misshapen, bent,
twisted or kiln -marked, that they will not form a proper sur-
face as defined by the paving specifications, or align with other
bricks without making joints other than those permitted in
the paving specifications.
23. All bricks which are obviously too soft and too poorly
vitrified to endure street wear. When any disagreement arises
between buyer and seller under this item, it shall be the right
of the buyer to make two or more rattler tests of the brick which
he wishes to exclude, as provided in Section 2, and if in either
or both tests, the bricks fall beyond the maximum rattler losses
permitted under the specifications, then all bricks having the
same objectionable appearance may be excluded, and the seller
shall pay for the cost of the test. But if under such procedure,
the bricks which have been tested as objectionable, shall pass
the rattler test, both tests falling within the permitted maximum,
then the buyer cannot exclude the class of material represented
by this test and he shall pay for the cost of the test.
24. All bricks which differ so markedly in color from the
type or average of the shipment, as to make the resultant
pavement checkered or disagreeably mottled in appearance.
This Section shall not be held to apply to the normal variations in
color which may occur in the product of one plant among bricks
which will meet the rattler test as referred to in Sections 15,
16, and 17, but shall apply only to differences of color which
imply differences in the material of which the bricks are made,
or extreme differences in manufacture.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. vS. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association for Testing Materials.

STANDARD TEST
FOR

FIREPROOF FLOOR CONSTRUCTION.

Serial Designation: C 2 - 08.

This test is issued under the fixed designation C 2 ; the final number
indicates the year of original issue, or in the case of revision, the year of last
revision.
Adopted, 1907; Revised, 1908.

The test structure may be located at any place convenient

to the appHcant, where all the necessary faciHties for properly
conducting the test are provided.
The test structure may be constructed of walls of any
material not less than 12 in. thick, properly buttressed on all
sides.
The floor construction to be tested shall form the roof of the
test structure.
At a height of not less than 2 ft. 6 in., nor more than 3 ft.,
above the ground level, a metal grate, properly supported, shall
be provided, covering the whole inside area of the building.
In the walls below this grate level, draught openings shall
be provided, as many as possible, furnishing openings with an
aggregate area of not less than one square foot for every ten square
feet of grate surface. Means for temporarily closing these open-
ings shall be provided.
In the wall, immediately above the grate level, a firing door,
3 ft. 6 in. by 5 ft. high, shall be provided in the side of the build-
(487)
488 Test for Fireproof Floor Construction.

ing at right angles to the floor beams. A second door shall be

added when the span of the floor slab under test exceeds 10 ft.
Flues should be supplied at each of the corners, and oftener
in case of a test structure exceeding 250 sq. ft. of grate surface,
with sufficient opening to insure a proper draught, securely
supported and disposed at the sides of the structure in such
manner as not to rest on the floor under test. In no case should
a flue area be less than 180 sq. in.
The horizontal dimensions of the test structure will depend
upon the number and the span of the system under considera-
tion. The clear span of the floor beams is to be 14 ft. The
distance between floor beams, or span of slab, may be varied
according to the design of the system to be tested, and should be
as near as possible to usual practice. The underside of the con-
struction under test shall be not less than 9 ft. 6 in. nor more
than 10 ft. above the grate level.
The construction to be tested should be designed for a work-
ing load of 150 lb. per sq. ft., and no more. This load is to be
uniformly distributed without arching effect, and is to be carried
on the floor during the fire test.
The floor may be tested as soon after construction as de-
sired, but within forty days. Artificial drying will be allowed
if desired.
No plastering shall be appHed to the underside of the floor
construction under test.
The floor shall be subjected for four hours to the continuous
heat of a fire of an average temperature of not less than 1700° F. ;
the fuel used being either wood or gas, so introduced as to cause
an even distribution of heat throughout the test structure.
The heat obtained shall be measured by means of standard
pyrometers, under the direction of an experienced person. The
type of pyrometer is immaterial so long as its accuracy is secured
by proper standardization. The heat should be measured at not
less than two points when the main floor span is not more than 10
ft., and at one additional point when it exceeds 10 ft. Tempera-
ture readings at each point are to be taken every three minutes.
The heat determination shall be made at points directly beneath
the floor so as to secure a fair average.
At the end of the heat test a stream of water shall be directed
 Serial Designation: C 2-08. 489

against the underside of the floor, discharged through a l^-in,

nozzle, under 60 lb. nozzle pressure, for ten minutes, the nozzle
being held not more than 3 ft. from the firing door during the
appHcation of the water.
After the floor has sufficiently cooled the load on the same
shall be increased to 600 lb. per sq. ft., uniformly distributed.
The test shall not be regarded as successful unless the follow-
ing conditions are met: No fire or smoke shall pass through the
floor during the fire test; the floor shall safely sustain the loads
prescribed; the permanent deflection shall not exceed | in.
for each foot of span in either slab or beam.
492 Test for Fireproof Partition Constructiox.

stream being played backward and forward over the entire

surface of the partition under test.
Tlie test shall not be regarded as successful unless the follow-
ing conditions are met : No lire or smoke shall pass through the
partition during the lire test; the partition shall safely sustain
the pressure of the hose stream; the partition shall not warp or
bulge, or disintegrate under the action of the lire or water to
such an extent as to be unsafe.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Assocla.tion foe. Testing Materials.

STAXD.\RD DEFINITIONS

OF
TERMS RELATING TO SEWTR PIPE.

Serial Designation : C 8-15.

These definitions are issued under the fixed designation C S; the
f^■na^ number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case of revision,
the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1915.

I. Forces Acting upon Sewer Pipe.

External Forces. — Forces resulting from pressures or impact act-
ing from the outside upon the pipe.
Internal Forces. — ^Forces resulting from interior fluid pressure.
Ahrasion. — Wearing away of surface material by friction.

n. Raw Materials.

Physical Properties. — Those sensible properties of raw mate-

rials, which in their combinations affect the manufacture
and use of the product.
Chemical Properties. — Those properties resulting from combina-
tions of elements in the raw materials, which in their com-
position affect the manufacture and use of the product.
(493)
492 Test for Fireproof Partition Construction.

stream being played backward and forward over the entire

surface of the partition under test.
The test shall not be regarded as successful unless the follow-
ing conditions are met : No lire or smoke shall pass through the
partition during the fire test; the partition shall safely sustain
the pressure of the hose stream; the partition shall not warp or
bulge, or disintegrate under the action of the fire or water to
such an extent as to be unsafe.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association for Testing Materials.

STANDARD DEFINITIONS

OF
TERMS RELATING TO SEWER PIPE.

Serial Designation : C 8-15.

These definitions are issued under the fixed designation C S; the
final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case of revision,
the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1915.

I. Forces Acting upon Sewer Pipe.

External Forces. — ^Forces resulting from pressures or impact act-

ing from the outside upon the pipe.
Internal Forces. — Forces resulting from interior fluid pressure.
Abrasion. — Wearing away of surface material by friction.

II. Raw Materials.

Physical Properties. — Those sensible properties of raw mate-

rials, which in their combinations affect the manufacture
and use of the product.
Chemical Properties. — 'Those properties resulting from combina-
tions of elements in the raw materials, which in their com-
position affect the manufacture and use of the product.
(493)
494 Definitions of Terms Relating to Sewer Pipe.

III. Pipe.
(a) Sewer Pipe. — Separate pipe suitable for the conveyance
of domestic and industrial sewage and storm water and
capable of being properly joined to form a conduit.
Clay Pipe. — Made from red burning plastic clay devoid of
fissile structure. Maturing temperature about 1170° C.
Vitrification not ordinarily produced, and -salt glazing
not always efiective.
Fire-Clay Pipe. — Made from bu£f, gray or reddish burning
fire clay showing conchoidal structure. Maturing
temperature about 1250° C. Complete stony vitrifi-
cation may be produced, but an absorption lower than
3 per cent is not general, nor desirable for maximum
strength.
Shale Pipe. — Made from red burning hard clay with a
distinct fissile structure. Vitrification at from 1050 to
1250° C, and salt glazing successful only at highest
temperature.
Cement-Concrete Pipe. — Pipe formed by consolidating in a
mold a mixture of Portland cement, water, sand, stone
or other hard material, and permitting it to harden by
natural process prior to handling and use.
Special. — ^A pipe other than a straight pipe.
Branch. — ^A pipe attached to and diverging from the barrel
of another pipe, such as Y-branches, T-branches, etc.
{h) Demands upon Sewer Pipes. — Requirements of qualities
which are desirable and attainable under conditions of actual
practice.
rV. Parts of Sewer Pipe.
Barrel or Shell. — Main body of a pipe, exclusive of differently
formed ends.
Ends. — Those parts of a pipe which terminate it and are so
formed as to permit of making a proper joint.
Beveled End. — End surfaces of pipes inclined at an angle
with the pipe axis so formed that the end of one pipe
can enter the end of the adjoining pipe with a close fit.
Huh or Bell. — That end of a pipe which is sufficiently
enlarged for a short distance to receive and enclose the
spigot end of the adjoining pipe, to form a joint.
 Serial Designation: C 8-15. 495

Spigot. — That end of a pipe which enters and is formed to

fit the hub or bell of the adjoining pipe; it is sometimes
scored or has a head.
Butt. — Plain end of a pipe sometimes scored on the outside,
to close up against a similar end of an adjoining pipe
for the purpose of forming a joint, the two ends being
surrounded and covered by a collar.
Collar. — ^A flat band to surround and cover a butt joint.
Base, form of.— Shape of that part of a pipe which rests upon
a foundation.

V. Joints.
Beveled. — -Formed by joining pipes with beveled ends and
appl>ing the jointing material.
Hub and Spigot. — Formed by inserting the spigot end of one
pipe into the hub of another and appl}ing the jointing
material.
Butt and Collar. — -Formed by abutting the butt ends of two
adjacent pipes and, after applying the jointing material,
surrounding the joint with a collar.
Jointing Materials. — The materials which are inserted between
the ends of adjoining pipes for the purpose of forming a
continuous closed conduit.
Elasticity of Joints. — ^Abihty of jointed pipes to resist strains
caused by bending and returning to original position.

VI.' Finished Product.

(a) Material.
Durability. — Resistance to disintegration or deterioration.
Serviceability. — ^Ability to readily and effectively render satis-
factory service.
Thickness. — Distance between outside and inside surfaces.
Strength. — AbiUty to resist physical forces imposed during han-
dling and after pipe has been put in use.
Toughness. — Relative degree of resistance to impact without
fracture as opposed to brittleness.
Hardness. — Intensity of molecular cohesion as measured by
resistance to penetration by a standard tool.
496 Definitions of Terms Relating to Sewer Pipe.

Smoothness. — Evenness of surface without projections or irreg-

ularities.
Vitrification. — The consolidation of material under high heat.
Shrinkage. — Diminution of dimensions and mass of the material.
Porosity. — Ratio of the volume of interstices of the material to
the volume of its mass.
Percolation. — Passage of water through the interstices of the
material.

(b) Covering.
Coating. — ^A covering of other materials applied in liquid form.
Glazing. — Hard glassy surface covering.
Salt Glazing. — Glazing produced by application of salt during
vitrification.
Lining. — A covering of other material appUed in soUd form to
inside surfaces.
Waterproofing. — Materials resistant to penetration by water.

(c) Defects.
Warp. — ^Twisted out of normal shape.
Fracture. — Rupture of the material by a break through its
entire thickness.
Crack. — Fissure or open seam not necessarily extending through
body of material.
Fire Crack. — ^A crack resulting from lack of uniformity in shrink-
age after the application of excessive heat.
Hair Crack. — Irregularly running, fine, narrow crevice or fis-
,-^ sure at the surface of a pipe not penetrating deeply, and
caused by a shrinkage of material during manufacture.
Blister. — Convex hollow prominence formed by separation and
raising of a film in the process of burning.
Leakage. — Passage of water contrary to intention.
Lamination. — Division of material into thin layers or sheets.

VII. Identification.
Marking and Imprints. — Impressions made upon pipe at the
of manufacture for the purpose of identi-
fication.and time
^^ place
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
I
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association for Testing Materials.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR
PURITY OF RAW LINSEED OIL FROM NORTH
AMERICAN SEED.

Serial Designation: D 1-15.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion D 1 ; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1913; Revised, 1915.

I. PROPERTIES AND TESTS.

1. Raw linseed oil from North American seed shall conform Properties,
to the following requirements:
Maximum. Minimum.

15° 5
Specific Gravity at — ^C 0.936 0.932

Specific Gravity at r-C 0.931 0.927

'25»^
Acid Number 6.00
Saponification Number 195 189
Unsaponifiable matter, per cent 1.50 ....
Refractive Index a 25° C 25° 1.4805 1.4790
Iodine Number (Hanus) 180

II. METHODS OF TESTING.

2. The recommended methods of testing are as follows: Methods of
General. — All tests are to be made on oil which has been Testing.
filtered at a temperature of between 60 and 80° F. through
(497)
498 SpEciriCAtiONS for Purity of Raw Linseed Oil.

paper in the laboratory immediately before weighing out. The

sample should be thoroughly agitated before the removal of a
portion for filtration or analysis.
Specific Gravity. — Use a pyknometer, accurately standardized
and having a capacity of at least 25 cc, or any other equally
accurate method, making a test at 15°.5 C, water being 1 at
15°.5 C, or a test at 25'' C, water being 1 at 25° C.
Acid Number. — Expressed in milUgrams of KOH per gram of
oil. Follow the method described in Bulletin No. 107, revised
1908, Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Chemistry, page 142.
Saponification Number. — Expressed as with Acid Number.
Blanks should also be run to cover effect of alkali in glass.
Follow method given in Bulletin No. 107, revised 1908, Depart-
ment of Agriculture, Bureau of Chemistry, pages 137-138.
Unsaponifiable Matter. — Follow Boemer's method taken
from his Ubbelohde Handbuch Der Ole u. Fette, pages 261-262.
"To 100 g. of oil in a 1000 to 1500-cc. Erlenmeyer flask add 60 cc.
of an aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide (200 g. KOH
dissolved in water and made up to 300 cc.) and 140 cc. of 95-per
cent alcohol. Connect with a reflux condenser and heat on the
water bath, shaking at first until the liquid becomes clear. Then
heat for one hour with occasional shaking. Transfer while yet
warm to a 2000-cc. separatory fuimel to which some water has
been added, wash out the Erlermieyer with water using in all
600 cc. Cool, add 800 cc. of ether and shake vigorously one
minute. In a few minutes the ether solution separates perfectly
clear. Draw off the soap and filter the ether (to remove last
traces of soap) into a large Erlenmeyer and distill off the ether,
adding if necessary one or two pieces of pumice stone. Shake
the soap solution three times with 400 cc. of ether, which add to
the first ether extract. To the residue left after distilHng the
ether add 3 cc. of the above KOH solution, and 7 cc. of the
95-per cent alcohol, and heat under reflux condenser for 10
minutes on the water bath. Transfer to a small separatory fun-
nel, using 20 to 30 cc. of water, and after cooling shake out with
two portions of 100 cc. of ether; wash the ether three times with
10 cc. of water. After drawing off the last of the water, filter
the ethereal solution so as to remove the last drops of water,
distill off the ether, dry residue in water oven and weigh."
 Serial Designation: D 1-15. 499.

Or, any accurate method involving the extraction of the

dried soap may be used.
Refractive Index. — Use a properly standardized Abbe
Refractometer at 25° C, or any other equally accurate in-
strument.
Iodine Number {Hanus). — Follow the Hanus method as
described in Bulletin No. 107, revised 1908, Department of
Agriculture, Bureau of Chemistry, page 136.
 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association for Testing Materials.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR
PURITY OF BOILED LINSEED OIL FROM
NORTH AMERICAN SEED.

Serial Designation: D 11-15.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion D 1 1 ; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1915.

I. PROPERTIES AND TESTS.

Properties. 1. Boiled Unseed oil from North American seed shall con-
form to the following requirements:
Maximum. Minimum.

15° 5
Specific Gravity at —^-C 0.945 0.937
Acid Number 8 ....
Saponification Number 195 189
Unsaponifiable Matter, per cent 1.5 ....
Refractive Index at 25° C 1 .484 1 .479
Iodine Niraiber (Hanus) 178
Ash, per cent 0.7 0.2
Manganese, per cent .... 0 . 03
Calcium, per cent 0.3 ....
Lead, per cent 0.1
(500)
 Serial Designation: D 11-15. 501

II. METHODS OF TESTING.

2. The recommended methods of testing are as follows: Methods of

General. —ofThe
the removal a portion should
sample for be thoroughly agitated before "^^^^'^s*
analysis.
Specific Gravity. — Use a pyknometer, accurately standard-
ized and having a capacity of at least 25 cc, or any other equally
accurate method, making a test at 15°. 5 C, water being 1 at
15°.5 C.
Acid Number. — Expressed in milligrams of KOH per gram
of oil. Follow the method described in Bulletin No. 107, re-
vised 1908, Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Chemistry,
page 142.
Saponification Number. — ^Expressed as with Acid Number.
Blanks should also be run to cover effect of alkali in glass.
Follow method given in Bulletin No. 107, revised 1908, Depart-
ment of Agriculture, Bureau of Chemistry, pages 137-138.
Unsaponifiable Matter. — Follow Boemer's method taken
from his Ubbelohde Handbuch Der Ole u. Fette, pages 261-262.
"To 100 g. of oil in a 1000 to 1500-cc. Erlenmeyer flask add 60 cc.
of an aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide (200 g. KOH
dissolved in water and made up to 300 cc.) and 140 cc. of 95-per-
cent alcohol. Cormect with a reflux condenser and heat on the
water bath, shaking at first until the Hquid becomes clear. Then
heat for one hour with occasional shaking. Transfer while yet
warm to a 2000-cc. separatory funnel to which some water has
been added, wash out the Erlenmeyer with water using in all
600 cc. Cool, add 800 cc. of ether and shake vigorously one
minute. In a few minutes the ether solution separates per-
fectly clear. Draw off the soap and filter the ether (to remove
last traces of soap) into a large Erlenmeyer and distill off the
ether, adding if necessary one or two pieces of pumice stone.
Shake the soap solution three times with 400 cc. of ether, which
add to the first ether extract. To the residue left after dis-
tilling the ether add 3 cc. of the above KOH solution, and 7 cc.
of the 95-per-cent alcohol, and heat under reflux condenser for
10 minutes on the water bath. Transfer to a small separatory
funnel, using 20 to 30 cc. of water, and after cooHng shake out
with two portions of 100 cc. of ether; wash the ether three
times with 10 cc. of water. After drawing oft" the last of the
502 Specifications for Purity of Boiled Linseed Oil.

water, filter the ethereal solution so as to remove the last drops

of water, distill off the ether, dry residue in water oven and

Or, any accurate method involving the extraction of the

weigh."
dried soap may be used.
Refractive Index. — Use a properly standardized Abbe
Refractometer at 25° C, or any other equally accurate in-
strument.
Iodine Number [Hanus). — Follow the Hanus method as
described in Bulletin No. 107, revised 1908, Department of
Agriculture, Bureau of Chemistry, page 136.
Ash. — The determination of the percentage of ash and the
constituents thereof may be made by any method which gives
accurate results.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Assoclation for Testing Materials.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR
PURITY OF RAW TUNG OIL.

Serial Designation: D 12-16.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion D 12; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1915; Revised, 1916.

I. PROPERTIES AND TESTS.

1. Raw tung oil shall conform to the following requirements: Properties.
Maximum. Minimum.

Specific Gravity at 15°.5

^ C 0.943 0.939
Acid Number 6
Saponification Number 195 190
Unsaponifiable Matter, per cent 0. 75
Refractive Index at 25° C 1.520 1.515
Iodine Number (Hubl 18 hours) 165
Heating Test (Browne's Method), minutes. .' . . 12
Iodine Jelly Test, minutes 4

II. METHODS OF TESTING.

2. The recommended methods of testing are as follows: Methods of

Specific Gravity. — Use ofa atpyknometer accurately standard- "^^^^'"2-

ized and having a capacity least 25 cc, or any other equally
(503)
504 Specifications tor Purity or Raw Tung Oil.

accurate method, making the test at 15°.5 C, water being 1

at 15°.5 C.
Acid Number. — Weigh 10 g. of oil in a 200-cc. Erlenmeyer
flask, add 50 cc.-of neutral alcohol, connect with a reflux air
condenser (or place small funnel in neck of flask), and heat on a
steam bath for | hour. Remove from the bath, cool, add
phenolphthalein, and titrate the free acid with N/5 sodium
hydroxide. Calculate as the acid number (milligrams of potas-
sium hydroxide to 1 g. oil).
Saponification Number.— Weigh from 2 to 3 g. of oil in a
200-cc. Erlenmeyer flask, add 30 cc. of a N/2 alcoholic solution
of potassium hydroxide, connect with a reflux condenser, heat
on a steam bath for 1 hour, then titrate with N/2 sulfuric acid,
using phenolphthalein as indicator. Always run two blanks
with the alcohoUc potash. From the difference between the
number of cubic centimeters of acid required by the blanks
and the determinations, calculate the saponification number
(milligrams of potassium hydroxide to 1 g. of oil).
Unsaponifiable Matter. — To 25 g. of oil add 15 cc. of an aque-
ous solution of KOH (200 g. of KOH dissolved in water and made
up to 300 cc.) and 35 cc. of 95-per-cent alcohol. Connect with a
reflux condenser and heat on the water bath for 1 hour with
occasional shaking. Transfer to a separatory funnel containing
a little water and wash out flask with water, using in all 125 cc.
Cool, add 200 cc. of ether and shake vigorously for 1 minute.
In a few minutes the ether solution will separate perfectly clear.
Draw off the soap solution into another separatory funnel.
Shake the soap solution with three 100-cc. portions of ether.
Unite all the ether portions and wash with three 30-cc. portions
of water. Filter the ether solution (small portions at a time)
into a tared flask, distill off the ether and dry flask and con-
tents to constant weight at 95 to 100° C. in a steam oven. Re-
port the percentage of unsaponifiable matter.
Refractive Index. — Use a properly standardized Abb4 re-
fractometer at 25° C, or any other equally accurate instrument.
Iodine Number (Hiibl). — Place a small quantity of oil
into a small weighing bottle or beaker. Weigh carefully. Trans-
fer by dropping from 0.2 to 0.3 g. to a 500-cc. bottle having a
well-ground stopper, or a specially flanged neck, iodine-test
 Serial Designation: D 12-16. 505

Erlenmeyer flask. Reweigh the weighing bottle or beaker to

determine the amount of oil used in the test. Then dissolve
the oil in 10 cc. of chloroform and add an amount of Hiibl solu-
tion containing twice the amount of iodine that will be absorbed
by the oil. Stopper the flask, shake well, and place in a dark
closet for 18 hours. Add 20 cc. of a 10-per-cent solution of
potassium iodide and 100 cc. of distilled water. Titrate with
N/10 sodium thiosulfate, using starch as an indicator. Blank
tests must be made. From the difference between the amounts
of sodium thiosulfate required by the blanks and the determi-
nation, calculate the iodine number (centigrams of iodine to
1 g. of oil).
On account of the fact that Hubl solution after prepara-
tion is apt to deteriorate in strength, it is considered advisable
to have prepared the two component parts of Hiibl solution,
namely, a solution of mercuric chloride in alcohol and a solu-
tion of iodine in alcohol, of the proper strength, as outlined in
text-books. The proper amounts of these solutions may be
mixed on the day of use.
Heating Test {Browne's Method). — Test tubes for contain-
ing the oil should be 16 cm. by 15 mm., with a mark near the
bottom to indicate 5 cc, and closed by a cork so perforated
that a glass rod 3 mm. in diameter could move freely.
Fill a copper beaker (height, 12 cm.; internal diameter,
6 cm.) with cotton-seed oil to a height of 7.5 cm. Place a ther-
mometer so as to be 1.5 cm. from the bottom of the bath.
Use a nitrogen-filled, inimersed-stem chemical thermometer, engraved
stem; total length 4 to 4| in.; graduated from 210 to 310° C. in 2° intervals;
the length between 210 and 310° C. not less than 2\ in. If preferred,
use emergent-stem thermometer 30 cm. long, with graduations from 100 to
400° C, making correction for emergent stem according to the method out-
lined in Stem Correction Sheet No. 44 of the U. S. Bureau of Standards.

When the bath temperature is 293° C. (560° F.) and very

slowly rising at this point, place the tube containing 5 cc. of the
oil to be tested so that its bottom is level with the lowest part
of the bulb of the thermometer. Note the time, remove the
source of heat for about 45 seconds and then reapply. Before
2 minutes have elapsed the temperature of the bath will have
fallen to 282° C. (540° F.), at which point it should be kept a§
506 Specifications for Purity of Raw Tung Oil.

steady as possible. When the tung oil has been in the bath
about 9 minutes, raise the glass rod at intervals of ^ minute,
and when the rod is firmly set note the time. As setting or
jellying takes place within a few seconds of fluidity, a good end
determination is afforded. Remove the specimen at once,
heat the bath again to 293° C, and repeat the experiment with
another portion of the sample.
No stirrer is used in the bath. A screen around the bath
enables the temperature to be more easily reached. When the
cotton-seed oil has become tarry
and viscid, it should be renewed ;
otherwise heating may be irreg-
ular.
Iodine Jelly Test. — In a
wide-necked 200-cc. Erlenmeyer
flask, place 2.5 g. (weight correct
to 1 mg.) of the oil. Add 10 cc.
of chloroform from a pipette
and stopper the flask immedi-
ately. Carefully insert a small
glass vial into the flask so that
the vial stands upright. Into
the vial from a pipette run 10 cc.
of a solution of iodine in chloro-
form, containing 0.035 to 0.036 g.
of iodine per cubic centimeter.
Place the flask in a bath con-

and allowtainingitwater
to at 25 there
stand to 26°for C.a
Fig. 1. few minutes. Keep the flask
stoppered, except when it is nec-
essary to remove it to insert the vial and to add the iodine solu-
tion. Tilt and rotate the flask so that the vial is upset and the
contents of the flask are thoroughly mixed, at the same time
starting a stop watch. Keep the flask in the bath at 25 to 26° C.
and at the end of every quarter minute, tilt the flask towards
a horizontal position. Note the time required for the formation
of a Jelly that does not flow, but sticks to the bottom of the
flask or slides as a mass. Record time in minutes and quarters
 Serial Designation: D 12-16. 507

thereof. Pure tung oil should require 2f to 3^ minutes for

the formation of the jelly. If the temperature of the labora-
tory is more than 2 or 3° C. above or below 25° C, place the
flask containing the iodine solution in the bath and allow it to
remain there for several minutes before pipetting out the 10 cc.
for the test. The arrangement of the apparatus is shown in
Fig. 1. The chloroform used to dissolve the oil and to prepare
the iodine solution shall conform to the requirements of the
United States Pharmacopa^a and shall have a specific gravity
at 25°/25° C. of not more than 1.481 and not less than 1.480.
The proper density can be obtained by washing with water if
the specific gravity is too low or by adding 95-per-cent ethyl
alcohol if too high.
A convenient procedure for preparing the iodine solution
is as follows: Treat an excess of iodine with warm chloroform
and after shaking for a few minutes, cool the contents to about
20° C. and filter through glass wool. Pipette 10 cc. of the
solution into a flask containing 10 cc. of 10-per-cent potassium-
iodide solution and titrate with 0.1 normal sodium-thiosul-
fate solution. Calculate the iodine content and dilute with
chloroform so as to obtain an iodine content of 0.035 to 0.036 g.
per cc. After dilution, titrate again against the thiosulfate
to be sure that the solution is of required strength.
All the details of the above method shall be followed exactly.
 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PUILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association for Testing Materials.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR

TURPENTINE.

Serial Designation : D. 13-15.

The specifications for this material are issues! under the fixed designa-
tion D 13; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the
case of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1915.

1. These specifications apply both to the turpentine that is

distilled from pine oleoresins, and commonly known as "gum
turpentine" or "spirits turpentine," and to the turpentine
commonly known as "wood turpentine" that is obtained from
resinous wood, whether by extraction with volatile solvents,
or by steam, or by destructive distillation.
2. The purchaser, when ordering under these specifications,
may specify whether gum spirits or wood turpentine is desired.
The turpentine shall be clear and free from suspended
matter and water.
Color. 3. The color shall be "Standard"^ or better.
Specific Gravity. 4. The specific gravity shall be not less than 0.862 nor more
than 0.872 at 15°.5 C.
I The term "Standard" refers to the color recognized as standard by the "Naval Stores
Trade." Turpentine is of "Standard" color when a depth of 50 mm. in a perfectly flat pol-
i«bed bottom tube, approximately matches a No. 1 yellow Lovibond glass.

(508)
 Serial Designation: D 13-15. 509

5. The refractive index at 15°.5 C. shall be not less than Refractive ii

1.468 nor more than 1.478.
6. The initial boihng point shall be not less than 150 nor initial Boilir
more than 160° C. P**'"*'
7. Ninety per cent of the turpentine shall distill below Distillation.
170° C.
8. The polymerization residue shall not exceed 2 per cent Polymerizati
and its refractive index at 15°. 5 C. shall not be less than 1.500.

Methods of Analysis.

9. Color. — Fill a 200-mm., perfectly flat bottom colon-

metric tube graduated in millimeters to a depth of from 40 to
50 mm. with the turpentine to be examined. Place the tube
in a colorimeter and place on or under it a No. 2 yellow Lovi-
bond glass. Over or under a second graduated tube in the
colorimeter, place a No. 1 yellow Lovibond glass and run in
the same turpentine until the color matches as nearly as possible
the color in the first tube. Read the difference in depth of the
turpentine in the two tubes. If this difference is 50 mm. or
more, the turpentine is " Standard " or better.
10. Specific Gravity. — Determine specific gravity at any
convenient temperature with a plummet, the displacement of
which has been accurately determined for that temperature,
or by an equally accurate method, using the factor 0.00082
for each degree centigrade that the temperature of determina-
tion differs from 15°. 5 C.
11. Refractive Index. — Determine refractive index at any
convenient temperature with an accurate instrument, and
calculate the results to 15°.5 C, using the factor 0.00045 for
each degree that the temperature of determination differs
from 15°.5 C.
12. Distillatioti. — Use an ordinary Engler flask and con-
denser,^ and heat the flask by placing it in a glycerin or oil
bath of the general type described in Bulletin No. 135, Bureau
of Chemistry. Fit the flask with a thermometer reading from
145 to 200° C. in such a way that the mercury bulb shaU be
opposite the side tube of the flask and the 175° mark below
'StUlman, "Engineering Chemistry," p. 503.
510 Specifications for Turpentine.

the cork. Place 100 cc. of the turpentine to be examined in

the flask, connect with the condenser, insert stopper bearing
thermometer, and heat until distillation of the turpentine
begins. Conduct the distillation so that the distillate passes
over at the rate of 2 drops per second. Note the initial dis-
tilling temperature and the percentage distilling below 170° C.
13. Polymerization. — Place 20 cc. of exactly 38/N (100.92
per cent) sulfuric acid in a graduated, narrow-neck Babcock
flask, stoppered, and place in ice water and cool. Add slowly
5 cc. of the turpentine to be tested. Gradually mix the con-
tents, cooling from time to time, and not allowing the temper-
ature to rise above about 60° C. When the mixture no longer
warms up on shaking, agitate thoroughly and place the bottle
in a water bath and heat from 60 to 65° C. for about 10 minutes,
keeping the contents of the flask thoroughly mixed by vigorous
shaking five or six times during the period. Do not stopper
the flask after the turpentine has been added, as it may ex-
plode. Cool to room temperature, fill the flask with concen-
trated sulfuric acid until the unpolymerized oil rises into the
graduated neck. Centrifuge at about 1200 r. p. m. from 4 to
5 minutes, or allow to stand for 12 hours. Read unpolymerized
residue, notice its consistency and color, and determine its
refractive index.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association for Testing Materials.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR
FOUNDRY COKE.

Serial Designation : D 17-16.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion D 1 7 ; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1916.
I. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS.

(A) Sampling.
1. Each carload, or its equivalent, shall be considered as a Unit of
unit. Sampling.
2. (a) The sample shall be taken from the exposed sur- Method of
face of the car, by knocking off with a hammer a piece approxi- ^*™p'^°s.
mately the size of a walnut, at regular intervals of 18 in. along
three lines running from one end of the car to the other. One
of these lines shall pass through the center of the car and the
other two lines shaU be 2 ft. from the respective sides of the car.
(6) The intervals of sampling along the three lines may be
measured by using a hammer with a handle 18 in. long, breaking
off a piece of coke the size of a walnut at each point where the
head of the hammer rests, regardless of the appearance of the
particular piece that happens to occur under the head of the
hammer.
3. The total quantity of sample collected in the above Quantity of
manner shall not be less than 2 pecks. . ^^°^^ Sample.
(511)
 512 Specifications for Foundry Coke.

Reduction of 4. When the total moisture content is not to be deter-

Gross Sample,
Without Regard mined, the entire gross sample shall be crushed to pass
to Moisture. through a screen ha\ing 4 meshes to the linear inch, under such
conditions as shall prevent loss or the accidental admixture of
foreign matter. The crushing shall be done mechanically with
a jaw crusher, or by hand on a chilled iron or hard steel plate
by impact of a chilled iron or hard steel tamping bar, hammer
or sledge, a\-oiding all rubbing action, otherwise the ash content
of the sample will be materially increased by the addition of iron
from the crushing apparatus, even though hardened steel or
chilled iron is used.
After all the gross sample has been passed through the
4-mesh screen, it shall be mixed on a strong, closely woven cloth
about 5 ft. square by raising successively the four sides of the
cloth, thus rolling the sample about until thoroughly mixed.
The four corners of the cloth shall then be gathered up, and the
sample shall be formed in a conical pile and reduced in quantity
by quartering as follows :
The cone shall be flattened, its apex being pressed down so
that each quarter contains the material originally in it. The
flattened mass shall then be di\'ided into four equal quarters.
The diagonally opposite quarters shall then be removed and
discarded and the space that they occupied brushed clean. The
two remaining quarters shall be successively mixed, coned and
quartered on the cloth as before, untU two opposite quarters shall
weigh not less than 5 lb., which shaU then be placed in a suitable
container for transportation to the laboratory'. In case duplicate
laboratory samples are desired, the rejected portions of the
original 4-mesh sample shall be combined, mixed and quartered
down to a similar 5 -lb. sample.
Optional Use 5. The sample prepared by the above method may, at the
of Standard
Sample for option of the purchaser, be used for an approximate moisture
Moisture determination. In such cases the gross sample shall be immedi-
Determination.
ately crushed and reduced to the 5 -lb. laboratory sample as
rapidly as possible, to minimize the loss of moisture. The con-
tainer for shipment to the laboratory shall be moisture-tight.
Since the sample obtained by this method wiU usually show less
than the true moisture content of the gross sample, the purchaser
shall have the privilege of a special moisture sample as hereinafter
 Serial Designation: D 17 - 16. 513

provided, if the standard sample shows more than 3 per cent

moisture.
6. The special moisture sample shall consist of not less than Special
2 pecks of walnut size. It shall be taken in the manner de- ^^p^"
scribed in Section 2, and shall be placed, immediately after col-
lection, in a moisture-tight container for transportation to the
laboratory. The car shall be weighed at the time the special
moisture sample is collected.
7. In case of disagreement between buyer and seller, an Resampling,
independent chemist, mutually agreed upon, shall be employed to
sample and analyze the coke, the cost to be borne by the party
at fault.
The resample shall be taken and prepared as prescribed
in the foregoing sections, except that the minimum quantity
of gross sample shall be not less than 1 bushel in volume, taken
at intervals of 18 in. on six equidistant lines parallel to the side
of the car.

{B) Chemical Analysis.

8. The sample received at the laboratory shall be prepared Metiiod of
for analysis, and the percentage of moisture, volatile matter, Analysis,
fixed carbon, ash, and sulfur shall be determined as specified
in the Tentative Methods for Laborator}' Sampling and Analysis
of Coke (Serial Designation: D 37-16 T) of the American
Society for Testing Materials.^
9. The dry coke shall not exceed the following limits in chemical
chemical composition: Composition.
Volatile matter not over 2.0 per cent
Fixed carbon not under 86.0 "
Ash not over 12.0 "
Sulftir '* " 1.0

II. REJECTION.
10. (a) In case the original standard sample was taken in Deduction
accordance
. with Section 5 and showed more than 3 per cent *»' Excess
Moisture.
moisture, the purchaser shall have the option of taking a special
moisture sample according to Section 6, and of deducting the
'See Procetdings, Am. Soc. Test. Mats., Vol. XVI, Part I (1916).
 514 Specifications for Foundry Coke.

moisture found in excess of 3 per cent, from the weight of coke

found on reweighing the car at the time the special moisture
sample was taken.
(b) In case the original standard sample was taken with
special regard to moisture in accordance with Section 6, the
purchaser shall have the option of deducting the moisture in
excess of 3 per cent from the weight of coke, provided that the
car was weighed at the time of sampling.
Rejection. U. Coke which fails to conform to the limits of chemical
composition given in Section 9 will be rejected, and the seller
shall be notified within 5 working days from the date of sampling.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Assocl4tion for Testing Materials.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR
YELLOW-PINE BRIDGE AND TRESTLE TIMBERS.

To BE Applied to Solid Members and not to

Composite Members.

Serial Designation: D 10-15.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion D 10; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1910; Revised, 1915.

I. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS.
1. Except as noted, all timber shall be cut from sound trees
and sawed standard size; close-grained and solid; free from
defects such as injurious ring shates and crooked grain; unsound
knots; knots in groups; decay; large pitch pockets, or other
defects that will materially impair its strength.
2. (a) Dense southern yellow pine shall show on either end Dense South
an average of at least six annual rings per inch and at least ^®^°^ ^'°®-
one-third summer wood, or else the greater number of the
rjngs shall show at least one-third summer wood, all as meas-
ured over the third, fourth, and fifth inches on a radial line
from the pith. Wide-ringed material excluded by this rule will
be acceptable, provided that the amount of summer wood as
above measured shall be at least one-half,
(515)
 516 Specifications for Yellow-Pine Bridge Timbers.

(b) The contrast in color between summer wood and

spring wood shall be sharp and the summer wood shall be dark
in color, except in pieces having considerably above the mini-
mum requirement for summer wood.
(c) In cases where timbers do not contain the pith, and it
is impossible to locate it with any degree of accuracy, the same
inspection shall be made over 3 in. on an approximate radial
line beginning at the edge nearest the pith in timbers over
3 in. in thickness and on the second inch (on the piece) nearest
to the pith in timbers 3 in. or less in thickness.
(d) In dimension material containing the pith but not a
5-in. radial line, which is less than 2 by 8 in. in section or less
than 8 in. in width, that does not show over 16 sq. in. on the
cross-section, the inspection shall apply to the second inch from
the pith. In larger .material that does not show a 5-in. radial
line the inspection shall apply to the three inches farthest from
the pith.
(e) The radial line chosen shall be representative. In
case of disagreement between purchaser and seller the average
summer wood and number of rings shall be the average of the
two radial lines chosen.
Sound Southern 3. Sound southem yellow pine shall include pieces of
Yellow Pine. southem puic without any ring or summer-wood requirement,
standard Size of 4. Rough timbers when sawed to standard size, shall mean
Sawed Timber, ^.j^^^^ ^^^y gj^^^jj ^^^ l^g ^^gj. i ^ scaut from actual size specified.
For instance, a 12 by 12 -in. timber shall measure not less than
llf by 111 in.
standard 5. Standard dressing means that not more than j in. shall
Dressing of
Sawed Timber. ^^ allowed for■, dressing, ^ each
i 'surface.
r For
-i
instance, a 12 i by
12-m. tunber shall, after dressing four sides, not measure less
than 11§ by 11| in.
II. STRINGERS.
stringers. 6. (o) Dense Southern Yellow Pine. — Dense southern yel-
low pine shall show not less than 80 per cent of heart on each
of the four sides, measured across the sides anywhere in the
length of the piece; loose knots, or knots greater than I5 in.
in diameter, will not be permitted at points within 4 in. of the
edges of the piece.
 Serial Designation: D 10-15. 517

(b) Sound Southern Yellow Pine. — Sound southern yellow

pine shall be square-edged, except it may have 1 in. wane on
one corner. Knots shall not exceed in their largest diameter
one-fourth the width of the face of the stick in which they occur.
Ring shakes extending not over one-eighth of the length of the
piece are admissible.
III. CAPS AND SILLS.
7. (a) Dense Southern Yellow Pine. — Dense southern yellow Caps and Siiis
pine shall show 85 per cent of heart on each of the four sides,
measured across the sides anywhere in the length of the piece,
and shall be free from knots over 2\ in. in diameter. Kjiots
shall not be in groups.
{h) Sound Southern Yellow Pine. — Sound southern yeUow
pine shall be square-edged, except it may have 1 in. wane on
one corner, or § in. wane on two corners. Knots shall not
exceed in their largest diameter one-fourth the width of the
face of the stick in which they occur. Ring shakes shall not
extend over one-eighth of the length of the piece.
IV. POSTS.
8. {a) Dense Southern Yellow Pine. — Dense southern yellow Posts,
pine shall show not less than 75 per cent of heart, measured
across the face anywhere on the length of the piece, and shall
be free from knots over 2\ in. in diameter. Knots shall not be
in groups.
{b) Sound Southern Yellow Pine. — Sound southern yellow
pine shall be square-edged, except it may have 1 in. wane on
one corner, or | in. wane on two corners. Knots shall not
exceed in their largest diameter one-fourth the width of the
face of the stick in which they occur. Ring shakes shall not
extend over one-eighth of the length of the piece.
V. LONGITUDINAL STRUTS OR GIRTS.

9. {a) Dense Southern Yellow Pine. — Dense southern yellow Longitudinal

one face all heart; the other face and two sides ^^'^^^^ "^ ^""^^
shall show show
pine shall not less than 85 per cent of heart, measured across
the face or side anywhere in the piece, and shall be free from
knots \\ in. or over in diameter.
 518 Specifications for Yellow-Pine Bridge Timbers.

(b) Sound Southern Yellow Pine. — Sound southern yellow

pine shall be square-edged and sound, and shall be free from
knots 1§ in. or over in diameter.

VI. LONGITUDINAL X-BRACES, SASH BRACES

AND SWAY BRACES.

Longitudinal 10. (a) Dense Southem Yellow Pine. — Dense southern yellow
Brace"an<f P^^^ four
S\vay and show not
^^^^^ square thanshall
lessand faces
80 per cent of heart on two 1^
Braces. edges, be free from knots over in.
in diameter.
(b) Sound Southern Yellow Pine. — Sound southern yellow
pine shall be square-edged and sound, and shall be free from
knots 2^ in. or over in diameter.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association tor Testing Materials.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS

FOR
2^-iN. COTTON RUBBER-LINED FIRE HOSE FOR
PRR^ATE DEPARTMENT USE.

Serial Designation : D 14-15.

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa-
tion D 14; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case
of revision, the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1915.

I. COTTON FABRIC.

1 . (a) The cotton fabric shall be even and firm in texture Quality of
throughout and free from all injurious or unsightly defects, ^°"°" Fabnc.
except such trifling ones as are incident to the best manufacturing
practice. The filling threads (or weft) shall be thoroughly
covered by the warp in woven fabric, while in knit fabric both
warp and filling shall be covered by the knitted loop.
(b) Woven fabric shall have not less than 7 picks of filling
and 26 warp strands per square inch of wea\ing. It shall be
guaranteed not to mildew, if properly cared for. Sizing or
other treatment liable to cause mildew shall be avoided.

II. RUBBER LINING.

2. (a) The rubber lining shall be of uniform quality, free QuaUty of

defects,
from the
with and as free
best methods from corrugations as may be possible " ^^ "^"^^
of manufacture.

(519)
 520 Specifications for Cotton Rubber-Lined Fire Hose.

(b) It shall contain, exclusive of cement and backing, not

less than 40 per cent by weight, as found by analysis, of pure
fine Para rubber or its equivalent, and shall not contain any kind
of rubber substitutes, old vulcanized, or reclaimed rubber.
(c) It shall be cemented to the cotton fabric with cement
which will meet requirements of Section 3 (g).
(d) It shall be lap-jointed, and the lap shall be as small and
as neat as is consistent with the best results.
(e) The Hning (without cement and backing) shall be made
up of not less than 3 calendered sheets, and shall be not less
than 0.049 in. in thickness, and, including cement and other
backing, shall not exceed 0.076 in. in thickness.
Tests of 3. (a) The tensile strength shall be not less than 1600 lb.
Rubber Lining.
^^^ ^^ ^
(b) The length at time of breaking shall be not less than
6 times the initial length.
(c) Mark two lines on the test specimen 2 in. apart and at
right angles to the direction of pull. Stretch to 10 in. and hold
in that position for 10 minutes. Ten minutes after release, the
distance between the two lines shall not exceed 2.4 in.
(d) The compound used shall not contain more than 7.5
per cent of sulfur, exclusive of that which may be contained in
the mineral matter, as barytes, and the free sulfur shall not
exceed 3 per cent; both figures shall be based upon the amount
of gum as found by chemical analysis.
(e) The organic-acetone extract shall not exceed 5 per cent
of the gum as found by chemical analysis.
(/) The saponihable matter extracted by alcohoHc potash
after the acetone extraction has been made shall not exceed 2
per cent of the gum as found by chemical analysis.
(g) The adhesion, or "friction," between the cement backing
and the cotton fabric, shall be such that when a 9-lb. weight is
suspended from the free end of a 1-in. strip of the lining cut
circumferentially from the hose, the linmg shall not separate
from the backing or fabric at a rate greater than 1 in. per
minute.
 Serial Designation: D 14-15. 521
III. HOSE.
4. The internal diameter of the hose shall be not less than Diameter of
21 in. ^*'"-
5. (a) The weight of the finished hose without couplings Weight and
shall be not less than 35 lb. per 50-ft. length, or with couplings, ^oS^^*^ °^
not less than 40 lb. per 50-ft. length.
(b) The hose shall be flexible and easily coiled.
6. (a) The hose shall meet the following requirements for strength of Hose,
minimum bursting pressure. Tests on 50-ft. lengths need not be
made unless specified by the purchaser.
When Lying Straight.
Length of sample, ft 3 50
Bursting pressure, min., lb. per sq. in 500 400
When Bent in a CtmvE the Radius of Which is 21 ft.
Length of sample, ft 3 50
Bursting pressure, min., lb. per sq. in 500 400
With Ends Tied Together and Couplings Touching, and With a Sharp
Kink in the Middle.
Bursting pressure, min., lb. per sq. in 300

(b) Every length of hose shall be tested by the manufacturer

after coupling but before delivery, with 300 lb. pressure. It shall
be carefully dried again before shipment.
7. The elongation between 10 and 100 lb. shall not exceed Elongation of
5 per cent and between 10 and 300 lb., 13 per cent of the original ^°^®'
length, as measured at 10 lb. pressure.
8. (a) The hose shall not twist more than 25 deg. per foot Distortion of
at 300 lb. pressure. The twist should be in such a direction as ^°^®'
to tighten rather than loosen the couplings.
(b) When under 300 lb. pressure, a 50-ft. length of hose
shall not warp more than 20 in. from a straight line drawn from
center to center of couplings.
9. Each 50-ft. length of hose shall be stenciled twice in Marking of
black letters 1 in. high beginning not more than 4 ft. from the ^°^®'
couplings as follows: "A.S.T.M. Specification," also with the
name of the manufacturer, and the month and year of manu-
facture.
 522 Specifications for Cotton Rubber-Lined Fire Hose.

CoupUngs. 10. (a) Couplings shall be made, finished and fitted in a

workmanlike manner throughout. The diameter through
couplings shall be 2| in.
(6) They shall be of the expansion-ring pattern, of ample
strength, and of the best form to resist the strain of expanding
the binding ring in the coupling, and shall have a tail part
sufficiently long to extend j in. beyond the end of the expansion
ring. The ring shall be at least 1| in. in length and the washer
at least -^ in. thick.
(c) They shall be made < )f an aUoy of copper, tin and zinc
• (and lead if desired) of the following proportions:
Copper not under 82 per cent
Tin " " 5
Zinc " over 7
Lead " " 3

Couplings, including both male and female and expansion rings,

shall weigh not less than 5 lb., and both male and female shall
be stamped with the name of the maker of the couplings and the
month and year of manufacture in letters and figures not less
than I in. high.
(d) They shall be provided with rubber gasket of the same
quaUty as the rubber lining and accurately fitted.
(e) They shall have in the coupling, inside each expansion
ring, a rubber washer at least 3^ in. in thickness and with inside
diameter not less than that of the coupling. Hose coupling
threads of all equipments shall be interchangeable with those
now in use in the city or town, but where practicable and not
otherwise specified, the "National Standard" thread adopted
in 1906 by the National Fire Protection Association should be
used.
The essential features of the "National Standard" are a
60-deg. V-thread, outside diameter on the male threads of 3 3^ in.
and 7^ threads per inch.
Note.
In private yards located in cities or towns where couplings having 7,
7^ or 8 threads per inch, and outside diameters on the male ends of not less
than 3^ in. or more than 3^4 in. are in use, it is possible to render both male
^nd female couplings adaptable for interchange with the Standard by the
 Serial Designation: D 14-15. 523

use of an adjustable tap for the female end or an adjustable die for the male
end of the coupling. This tap or die should have the same number of threads
per inch as the coupling or nipple to be treated.
In cases where the thread in use does not come within the above limits
both with respect to number of threads per inch and outside diameter of
threads on male, the hydrant nipples can be equipped with adapters provided
with spanner lugs and having a Standard male thread on the out-board end.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association for Testing Materials.

STANDARD TEST
FOR
ABRASION OF ROAD MATERIAL.

Serial Designation: D 2-08.

This test is issued under the fixed designation D 2; the final number
indicates the year of original issue, or in the case of revision, the year of last
revision.
Adopted, 1908.

This well-known test is similar in almost all respects to the

Deval abrasion test of the French School of Roads and Bridges.
It has been used since 1878, and is entirely satisfactory for the
purpose for which it was designed.
Abrasion Test.
The machine shall consist of one or more hollow iron cylin-
ders; closed at one end and furnished with a tightly fitting iron
cover at the other; the cylinders to be 20 cm. in diameter and
34 cm. in depth, inside. These cylinders are to be mounted on
a shaft at an angle of 30 deg. with the axis of rotation of the
shaft.
At least 30 lb. of coarsely broken stone shall be available
for a test. The rock to be tested shall be broken in pieces as
nearly uniform in size as possible, and as nearly 50 pieces as
possible shall constitute a test sample. The total weight of
(524)
 Serial Designation: D 2-08. 525

rock in a test shall be within 10 g. of 5 kg. All test pieces shall

be washed and thoroughly dried before weighing. Ten thousand
revolutions, at the rate of between 30 and 33 per minute, shall
constitute a test. Only the percentage of material worn off
which will pass through a 0,16-cm. (3^-in.) mesh sieve shall be
considered in determining the amount of wear. This may be
expressed either as the percentage of the 5 kg. used in the test,
or the French coefficient, which is in more general use, may be
given; that is, coefficient of wear = 20 X —w = —w , where w is the
weight in grams of the detritus under 0.16 cm. (j^ in.) in size
per kilogram of rock used.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Assocl^tion for Testing Materials.

STANDARD TEST
FOR
TOUGHNESS OF MACADAM ROCK.

Serial Designation: D 3 - 08.

This test is issued under the fixed designation D 3; the final number
indicates the year of original issue, or in the case of revision, the year of last
revision.
Adopted, 1908.

In the consideration of macadam road materials, toughness

is understood to mean the power possessed by a material to resist
fracture by impact.
In testing macadam rocks under impact, it has been found
best to apply a number of blows of successively increasing energy
and note the blow causing failure. The following test invohdng
this principle is, therefore, recommended for determining the
toughness of rock for macadam road building.

Toughness Test.
1. Test pieces may be either cylinders or cubes, 25 mm. in
diameter and 25 mm. in height, cut perpendicular to the cleavage
of the rock. Cylinders are recommended as they are cheaper and
more easily made.
2. The testing machine shall consist of an anvil of 50-kg.
weight, and placed on a concrete foundation. The hammer
(526)
 Serial Designation: D 3-08. 527

shall be of 2-kg. weight, and dropped upon an intervening

plunger of 1-kg. weight, which rests on the test piece. The
lower or bearing surface of this plunger shall be of spherical
shape haxdng a radius of 1 cm. This plunger shall be made
of hardened steel, and pressed firmly upon the test piece by
suitable springs. The test piece shall be adjusted, so that the
center of its upper surface is tangent to the spherical end of
the plunger.
3. The test shall consist of a 1-cm. fall of the hammer for
the first blow, and an increased fall of 1 cm. for each succeeding
blow until failure of the test piece occurs. The number of blows
necessary to destroy the test piece is used to represent the
toughness, or the centimeter-grams of energy applied may be
used.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association for Testing Materials.

STANDARD TEST
FOR

SOLUBLE BITUMEN. 1

Serial Designation: D 4-11.

This test is issued under the fixed designation D 4; the final nunxber
indicates the year of original issue, or in the case of revision, the year of last
revision.
Adopted, 1911.

Drying the Sample and Preparing it for Analysis. — It was

decided, owing to the great variety of conditions met with in
bituminous compounds, that it is impossible to specify any one
method of drying that would be satisfactory in every case. It
is therefore supposed that the material for analysis has been
previously dried either in the laboratory or in the process of
refining or manufacture, and that water, if present, exists only
as moisture in the hydroscopic form.
The material to be analyzed, if hard and brittle, is ground
and spread in a thin layer in a suitable dish (iron or nickel will
answer every purpose) and kept at a temperature of 125° C. for
one hour. In the case of paving mixtures and road materials,
where it is not desirable to crush the rock or sand grains, a lump
may be placed in the drying oven until it is thoroughly heated
' Committee D-4 on Road Materials, by whom this Standard Test was prepared, wish
it understood that they do not recommend it as the best for general vise, as it is longer and
in many cases gives no better results than other more expeditious tests, but only as a test
to be resorted to in case of dispute, as it seems to have the widest range of applicabihty of
any of the tests considered. Moreover, they wish it to be understood that with some
classes of materials the test will show a lower percentage of soluble bitumen than many of
the shorter tests.
(528)
 Serial Designation: D 4-11. 529

through, when it can be crushed down into a thin layer and dried
as above. If the material under examination contains any hydro-
carbons at all volatile at this temperature, it will of course be
necessary to resort to other means of drying. Tar or oils may
be dehydrated by distillation and the water-free distillate
returned to the residue and thoroughly incorporated with it.
Analysis of Sample. — ^After drying, from 2 to 15 g. (as
may be necessary to insure the presence of 1 to 2 g. of pure
bitumen) is weighed into a 150-cc. tared Erlenmeyer flask, and
treated with 100 cc. of carbon disulfide. The flask is then
loosely corked and shaken from time to time until all large par-
ticles of the material have been broken up. It is then set aside
for 48 hours to settle. The solution is decanted into a similar
flask that has been previously weighed. As much of the solvent
is poured off as possible without disturbing the residue. The
contents of the first flask are again treated with fresh carbon
disulfide, shaken as before, and then put away with the second
flask for 48 hours to settle.
The liquid in the second flask is then carefully decanted
upon a weighed Gooch crucible, 3.2 cm. in diameter at the
bottom, fitted with an asbestos filter, and the contents of the
first flask are similarly treated. The asbestos filter is made
of ignited long-fiber amphibole, packed in the bottom of a
Gooch crucible to the depth of not over | in. In filtering no
vacuum is to be used and the temperature is to be kept between
20 and 25° C. After passing the liquid contents of both flasks
through the filter, the residue on the filter is thoroughly washed
and the residues remaining in them are shaken with more fresh
carbon disulfide and allowed to settle for 24 hours, or until it
is seen that a good subsidation has taken place. The solvent
in both flasks is then again decanted through the filter and the
residues remaining in them are washed until the washings are
practically colorless. All washings are to be passed through
the Gooch crucible.
The crucible and both flasks are then dried at 125° C. and
weighed. The filtrate containing the bitumen is evaporated,
the bituminous residue burned, and the weight of the ash thus
obtained added to that of the residue in the two flasks and the
crucible. The sum of these weights deducted from the weight
of substance taken gives the weight of soluble bitumen.
 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Assocl\tion for Testing Materl\ls.

STANDARD TEST
FOR
PENETRATION OF BITUMINOUS MATERIALS.

Serial Designation: D 5-16.

This test is issued under the fixed designation D 5; the final number
indicates the year of original issue, or in the case of revision, the year of last
revision.
Adopted, 1911; Revised, 1916.

I. DEFINITION.
Penetration. 1 . Penetration is defined as the consistency of a bituminous
material, expressed as the distance that a standard needle
vertically penetrates a sample of the material under known con-
ditions ofloading, time and temperature. Where the conditions
of test are not specifically mentioned, the load, time and tem-
perature are understood to be 100 g., 5 seconds, 25° C. (77° F.),
respectively, and the units of penetration to indicate hundredths
of a centimeter.

II. APPARATUS.
Container. 2. The container for holding the material to be tested shall
be a flat-bottom, cylindrical dish, 55 mm. [2-^ in.) in diameter
and 35 mm. (if in.) deep.'
> This requirement is fulfilled by the American Can Company's GiU style ointment box,
deep pattern, 3 oz. capacity.

^530)
 Serial Designation: D 5 - 16. 531

3. The needle^ for this test shall be of cylindrical steel rod Needle.
50.8 mm. (2 in.) long and having a diameter of 1.016 mm.
(0.04 in.) and turned on one end to a sharp point having a
taper of 6.35 mm. (| in.).
4. The water bath shall be maintained at a temperature not Water Bath,
varying more than 0°.l C. from 25° C. (77° F.). The volume of
water shall be not less than 10 liters and the sample shall be
immersed to a depth of not less than 10 cm. (4 in.) and shall
be supported on a perforated shelf not less than 5 cm. (2 in.)
from the bottom of the bath.
5. Any apparatus which will allow the needle to penetrate Apparatus for
without appreciable friction, and which is accurately calibrated P^^^traUon.
to yield results in accordance with the definition of penetration,
will be acceptable.
6. The transfer dish for container shall be a small dish or Transfer Dish
tray of such capacity as will insure complete immersion of the ^°' Container,
container during the test. It shall be provided with some
means which will insure a firm bearing and prevent rocking of
the container.
III. PREPARATION OF SAMPLE.
7. The sample shall be completely melted at the lowest Preparation
possible temperature and stirred thoroughly until it is homoge- °^ Sample,
neous and free from air bubbles. It shall then be poured into the
sample container to a depth of not less than 15 mm. (f in.).
The sample shall be protected from dust and allowed to cool
in an atmosphere not lower than 18° C. (65° F.) for one hour.
It shall then be placed in the water bath along with the transfer
dish and allowed to remain one hour.

IV. TESTING.
8. (a) In making the test the sample shall be placed in the Testing,
transfer dish filled with water from the water bath of sufficient
depth to completely cover the container. The transfer dish
containing the sample shall then be placed upon the stand of
the penetration machine. The neetlle, loaded with specified
weight, shall be adjusted to make contact with the surface of
the sample. This may be accomplished by making contact of
^Journal of Agricultural Research, Vol. V. No. 24, pp. 1125-1126.
532 Test for Penetration of Bituminous Materials.

the actual needle point with its image reflected by the surface
of the sample from a properly placed source of Hght. Either the
reading of the dial shall then be noted or the needle brought to
zero. The needle is then released for the specified period of
time, after which the penetration machine is adjusted to measure
the distance penetrated.
At least three tests shall be made at points on the surface
of the sample not less than 1 cm. (f in.) from the side of the con-
tainer and not less than 1 cm. (f in.) apart. After each test
the sample and transfer dish shall be returned to the water
bath and the needle shall be carefully wiped toward its point
with a clean, dry cloth to remove all adhering bitumen. The
reported penetration shall be the average of at least three tests
whose values shall not differ more than four points between
maximum and minimum.
(b) When desirable to vary the temperature, time and
weight, and, in order to provide for a uniform method of report-
ing results when variations are made, the samples shall be melted
and cooled in air as above directed. They shall then be
immersed in water or brine, as the case may require, for one
hour at the temperature desired. The following combinations
are suggested:
At 0° C. (32° F.) 200-g. weight, 60 seconds.
At 46°.! C. (115° F.) 50-g. weight, 5 seconds.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association for Testing Materials.

STANDARD TEST
FOR
LOSS ON HEATING OF OIL AND ASPHALTIC
COMPOUNDS.

Serial Designation: D 6-16.

This test is issued under the fixed designation D 6; the final num-
ber indicates the year of original issue, or in the case of revision, the year of
last revision.
Adopted, 1911; Revised, 1916.

The amount lost by oils and asphaltic compounds when

they are heated in an oven at a temperature of 163° C. (325° F.),
=*= 1° C, shall be determined by heating 50 g. of the water-free
substance contained in a flat-bottom dish, the inside dimensions
of which are approximately 55 mm. {2ye hi.) in diameter, by
35 mm. (about If in.) deep (-3-oz. GiU style ointment box, deep
pattern) for 5 hours.
The oven in which the substance is to be heated shall be
brought to the prescribed temperature before the sample is
introduced, and the temperature of the sample under test shall
be regarded as that of a similar quantity of the same material
immediately adjoining it in the oven, in which the bulb of a
standardized thermometer is immersed.
The oven may be either of circular or rectangular form and
the source of heat either gas or electricity.
(533)
534 Test for Loss on Heating of Asphalt.

The samples under test shall rest in the same relative posi-
tion in a single row upon a perforated circular shelf 24.8 cm.
(9.75 in.) in diameter, as shown in Fig. 1, suspended by a vertical
shaft midway in the oven, which is revolved by mechanical
means at the rate' of from 5 to 6 revolutions per minute.

Thds.
Nut, 5f'd.
k -aV- -J
Section A-B.
9 Holes and Ribs:'
Spaced Equally

Top View
Fig. 1. — Aluminum Shelf.

Note.
If additional periods of heating are desired, it is recommended that
they be made in successive increments of 5 hours each.
If the residue after heating is to be tested for penetration, the sample
should be thoroughly mixed by stirring until it is cool, and thereafter manipu-
lated in accordance with the directions of the Standard Test for Penetration
of Bituminous Materials (Serial Designation: D 5) of the American Society
for Testing Materials.
 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association for Testing Materials.

STANDARD METHOD
FOR
MAKING A MECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF SAND OR
OTHER FINE HIGHWAY MATERIAL, EXCEPT
FOR FINE AGGREGATES USED IN
CEMENT CONCRETE.

Serial Designation: D 7-16.

This method is issued under the fixed designation D 7; the final num-
ber indicates the year of original issue, or in the case of revision, the year of
last revision.
Adopted, 1911; Revised, 1916.

The method shall consist of (l) drying at not over 110° C.

(230° F.) to a constant weight a sample weighing 50 g.; (2) pass-
ing the sample through each of the following mesh sieves
(American Society for Testing Materials standard sieves):^
Meshes per Linear Diameter of Wire.
Inch ( =2.54 cm.) In. Mm.
10 0.027 0.6858
20 0.0165 0.4191
30 0.01375 0.34925
40 0.01025 0.26035
50 0.009 0.22865
80 0.00575 0.1460
100 0.0045 0.1143
200 0.00235 0.05969

> The order in which the sieves are to be used in the process of sifting Is immaterial and
shall be left optional; but in reporting results the order in which the sieves have been used shatl
b« stated.
(535)
536 Method for Mechanical Analysis.

(3) determining the percentage by weight retained on each sieve,

the sifting being continued on each sieve until less than 1 per cent
of the weight retained on each sieve shall pass through the
sieve during the last niinute of sifting; and (4) recording the
mechanical analysis in the following manner:
Passing 200-mesh sieve
Passing 100-mesh sieve and retained on a 200-mesh sieve. . . . per cent
Passing 80-mesh sieve and retained on a 100-mesh sieve. . .
Passing 50-mesh sieve and retained on an 80-mesh sieve

100.00
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA,, U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association tor Testing Materials.

STANDARD METHOD
FOR
MAKING A MECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF BROKEN
STONE OR BROKEN SLAG, EXCEPT FOR
AGGREGATES USED IN CEMENT
CONCRETE.
Serial Designation: D 18-16.
This method is issued under the fixed designation D 18; the final
number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case of revision, the
year of last revision.
Adopted, 1916,

The method shall consist of (l) drying at not over 110° C.

(230° F.) to a constant weight a sample weighing in pounds
six times the diameter in inches of the largest holes required;
(2) passing the sample through such of the following size screens
having circular openings as are required or called for by the
specifications, screens to be used in the order named: 8.89 cm.
(3| in.), 7.62 cm, (3 in,), 6.35 cm. (2| in.), 5.08 cm. (2 in.),
3,81 cm, (U in.), 3.18 cm. (U in.), 2,54 cm. (1 in,), 1.90 cm.
(I in.), 1,27 cm. (| in.), and 0.64 cm. (i in.); (3) determining the
percentage by weight retained on each screen; and (4) recording
the mechanical analysis in the following manner:
Passing 0.64-cm. (i-in.) screen per cent
Passing 1.27-cm. (^-in.) screen and retained on a 0.64-cm.
(J-in.) screen
Passing 1.90-cm. (f-in.) screen and retained on a 1.27-cm.
(5-in.) screen
Passing 2.54-cm. (1-in.) screen and retained on a 1.90-cm.
(i-in.) screen

looToo "
(537)
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Assocmtion tor Testing ISIaterlvls.

STANDARD METHOD
FOR
MAKING A MECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF MIXTURES
OF SAND OR OTHER FINE MATERIAL WITH
BROKEN STONE OR BROKEN SLAG,
EXCEPT FOR AGGREGATES USED
IN CEMENT CONCRETE.

Serial Designation: D 19 - 16.

This method is issued under the fixed designation D 19; the final
number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case of revision, the
year of last revision.
Adopted, 1916.

The method shall consist of (l) drying at not over 110° C.

(230° F.) to a constant weight a sample weighing in pounds six
times the diameter in inches of the largest holes required ;
(2) separating the sample by the use of a screen having circular
openings 0.64 cm. (j in.) in diameter; (3) examining the portion
retained on the screen in accordance with the Standard Method
for Making a Mechanical Analysis of Broken Stone or Broken
Slag, except for Aggregates Used in Cement Concrete (Serial
Designation: D 18) of the American Society for Testing
Materials; (4) examining the portion passing this screen in
accordance with the Standard Method for Making a Mechanical
Analysis of Sand or Other Fine (538) Highway Material, except for
 Serial Designation: D 19-16. 539

Fine Aggregates Used in Cement Concrete (Serial Designation:

D 7) of the American Society for Testing Materials; and
(5) recording the mechanical analysis in the following manner:
Passing 200-mesh sieve per cent
Passing 100-mesh sieve and retained on a 200-mesh sieve "
Passing 80-mesh sieve and retained on a 100-mesh sieve "

Passing 10-mesh sieve and retained on a 20-mesh sieve "

Passing 0.64-cm. (l-in.) screen and retained on a 10-mesh
sieve "
Passing 1.27-cm. (^-in.) screen and retained on a 0.64-cm.
(j-in.) screen "
Passing 1.90-cm. (f-in.) screen and retained on a 1.27-cm.
(^-in.) screen

100.00
 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association tor Testing Materials.

STANDARD METHOD
FOR
DISTILLATION OF BITUMINOUS MATERIALS
SUITABLE FOR ROAD TREATMENT.

Serial Designation: D 20-16.

This method is issued under the fixed designation D 20; the final num-
ber indicates the year of original issue, or in the case of revision, the year of
last revision.
Adopted, 1916.

Sampling. 1. The sample as received shall be thoroughly stirred and

agitated, warming, if necessary, to insure a complete mixture
before the portion for analysis is removed.
Dehydration. 2. If the presence of water is suspected or known, the
material shall be dehydrated before distillation. About 500 cc.
of the material are placed in an 800-cc. copper still provided
with a distilling head connected with a water-cooled condenser.
A ring burner is used, starting with a small flame at the top of
the still, and gradually lowering it, if necessary-, until all the
water has been driven off. The distillate is collected in a 200-cc.
separatory funnel with the tube cut off close to the stopcock.
When all the water has been driven over and the distillate
has settled out, the water is drawn off and the oils returned to
the residue in the still. The contents of the still shall have
cooled to below 100° C. i efore the oils are returned, and they
shall be well stirred and mixed with the residue.
(540)
 Serial Designation: D 20-16. 541

3. The apparatus shall consist of the following standard Apparatui.

parts:
' (a) Flask. — The distillation flask shall be a 250-cc. Engler
distilling flask, having the following dimensions:
Diameter of bulb 8.0 cm.
Length of neck 15.0 cm.
Diameter of neck 1.7 cm.
Surface of material to lower side of tubulature 11.0 cm.
Length of tubulature 15.0 cm.
Diameter of tubulature 0.9 cm.
Angle of tubulature 75 deg.

A variation of 3 per cent from the above measurements

will be allowed. k --,
(b) Thermometer. — (l) The thermometer shall be made of
resistance glass (Jena 59 . . . Jena 19 . . . Verra dur are
suggested) ; (2) it shall be filled with CO2 under pressure of one
atmosphere at 300° C, and shall be provided with expansion
bulb at the top; (3) it shall be annealed at 400° C. for 96 hours
and slowly cooled; (4) it shall be graduated in single degrees
Centigrade from -5° C. to +400° C; (5) the length of the
graduations from 0 to 400° C. shall be 300 mm. (±10 mm.);
(6) the diameter of stem shall be 7 mm. ( ± 1 mm.) ; (7) when the
thermometer is at a temperature of 26° C, and plunged into a
free flow of
less than steam, the meniscus shall pass the 90° mark in not
6 seconds.
The thermometer shall be set up as for the distillation test,
using water, naphthalene and benzophenone as distilling liquids.
The correctness of the thermometer shall be checked at 0 and
100° C. after each third distillation until seasoned.
(c) Condenser. — The condenser tube shall have the following
dimensions:
Adapter 70 mm.
Length of straight tube 185
Width of tube 12-15 "
Width of adapter end of tube 20-25 ."
{d) Stands. — Two iron stands shall be provided, one with a
universal clamp for holding the condenser, and one with a
light grip arm with a cork-lined clamp for holding the flask.
 542 Method for Distillation of Bituminous Materials.

ie) Burner and Shield. — A Bunsen burner shall be provided,

with a tin shield 20 cm. long by 9 cm. in diameter. The shield
shall have a small hole for obser\nng the flame.
(/) Cylinders.— The C3dinders used in collecting the distillate
■
shall have a capacity of I25 cc, and shall be graduated in 0.1 cc.

Fig. \. — Apparatus for Determination of Distillation.

Setting up the 4. The apparatus shall be set up as shown in Fig. 1, the

Apparatus. thermometer being placed so that the top of the bulb is opposite
the middle of the tubulature. All connections should be tight.
Method. 5. One hundred cubic centimeters of the dehydrated mate-
rial to be tested shall be placed in a tared flask and weighed.
After adjusting the thermometer, shield, condenser, etc., the dis-
 Serial Designation: D 20-16. 543

tillation is commenced, the rate being so regulated that 1 cc.

passes over ever>^ minute. The receiver is changed as the
mercury column just passes the fractionating point.
The following fractions should be reported:

Start of distillation to 110° C.

110 to 170° C.
170 to 235° C.
235 to 270° C.
270 to 300° C.
Residue

To determine the amount of residue, the flask is weighed

again when distillation is complete. During the distillation the
condenser tube shall be warmed when necessary to prevent
the deposition of any subHmate. The percentages of fractions
should be reported both by weight and by volume.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association for Testing Materials.

STANDARD METHOD
FOR

SAMPLING OF COAL.

Serial Designation: D 21-16.

This method is issued under the fixed designation D 2 1 ; the final number
indicates the year of original issue, or in the case or revision, the year of last
revision.
Adopted, 1916.

It is imperative that every sample be collected and prepared

carefully and conscientiously and in strict accordance with the
standard methods described herein, for if the sampling is improp-
erly done, the sample will be in error, and it may be impossible
or impracticable to take another sample; but if an analysis is
in error, another analysis can easily be made of the original
sample.
Gross samples of the quantities designated herein must be
taken whether the coal to be sampled consists of a few tons or
several hundred tons, because of the following cardinal principle
in sampling coal that must be recognized and understood;
that is, the effect of the chance inclusion or exclusion of too
many or too few pieces of slate or other impurities in what, or
from what, would otherwise have been a representative sample
will cause the analysis to be in error accordingly, regardless of
(544)
 Serial Designation: D 21-16. 545

the tonnage sampled. For example, the chance inclusion or

exclusion of 10 lb. too much or too Httle of impurities in or from
an otherwise representative sample of 100 lb. would cause the
analysis to show an error in ash content and in heat units of
approximately 10 per cent, whereas for a 1000-lb. sample, the
eflFect would be approximately only 1 per cent, being the same
whether the sample is collected from a 1-ton lot or from a lot
consisting of several hundred tons.
When this method of sampUng is to be employed as a
part of any contract or agreement, the following provisions shall
be specifically agreed to by the parties to such contract or
agreement:
(a) The place at which the coal is to be sampled (see Sec-
tion l);
(b) The approximate size of the sample required when the
standard conditions do not apply (see Section 3);
(c) The number of samples to be taken or the amount of
coal to be represented by each sample when the standard con-
ditions do not apply (see Section 4).
I. FOR ALL DETERMINATIONS EXCEPT TOTAL MOISTURE.
1 . The coal shall be sampled when it is being loaded into Time of
or unloaded from railroad cars, ships, barges, or wagons, or when Sampling,
discharged from supply bins, or from industrial railway cars,
or grab buckets, or from any coal-conve}dng equipment, as the
case may be. If the coal is crushed as received, samples usually
can be taken advantageously after the coal has passed through
the crusher. Samples collected from the surface of coal in piles
or bins, or in cars, ships or barges are generally unreliable.
2. To collect sampks, a shovel or specially designed tool, size of
or mechanical means shall be used for taking equal portions or ^°<^®"®°*^-
increments. For slack or small sizes of anthracite, increments
as small as 5 to 10 lb. may be taken, but for run-of-mine or
lump coal, increments should be at least 10 to 30 lb.
3. The increments shall be regularly and systematically CoiiecUon of
collected, so that the entire quantity of coal sampled will be ^"" Sample,
represented proportionately in the gross sample, and with such
frequency that a gross sample of the required amount shall be
collected. The standard gross sample shall not be less than
 546 Method for Sampling of Coal.

1000 lb., except that for slack coal and small sizes of anthracite
in which the impurities do not exist in abnormal quantities or
in pieces larger than f in., a gross sample of approximately
500 lb. shall be considered sufficient. If the coal contains an
unusual amount of impurities, such as slate, and if the pieces
of such impurities are very large, a gross sample of 1500 lb. or
more shall be collected. The gross sample should contain the
same proportion of lump coal, fine coal, and impurities as is
contained in the coal sampled. When coal is extremely lumpy,
it is best to break a proportional amount of the lumps before
taking the various increments of a sample. Provision should
be made for the preservation of the integrity of the sample.
Quantity 4. A gross sample shall be taken for each 500 tons or less.
Represented, qj. -^ ^^^^ q£ larger tonnages, for such quantities as may be agreed
upon.
Table I.

Weight of Sample to be Largest Size of Coal and Impurities

Divided, lb. Allowable in Sample before Di^Tsion, in.

1000 or over - . .. 1

500 1 3
4
250 1
2
125 3
8
60 1
4
30
1 o or 4-mesh screen
^i^

Crushing. 5. After the gross sample has been collected, .it shall be
systematically crushed, mixed, and reduced in quantity to con-
venient size for transmittal to the laboratory. The sample may
be crushed by hand or by any mechanical means, but under
such conditions as shall prevent loss or the accidental admixture
of foreign matter. Samples of the quantities indicated in Table I
shall be crushed so that no pieces of coal and impurities will be
greater in any dimension, as judged by eye, than specified for
the sample before division into two approximately equal parts.
The method of reducing by hand the quantity of coal in a
gross sample shall be carried out as prescribed in Section 6,
even should the initial size of coal and impurities be less than
indicated in Table I.
 1916 A.8.T.M. Standards.
Standard Method for Sampuno of Coal.

METHOD OF PREPARING A SAMPLE OF COAL BY HAND

flRST STAGE IN NOTE

THE PREPARATION
OF A 1,000-POUND SELECT A HARD, CUAN
SAMPLE SURFACE. FREE OF CRACKS
AND PROTECTED FROM
RAIN, SNOW, WIND. AND
BEATING SUN. DO NOT LET
CINDERS, SAND, CHIPflNGS
FROM FLOOR. OR ANY
OTHER FOREIGN MATTER
GET INTO THE SAMPLE.
PROTECT SAMPLE FROM
LOSS OR GAIN IN MOIS:niRC
SECOND STAGE

THIRD STAGE

FOURTH STAGE

NECESSARY TOOLS: SHOVEL, TAMPER, BLANKET (MEASURING ABOUT 6 BY 8 FT,), BROOM, AND RAKE USE RAKE FOR RAKING OVER COAL WHEN CRUSHING IT, SO THAT ALL LUMPS
WILL BE CRUSHED, SWEEP FLOOR OR BUNKET CLEAN OF ALL DISCARDED COAL AFTER EACH TIME SAMPLE IS HALVED OR QUARTERED.
 Serial Designation: D 21 - 16. 547

6. The progressive reduction in the weight of the sample to Hand

the quantities indicated in Table I shall be done by the following Preparation.
methods, which are illustrated in Plate III:
(a) The alternate-shovel method of reducing the gross Mixing and
sample shall be repeated until the sample is reduced to approxi- ^fs'cardi'n ^^
mately 250 lb., and care shall be observed before each reduction Alternate
in quantity that the sample has been crushed to the fineness Shoveisfui.
prescribed in Table I.
The crushed coal shall be shoveled into a conical pile (Figs. 2
or 7, Plate III) by depositing each shovelful of coal on top of the
preceding one, and then formed into a long pile in the following
manner: The sampler shall take a shovelful of coal from the
conical pile and spread it out in a straight line (Figs. 3 A or 8^)
having a width equal to the width of the shovel and a length of
5 to 10 ft. His next shovelful shall be spread directly over the
top of the first shovelful, but in the opposite direction, and so
on back and forth, the pile being occasionally flattened, until
all the coal has been formed into one long pile (Figs. 3B or 8B).
The sampler shall then discard half of this pile, proceeding as
follows :
Beginning on one side of the pile, at either end, and shoveling
from the bottom of the pile, the sampler shall take one shovelful
(shovelful No. 1, Figs. 4 or 9) and set it aside; advancing
along the side of the pile a distance equal to the width of the
shovel, he shall take a second shovelful (shovelful No. 2) and
discard it; again advancing in the same direction one shovel
width, he shall take a third shovelful (shovelful No. 3) and add
it to the first. The fourth (shovelful No. 4) shall be taken in a
like manner and discarded, the fifth (shovelful No. 5) retained,
and so on, the sampler advancing always in the same direction
around the pile so that its size will be gradually reduced in a
uniform manner. When the pile is removed, about half of the
original quantity of coal should be contained in the new pile
formed by the alternate shoveisfui which have been retained.
(Figs. 5^ or 10^1 show the retained halves, and Figs. 5 5 or 105
the rejected halves.)
(b) After the gross sample has been reduced by the above Mixing and
method to approximately 250 lb., further reduction in quantity o^grterin ''^
shall be by the quartering method. Before each quartering, the
sample shall be crushed to the fineness prescribed in Table I.
 548 Method for Sampling of Coal.

Quantities of 125 to 250 lb. shall be thoroughly mixed by

coning and re-coning (Figs. 12 and 13); quantities less than
125 lb. shall be placed on a suitable cloth, measuring about
6 by 8 ft., mixed by raising first one end of the cloth and then
the other (Figs. 18, 24 or 30), so as to roll the coal back and
forth, and after being thoroughly mixed shall be formed into a
conical pile by gathering together the four corners of the cloth
(Figs. 19, 25 or 31). The quartering of the conical pile shall be
done as follows:
The cone shall be flattened, its apex being pressed vertically
down with a shovel, or board, so that after the pile has been
quartered, each quarter will contain the material originally
in it. The flattened mass, which shall be of uniform thickness
and diameter, shall then be marked into quarters (Figs. 14, 20,
26 or 32) by two lines that intersect at right angles directly
under a point corresponding to the apex of the original cone.
The diagonally opposite quarters {BB in Figs. 16, 22, 28 or 34)
shall then be shoveled awa}^ and discarded and the space that
they occupied brushed clean. The coal remaining shall be
successively crushed, mixed, coned, and quartered until the
sample is reduced to the desired quantity.
(c) The 30-lb. quantity (Fig. 29) shall be crushed to i^-in.
or 4-mesh size, mixed, coned, flattened and quartered. The
laboratory samples shall include all of one of the quarters,
or all of two opposite quarters (Fig. 34), as may be required.
The laboratory sample shall be immediately placed in a suit-
able container and sealed in such a manner as to preclude
tampering.
Mechanical 7. Only such mechanical means as will give equally repre-
Preparation. sg^tative samples shall be used in substitution for the hand
method of preparation herein standardized.

II. FOR THE DETERMINATION OF TOTAL MOISTURE.

Collection of 8. The special moisture sample shall weigh approximately
Sampu" ^^^ ^•■> ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ accumulated by placing in a waterproof
receptacle with a tight-fitting and waterproof lid small equal
parts of freshly taken increments of the standard gross sample.
The accumulated moisture sample shall be rapidly crushed and
 Serial Designation: D 21-16. 549

reduced mechanically or by hand to about a 5-lb. quantity,

which shall be immediately placed in a container and sealed air-
tight and forwarded to the laboratory without delay.
9. Only when equally representative results will be ob- Use of
tained shall
special moisture standardfor gross
the sample sample be used
the determination instead
of total of the |t*°<ia'''* ^'osi
moisture.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Assocla.tion for Testing Materials.

STANDARD METHODS
FOR

LABORATORY SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS OF COAL.

Serial Designation: D. 22-16.

These methods are issued under the fixed designation D22; the final
number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case of revision, the year
of last revision.
Adopted, 1916.

preparation of laboratory samples.

Apparatus.

Air-Drying Oven. — The oven is to be used for air-drying

wet samples and may be of the form shown in Fig. 1 . This is
not absolutely necessary but is economical where many wet
samples are received.^
Galvanized-Iron Pans 18 hy 18 by 1.5 in. Deep. — For air-drying
wet samples.
Balance or Solution Scale. — For weighing the galvanized-
iron pans with samples. It should have a capacity of 5 kg. and
be sensitive to 0.5 g.
'For details of air-dr>'ing oven see Bownocker, Lord and Somermeier, "Coal," Bulletin
No. 9, 4th Series, Ohio Geological Survey, p. 312 (1908); or F. M. Stanton and A. C. Fieldner.
"Methods of Analyzing Coal and Coke," Technical Paper No. 8, Bureau of Mines, p. 4 (1912)
or E. E. Somermeier, "Coal, Its Composition, Analysis, Utilization and Valuation," p. 71.
McGraw-Hill Book Co. (1912).
(550)
 Serial Designation: D 22-16. 551

Jaw Crusher. — For crushing coarse samples to pass a 4-mesh

sieve.
Roll Crusher or Coffee-Mill Type of Grinder. — For reducing^
the 4-mesh product to 20-mesh. The coffee-mill type of grinder
should be entirely enclosed and have an enclosed hopper and a
receptacle capable of holding 10 lb. of coal. This is to reduce the
moisture losses while crushing.

Fig. 1. — Drier for Coarse Samples. The Outlet for Air at the Top may be
connected with a Chimney or any other Device which will furnish a
Suitable Draft. {Btdletin No. g, Geological Survey of Ohio, p. 312.)

Abbe Ball Mill, Planetary Disk Crusher, Chrome-Steel Bucking

Board, or any Satisfactory Form of Pulverizer. — For reducing the
20-mesh product to 60-mesh. The porcelain jars for the ball mill
should be approximately 9 in. in diameter and 10 in. high. The
flint pebbles should be smooth, hard and well rounded.
 552 IMethods for Analysis of Coal.

A Large Riffle Sampler, with 5 or ^-in. Divisions. — For reduc-

ing the 4-inesh sample to 10 lb. (Fig. 2).^
A Small Riffle Sampler, with \ or l-in. Divisions. — For divid-
ing down the 20 and 60-niesh material to a laboratory sample
(Fig.An2). - Sieve
8-in. 60-mesh ^ with Cover and Receiver.
Containers for Shipment to Laboratory. — Samples in which
the moisture content is important should always be shipped in

Fig. 2. — Riffle Sampler. (Bulletin No. 9, Geological Survey of Ohio, p. 213.)

moisture- tight containers. A galvanized-iron or tin can with a

screw top which is sealed with a rubber gasket and adhesive tape
is best adapted to this purpose. Glass fruit jars sealed with
rubber gaskets may be used, but require ver}^ careful packing
to avoid breakage in transit. Samples in which the moisture
content is of no importance need no special protection from loss
of moisture.

' E. E. Somermeier, "Coal. Its Composition, etc.," McGraw-Hill Book Co. (1912).
 Serial Designation: D 22-16. 553

Method of Sampling.

(A) When Coal Appears Dry.

If the sample is coarser than 4-mesh (0.20 in.) and larger
in amount than 10 lb., quickly crush it with the jaw crusher to
pass a 4-mesh sieve and reduce it on the larger riffle sampler to
10 lb.;' then crush at once to 20-mesh by passing through rolls
or an enclosed grinder, and take, without sie\ing, a 60-g. total
moisture sample, immediately after the material has passed
through the crushing apparatus. This sample should be taken
with a spoon from various parts of the 20-mesh product, and
should be placed directly in a rubber-stoppered bottle.
Thoroughly mix the main portion of the sample, reduce on
the small riffle sampler to about 120 g., and pulverize to 60-mesh
by any suitable apparatus without regard to loss of moisture.
After all the material has been passed through the 60-mesh sieve,
mix and divide it on the small riffle sampler to 60 g. Transfer
the final sample to a 4-oz. rubber-stoppered bottle. Determine
moisture in both the 60 and the 20-mesh samples by the method
given under moisture.
Computation. — Compute the analysis of the 60-mesh coal,
which has become partly air-dried during sampling, to the dry-
coal basis, by dividing each result by 1 minus its content of
moisture. Compute the analysis of the coal "as received" from
the dry-coal analysis by multipl}dng by 1 minus the total mois-
ture found in the 20-mesh sample.

(B) When Coal Appears Wei.

Spread the sample on tared pans, weigh, and air-dry at
room temperature, or in the special drying oven, shown in Fig. 1,
at 10 to 15° C. above room temperature, and weigh again.
The drying should be continued until the loss in weight is not
more than 0.1 per cent per hour. Complete the sampling as
under dry coal.
Computation. — Correct the moisture found in the 20-mesh,
air-dried sample to total moisture "as received," as follows:
* If the sample is crushed to pass a 6-mesh screen it may be reduced to 5 lb.
554 Methods for Analysis of Coal.

100— percentage of air-drying loss

100 X percentage of moisture in 20-mesh coal

+ percentage of air-drying loss = total moisture "as received."

Compute the analysis to "dry-coal" and "as-received"

bases as under dry coal, using for the "as-received" computa-
tion the total moisture as found by the formula in place of the
moisture found in the 20-mesh coal.

Notes.

Freshly mined or wet coal loses moisture rapidly on exposure to the air
of the laboratory, hence the sampling operations between opening the con-
tainer and taking the 20-mesh total-moisture sample must be conducted with
the utmost dispatch and with minimum exposure to air.
The accuracy of the method of preparing laboratory samples should be
checked frequently by resampling the rejected portions and preparing a
duplicate sample. The ash in the two samples should not differ more than the
following limits:

No carbonates present - 0.4 per cent

Considerable carbonate and pyrite present 0.7
Coals with more than 12 per cent ash, containing
considerable carbonate and pyrite 1.0

DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE.

Apparatus.

Moisture Oven. — This must be so constructed as to have a

uniform temperature in all parts and a minimum of air space.
It may be of the form sliown in Fig. 3. Provision must be
made for renewing the air in the oven at the rate of two to four
times a minute, with the air dried by passing it through con-
centrated sulfuric acid.
Capsules with Covers. — A convenient form, which allows the
ash determination to be made on the same sample, is the Royal
Meissen porcelain capsule No. 2, | in. deep and If in. in diame-
ter; or a fused silica capsule of similar shape. This is to be used
with a well-fitting flat aluminum cover, illustrated in Fig. 4.
 Serial Designation: D 22 - 16. 555

Glass capsules with ground-glass caps may also be used.

They should be as shallow as possible, consistent with convenient
handling.
Method.

(A) Sixty-Mesh Sample.

Heat the empty capsules under the conditions at which
the coal is to be dried, stopper or cover, cool over concentrated

Fig. 3. — Toluene or Glycerin and Water Oven for Determining Moisture.

{Technical Paper No. y6, Bureau of Mines, p. 16.)

sulfuric acid, sp. gr. 1.84, for 30 minutes, and weigh. Dip out
with a spoon or spatula from the sample bottle approximately
1 g. of coal; put this quickly into the capsule, close, and weigh
at once.
An alternative procedure (more open to error), after trans-
ferring an amount slightly in excess of 1 g., is to bring to exactly
1 g. in weight (±0.5 mg.) by quickly removing the excess weight
of coal with a spatula. The utmost dispatch must be used in
556 Methods for Analysis of Coal.

order to minimize the exposure of the coal until the weight is

found.
After removing the covers, quickly place the capsules in a
pre-heated oven (at 104 to 110° C.) through which passes a
current of air dried by concentrated sulfuric acid. Close the
oven at once and heat for 1 hour. Then open the oven, cover
the capsules quickly and place them in a desiccator over con-
centrated sulfuric acid. When cool, weigh.

Fig. 4. — Porcelain Capsule with

Flat Aluminum Cover.

(B) Twenty-mesh sample.

Use 5-g. samples, weighed with an accuracy of 2 mg., and
heat for 1| hours; the procedure is otherwise the same as with
the 60-mesh sample. Methods of greater accuracy for the
determination of moisture are given in the preliminary report.
The permissible differences in duplicate determinations are
as follows:
Same Anaj-yst, Different Analysts
per cent. per cent.
Moisture under 5 per cent 0.2 0.3
over 5 " 0.3 0.5
 Serial Designation: D 22-16. 557
DETERMINATION OF ASH.

Appaeatus.

Gas or Electric Muffle Furnace. — The muffle should have good

air circulation and be capable of having its temperature regulated
between 700 and 750° C.
Porcelain Capsules. — Royal Meissen Porcelain Capsules
No. 2, 1 in. deep and If in. in diameter, or similar shallow dishes.

Method.

Place the porcelain capsules containing the dried coal from

the moisture determination in a cold muffle furnace, or on the
hearth at a low temperature, and gradually heat to redness at
such a rate as to avoid mechanical loss from too rapid expulsion
of volatile matter. Finish the ignition to constant weight
(±0.001 g.) at a temperature between 700 and 750° C. Cool in
a desiccator, and weigh as soon as cold.
The permissible differences in duplicate determinations are
as follows:
Same Analyst, Different Analysts,
PER cent. per cent.
No carbonates present 0.2 0.3
Carbonates present 0.3 0.5
Coals with more than 12 per cent of ash,
containing carbonates and pyrite 0.5 1.0

Notes.

Before replacing the capsules in the muffle for ignition to constant weight,
the ash should be stirred with a platinum or nichrome wire. Stirring once
or twice before the first weighing hastens complete ignition.
The result obtained by this method is "uncorrected" ash. For "cor-
rected" ash see the preliminary report. The actual mineral matters in the
original coal are usually very different in weight and composition from the
weight of the "uncorrected" ash.
558 Methods for Analysis of Coal.

determination of volatile matter.

Apparatus.

Platinum Crucible with Tightly Fitting Cover. — The crucible

should be of not less than 10 nor more than 20-cc. capacity; of
not less than 25 nor more than 35 mm. in diameter; of not less
than 30 nor more than 35 mm. in height.
Vertical Electric Tube Furnace; or a Gas or Electrically
Heated Muffle Furnace. — The furnace may be of the form as
shown in Fig. 5. It is to be regulated to maintain a temperature
of 950° C. (±20° C.) in the crucible, as shown by a thermo-
couple kept in the furnace. A suitable form of electric furnace
is shown in Fig. 5. If the determination of volatile matter is
not an essential feature of the specifications under which the coal
is bought, a Meker burner may be used.
Method.

Weigh 1 g. of the coal in a weighed 10 to 20-cc. platinum

crucible, close with a capsule cover, and place on platinum or
nichrome-wire supports in the furnace chamber, which must be
at a temperature of 950° C. (±20° C). After the more rapid
discharge of volatile matter has subsided, as shown by the
disappearance of the luminous flame, tap the cover hghtly to
more perfectly seal the crucible and thus guard against the
admission of air. After heating exactly 7 minutes, remove the
crucible from the furnace and, without disturbmg the cover,
allow it to cool. Weigh as soon as cold. The loss of weight
minus moisture equals the volatile matter.
Modification for Sub-Bituminous Coal, Lignite, and Peat. —
Mechanical losses are incurred on suddenly heating peat, sub-
bitummous coal, and hgnite; therefore they must be subjected
to a preliminary gradual heating for 5 minutes; this is best done
by playing the flame of a burner upon the bottom of the crucible
in such a manner as to bring about the discharge of volatile
matter at a rate not sulhcient to cause sparking. After the
preHminary heating, transfer the crucible to the volatile-matter
furnace and heat for 6 minutes at 950° C. as in the regular
method.
 5.^9
Serial Designation: D 22-16.

Plaiinum rhodium

Fig. 5, — Electric Tube Furnace for Determining Volatile Matter. For

110-volt Alternating Current, 60 ft. of Nichrome Wire, No. 17 B. & S.
Gage will give the required temperature. The temperature must be
controlled by an external resistance. {Technical Paper No. j6, Bureau
of Mines, p. 21.)
560 Methods for Analysis of Coal.

The pejmissible differences in duplicate determinations are

as follows:
Same Analyst, Different Analysts,
per cent. per cent.
Bituminous coals 0.5 1.0
Lignites 1.0 2.0

Notes.
The cover should fit closely enough so that the carbon deposit from
bituminous and lignite coals does not bum away from the under side.
Regulation of temperature to within the prescribed limits is important.

DETERMINATION OF FIXED CARBON.

Compute fixed carbon as follows:

100 — (moisture + ash + volatile matter) = percentage of fixed carbon.

DETERMINATION OF SULFUR BY THE ESCHKA METHOD.

Apparatus.
Gas or Electric Muffle Furnace, or Burners. — For igniting coal
with the Eschka mixture and for igniting the barium sulfate.
Porcelain, Silica, or Platinum Crucibles or Capsules. — For
igniting coal with the Eschka mixture.
No. 1 Royal Meissen porcelain capsule, 1 in. deep and 2 in.
in diameter. This capsule, because of its shallow form, presents
more surface for oxidation and is more convenient to handle
than the ordinary form of crucible.
No. 1 Royal Berlin porcelain crucibles, shallow form, and
platinum crucibles of similar size may be used. Somewhat more
time is required to burn out the coal, owing to the deeper form,
than with the shallow capsules described above.
No. 0 or 00 porcelain crucibles, or platinum, alundum or
silica crucibles of similar size are to be used for igniting the
barium sulfate.
 Serial Designation: D 22-16. 561

Solutions and Reagents.

Barium Chloride. — Dissolve 100 g. of barium chloride in

1000 cc. of distilled water.
Saturated Bromine Water. — ^Add an excess of bromine to
1000 cc. of distilled water.
Eschka Mixture. — Thoroughly mix 2 parts (by weight) of
light calcined magnesium oxide and 1 part of anhydrous sodium
carbonate. Both materials should be as free as possible from
sulfur.
Methyl Orange. — ^Dissolve 0.02 g. in 100 cc. of hot distilled
water and filter.
Hydrochloric Acid. — Mix 500 cc. of hydrochloric acid,
sp. gr. 1.20, and 500 cc. of distilled water.
Normal Hydrochloric Acid. — Dilute 80 cc. of hydrochloric
add, sp. gr. 1.20, to 1 liter with distilled water.
Sodium Carbonate. — ^A saturated solution, approximately
60 g. of crystallized or 22 g. of anhydrous sodium carbonate
in 100 cc. of distilled water.
Sodium-Hydroxide Solution. — Dissolve 100 g. in 1 liter of
distilled water. This solution may be used in place of the
sodium-carbonate solution.

Method.

Preparation of Sample and Mixture. — Thoroughly mix on

glazed paper 1 g. of coal and 3 g. of Eschka mixture. Transfer
to a No. 1 Royal Meissen porcelain capsule, 1 in. deep and 2 in.
in diameter, or a No. 1 Royal Berlin crucible or a platinum cru-
cible ofsimilar size, and cover with about 1 g. of Eschka mixture.
Ignition. — On account of the amount of sulfur contained
in artificial gas, the crucible shall be heated over an alcohol,
gasoline or natural gas flame as in procedure {a) below, or in
a gas or electrically heated muffle, as in procedure {h) below.
The use of artificial gas for heating the coal and Eschka mixture
is permissible only when the crucibles are heated in a muffle.
(a) Heat the crucible, placed in a slanting position on a
triangle, over a very low flame to avoid rapid expulsion of the
volatile matter, which tends to prevent complete absorption of
the products of combustion of the sulfur. Heat the crucible
562 Methods for Analysis of Coal.

slowly for 30 minutes, gradually increasing the temperature and

stirring after all black particles have disappeared, which is an
indication of the completeness of the procedure.
(6) Place the crucible in a cold muffle and gradually
raise the temperature to 870-925° C. (cherry-red heat) m about
1 hour. Maintain the maximum temperature for about 1^ hours
and then allow the crucible to cool in the muffle.
Subsequent Treatment. — Remove and empty the contents
into a 200-cc. beaker and digest with 100 cc. of hot water for
I to f hour, with occasional stirring. Filter and wash the
insoluble matter by decantation. After several washings in
this manner, transfer the insoluble matter to the fflter and wash
5 times, keeping the mixture well agitated. Treat the ffltrate,
amounting to about 250 cc, with 10 to 20 cc. of saturated bro-
mine water, make slightly acid with hydrochloric acid and boil
to expel the liberated bromine. Make just neutral to methyl
orange with sodium-hydroxide or sodium-carbonate solution,
then add 1 cc. of normal HCl. Boil again and add slowly from
a pipette, with constant stirring, 10 cc. of a 10-per-cent solution
of barium chloride (BaCl2.2H20). Continue boiling for 15
minutes and allow to stand for at least 2 hours, or preferably
over night, at a temperature just below boiling. Filter through
an ashless filter paper and wash with hot distilled water until a
silver-nitrate solution shows no precipitate with a drop of the
filtrate. Place the wet filter containing the precipitate of
barium sulfate in a weighed platinum, porcelain, silica or
alundum crucible, allowing a free access of air by folding the
paper over the precipitate loosely to prevent spattering. Smoke
the paper off gradually and at no time allow it to burn with
flame. After the paper is practically consumed, raise the
temperature to approximately 925° C. and heat to constant
weight.
The residue of magnesia, etc., after leaching, should be
dissolved in hydrochloric acid and tested with great care for
sulfur. When an appreciable amount is found this should be
determined quantitatively. The amount of sulfur retained is
by no means a negHgible quantity.^
^Journal. Am. Chem. Soc, Vol. 21, p. 1125 (1899).
 Serial Designation: D 22-16. 563

Blanks and Corrections. — In all cases a correction must be

applied either (l) by running a blank exactly as described above,
using the same amount of all reagents that were employed in the
regular determination, or more surely (2) by determining a known
amount of sulfate added to a solution of the reagents after these
have been put through the prescribed series of operations. If
this latter procedure is adopted and carried out, say, once a week
or whenever a new supply of a reagent must be used, and for
a series of solutions covering the range of sulfur content likely
to be met with in coals, it is only necessary to add to or subtract
from the weight of barium sulfate obtained from a coal, whatever
deficiency or excess may have been found in the appropriate
"check" in order to obtain a result that is more certain to be
correct than if a ''blank" correction as determined by the former
procedure is applied. This is due to the fact that the solubiHty
error for barium sulfate, for the amounts of sulfur in question
and the conditions of precipitation prescribed, is probably the
largest one to be considered. Barium sulfate is soluble^ in acids
and even in pure water, and the solubility limit is reached almost
immediately on contact with the solvent. Hence, in the event
of using reagents of very superior quahty or of exercising more
than ordinary precautions, there may be no apparent "blank,"
because the solubility limit of the solution for barium sulfate
has not been reached or at any rate not exceeded.
As shown in the preliminary report,^ the Atkinson and
sodium-peroxide methods give results in close agreement with
the Eschka method. Register^ has shown that if 5 per cent of
nitrogen is present in the gases contained in the bomb calo-
rimeter the sulfur of a coal is almost completely oxidized to
sulfuric acid and the washings of the calorimeter may be used
for the determination of sulfur.
The permissible differences in duplicate determinations are
as follows:
S.iME Analyst, Different Analysts,
Per Cent. Per Cent,
Sulfur under 2 per cent 0.05 0.10
over 2 " 0.10 0.20

• Journal, Am. Chem. Soc, Vol. 32. p. 588 (1910); Vol. 33, p. 829 (1911).
' Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol. 5, p. 5 (1913),
>/6«rf.. Vol. 6. p. 812 (1914).
564 Methods for Analysis of Coal.

DETERMINATION OF PHOSPHORUS IN ASH.

Method No. 1. To Cover All Cases. — To the ash from 5 g.

of coal in a platinum capsule is added 10 cc. of nitric acid and
3 to 5 cc. of hydrofluoric acid. The liquid is evaporated and
the residue fused with 3 g. of sodium carbonate. If unburned
carbon is present 0.2 g. of sodium nitrate is mixed with the
carbonate. The melt is leached with water and the solution
filtered. The residue is ignited, fused with sodium carbonate
alone, the melt leached and the solution filtered. The combined
filtrates, held in a flask, are just acidified with nitric acid and
concentrated to a volume of 100 cc. To the solution, brought
to a temperature of SS*' C, is added 50 cc. of molybdate solution
and the flask is shaken for 10 minutes. If the precipitate does
not form promptly and subside rapidly, add enough ammonium
nitrate to cause it to do so. The precipitate is washed six times,
or until free from acid, with a 2-per-cent solution of potassium
nitrate, then returned to the flask and titrated with standard
sodium hydroxide solution. The alkali solution may well be
made equal to 0.00025 g. phosphorus per cubic centimeter, or
0.005 per cent for a 5-g. sample of coal, and is 0.995 of one-fifth
normal.^ Or the phosphorus in the precipitate is determined by
reduction and titration of the molybdenum with permanganate.
Note on Method No. 1. — The advantage of the use of hydrofluoric add
in the initial attack of the ash lies in the resulting removal of silica. Fusion
with alkali carbonate is necessary for the elimination of titanium, which if
present and not removed wiU contaminate the phospho-molybdate and is
said to sometimes retard its precipitation.
Method No. 2. — When titanium is so low as to offer no
objection, the ash is decomposed as under method No. 1, but
evaporation is carried only to a volume of about 5 cc. The
solution is diluted with water to 30 cc, boiled and filtered. If
the washings are turbid they are passed again through the
filter. The residue is ignited in a platinum crucible, fused with
a little sodium carbonate, the melt dissolved in nitric acid and
its solutionj'^if clear, added to the main one. If not clear it
is filtered. The subsequent procedure is as under method
1 ninuuin and Buch, Chemical Enginter, Vol. 10, p. 130 (1909).
 Serial Designation: D 22 - 16. 565

No. 1. The fusion of the residue may be dispensed with in

routine work on a given coal if it is certain that it is free from
phosphorus.

ULTIMATE ANALYSIS.

Carbon and Hydrogen.

The determination of carbon and of hydrogen is made with

a weighed quantity of sample in a 25-burner combustion furnace
of the Glaser type. The products of combustion are thoroughly
oxidized by being passed over red-hot copper oxide and lead
chromate, and are fixed by absorbing the water in a weighed
Marchand tube filled with granular calcium chloride (CaCl2)
and by absorbing the carbon dioxide in a Liebig bulb containing
a 30-per-cent solution of potassium hydroxide (KOH).
The apparatus used consists of a purifying train, in duplicate,
a combustion tube in the furnace, and an absorption train.
The purifying train consists of the following purifying reagents
arranged in order of passage of air and oxygen through them:
sulfuric acid, potassium-hydroxide solution, soda lime, and
granular calcium chloride. One of the trains is for air and one
for oxygen. In the sulfuric-acid and potassium-hydroxide
scrubbing bottles the air and the oxygen are made to bubble
through about 5 mm. of the purifying reagent. Both purifying
trains are connected to the combustion tube by a Y-tube, the
joint being made tight by a rubber stopper.
The combustion tube is made of hard Jena glass. Its
external diameter is about 21 mm., and its total length is 1
meter. The first 30 cm. of the tube are empty; following this
empty space is an asbestos plug (acid-washed and ignited) or in
its place a roll of oxidized copper gauze may be used; the next
40 cm. are filled with "wire" copper oxide; a second asbestos
plug separates the copper oxide from 10 cm. of fused lead chro-
mate, which is held in place by another asbestos plug 20 cm.
S66 Methods for Analysis of Coal.

from the end of the tube. The end of the tube is drawn out
for rubber-tubing connection with the absorption train.
The absorption train consists, first, of a Marchand tube
filled with granular calcium chloride (CaCl2) to absorb moisture.
The CaCU should be saturated with CO2 before using. The
Marchand tube is followed by a Liebig bulb containing a 30-
per-cent potassium-hydroxide (KOH) solution, in which any
possible impurities, as ferrous iron or nitrites, have been oxidized
by a Uttle potassium permanganate (KMn04). A guard tube,
containing granular calcium chloride and soda lime, is attached
to the Liebig bulb to absorb any carbon dioxide escaping the
potassium-hydroxide solution and any water evaporating from
that solution.
The train is connected to an aspirator which draws the prod-
ucts of combustion through the entire train. A guard tube of
calcium chloride prevents moisture from running back into the
absorption train. The suction is maintained constant by a
Mariotte flask. The advantage of aspirating the gases through
the train rather than forcing them through by pressure is that
the pressure on the rubber connections is from the outside, so
that gas-tight connections are more easily maintained than if the
pressure is on the inside of the tube. The connections are made
as tight as possible. The usual test for tightness is to start
aspiration at the rate of about three bubbles of air per second
through the potash bulb, and then to close the inlet for air and
oxygen at the opposite end of the train; if there is no more than
one bubble per minute in the potash bulb, the apparatus is
considered tight.
Before starting a determination when the train has been idle
some hours, or after any changes in chemicals or connections,
a blank is run by aspirating about 1 liter of air through the train,
which is heated in the same manner as if a determination on coal
were being made. If the Liebig bulb and the tube containing
calcium chloride show a change in weight of less than 0.5 mg.
each, the apparatus is in proper condition for use.
A porcelain or platinum boat is provided with a glass weigh-
ing tube of suitable size, which is fitted with an accurately ground
glass stopper. The tube and empty boat are weighed. Approxi-
mately 0.2 g. of the air-dry coal (60-mesh and finer, or better,
 Serial Designation: D 22-16. 567

100-mesh if much free impurity is present) are quickly placed in

the boat. The boat is at once placed in the weighing tube,
which is quickly stoppered to prevent moisture change in the
coal while weighing, and transferring to the furnace. The
absorption tubes are connected and the boat and sample are
transferred from the weighing tube to the combustion tube,
which should be cool for the first 30 cm. The copper oxide
should be red hot and the lead chromate at a dull-red heat.
The transfer of the boat from weighing tube to combustion tube
should be made as rapidly as possible. As soon as the boat is
in place near the (asbestos plug at the beginning of the copper
oxide) the stopper connecting with the purif}ing train is inserted
and the aspiration started with pure oxygen gas at the rate of
three bubbles per second. One burner is turned on about 10
cm. back from the boat, and the aspiration is continued carefully
until practically all the moisture is expelled from the sample.
The heat is then increased very gradually until all the volatile
matter has been driven off. In dri\'ing off the volatile matter
the heat must be appHed gradually in order to prevent a too
rapid evolution of gas and tar, which may either escape complete
combustion or may be driven back into the purif}'ing train.
The heat should be slowly increased by turning on more burners
under the open part, of the tube until the sample is ignited;
then the temperature can be increased rapidly, but care should
be taken not to melt the combustion tube. Any moisture collect-
ing in the end of the combustion tube or in the rubber connection
joining it to the calcium-chloride tube is driven over into the
calcium-chloride tube by carefully warming with a piece of hot
tile. The aspiration with oxygen is continued for 2 minutes
after the sample ceases to glow, the heat is then turned off and
about 1200 cc. of air are aspirated. The absorption bulbs are
then disconnected, wiped with a clean cloth, and allowed to cool
to the balance-room temperature before weighing.

, , , 11.19Xincrease in weight of CaCU tube

Percentage of hydrogen = Weight of sample

27.27 X increase in weight of KOH bulb

Percentage of carbon =
Weight of sample,
568 Methods for Analysis of Coal.

The ash in the boat is weighed and carefully inspected for

any unburned carbon, which would destroy the value of the
determination.
Method with Electrically Heated Combustion Furnace. — An
electrically heated combustion furnace of the Heraeus t}^e is
used by the Bureau of Mines. ^
It consists of three independent heaters, two of which are
provided with sheave wheels, and are mounted on a track so
that they are movable along the tube; the third heater which
surrounds the lead chromate, is stationary.
The furnace as provided by the manufacturer does not
include the small stationary heater. This can be made in the
laboratory by winding an alundum tube 12 cm. in length with
No. 20 nichrome II wire and enclosing it in a cy Under packed
with magnesia-asbestos. The movable heaters have very thin
platinum foil, weighing about 9 g. in all, wound on a porcelain
tube of 30 mm. internal diameter. The larger one which heats
the copper oxide, is 350 mm. in length, and the smaller one,
which heats the sample in the boat, is 200 mm. in length. The
Jena glass or fused silica combustion tube, of about 21 mm.
external diameter and 900 mm. in length, is supported by an
asbestos-lined nickel trough. The current through each heater
is regulated independently by separate rheostats, mounted on
the frame of the furnace. The two platinum-wound heaters
require an average current of about 4.5 amperes at a pressure
of 220 volts, although for heating rapidly a larger amperage is
necessary.
The oxygen or air entering the combustion tube is purified
by passing through a Tauber's drying apparatus, which con-
tains the following reagents arranged in order of the passage
of air or oxygen through them: sulfuric acid, for removing
possible traces of anunonia, 30-per-cent potassium-hydroxide
(KOH) solution, granular soda Ume, and granular calcium
chloride. One side of the train is connected directly to a Linde
ox}'gen tank, which is pro^dded with a reducing valve for regulat-
ing the oxygen pressure; the other side of the train is used for
purifying the air supply.
» Technical Paper No. 8, Bureau of Mines, revised edition 1913, p. 22.
 Serial Designation: D 22-16. 569

The absorption train consists of a 5 -in. U-tube, filled with

granular calcium chloride (CaCl2) to absorb moisture. Before
using, the calcium chloride should be saturated with carbon
dioxide to avoid possible absorption of carbon dioxide during a
determination by any traces of calcium oxide that may be pres-
ent. This saturating is done most conveniently by placing
a quantity of calcium chloride in a large drying jar, and filling
the jar with carbon dioxide. After standing over night, dry air
is drawn through the jar to remove the carbon dioxide. The
treated calcium chloride is kept in well-stoppered bottles.
The calcium-chloride tube is connected to a Vanier potash
bulb containing a 30-per-cent potassium-hydroxide solution
and granular calcium chloride. Six to eight determinations can
be made without recharging this bulb. The potash bulb is
connected to an aspirator through a guard tube containing
granular calcium chloride and soda Hme, and a Mariotte flask.
The Mariotte flask keeps the pressure constant.
In general, the method of determination is the same as the
one used with the gas furnace. By moving the heaters toward
the end of the tube where the gases enter, and cutting in the
electric current, the air can be warmed enough to thoroughly
dry the tube and its contents. The current is then cut off from
the small heater, and the large heater is moved over the copper
oxide; about 250 mm. of that part of the combustion tube
between the two heaters where the boat containing the sample
is to be placed is kept exposed. The full current is then turned
on the large heater to bring the copper oxide to a red heat.
WTien this temperature is reached it is necessary to reduce
the current with the rheostat to avoid melting the tube. In
the meantime the absorption train is weighed and connected,
and the boat containing the sample is placed in the exposed
and cooler part of the tube between the two heaters.
The current is then passed through the shorter heater.
By manipulating the rheostat and by gradually pushing this
heater toward the boat, the rate of evaporation of moisture and
evolution of volatile matter can be readily controlled. -
After combustion is complete, the electric current is turned
off^the smaller heater and this heater moved back to allow the
tube to cool for the next determination. The final aspiration
570 Methods for Analysis of Coal.

of air and the weighing of the absorption train is conducted as

described under the gas-furnace method.

Note.
In place of granulated CaCU, concentrated sulfuric acid may be used for
collecting the water formed by combustion. In such cases the air and oxygen
entering the combustion tube and the gas leaving the potash bulb must also
be dried by sulfuric acid.
Other suitable forms of absorption vessels than those indicated in the
above procedure may be used.

Nitrogen.

The Kjeldahl- Gunning method is recommended for the

determination of nitrogen. This method has the advantage
over either the simple Kjeldahl or the Gunning method, in
requiring less time for the complete oxidation of the organic
matter, and in giving the most uniform results.
The Kjeldahl-Gunning Method.— One gram of the coal
sample is boiled with 30 cc. of concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4),
7 to 10 g. of potassium sulfate (K2SO4), and 0.6 to 0.8 g. of metallic
mercury in a 500-cc. Kjeldahl flask until all particles of coal are
oxidized and the solution nearly colorless. The boiling should
be continued at least 2 hours after the solution has reached the
straw-colored stage. The total time of digestion will be from
3 to 4 hours. The addition of a few crystals of potassium per-
manganate (Kj\In04), after the solution has cooled enough to
avoid violent reaction, tends to insure complete oxidation.
After cooling, the solution is diluted to about 200 cc. with
cold water. If the dilution with water has warmed the solution,
it should be again cooled and the following reagents added;
25 cc. potassium-sulfide (K2S) solution (40 g. K2S per Hter) to
precipitate the mercury; 1 to 2 g. of granular zinc to prevent
bumping; and finally enough strong sodium-hydroxide (NaOH)
solution (usually 80 to 100 cc.) to make the solution distinctly
alkaUne. The danger of loss of ammonia may be minimized by
holding the flask in an inclined position while the sodium-
hydroxide solution is being added. The alkaline solution runs
down the side of the flask and forms a layer below the lighter
acid solution. After adding the alkaline solution, the flask is
 Serial Designation: D 22-16. 571

at once connected to the condensing apparatus and the solution

mixed by gently shaking the flask.
The ammonia (XH3) is distilled over into a measured amount
(10 cc.) of standard sulfuric-acid solution, to which has been
added sufficient cochineal indicator for titration. Care should
be taken that the glass connecting tube on the end of the con-
denser dips under the surface of the standard acid. The solution
is slowly distilled until 150 to 200 cc. of distillate has passed over.
To avoid mechanically entrained alkaH passing over into the
condenser, the rate of distillation should not exceed 100 cc. per
hour. The distillate is titrated with standard ammonia solution
(20 cc. NH4OH solution = 10 CC.H2SO4 solution = 0.05 g. nitrogen).
Standard NaOH or KOH solution with methyl orange or methyl
red as indicator may be used instead of ammonia and cochineal.
A blank determination should be made in exactly the same
manner as described above, except that 1 g. of pure sucrose
(cane sugar) is substituted in place of the coal sample. The
nitrogen found in this blank determination is deducted from
the result obtained with the coal sample.
The potassium sulfide and sodium hydroxide may be dis-
solved in a single stock solution. Sufficient potassium suffide
is dissolved in the water before adding the sodium hydroxide,
to make a solution in which the quantity necessary for a nitrogen
determination (80 to 100 cc.) contains 1 g. of potassium sulfide.
Twelve grams of potassium sulfide and 500 g. of sodium hydrox-
ide in one Uter of water, are required for the above proportions.
Coke and anthracite should be ground to an impalpable
powder, as they are very difficult to oxidize. Even if this is
done the digestion may require 12 to 16 hours.
Oxygen.
There being no satisfactory direct method of determining
oxygen, it is computed by subtracting the sum of the percentages
of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, water and ash from 100.
The result so obtained is affected by all the errors incurred in the
other determinations and especially by the change in weight of
the ash-forming constituents on ignition; iron pyrite changes
to ferric oxide, increasing the ash and causing a negative error
in the oxygen equivalent to three-eighths of the pyritic sulfur.
572 Methods for Analysis of Coal.

On the other hand, there is always a loss on ignition, of water of

composition from the clayey and shaley constituents, carbon
dioxide from carbonates, etc., which tends to compensate the
absorption of oxygen.
Corrected Oxygen. — When a more correct oxygen value is
desired, it may be obtained by making the corrections indicated
in the following formula:

Corrected oxygen = 100 -[ {C-C') + {:H-H')-\-N+HiO+S' +

corrected ash],
in which
C = total carbon,
C' = carbon of carbonates,
fl' = total hydrogen less hydrogen of water,
ff'=hydrogen from water of composition in clay, shale, etc.,
N = nitrogen,
iffaO = moisture as found at 105° C,
5" = sulfur not present as pyrite or sulfate. This is usually
small. In many types of coal it may be disregarded.
Corrected ash = mineral constituents originally present in the
coal. For most purposes this can be determined with
sufi&cient accuracy by adding to the ash, as found, five-
eighths of the weight of pyritic sulfur, the CO2 of car-
bonates and the water of composition of clay, shale, etc.
See also ash determination.

CALORIMETRIC DETERMINATION.

Apparatus.

Combustion Bombs. — The Atwater, Davis, Emerson, Mahler,

Parr, Peters, Williams, or similar bombs may be used. The
bomb shall have an inner surface of platinum, gold, porcelain
enamel, or other material which is not attacked by nitric and
sulfuric acids, or other products of combustion.
Calorimeter Jacket. — The calorimeter must be provided
with a water-jacket having a cover to protect the calorimeter
 Serial Designation: D 22-16. 573

from air currents. The jacket must be kept filled with water
within 2 or 3° C. of the temperature of the room (except in calo-
rimeters which are totally submerged, where the jacket tempera-
ture is controlled by a thermostat) and should be stirred con-
tinuously bysome mechanical stirring device.
Stirring of the Calorimeter Water. — The water in the calo-
rimeter must be stirred sufiiciently well to give consistent ther-
mometer readings while the temperature is rising rapidly. The
speed of stirring should be kept constant. A motor-driven
screw or turbine stirrer is recommended and the speed should
not be excessive. This may be determined by adjusting the
temperature of the calorimeter to equahty with that of the jacket
and allowing the stirrer to run continuously for ten minutes.
If the temperature of the calorimeter rises more than about
0°.01 C. in this length of time, the rate of stirring is excessive.
Accurate results cannot be obtained when too much energy is
supplied by the stirring device or when the rate of stirring is
irregular. The portion of the stirring device immersed in the
calorimeter should be separated from that outside by non-
conducting material, such as hard rubber, to prevent conduction
of heat from the motor or outside air.
Thermometers. — Thermometers used shall have been certified
by a government testing bureau and shall be used with the
corrections given on the certificate. This shall also apply to
electrical resistance or thermo-electric thermometers. Correc-
tion shall also be made for the temperature of the emergent stem
of all mercurial thermometers, and for the "setting " of Beckmann
thermometers. For accurate work, either Beckmann or special
calorimetric thermometers . graduated to 0.01 or 0°.02 C. are
required. Such thermometers should be tapped lightly just
before each reading to avoid errors caused by the sticking of
the mercury meniscus, particularly when the temperature is
falling. A convenient method is to mount a small electric
buzzer directly on the top of the thermometer and connect it
up with a dry cell and a push button. The button should be
pressed for a few seconds immediately before each reading.
Oxygen. — The oxygen used for combustions shall be free
from combustible material. The bomb when filled should con-
tain at least 5 per cent of nitrogen to insure complete oxidation
574 Methods for Analysis of Coal.

of the sulfur.^ The total amount of oxygen contained in the

bomb for a combustion shall not be less than 5 g. per gram of
coal. But the combustion must be complete, as shown by the
absence of any sooty deposit on opening the bomb after firing.
Firing Wire. — The coal in the bomb may be ignited by
means of either iron or platinum wire. If iron wire is used, it
should be of about No. 34 B. & S. gage and not more than 10
cm. (preferably 5 cm.) should be used at a time. A correction
of 1600 calories per gram weight of iron wire burned is to be
subtracted from the observed number of calories.
Standardization. — The water equivalent of a calorimeter
can best be determined by the use of the standard combustion
samples supplied by the Bureau of Standards. The required
water equivalent is equal to the weight of the sample multiplied
by its heat of combustion per gram and divided by the corrected
rise in temperature.
The calorimeter shall be standardized by the combustion
of standard samples supplied by the Bureau of Standards, and
used according to the directions given in the certificates which
accompany them. A standardization shall consist of a series of
not less than five combustions of either the same or different
standard materials. The conditions as to the amount of water,
ox>'gen, firing wire, method of correcting for radiation, etc.,
under which these combustions are made shall be the same as
for coal combustions. In the case of any disagreement between
contracting parties a check standardization may consist of two
or more combustions of standardizing samples.

Manipulation.

1. Preparation of Sample. — The ground sample is to be

thoroughly mixed in the bottle and an amount, approximately
1 g., is to be taken out and weighed in the crucible in which it is
to be burned. Coals which are likely to be blown out of the
crucible should be briquetted. After weighing, the sample
should preferably be immediately placed in the bomb and this
closed. This procedure is necessary to avoid sublimation in the
use of naphthalene for standardization.
> Roister, Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol. 16, p. 812 (1914).
 Serial Designation: D 22-16. 575

2. Preparation of the Bomb. — The firing wire, if iron, should

be measured and coiled in a small spiral and connected between
the platinum terminals, using, if necessary, a piece of platinum
wire somewhat heavier than the iron wire, to make the con-
nection. The platinum and the iron must both be clean. About
0.5 cc. of water should be placed in the bottom of the bomb to
saturate with moisture the oxygen used for combustion. When
the crucible is put in place in the bomb, the firing wire should
touch the coal or briquette of standard material. For the
combustion of standardizing samples iron wire is preferable to
platinum.
3. Filling the Bomb with Oxygen. — Oxygen from the supply
tank is to be admitted slowly to avoid blowing the coal from the
crucible, and the pressure allowed to reach 20 atmospheres for
the larger bombs or about 30 atmospheres for the smaller bombs,
so that the bomb shall contain an amount of oxygen sufficient
for complete combustion, namely, at least 5 g. per gram of coal,
or other combustible. This method of filling will insure 4 per
cent of nitrogen in the larger bombs, irrespective of the nitrogen
contained in the oxygen.
4. Calorimeter Water. — The calorimeter is to be filled with
the required amount of distilled water, depending upon the type
of calorimeter. The amount may be determined either by
measurement in a standardized flask or by weighing. The
amount must be kept the same as that used in standardization
of the apparatus.
5. Temperature Adjustments. — The initial temperature in the
calorimeter should be so adjusted that the final temperature,
after the combustion, will not be more than 1° C, preferably
about 0°.5 C, above that of the jacket, under wliich conditions
the total correction for heat gained from or lost to the surround-
ings will be small when the rise of temperature is 2 or 3° C. and
the effect of evaporation will also be small.
6. Firing Current. — ^The electric current used for firing the
charge should be obtained from storage or dry cells having an
electro-motive force of not more than 12 volts, since a higher
voltage is liable to cause an arc between the firing terminals,
introducing additional heat, which cannot be measured with
certainty. The circuit should be closed by means of a switch
576 Methods for Analysis of Coal.

which should remain closed for not more than 2 seconds. When
possible, it is recommended that an ammeter be used in the
firing circuit to indicate when the firing wire has burned out.
7. Method of Making an Observation. — The bomb when ready
for firing, is to be placed in the calorimeter, the firing wires
connected, the cover put in place and the stirrer and thermometer
so placed as not to be in contact with the bomb or container.
The stirrer is then started and after the thermometer reading
has become steady, not less than 2 minutes after the stirrer is
started, temperatures are read at 1 -minute intervals for 5 minutes
and the charge is then fired, the exact time of firing being noted.
Observations of temperature are then made at intervals depend-
ing upon the method to be used for computing the cooling cor-
rection. When the temperature has reached its maximum and
is falling uniformly, a series of thermometer readings is taken at
1 -minute intervals for 5 minutes to determine the final cooling
rate.
8. Titration. — ^After a combustion the bomb is to be opened,
after allowing the gas to escape, and the inside examined for
traces of unburned material or soot}^ deposit. If these are
found, the observations shall be discarded. If the combustion
appears complete, the bomb is to be rinsed out thoroughly and
the washings titrated with a standard alkali solution (l cc. =
0.02173 g. HN03 = 5 calories) using methyl-orange or methyl-
red indicator, to determine the amount of acid formed. A
correction of 230 calories per gram of nitric acid should be sub-
tracted from the total heat observed. An additional correction
of 1300 calories per gram of sulfur in the coal should be made
for the excess of difference in heats of formation of SO2 and
aqueous H2SO4 over the heat of formation of aqueous HNO3.
Computation of Results.
The following method of computation is recommended to
take the place of the Pfaundler or other similar formulas for
computing the cooling correction (radiation correction).
Observe (l) the rate of rise (ri) of the calorimeter tem-
perature in degrees per minute for 5 minutes before firing;
(2) the time {a) at which the last temperature reading is made
immediately before firing; (3) the time {b) when the rise of
 Serial Designation: D 22 - 16. 577

temperature has reached six-tenths of its total amount (this

point can generally be determined by adding to the temperature
observed before firing, 60 per cent of the expected^ temperature
rise, and noting the time when this point is reached); (4) the
time (c) of a thermometer reading taken when the temperature
change has become uniform some 5 minutes after firing; (5) the
final rate of cooling (^2) in degrees per minute for 5 minutes.
The rate ri is to be multipUed by the time b — a in minutes
and tenths of a minute, and this product added (subtracted if
the temperature was falling at the time a) to the thermometer
reading taken at the time a. The rate ro is to be multipHed by
the time c — b and this product added (subtracted if the tempera-
ture was rising at the time c and later) to the thermometer read-
ing taken at the time c. The difference of the two thermometer
readings thus corrected, provided the corrections from the
certificate have already been applied, gives the total rise of
temperature due to the combustion. This multiplied by the
water equivalent of the calorimeter gives the total amount of
heat Hberated. This result, corrected for the heats of formation
of HNO3 and H2SO4 observed and for the heat of combustion of
the firing wire, when that is included, is to be divided by the
weight of the charge to find the heat of combustion in calories
per gram. Calories per gram multipHed by 1.8 give the British
thermal units per pound. (See example.)
The permissible differences in duphcate determinations are
as follows:
Per Cent.
Same analyst 0.3
Different analysts 0.5

In practice, the time b — a will be found so nearly constant for a given

calorimeter with the usual amounts of fuel that b need be determined only
occasionally.
' When the temperature rise is not approximately known beforehand, it is only necessary
to take thermometer readings at 40, 50, 60 seconds (and possibly 70 seconds with some calori-
meters) after firing, and from these observations to find when the temperature rise had reached
60 per cent of the total. Thus, if the temperature at firing was 2°. 135, at 40 seconds 3°.05, at
50 seconds 3°.92, at 60 seconds 4°. 16, and the final temperature was 4''.200, the total rise was
2°.07; 60 per cent of it was 1''.24. The temperature to be observed was then 2.°14+1°.24 =
3 ".38. Referring to the observations at 40 and 50 seconds, the temperatures were respectively
3.05 and 3''.92. The time corresponding to the temperature of 3"'.38 was therefore
3.38-3.05
40 -I X 10 = 44 seconds.
3.92 — 305
578 Methods for Analysis of Coal.

The results should be reduced to calories per gram or British thermal

units per pound of dry coal, the moisture being determined upon a sample
taken from the bottle at about the same time as the combustion sample is
taken.

Example.
Observations.

Water equivalent = 2550 g.

Weight of charge = 1.0535 g.
Approximate rise of temperature expected = 3°. 2
60 per cent of approximate rise = 1 °.9
Time. Thermometer Readings. Corrected Temperature
(or corrected Beckmann thermometer readings).
10-21 . 244 Thermometer corrections taken from the certificate.
22 .250
23 .255
24 .261
25 .266
5°
(a) 26 .272 1 15°. 276
Charge fired
(6)27.2
31
.500 18°. 497
32 .498
33 .497.2d
34 .498
35 .49417°
36
.49318°

Computation.

ri=0°. 028-5-5=0°. 0056 per minute. h-a = \.2 minutes.

The corrected initial temperature is
15°.2764-0°.0056X1.2 = 15°.283
r2 = 0°. 007 -^5=0°. 0014 per minute; c-6 = 3.8 minutes
The corrected final temperature is
18°. 497-1-0. 0014X3. 8 =18°. 502 *
Total rise 18°. 502- 15°. 283 = 3°. 219
Total calories 2550X3. 2 19 = 8209
Titration, etc — 7

Calories from 1.0535 g. coal 8202

Calories per gram 7785
or British thermal units per potmd 14013

'The initial temperature is 15°.27; 60 per cent of the expected rise is 1''.9. The reading
to observe is then 17 '.2.
 Serial Designation: D 22-16. 579

The results obtained by the above method of computation and determina-

tion is the total heat of combustion at constant volume, with the water in
the products of combustion condensed to liquid at the temperature of the
calorimeter, that is, about 20 to 35° C.
Net heat of combustion at 20°, shall refer to results corrected for latent
heat of vaporization, as follows:
Total heat of combustion in B. t. u. — 1040 (hydrogen X9)=net heat of
combustion in B. t. u. per pound.
Also
Total heat of combustion in calories— 580 (hydrogen X 9) "net heat of
combustion in calories per gram.

Notes.
For anthracite, coke and coal of high ash content, which do not readily
bum completely, the following procedure is recommended:
The inside of the crucible is lined completely with ignited asbestos in a
thin layer pressed well down into the angles. The coal is then sprinkled
evenly over the surface of the asbestos. Otherwise the procedure is as pre-
viously described.
The method of computing the "cooling correction" described in Technical
Paper No. 8, Bureau of Mines, pages 28 to 32, may also be used.
 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association for Testing Materials.

STANDARD METHODS
FOR

TESTING OF COTTON RUBBER-LINED HOSE.

Serial Designation : D 15-15.

These methods are issued under the fixed designation D 15; the final
number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case of revision, the
year of last revision.
Adopted, 1915.

Methods for the Chemical Analysis of Rubber Lining.

I. SAMPLING.
Samples, 1. Samples shall be taken both as to number and location
at the discretion of the inspector.
Blanks. 2. Blank tests shall be run on all determinations and deduc-
tions made accordingly.
Checks. 3. In the event of any determination not falling within the
limits given in these methods of test, a dupHcate determination
which shall agree within the Limits specified shall be made and
the average value taken as the true value.
Preparation of 4. A sample of not less than 15 g., taking pieces from various
Sample.
parts of the rubber for analysis, shall be prepared. The backing
shall be buffed off before grinding.
Grinding. 5. The sample shall be cut into small pieces and run through
the grinder until all of it will pass a 20-mesh sieve. Care must
be taken that the grinder does not become appreciably warm.
(580)
 Serial Designation: D 15 ~ 15. 581

6. A strong magnet shall be passed through the sample to Removal of

remove any metal from the grinder, and the sample shall be sTmp^e. ^^^ °
mixed thoroughly and put in tightly stoppered bottles. It shall
not be exposed to sunlight or heat.

II. REAGENTS.
7. Acetone shall be distilled not more than 10 days before Acetone,
use over anhydrous potassium carbonate, using the fraction
which distills at 56 to 57° C.
8. AlcohoHc potash shall be of normal strength, made by Alcoholic Potash,
dissolving the required amount of potassium hydroxide in
absolute alcohol the day before use and allowing to settle. Only
the clear solution shall be used.
9. Barium-chloride solution shall be made by dissolving Barium-Chionde
100 g. of crystallized barium chloride in one liter of distilled s°'"*'o"-
water and adding two or three drops of concentrated hydro-
chloric acid. If there is any insoluble matter or cloudiness the
solution shall be heated on the steam bath over night and filtered.
All reagents shall be of a purity equal to that called for
in Krauch's "Standard Chemical Reagents; their Purity and
Test."
III. ANALYSES.
10. The extraction apparatus shall conform to that shown Acetone Extract,
in Fig. 1. It shall be heated so that the period of filUng an
empty syphon cup with acetone and completely emptying it will
be between 2^ and 3| minutes.
Two grams of the rubber shall be extracted continuously
with acetone for 8 hours, using a sample that has been prepared
within 24 hours. Distill off the acetone and dry the flask and
contents for 4 hours at 95 to 100° C. Desiccate until cool and
weigh. Continue to dry for 2-hour periods until constant weight is
obtained. In drying, place the flask on its side but at a sufficient
angle from the horizontal so that the extract does not appreciably
run down from the side of the flask.
11. Add to the flask containing the acetone extract 50 to Free Sulfur.
60 cc. of distilled water and 2 or 3 cc. of bromine (if the acetone
 582 Methods for Testing of Rubber-Lined Hose.

extract indicates a large amoimt of free sulfur the amount of

bromine should be increased). Heat gently on the steam bath
until the solution is practically colorless and filter into a 400-cc.
beaker. Dilute with distilled water until the volume is about
400 cc. Cover the beaker with a watch glass, heat to boiling
on the steam bath, add 10 cc. of 10-per-cent barium-chloride
solution and allow the precipitate to stand over night. The next
day filter off the precipitate, ignite the filter paper and weigh.

w—so ->|<--
8 mm . _
Outs. Digrn. Block-
///7 Tubing.

\ Nickel or
ldPi
Son-
o^ Ti -'
eded
eraf
"? Metal--

^ \"Hol~e-
►^^ C;S^ C:
Q
, ,,/ ,

Y_i.
K- -— 80 ^
(All dimensions In millimeters.)

Fig. 1. — Extraction Apparatus.

Alcoholic-Potash
Extract.
12. Dry the residue from the acetone extraction at 50 to
60° C, put into a 200-cc. Erlenmeyer flask with 50 cc. of the
alcohoUc KOH solution and boil for 4 hours under a reflux
condenser. Filter the solution into a beaker and wash twice,
using each time 25 cc. of hot absolute alcohol and then wash
thoroughly with hot water. Evaporate the solution to approxi-
mate dryness, take up in warm water and transfer to a separatory
funnel. Acidify with 15 cc. 5 normal HCl, using this to rinse the
 Serial Designation: D 15 - 15. 583

beaker. Add sufiQcient water to make the bulk of the solution

100 cc. When cool add 40 cc. of ether, using it to rinse the beaker
in 20-cc. portions. Shake the aqueous and ethereal solutions
thoroughly. After complete separation, draw off the aqueous
solution and treat in another separatory funnel, with a fresh
20-cc. portion of ether. Continue to shake the aqueous solution
with fresh portions of ether until a colorless portion has been
obtained, then shake out twice more. Unite the ethereal solu-
tions and wash with successive additions of water, continuing
twice after the water shows no acid reaction. Filter through a
plug of extracted cotton into a tared flask, wash the filter and
funnel with ether, evaporate the ether without boiling and dry
the residue to constant weight at 95 to 100° C. Cool in a
desiccator and weigh.
13. Mix a 0.5-g. sample with 4 g. of Na202 and 6 g. of Total Sulfur.
K2CO3 in a dry 15-cc. iron crucible. Cover and heat gradually
until the mixture fuses, proceeding cautiously, as rapid heating
will cause an explosion. Then bring to quiet fusion for' 15 to 20
minutes, applying heat so as to avoid contamination with
sulfur fumes. Rotate the crucible while the melt soHdifies.
When cool, put crucible and cover into a casserole containing
200 cc. of water; add 5 to 10 cc. of bromine water and boil until
the melt is dissolved. Allow the precipitate to settle, decant the
liquid through a thick filter and wash the residue with hot water.
Acidify the filtrate with HCl, evaporate to dryness and dehydrate
if siHca is present; add 2 cc. of concentrated HCl, take up in
water, filter and wash, making the total volume about 400 cc.
Heat to boiling and add slowly a slight excess of hot 10-per-cent
barium-chloride solution. Allow to stand over night, filter, wash,
ignite, weigh the BaS04 and calculate to sulfur.
14. Weigh out a 1-g. sample in a porcelain crucible, heat in a Ash.
muffle furnace, the temperature of which is carefully regulated so
that no material amount of visible products are given off. After
the mass is charred the temperature shall be raised sufficiently "
to burn the carbon. The whole process shall be conducted at as
low a temperature as possible. At the end of this operation the
crucible shall be removed from the furnace, cooled in a desiccator
and weighed ; the ash broken up and inspected for carbon. If any
visible carbon is present a new determination shall be conducted.
 584 Methods for Testing or Rubber-Lined Hose.
IV. CALCULATIONS.

Calculations. 15. The percentage of rubber shall be considered to be the

difference between 100 and the sum of the total sulfur and ash
expressed as percentages and figured on the total compound. If
the alcoholic-potash extract is over 2 per cent of the rubber as
first calculated, subtract this excess also from the rubber. The
organic-acetone extract shall be obtained by taking the difference
between the total acetone extract and the free sulfur. The
organic-acetone extract, free sulfur, total sulfur and alcoholic-
potash extract shall be figured on the amount of gum as found
by the above procedure.

V. CHECK ANALYSES.

Check Analysis. 16. Duplicate determinations when required shall check

within the following limits, expressed as percentages of the gum
present, as found by analysis, except as stated.
Check Within,
Per Cent.
Organic-acetone extract 0.10
Free suKur 0. 10
Total sulfur 0. 10
Alcoholic-potash extract 0.10
Ash calculated on total compound 0. 25

Methods for the Physical Testing of Rubber Lining

AND Cotton Fabric of Rubber-Lined Hose.

VI. SAMPLING OF RUBBER LINING.

SampUng. 17. Samples shall be taken both as regards to number (except

where limited by the specifications) and location at the discre-
tion of the inspector. All samples shall be cut transversely from
the hose.
Average. 18. Not Icss than three pieces from each sample shall be
tested and their results taken in calculating the average, unles§
 Serial Designation: D 15-15. 585

some individual result is apparently in error in which case a

retest shall be made.
19. Tests of rubber shall be made with the temperature of Temperature of
the air not lower than 65 or higher than 90° F., and the samples J^d^^ii s^mpTes
shall be kept at temperatures within these limits, for at least
one half hour previous to the time of test.

-IN

Inverted Plan . .Section C-D.

Fig. 2.— Die.

VII. PREPARATION OF TEST SPECIMENS OF RUBBER

LINING.

20. (a) Test specimens of rubber shall be stamped out with Preparation of
constructed in accordance with Fig. 2.
a die (b) "^^^^ Specimen^.
All specimens for these tests shall have the backing
entirely removed by means of a grinder shown in Fig. 3.
 586 Methods for Testing of Rubber-Lined Hose.

Test specimens which have become burnt in buffing shall be

discarded.
(c) If it is necessary to use naphtha to separate the rubber
from the fabric, the naphtha shall be what is technically known
as 76° Baume, free from oil. When naphtha has been used the
test specimen shall be allowed to remain at rest for not less

Fig. 3. — Grinder.

than one hour before testing. In all cases after buffing the
test specimen shall remain at rest not less than ten minutes
before testing.

VIII. PHYSICAL TESTS OF RUBBER LINING.

Friction Test. 21 . Test specimens shall be accurately cut transversely 1^ in.
wide and the full length of the circumference. They shall be
 Serial Designation: D 15-15. 587

cut through the walls so that they can be laid out flat the full
length of the piece. One-quarter inch of the rubber lining shall
be carefully and cleanly trimmed off on each side without injuring
the fabric, leaving a strip of rubber lining 1 in. wide undisturbed
on a strip of cover 1| in. wide. A separation between lining and
cover of this strip shall be started for about 1^ in. The free end
of fabric shall then be clamped in a fixed jaw so that the hose
will hang approximately vertical. The free end of rubber lining
'^^^»*r^TT

Test I. Hose Straight.

Te5t2. Hose Curved on Radius of 2^ feet.

Test 3. Hose Kinked,

Ends Tied Together.

Fig. 4. — ^Apparatus for Pressure Test.

shall be clamped to a movable jaw to which is suspended a speci-

fied weight, and the rate of separation noted.
22. Tensile strength tests shall be made on an apparatus, Tensile strength
the general designs of which conform to the ''Schopper" machine.
The grips for holding the test specimens shall be such that they
will tighten automatically, exerting a uniform pressure across
the full width of the piece proportionate to the applied tension.
The jaws shall separate at a rate of 20 in. per minute. The
thickness of the test specimens shall be accurately determined at
three points equidistant between the marks. A spring microme-
ter gage accurate to within 0.001 in. and having a circular foot
0.4 in. in diameter shall be used.
 ^88 Methods for 'Testing of Rubber-Lined Hose.
Elongation at 23. The elongation at the breaking point shall be determined
Breaking Point.
during the tension test as follows:
Previous to placing in the machine for the tension test,
mark with two parallel lines 2 in. apart. For this purpose use
a stamp having two marking edges placed 2 in. apart. On the
test specimen a rule graduated to at least ys ^^- shall be kept
opposite the two marks and the distance between the outside
edges of these marks noted at the instant of breaking.
Set.
24. The determination of set shall be carried out on a speci-
men which has not been stretched or used for any other test.
Mark two lines on the test sample 2 in. apart and at right
angles to the direction of pull. Place in the tension testing
machine, stretch to the amount specified by separating the jaws
at the rate of 20 in. per minute and hold in that position 10 min-
utes; immediately release and 10 minutes thereafter measure
the distance between the marks. If the sample breaks prior to
being released it shall be considered that it has failed in this test.
Defects. 25. If the break occurs outside the gage marks on the test
specimen during the tension test and the tensile strength or
stretch are below the requirements, the test shall be repeated.
The broken surfaces of test specimens shall be examined for
flaws or defects and if the results of the test confirm the observa-
tion of flaws the test shall be repeated.

IX. HYDRAULIC PRESSURE TEST.

Hydraulic 26. The determination of bursting or proof pressure shall
Pressure Test
of Hose. be made in the following manner:
The hose shall be stretched on a plane surface in a straight
line and connected to the water line or pump and filled with water,
leaving the air cock open to allow the air to escape. The air
cock shall then be closed and a pressure of 10 lb. per sq. in.
applied. The test shall then begin by taking original measure-
ments with the pressure at 10 lb. per sq. in. Pressures shall be
measured with a standardized gage.
The increase in pressure shall be made at the rate of 300 lb.
per minute. The hose while making the elongation and twist
measurements shall be held at the specified pressure for not
more than two minutes.
 Serial Designation: D 15-15. 589

In making the bursting test in the curved position the

apparatus shown in Fig. 4 shall be used.
The kinked test shall be made on 3-ft. samples with the
ends tied together, and the couplings touching with a sharp
kink in the middle of the hose; or if made on a 50-ft. sample
the hose shall be tied together at a point 18 in. from where the
kink occurs.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association for Testing Materials.

STANDARD DEFINITIONS

OF
TERMS RELATING TO PAINT SPECIFICATIONS.

Serial Designation: D 16-15.

These definitions are issued under the fixed designation D 16; the
final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case of revision,
the year of last revision.
Adopted, 1915.

Standard. — 'Materials, methods, qualities, properties, etc., set

forth by specification as a basis for the measurement of
requirements.
Equal To. — The use of this term should be avoided if possible.
The avoidance of this term is recommended wherever possible
because the specifications themselves should state the qualities, etc.,
desired. In specifications having the sanction of the American Society
for Testing Materials, it is to be assumed that this feature will be
developed to its fullest extent.
Pure. — Free from admixture of any foreign substance.
Commercially Pure. — The use of this term should be avoided if
possible.
The avoidance of this term is recommended wherever possible
because it involves the acceptance of standards likely to cause dis-
pute, whereas specifications having the sanction of the American Society
for Testing Materials should involve the establishment of their own
standards.
(590)
 Serial Designation: D 16-15. 591

Adulteration. — The partial substitution of one substance for

another without acknowledgment.
The addition of the words "without acknowledgment" makes this
definition clear. Substitution with acknowledgment involves no im-
proper motive. If it is done without acknowledgment an improper
motive may be assumed.
Adulterant. — A substance substituted partially for another
without acknowledgment.
Bulk. — The bulk of a pigmentis the total volume thereof plus voids.
In referring to the bulk of a substance, it is often convenient to
say: " Its bulk is (say) 10 g. to the cubic inch." In this case the word
bulk is synonomous with "apparent density" and involves a determina-
tion by a specific method.
Voids. — The spaces between the particles of a pigment.
Opacity. — The degree of obstruction to the transmission of
visible light.
In this sense "opacity" is a relative term, it being considered that
given a film sufficiently thin, in paint technology at least, there is no
absolutely opaque substance.
Covering Power. — The use of this term should be avoided if possible.
This term has been used so loosely that it might mean hiding power,
spreading power, or the simple property of producing a coat.
Hiding Power. — The power of a paint or paint material as used
to obscure a surface painted with it.
In this definition the word "obscure" means to render invisible or
to cover up a surface so that it cannot be seen.
Spreading Rate. — The rate at which a paint or paint material, as
used, is brushed out to a continuous uniform film expressed in
terms of the area to which a unit volume, as used, is appHed.
This term must not be confused with the much-abused term "spread-
ing power." The use of the term "spreading rate" is illustrated in the
following sentence: "The paint when spread on a planished iron sur-
face at the rate of 600 sq. ft. to the gallon will not sag or rvm when
placed in a vertical position at 70° F."
Fineness. — A term used to denote the extent of sub-division
and expressive of the number of particles of pigment in a
unit volume exclusive of voids.
According to this definition if pigment A has a specific gfavity of
6 and pigment B a specific gravity of 2, and if these two pigments
have equal fineness, in 6 g. of pigment A there would be the same
number of particles as in 2 g. of pigment B.
592 Definitions of Paint Terms.

Crystallin. — ^Having a definite structure referable to one of the

crystallographic systems.
According to definition a material is not crystallin if it has not a
crystallin form irrespective of the optical and other properties it may
possess.
Amorphous. — ^Without regular or definite form.
This definition as given here has a broader meaning than it possesses
when it is used in raineralogical writings. Protozoa, if of definite form,
are not amorphous and may not be crystallin.
Paint. — A mixture of pigment with vehicle, intended to be
spread in thin coats for decoration or protection, or both.
According to this definition a mixture of pigment and varnish is
a paint, and on the other hand a solution of stains in oil or varnish,
no pigment being present, is not a paint.
Pigment. — ^The fine solid particles used in the preparation of
paint, and substantially insoluble in the vehicle.
Asphaltic materials are not pigments except when they contain
substances substantially insoluble in the vehicle in which they are used.
Vehicle. — ^The liquid portion of a paint.
Here anything that is dissolved in the liquid portion of a paint is
a part of the vehicle.
Volatile Thinner. — ^All that hquid portion of a paint, water
excepted, which is volatile in a current of steam at atmos-
pheric pressure.
Non-Volatile Vehicle. — ^The liquid portion of a paint except-
ing its volatile thiimer and water.
Tinting Strength.— rThe power of coloring a given quantity of
paint or pigment selected as a medium standard for esti-
mating such power.
Color. — ^A generic term referring inclusively to all of the colors
of the spectrum, white and black, and all tints, shades and
hues which may be produced by their admixture.
Color involves a definite effect produced by the action of light
upon the retina of the eye dependent upon the optical composition of
the light. This term is also used in reference to material substances
such as pigments, stains, dyes, etc., but in specifications it should be
recognized that color is primarily a physiological sensation.
Tint. — ^A color produced by the admixture of a coloring material,
not white, with a white pigment or paint, the white pre-
dominating.
 Serial Designation: D 16-15. 593

Shade. — ^A term descriptive of that difference between colors

which results from a difference in luminosity only, the
other color constants being essentially equal. A darker
shade of a color is one that has a lower luminosity.
Primarily the term "shade" is akin to shadow designating darkness
or reduced illumination, and therefore when strictly used should express
only such change as depends on reduced luminosity; it has been defined
by several authorities as the mixture of black with a color, thus estab-
lishing its opposite character to "tint," but by extension of its relative
sense it has been frequently and widely used to include Ughter shades
by use of the adjective ' ' lighter " or " paler. ' ' Although such expressions
apparently involve a contradiction, it is clear that while we may have
a shade of color or darker color of the same sort, it is easy to conceive
of another shade not quite so dark and therefore lighter.
Hue. — ^The predominating spectral color in a color mixture.
Tone. — The color which principally modifies a hue or a white
or a black.
Drying. — The soKdification of a film.
Drier. — ^A material containing metallic compounds added to
paints and painting materials for the purpose of acceler-
ating drying.
Specific Gravity. — The ratio of the weight of a unit volume of
a substance to the weight of an equal volume of water at
defined temperatures.
Density. — The use of this term should be avoided if possible.
Density is a scientific term meaning the mass of a unit volume.
Its numerical expression will vary with the units selected, and there
is no occasion for using it when the term "specific gravity" is defined.
Confusion may be avoided by not using the word "density" in speci-
cations.

Gallon. — The measured gallon is 231 cu. in. Where a measured

gallon is called for, the temperature at which it is to be
measured should be specified. Where a gallon of definite
weight is called for, the weight should be specified or ob-
tained from the specific gravity of the material at a definite
temperature.
This is the standard United States gallon.
Water. — Dissolved water or water not definitely or chemically
combined.
Dry. — In paint materials: containing no uncombined water.
In paint films: completely solidified.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Assocla.tion for Testing Materials.

STANDARD DEFINITIONS
OF

TERMS RELATING TO MATERIALS FOR ROADS

AND PAVEMENTS.

Serial Designation: D 8-15.

These definitions are issued under the 'fixed designation D 8 ; the final
number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case of revision, the
year of last revision.
Adopted, 1912; Revised, 1915.

Bituminous Materials.
Bitumens. — Mixtures of native or pyrogenous hydrocarbons and
their non-metallic derivatives, which may be gases, liquids,
\dscous liquids, or solids, and which are soluble in carbon
disulfide.
Bituminous. — Containing bitumen or constituting the source
of bitumen.
Dead Oils. — Oils with a density greater than water which are
distilled from tars.
Fixed Carbon. — The organic matter of the residual coke obtained
upon burning hydrocarbon products in a covered vessel in
the absence of free oxygen.
Free Carbon in Tars. — Organic matter which is insoluble in
carbon disulfide.
Asphalts. — Solid or semi-solid native bitumens, solid or semi-
solid bitumens obtained by refining petroleum, or solid or
(594)
 Serial Designation: D 8-15. 595

semi-solid bitumens which are combinations of the bitumens

mentioned with petroleums or derivatives thereof, which
melt upon the application of heat and which consist of a
mixture of hydrocarbons and their derivatives of complex
structure, largely cyclic and bridge compounds.
Asphaltenes. — The components of the bitumen in petroleums,
petroleum products, malthas, asphalt cements and solid
native bitumens, which are soluble in carbon disulphide
but insoluble in parafiin naphthas.
Blown Petroleums. — Semi-soHd or soHd products produced
primarily by the action of air upon Hquid native bitumens
which are heated during the blowing process.
Carhenes. — The components of the bitumen in petroleums,
petroleum products, malthas, asphalt cements and solid
native bitumens, which are soluble in carbon disulphide
but insoluble in carbon tetrachloride.
Cut-Back Products. — Petroleum or tar residuums which have
been fluxed with distillates.
Tars. — Bitumens which yield pitches upon fractional distillation
and which are produced as distillates by the destructive
distillation of bitumens, pyrobitumens or organic materials.
Coal Tar. — The mixture of hydrocarbon distillates, mostly
unsaturated ring compounds, produced in the destructive
distillation of coal.
Coke-Oven Tar. — Coal tar produced in by-product coke ovens
in the manufacture of coke from bituminous coal.
Dehydrated Tars. — Tars from which all water has been removed.
Gas-House Coal Tar. — Coal tar produced in gas-house retorts
in the manufacture of illuminating gas from bituminous
coal.
Oil-Gas Tars. — Tars produced by cracking oil vapors at high
temperatures in the manufacture of oil gas.
Pitches. — Solid residues produced in the evaporation or distilla-
tion of bitumens, the term being usually applied to residues
obtained from tars.
Refined Tar. — Tar freed from water by evaporation or distillation
which is continued until the residue is of desired consistency;
or a product produced b> fluxing tar residuum with tar
distillate.
596 Definitions of Terms Relating to Roads.

Water-Gas Tars. — Tars produced by cracking oil vapors at high

temperatures in the manufacture of carburetted water-gas.
Normal Temperature. — ^As appHed to laboratory observations of
the physical characteristics of bituminous materials, is
25° C. (77° F.).
Solid Bituminous Materials. — Those having a penetration at 25°
C. (77°
not moreF.),
thanunder
10. a load of 100 g. appHed for 5 seconds, of
Liquid Bituminous Materials. — ^Those having a penetration at
25° C. (77°
of more than F.),
350.under a load of 50 g. applied for 1 second,
Semi-Solid Bituminous Materials. — Those having a penetration
at 25° C. (77° F.), under a load of 100 g. applied for 5
seconds, of more than 10, and a penetration at 25° C. (77° F.),
under a load of 50 g. appHed for 1 second, of not more than
350.
Flux. — Bitumens, generally Hquid, used in combination with
harder bitumens for the purpose of softening the latter.
Asphalt Cement. — A fluxed or unfluxed asphalt specially prepared
as to quality and consistency for direct use in the manu-
facture ofbituminous pavements, and having a penetration
at 25° C. (77° F.) of between 5 and 250, under a load of
100 g. applied for 5 seconds.
Straight-run Pitch. — ^A pitch run to the consistency desired, in
the initial process of distillation, without subsequent fluxing.
Native Asphalt. — ^Asphalt occurring as such in nature.
Consistency. — The degree of solidity or fluidity of bituminous
materials.
Artificial Asphalt. — Recommended that the use of term be dis-
continued.
Road Asphalt. — This is a trade term not subject to definition.
Liquid Asphalt. — ^This is a trade term not subject to definition.
Non-Bituminous Materials.
Chert. — Compact silicious rock formed of calcedonic or opaline
silica, or both.
Crusher-Run. — The total unscreened product of a stone crusher.
Granite. — ^A granitoid igneous rock consisting of quartz, ortho-
clase, more or less ohgoclase, biotite and muscovite.
 Serial Designation: D 8-15. 597

Granitoid. — A textural term to describe those igneous rocks which

are entirely composed of recognizable minerals.
Matrix. — The binding material or mixture of binding material
and fine aggregate in which the large aggregate is embedded
or held in place.
Rubble. — Rough stones of irregular shapes and sizes, broken from
larger masses either naturally or artificially, as by geological
action, in quarr^dng, or in stone cutting or blasting.
Soil. — ^A mixture of fine earthy material with more or less organic
matter resulting from the growth and decomposition of
vegetation or animal matter.
Stone Chips. — Small angular fragments of stone containing no
dust.
Tailings. — Stones which after going through the crusher do not
pass through the largest openings of the screen.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association for Testing Materials.

STANDARD DEFINITIONS

OF
TERMS RELATING TO STRUCTURAL TIMBER.

Serial Designation: D 9-15.

These definitions are issued under the fixed designation D 9; the final
number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case of revision, the year
of last revision.
Adopted, 1907; Revised, 1915.

I. DEFINITION OF STRUCTURAL TIMBER.

By the term "Structural Timber" is understood all such

products of wood in which the strength of the timber is the
controlling element in their selection and use. The following
is a Hst of products which are recommended for consideration
as structural timbers:
Trestle Timbers. — Stringers, caps, posts, mud siUs, bracing,
bridge ties, guard rails.
Car Timbers. — Car framing, including upper framing; car
sills.
Framing for Buildings. — Posts, mud sills, girders, framing
joists.
Ship Tjmbers. — Ship timbers, ship decking.
Cross Arms for Poles.

II. STANDARD DEFECTS.

Measurements which refer to the diameter of knots or holes
should be considered as referring to the mean or average diameter.
(598)
 Serial Designation: D 9-15. 599

1. Sound Knot. — ^A sound knot is one which is solid across

its face and which is as hard as the wood surrounding it; it may
be either red or black, and is so fixed by growth or position that
it will retain its place in the piece.
2. Loose Knot. — A loose knot is one not firmly held in place
by growth or position.
3. Pith Knot. — A pith knot is a sound knot with a pith hole
not more than | in. in diameter in the center.
4. Encased Knot. — ^An encased knot is one whose growth
rings are not intergrown and homogeneous with the growth
rings of the piece it is in. The encasement may be partial or
complete; if intergrown partially or so fixed by growth or posi-
tion that it will retain its place in the piece, it shall be con-
sidered a sound knot; if completely intergrown on one face,
it is a watertight knot.
5. Rotten Knot.—K rotten knot is one not as hard as the
wood it is in.
6. Pin Knot. — A pin knot is a sound knot not over ^ in.
in diameter.
7. Standard Knot. — A standard knot is a sound knot not
over \\ in. in diameter.
8. Large Knot. — A large knot is a sound knot, more than
1^ in. in diameter.
9. Round Knot. — A round knot is one which is oval or cir-
cular in form.
10. Spike Knot. — A spike knot is one sawn in a lengthwise
direction; the mean or a\'erage width shall be considered in
measuring these knots.
11. Pitch Pockets. — Pitch pockets are openings between the
grain of the wood containing more or less pitch or bark. These
shall be classified as small, standard and large pitch pockets.
{a) Small Pitch Pocket. — A small pitch pocket is one not
over I in. wide.
(6) Standard Pitch Pocket. — A standard pitch pocket is one
not over | in. wide, or 3 in. in length.
(c) Large Pitch Pocket. — ^A large pitch pocket is .one over
I in. wide, or over 3 in. in length.
12. Pitch Streak. — A pitch streak is a well-defined accumu-
lation of pitch at one point in the piece. When not sufficient
600 Definitions of Terms Relating to Timber.

to develop a well-defined streak, or where the fiber between

grains, that is, the coarse-grained fiber, usually termed "spring
wood,"
a defect. is not saturated with pitch, it shall not be considered
13. Wane. — Wane is bark, or the lack of wood from any
cause, on edges of timbers.
14. Shakes. — Shakes are spUts or checks in timbers which
usually cause a separation of the wood between annual rings.
15. Rot, Dote and Red Heart. — ^Any form of decay which
may be evident either as a dark red discoloration not found in
the sound wood, or the presence of white or red rotten spots,
shall be considered as a defect.
16. Ring Shake. — ^An opening between the annual rings.
17. Through Shake. — ^A shake which extends between two
faces of a timber.

III. STANDARD NAMES FOR STRUCTURAL TIMBERS.

1. Southern Yellow Pine. — ^This term includes the species

of yellow pine growing in the southern states from Virgmia to
Texas, that is, the pines hitherto known as longleaf pine (Pinus
palustris), shortleaf pine {Pinus echinata), loblolly pine {Pinus
taeda), Cuban pine {Pinus heterophylla) and pond pine {Pinus
serotina) .
Under this heading, two classes of timber are designated:
{a) dense southern yellow pine and {h) sound southern yellow
pine. It is understood that these two terms are descriptive
of quaHty rather than of botanical species.
{a) Dense southern yellow pine shall show on either end
an average of at least six annual rings per inch and at least
one-third summer wood, or else the greater number of the rings
shall show at least one-third summer wood, all as measured
over the third, fourth, and fifth inches on a radial line from
the pith. Wide-ringed material excluded by this rule will be
acceptable, provided that the amount of summer wood as above
measured shall be at least one-half.
The contrast in color between summer wood and spring
wood shall be sharp and the summer wood shall be dark in
color, except in pieces having considerably above the minimum
requirement for summer wood.
 Plate IV
f916 A.S.T.M. Standards.

Standard Definitions of Terms Relating to Structural Timber.

Fig. 1. — Loose Knot. Fig. 2.— Pith Kn.,

^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 1 ■

i^hM^^a
psl M
j|j|K|ng

Fig. 3. — Encased Knot. Fig. 4. — Rotten Knot.

 Plate V
1916 A.S.T.M. Standards.

Standard Definitions of Terms Relating to Structural Timber.

Fig. 6. — Standard Knot.

Fig. 7. — Large Knot.

 Plate VI
1916 A.S.T.M. Standards.

Standard Definitions of Terms Relating to Structural Timber.

Fig. 5.— Pin Knot. Fig. 8. — bpiKc iviiuL.

Fig. 10.— Pitch Streak.

Fig. 9. — Pitch Pocket.

 Serial Designation: D 9-15. 601

(b) Sound southern yellow pine shall include pieces of

southern pine without any ring or summer-wood requirement.
2. Douglas Fir. — The term "Douglas Fir" is to cover the
timber known Hkewise as yellow fir, red fir, western fir, Wash-
ington fir, Oregon or Puget Sound fir or pine, norwest and west
coast fir.
3. Norway Pine, to cover what is known also as "Red
Pine."
4. Hemlock, to cover Southern or Eastern hemlock; that
is, hemlock from all States east of and including Minnesota.
5. Western Hemlock, to cover hemlock from the Pacific
coast.
6. Spruce, to cover Eastern spruce; that is, the spruce
timber coming from points east of and including Minnesota.
7. Western Spruce, to cover the spruce timber from the
Pacific coast.
8. White Pine, to cover the timber which has hitherto been
known as white pine, from Maine, Michigan, Wisconsin and
Minnesota.
9. Idaho White Pine, the variety of white pine from western
Montana, northern Idaho, and eastern Washington.
10. Western Pine, to cover the timber sold as white pine
coming from Arizona, Cahfornia, New Mexico, Colorado, Oregon
and Washington. This is the timber sometimes known as
"Western Yellow Pine," or "Ponderosa Pine," or "Cahfornia
White Pine," or "Western White Pme."
1 1 . Western Larch, to cover the species of larch or tamarack
from the Rocky Mountain and Pacific coast regions.
12. Tamarack, to cover the timber known as "Tamarack,"
or "Eastern
nesota. Tamarack," from States east of and including Min-

13. Redwood, to include the Cahfornia wood usually known

by that name.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
t>HILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.
AFFILIATED WITH THE

International Association for Testing Materials.

STANDARD METHODS
FOR

TESTING.

Serial Designation: E 1-16.

These methods are issued under the fixed designation E 1; the final
number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case of revision, the
year of last revision.
I. Adopted, 1910; Revised, 1916.
II. Adopted, 1910; Revised, 1916.
III. Adopted, 1911.
IV. Adopted, 1915.
V. Adopted, 1910.

I. METHODS FOR TENSION TESTS OF METALS.

1. Definition of Terms.
Elastic Limit is the greatest load per unit of original cross-
section which does not produce a permanent set.
This determination is rarely made in the commercial testing of materials.

Proportional Limit is the load per unit of original cross-

section at which the deformations cease to be directly pro-
portional to the loads.
This determination is rarely made in the commercial testing of materials.

Yield Point is the load per unit of original cross-section

at which a marked increase in the deformation of the specimen
occurs without increase of load. It is usually determined by
(602)
 Serial Designation: E 1 -J 16. 603
the drop of the beam of the testing machine, or by the use of
dividers.
2. Information obtained from the various laboratories in
which tension tests are made shows that in many cases the forms
and dimensions of specimens as recommended by the American
Society for Testing Materials are in use, and that in other cases
these forms and dimensions most nearly reconcile the differences
that exist between the various forms employed.
3. It is therefore recommended that the selection of speci-
mens, and their forms and dimensions, shall conform to the
specifications for each material, as are now adopted by the
American Society for Testing Materials.
In the case of flats | in. or under in thickness, the dimen-
sions shall be as follows: Width equal to 5 times the thickness
of the specimen, except that in no case shall the width be less
than I in.; gage length equal to 24 times the thickness of the
specimen, except that in no case shall the gage length be less
than 2 in.
4. It is believed that the distance between the end of gage
length and beginning of shoulders, as prescribed in the standard
specifications of the American Society for Testing Materials, is
ample to avoid interference with proper elongation, and no
grounds are found for recommending any change.
5. All information obtained confirms the investigations of
Committee O (since dissolved), to the effect that within the
limits of speed common in commercial testing, the effect of dif-
ferent speeds on results is not of observable moment; that is,
within ranges of speed varying from 1 to 6 in. per minute.
6. Beyond these limits, however, very rapid loading in-
fluences the ultimate strength, which increases with the speed.
Whether the elongation is increased or decreased depends some-
what upon the nature of the material, though in general, very
rapidly appHed loads will increase the stretch, owing to the
elongation occurring over the whole body of the specimen, rather
than chiefly at the point of reduction, which is more marked
with slowly applied loads.
7. Within the Hmits of speed customary in determining the
modulus of elasticity, it does not appear that the rate of loading
influences the value obtained, but whether this value be deter-
604 Methods for Testing.

mined by an autographic attachment to the machine, or by an

extensometer on the specimen, it is desirable that the loading
be not too rapid, or not over 0.05 in. per minute, to avoid im-
pairing the accuracy of the sensitive devices employed.
8. In determining the modulus of elasticity, the elastic
lunit, and the proportional limit, the extensometer should be
attached to at least two sides of the specimen, to compensate
for unequal elongation, for improper holding, or for any slight
bending that may exist in the specimen.
9. All authorities seem to regard it as desirable to measure
the elongation on two or more sides of the test specimen, and
most extensometers provide for so doing.
10. The greatest accuracy is required m determining the
modulus of elasticity, since small errors in measuring elongation
are of considerable consequence in the result.
11. Since the modulus is determined for points well within
the elastic limit, the total elongation to be measured is much
smaller than at the elastic limit.
12. The elastic Hmit should be determined with great care,
but any inaccuracy will cause less proportionate error than in
the case of the modulus. The yield point, being less well defined,
cannot be so closely determined, and it is believed that in most
cases the use of dividers instead of an extensometer will give
sujQ&ciently accurate results.
13. It is considered undesirable in accurate determinations
of the modulus of elasticity to use a shorter gage length than
8 in. It is evident that the greater the total elongation measured,
the less will be the error due to inaccuracy of the reading, and
the accuracy thus appears to increase directly as the gage length.
14. That the difference between short and long gage lengths
has a greater influence in affecting results than other factors
(personal error, inaccuracy of the testing machine, etc.), is shown
by the closely agreeing readings obtained with the greater lengths.
15. The effect of improper methods of holding specimens
could not be established from the results of actual tests. The
result of unproper methods of gripping materials of low elonga-
tion, such as cast iron, is well known, and it is probable that in
material of a more ductile nature, the effect is largely local and does
not extend to the portion of the specimen within the gage marks.
 Serial Designation: E 1-16. 605

Conditions to Ensuee Correct Testing Machines.

16. It is recommended that in machines on which specimen
tests are made, whether the power be applied hydrauHcally or
by means of screws and gears, the load be measured by a sepa-
rate system of levers and knife edges, or by a method similar
to that employed in the Emery testing machines.
17. All knife edges shall be kept sharp, and free from oil and
dirt, and the machine shall be sensitive to a variation in load
of one two-hundred-and-fiftieth of the load carried. t)esign and
workmanship on testing machines shall be good, and they shall be
calibrated at least once every six months by the following method :

Calibration of Testing Machines.

18. Test for accuracy by loading the weighing table with
standard weights, and compare the actual weight at each addi-
tion with the reading of the beam. If the table is uniformly
loaded in this manner with the full amount of weights that it
will accommodate, the proportionaUty of the levers and the
weighing beam can be successfully established. This relation,
in a properly designed machine, will remain constant for all
loads, but as a further test for sensitiveness under greater loads
than can be accommodated in this manner, the following pro-
cedure isrecommended:
19. Place in the machine a tension bar of such cross-section
that the maximum capacity wiU not stress it to the elastic limit.
Stress this bar to various extents through the full range of the
machine, and at each load balance the beam and place upon the
weighing table standard weights of 100 lb. A weight one two-
hundred-and-fiftieth of the total load on the machine should
produce a readable movement of the beam.
20. WTiere evidence of the accuracy of the machine over its
whole range is desired, a known load may be appUed by means
of an extensometer and caHbrated bar, whose modulus of elas-
ticity has been determined with exactness.
21. It is recommended that a device be adopted conform-
ing to the following requirements, in which the extensometer
and bar are permanently attached to each other:
606 Methods for Testing.

(a) The bar shall be of high-elastic-limit material, and of

such cross-section that this limit will be well above
the total capacity of the machine on which it is
to be used.
{b) This bar shaU be annealed or otherwise treated so as
to eliminate internal or unequal stress in the mate-
rial, and to ensure its elastic modulus being uniform
for successive tests.
(c) The extensometer shall be permanently attached to
the bar, and shall measure the elongation on two
opposite sides.
(d) The extensometer shall be preferably of the indicating
or direct-reading type, and shaU indicate to ten-
thousandths of an inch or less.
(e) The method of securing the bar m the drawheads of
the machme shall be positive and without shp, and
shall ensure its axial location.
(/) The length of the bar measured by the extensometer
shall be sufficient that the smallest extensometer
division, that is, 0.0001 in., shall correspond to a
difference in loading of 0.2 per cent of the capacity
of the machine, or less.
(g) The extensometer shall be protected from injury by a
permanently attached case with cover removable
for reading the scale.
(h) The apparatus shall be plainly marked with the maxi-
mum load that can be safely appHed without injury.
(i) The apparatus shall itself be calibrated either by the
United States Bureau of Standards, or in a man-
ner that will ensure equally trustworthy results.
Methods of Gripping Test Specimens.
22. It is recommended that for specimens of rolled mate-
rial, serrated grips, flat and V-shaped, be adopted, the former
for rectangular and the latter for round specimens. Serrated
grips with curved faces appear to have no advantage, and to
cause crushing of the material.
23. Wedges with ball and socket do not seem to be neces-
sary^, and for commercial testing their use has been generally
discontinued.
 Serial Designation: E 1-16. 607

24. Specimens of turned form, with threaded ends, should

be secured in such a manner that side bending stresses are
avoided.
25. It is considered important for correct results that the
specimen be located in the exact center of the heads, and to
better secure this condition, the openings in the heads should
be lined up with each other by means of a plumb-bob and be
tested for parallelism with a spirit level. Each pair of packing
pieces and wedges that are to be used together in the same
head should correspond exactly in thickness and other dimen-
sions, and the wedges should be inserted an equal distance when
the specimen is in place.

Selection and Preparation of Specimen.

26. Specimens representative of steel castings may be cut
from the bottom of a sink head or riser, or from a coupon
attached to the casting. In either case the part from which
the specimen is taken should be relatively large in proportion
to the size of the casting and should be annealed with it.
27. Workmanship on specimens shall be of the most careful
nature, and surfaces should be free from nicks and tool marks.
All wire edges should be removed and comers generously
rounded.
28. If specimens of rolled material are sheared in the rough
from sections, at least | in. of the material should be removed
from the sheared edges in machining.

General Requirements for the Measuring of

Elongation.
29. In determining the modulus of elasticity and the elastic
limit, it is recommended that when practicable the elongation
be measured in a length not less than 8 in., and that the follow-
ing requirements be provided for:
(a) The specimen shaU be round in section, finished as
smooth as possible, and shall be provided with
threaded ends for attachment to the draw-heads
of the machine.
608 Methods for TestznG.

(b) The specimen shall be placed in the exact center of the

heads, and be secured in some positive manner, so
that sHp and side bending stresses do not occur.
(c) The extensometer should be of a type to measure the
elongation on two or more sides of the specimen.
(d) It should read to 0.0001 in. or less.
(e) It should be of such a design that no change of zero
will occur upon release of the load in determining
the real elastic Hmit.
(/) The load shaU be applied so slowly that simultaneous
readings of elongation and load can be obtained
with certainty.
(g) The testing machine shall have previously been cali-
brated for accuracy and sensitiveness, and heads
lined up and made parallel.

II. METHODS FOR COMPRESSION TESTS OF METALS.

1. Definition of Terms.
Elastic Limit is the greatest load per unit of original cross-
section which does not produce a per^ianent set.
This determination is rarely made in the commercial testing of materials-
Proportional Limit is the load per unit of original cross-
section at which the deformations cease to be directly propor-
tional to the loads.
This determination is rarely made in the commercial testing of materials.
Yield Point is the load per unit of original cross-section at
which a marked increase in the deformation of the specimen
occurs without increase of load. It is usually determined by the
drop of the beam of the testing machine, or by the use of dividers.
2. The test specimen shall be a cylinder ha\ing plane ends
truly normal to its axis.
Only two replies from testing laboratories mention cubes. A cylindrical
specimen will usually be cheaper to prepare than a cube. The stresses are
probably less uniformly distributed over a square than over a circular sec-
tion, owing to the influence of the comers, this being especially the case with
the internal shearing stresses which accompany the compression.
 Serial Designation: E 1 - 16. 609

3. The diameter of the specimen shall be not less than 1 in.

nor greater than 1.13 in. A specimen 1 in. in diameter is to
be preferred.
The range of diameter mentioned in the replies from testing laboratories
is from 1 in. to 1.129 in. A diameter of 1.1284 in. gives a section area of
1 sq. in.
4. The length of the specimen should be between 2.5 and
4 diameters.
Two testing laboratories use a length of 1 diameter, one a length of
from 1.5 to 2 diameters, one a length of 2.6 diameters, and one a length of
10.5 diameters. It is believed that a length less than 2.5 diameters is not
sufficient for the internal shear to be properly developed, and that such short
lengths give a fictitious strength owing to the friction of the bearing plates
of the machine, which causes the specimen to assume a barrel-like form.
5. No bedding should be used for the ends of the specimen.
Only one reply favors bedding. It is known by general experience that
bedding modifies the breaking load and that different kinds of bedding have
different influences.

6. The bearing blocks which transmit the pressure from

the testing machine should be truly normal to the plane ends
of the specimen. To secure this, one of the blocks should be
provided with a hemispherical bearing which can turn freely.
These requirements seem essential in order that the load may not be
eccentrically applied to the specimen, and are generally recommended in
the replies from testing laboratories.

7. The speed of compression should be slow, not exceeding

0.1 in. per minute. Near the elastic Hmit and yield point, the
load should be increased very slowly.
A lower speed than that stated might be advisable if permitted by the
testing machine. Evidently a higher speed may be allowed with a long
specimen than with a short one.

8. For determining modulus of elasticity, the Unear com-

pression ofthe specimen should be observed by a precise com-,
pressometer which is attached to the specimen and does not
touch the bearing blocks of the machine. Readings of the
compressometer should be taken for three loads, the first at
about one-fourth, the second at about one-half, and the third
at about three-fourths of the elastic limit.
610 Methods for Testing.

It is believed that these measurements are sufficient for most commercial

work. Nothing is said about the release of the specimen from load, since
opinions diflfer as to its advisability.

9. To determine the elastic and also the proportional limit,

several readings of the compressometer should be taken as that
limit is approached for load increments of 1000 lb. per sq. in.
This requirement seems sufficient to determine the proportional limit
for materials in which such a limit exists. It does not seem wise to require
the first permanent set to be observed for ordinary commercial work.

10. The yield point is to be noted as corresponding to that

load for which the compressometer shows a linear compression
without an increase in load. In the absence of a compresso-
meter this point may be noted, for ductile materials, by the
drop of the scale beam.
This requirement corresponds to the usual practice of testing laboratories.
It is regarded as important that the term "elastic limit" should not be used
to designate the yield point.

11. Measurements for the modulus of elasticity, elastic

limit, proportional limit, and yield point may be made, if desired,
on a specimen ranging in length from 10 to 15 diameters.
This clause is inserted because it may often be diffictdt to apply a com-
pres ometer ina length shorter than 4 in.

12. The record of the test should mention any phenomena

observed near the elastic limit, proportional limit, and yield
point. The manner of final failure should also be noted when
the test is carried to this limit.
This requirement furnishes data for comparing the behavior of brittle
and ductUe metals near critical points of molecular change.

III. METHODS FOR TRANSVERSE TESTS OF METALS.

1. In the case of cast metals, when transverse tests are to

be used to aid in determining the quahty of the material, the
specimen used shall be cast vertical, shall be Ij in. in diameter,
and long enough to use a span of at least 15 times the diameter.
 Serial Designation: E 1 - 16. 611

It is important that a definite and uniform standard be adopted so that

the results may be comparable with each other; hence the diameter specified
above (sectional area corresponding to practically one square inch). The
determination of span is at present the subject of international tests to decide
upon a definite distance to replace the present standard of 12 in. It will
probably be 16 to 18 in.
The circular section .will best secure a uniform thickness of skin, and
thus avoid this irregularity when other sections are employed.

In the case of ductile materials (except in impact tests)

transverse tests shall never be used to determine the quality of
the material, tension tests being those suitable for the purpose.
In small round or square bars of ductile material, both the modulus of
rupture and the transverse elastic limit vary considerably with the span.
In the case of tests made for determining constants to be
used for designing, the specimen shall conform as nearly as
possible with the form and size of the piece to be used. Thus,
if I or T-sections are to be used, the specimens shall be of I
or T-section. In the case of flat springs or plate glass, they
shall be flat; in the case of timber, rectangular; etc.
It is well known that the modulus of rupture varies with the shape of
the section, being very much greater in the case of round than in I-sections.
Hence the modulus of rupture suitable for use for one would be entirely un-
suitable for the other.
In rolled sections, the smaller ones are subjected to a more thorough
working in the process of rolling than the larger.

2. In the case of the "Arbitration Bar" adopted for cast

iron, the span has been fixed at 12 in., but may be extended
as above stated. The bar will serve for cast and brittle materials.
In the case of ductile materials, when the modulus of rup-
ture is desired, the span shall generally be less than 12 or 15
times the depth. Exceptions, however, occur, as in flat springs
and in some cases in full-size pieces, when the spans and methods
of supporting the ends, etc., shall conform to the conditions of
service.
3. In the case of cast and brittle metals, the speed of test-
ing shall not exceed 0.2 in. per minute. For other specimens
the speed shall be correspondingly low.
4. The preparation of the specimen shall be such that it
truly represents the material itself. The introduction of extra-
612 Methods for Testing.

neous influences should be avoided as far as the knowledge of

the material will permit. Thus, in cast metals no coupons shall
be used; cast materials for tests shall go into dry molds stand-
ing vertical.
No specimen shall be machined before testing, except when
information is specifically desired regarding the strength of such
machined specimens.
5. The transverse yield point for ductile materials shall be
noted approximately by the drop of the scale beam.
6. If the transverse elastic limit is to be determined for
comparison with that obtained in the tensile test, the succes-
sive increments of load in the neighborhood of the transverse
elastic limit shall be comparatively small, and after each load
has been applied and the corresponding deflection measured by
means of the deflectometer, the load shall be removed and the
deflection measured again to determine the permanent set.
In those cases where the arbitration bar is used for such
cast materials as have an elastic limit, the increment of load
used near the transverse elastic limit shall be 250 lb.
It is well known that when the transverse elastic Kmit is determined,
of course by means of a transverse test, the extreme fiber stress at this trans-
verse elastic Umit is not the same as that at the tensile elastic limit of the
material; and moreover, that it varies with both the section and the span;
hence the desirability of comparing the transverse elastic limit with the
tensile elastic limit.

7. In the case of ductile materials, the arrangement of the

supports shall be such that longitudinal tension in the specimen
due to the rigidity of the supports is avoided.
8. In the case of ductile materials, special care shall be
used when determining the ultimate load. For this purpose it
will be necessary when approaching the ultimate (that is, the
maximum) load, to make the speed of testing slow enough to
enable the observer to note the maximum load.
In many cases, as in I and T-beams, the maximum load
can be easily ascertained, while in others, such as round or flat
sections with short spans, it may not be possible to determine it
exactly; but it will almost always be possible to determine it
with sufficient accuracy for all practical purposes.
 Serial Designation: E 1 - 16. 613

IV. METHODS FOR BRINELL HARDNESS TESTS OF METALS.

Chemical Composition and Heat Treatment of Balls.
1. The chemical composition, as far as carbon and chrom-
ium are concerned, should be from 1 to 1.2 per cent of carbon,
and from 1 to 1.5 per cent of chromium.
2. The heat treatment should be such as will result in
making the balls as hard as possible, consistent with the ability
to resist the pressure without cracking or crushing.
While a long series of careftil experiments would be needed to justify the
specifications of more exact conditions in these regards, and while some users
of these tests think that the chemical composition (within limits) plays a very
small part, if any, in the problem, it is beHeved that the above requirements
will be found satisfactory for commercial work, until such time as suitable
experiments shall have furnished the data necessary for making the conditions
more precise.

Diameter and Form of Balls.

3. The standard diameter of balls should be 10 mm. with a
permissible variation of 0.0025 mm. (O.OOOl in.) plus or minus;
no ball either new or old showing a greater variation is to be
employed. The standard diameter should always be employed,
except in very rare cases when some other is absolutely nec-
essary. If, at any time in testing, a hardness of No. 600 be
exceeded, the balls should be remicrometered.
Thus far there is not sufficient evidence to show that the hardness numbers
will be the same when different diameters of balls are used, and some of the
evidence indicates that the reverse is the case ; hence the importance of adher-
ing to one size of ball.

Pressure.
4. The standard pressures used should be 3000 kg. for steel,
and 500 kg. for softer metals. Departure from these pressures
should never be tolerated, except in rare cases where it is.
unavoidable. The time of pressure should be at least 30 seconds.

The fact that, with our present hght on the subject, we can 'only regard
the results as comparative, renders it important to employ as few different
pressures as possible.
614 Methods for Testing.

Measurement of Diameter or Depth of Indentation.

5. Whether the diameter or the depth of the indentation is
measured, apparatus should be used that will give results as
accurately as a microscope mounted on, and moved by, a
micrometer screw.

As to the choice between the two, there exists a very decided difference
of opinion, some thinking one and some the other more conducive to accuracy.
The source of error in either case (assuming the measuring apparatus to be
accurate) is the depression or the elevation of the metal immediately sur-
rounding the indentation.

V. METHODS FOR METALLOGRAPHIC TESTS OF METALS.

Microscopic Examination.

For unhardened iron and steel, the following process has

given satisfaction:
1. After polishing, examine under a magnification of 50 to
150 diameters. Look for slag or cinder in wrought iron, man-
ganese sulphide, etc., in steel,^ and size and shape of graphite
in cast iron.
2. Etch with a saturated solution of picric acid in alcohol
for 15 seconds. This reveals the pearlite^ by turning it darker
than the accompanying ferrite or cementite. In wrought iron,
any pearhte present shows up, and the general appearance will
sometimes show whether the material was puddled, etc., or
made from reheated scrap. Those who wish to bring out the
ferrite grains can do so easily and quickly by etching with nitric
acid. To this end, nitric acid of 1.42 specific gravity should
be diluted with either:

{a) 90 parts by volume of water to 10 of acid,

(b) 75 " " " " " " 25 " " or preferably
(c) 96 " " " " amyl alcohol to 4 of acid.
> Arnold and Waterhouse, Journal, Iron and Steel Inst., 1903, Vol. I, p. 136; E. F. Law,
Journal, Iron and Steel Inst., 1907, Vol. II, p. 94; Fay, Proceedings, Am. Soc. Test. Mats.,
Vol. VIII, p. 74 (1908).
» Igevsky, Rev. de Met., Vol. II; Lejeune, Rev. de Mel., Vol. Ill, p. 426.
 Serial Designation: E 1-16. 615

3. Near the eutectoid point, that is, 0.6 to 1.0 per cent of
carbon, it is often difficult to distinguish between thin envel-
opes of ferrite and cementite. This difficulty can be overcome
by etching with a solution of sodium picrate, which turns
cementite dark brown or black but does not color the other
constituents. The solution is made by adding 2 parts of picric
acid to 98 parts of a solution containing 25 per cent of caustic
soda, and is used at 100° C*
4. In order to interpret the results of such an etching, they
should be compared with standard etched specimens.
5. In the case of hardened and tempered steel the indica-
tions are less decisive than in the case of unhardened steel,
probably because the former class has been studied less than the
latter. Coarse grain, segregation of constituents, presence of
oxide, etc., are all signs of bad material. For etching use a
solution of 4 parts of nitric acid, specific gravity 1.42, in 96 of
amyl alcohol. The time needed has to be found by trial in
each case. Hence etch for 5 seconds, examine, re-etch if neces-
sary, ^etc.
Macroscopic Examination.
6. Macroscopic examination shows up defects due to segre-
gation, blowholes, piping, and the like, and when used in con-
nection with microscopic examination yields valuable informa-
tion. A section is cut with a saw, filed smooth, and polished
with No. 0 and No. 00 emery paper; it is then ready for etching.
Quite a number of etching reagents have been used^ to
develop the structure. Whichever solution is chosen, the speci-
men is first carefully washed with a strong caustic potash solu-
tion, well rinsed under the tap, and then immersed in the
etching solution. The following may be mentioned:
(a) Freshly prepared solution of 20 g. of I and 30 g. of KI,
in 1000 g. of water.
1 Kourbatoff, Rev. de Mel., Vol. Ill, p. 648.
2 Kourbatoff, Rev. de Met., Vol. Ill, p. 648; Lejeune, Rev. de Mel., Vol. Ill, p. 426; Heyn,
Mitt, aus dem Kfinig. Materialsprfif. Gross-Lichterfelde, West, 1906, 29.
'Fremont, Rev. de Mel., Vol. V, p. 669. Ast, International Assoc. Test. Mats., 1907,
Fourth Congress, Problem 2.
616 Methods for Testing.

(b) Dilute HCl or H2SO4 up to 30 per cent acid, using

the 1.2 and 1.84 specific gravity respectively.
(c) Nitric acid, from 10 to 30 per cent of the 1.42 specific
gravity^ acid in 90 to 70 per cent of water.
(d) Concentrated HCl, specific gravity 1.2.
(e) A solution of 10 or 12 parts of double copper-ammomum
chloride in 90 or 88 parts of water.

To bring out the structure of wrought iron rapidly, (d) is

used, while (c) or (6) will bring it out more slowly.
For steel, first etch with (a), which shows up the segrega-
tion of carbon very well. Take care not to over-etch; 5 seconds
is enough for some materials. To show up the impurities and
the segregation of MnS, slag, etc., (d) acts quickly, but (b)
gives better results though taking longer.
Some prefer light etching, say after 1 or 2 minutes, but an
older method is to etch with (b) very deeply, indeed to a depth
so great that several hours may be needed to reach it. In this
way the segregation of the carbon and the impurities Hke slag
and MnS are shown simultaneously. A picture of the object
thus etched can be had by treating it like an engraving, that is,
inking it with printer's ink, and printing on white paper directly
from it. A common letter-copying press is convenient for this
printing.
1 Stead, Proc. Cleveland Inst, of Engrs., Sept., 1906, p. 5,
DATA RELATIVE TO COMMITTEES
AND PUBLICATIONS
 OFFICERS

OF THE

AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS.

President^
A. A. STEVENSON

Vice-Presidents,
W. H. BIXBY S. S. VOORHEES
{Term Expiring in 1917) {Term Expiring in 1918)

Secretary-Treasurer ,
EDGAR MARBURG
Office: University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.

MEMBERS OF EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

{Term Expiring in 1917)
J. H. GIBBONEY J. A. MATHEWS
W. K. HATT EDWARD ORTON. Jr.

{Term Expiring in 1918)

JOHN BRUNNER G. W. THOMPSON
W. H. BASSETT F. E. TURNEAURE

{Ex-Officio)
ARTHUR N. TALBOT A. W. GIBBS MANSFIELD MERRIMAN
Term Expiring in 1917) {Term Expiring in lOlS) {Term Expiring in 1919)

Finance Committee.
W. H. BIXBY J. H. GIBBONEY A. W. GIBBS {Chairman)
(618)
 REGULATIONS GOVERNING THE EXECUTIVE
COMMITTEE.

Regular meetings shall be held on the second Tuesday in

January, April, July and October. Five members shall constitute
a quormn.
At each meeting the Secretary-Treasurer shall report the
names of all new members and of members who have resigned
during the previous quarter, and shall present a financial
statement.
At the January meeting the Secretary-Treasurer shall report
the names of all members whose dues are unpaid.
The accounts of the Secretary-Treasurer shall be duly
audited at the middle and close of each fiscal year, and the report
of the auditors shall be presented in writing at the July and
January meetings.
Special meetings may be held at any time at the call of the
President, or upon the written request of four members of
the Executive Committee. The notice for such meetings
shall be mailed by the Secretary-Treasurer at least one week
in advance of the meeting, and the business shall be stated in
the notice.
The Secretar>'-Treasurer shall transmit the net balance to
the credit of the International Association on January 1, April 1,
and July 1 to that Association within five days from the dates
mentioned.

Regulations Governing the Finance Committee.

1. The books and accounts of the Society shall be audited
semi-annually by certified public accoimtants. The accountants
shall be appointed by, or shall be approved by, the Finance
Committee.
2. A copy of the semi-annual report of the auditors shall be
transmitted to the Chairman of the Finance Committee as soon
as it is received by the Secretary-Treasurer, in order that the
Finance Committee may be prepared to make such suggestions,
criticisms or inquiries as it may see fit at the next meeting of
(619)
620 Regulations Governing the Executive Committee.

the Executive Committee. The Chairman of the Finance

Committee shall furnish the Secretary-Treasurer with a state-
ment embod}dng such suggestions, criticisms or inquiries in
advance of the meeting of the Executive Committee at which
these matters are to be presented.
3. During the second week of each month all vouchers for
accumulated bills, and salar}^ vouchers for the current month
(the latter payable at the end of the month) , shall be sent to the
Chairman of the Finance Committee, or to a member of that
committee designated by the chairman, for counter-signature.
The Secretary-Treasurer shall pay no bills — except in case of
emergencies for which he shaU be accountable to the Chairman
of the Finance Committee — unless the corresponding vouchers
have been thus countersigned. The provisions in this paragraph
shall not be applicable to expenditures from Committee Funds.
These, as prescribed in the Regulations Governing Standing
Committees, shall be "subject to disbursement only on vouchers
signed by the chairman of the committee concerned."
4. The Chairman of the Finance Committee shall be author-
ized to approve, jointly with the Secretary-Treasurer, proposed
expenditures for account of a standing committee up to S250
during a given quarter, without previous specific authorization
by the Executive Committee, and such expenditures are to be
reported by the Secretary-Treasurer at the following quarterly
meeting of the Executive Committee.
5. The Secretary-Treasurer shall be authorized to maintain
a petty cash fund of $100 on which he shall be authorized to
draw without previous approval of the proposed expenditures
on the part of the Finance Committee. Of this fund not more
than $25 may be carried in cash to meet expenditures for express-
age, telegrams, etc. Vouchers covering expenditures out of this
fund shall be submitted monthly for approval by the Finance
Committee.
6. Any recommendation affecting salaries, and pro-
posed extraordinary expenditures out of the general funds
of the Society, as distinguished from the petty cash fund,
shall be submitted to the Finance Committee for approval
before presentation to the Executive Committee for final
action.
 Regulations Governing the Executive Committee. 621

7. The Secretary-Treasurer shall obtain competitive bids

for printing and binding the pubHcations of the Society at inter-
vals of not over five years. The results shall be submitted to the
Finance Committee in time for presentation at the January
quarterly meeting of the Executive Committee, beginning with
this meeting in 1916, and thereafter at intervals of not over five
years.
8. The Finance Committee shall be authorized to inspect
the books and accounts, etc., of the Society at any time, and
such inspection shall be made at least once in two years.
 TABULAR LIST OF STANDING COMMITTEES.
A. Ferrous Metals.

Page.
No. Title. Chairman. Secretary.

Steel ..' CD. Young C.L. Warwick. . 624

A-1
. . S. V. Hunnings J.B.Young 631
A-2 Wrought Iron
Cast Iron and Finished Castings . . R. Moldenke G. C. Davies.... 633
635
A-3.
A-4 Heat Treatment of Iron and Steel .. A. Sauvcur J.H.Hall
Corrosion of Iron and Steel .. S. S. Voorhees W. H. Walker. . . 635
A-5
A-6 Magnetic Properties of Iron and Steel . . . C. W. Burrows 637

B. Non-Ferrous Metals.
637

B-l Copper Wire i J. A. Capp

637
Non-Ferrous Metals and Alloys jWilliam Campbell.
B-2

C. Cement, Lime, Gypsum, and Clay Products.

639
r-1 R. S. Greenman P.H.Bates

Reinforced Concrete F. E. Turneaure R. L. Humphrey 642

C-2
Brick Edward Orton, Jr A. y. Bleininger . 642
C-3
C-4 E.J. Fort 643

I. H. Woolson R. P. Miller 642

C-5 Fireproofing ;

C-6 Drain Tile A. Marston J. T.Stewart.... 643

Lime J. S. Macgregor E. L. Conwell... 644

C-7
C-8 Refractories A. V. Bleininger W. H. Fulweiler.

Concrete and Concrete Aggregates S. E. Thompson L. E. Ferguson. . 644

646
C-9
C-10 HoUow Building Tile L. H. Provine E. V. Johnson. . . 647
C-11 KJ.Wig L. I. Neale 648

(622)
 623
Tabular List op Standing Committees.

D. Miscellaneous Materials.

No. Title. Chairman. Secretary. Page.

D-1 Preservative Coatings for Stnicttiral Mate-

rials P.H.Walker G. W. Thompson 650
653
Lubricants C. P. Van Gundy E.G. Mackenzie.
D-2
D-3 Methods of Sampling and Analysis of Coal. . S. W. Parr 654
D-4 Road Materials L. W.Page P.Hubbard 654
D-5 Coal G.S.Pope 655
655
D-6 Coke R. Moldenke A. C. Fieldner...

D-7 Timber H. vonSchrenk J. A. Newlin 656

657
D-« Waterproofing W.A.Aiken L. M. Law 658
D-9 Electrical Insulation C.E. Skinner
D-10 B.W.Dunn W.S. Topping... 660
D-11 Rubber Products E. A. Barrier F.M. Waring... 660
D-12
D-13 W. D. Hartshome D. E. Douty. . . . 662
Textile Materials ■

E. Miscellaneous Subjects.

E-l Methods of Testing G. Lanza 663

E-2 Electrical Standards C. E. Skinner. 663
E-3 Revision of Pipe Threads. H.V.Wille... E. W.Smith 664
E-4
E-5 Standing Committees Edgar Marburg. 664

E-6 Papers and Publications. Edgar Marburg. 665

 PERSONNEL OF STANDING COMMITTEES
OF THE

AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS.

A. FERROUS METALS.

Committee A-i on Steel.

C. D. Young, Chairman. ■
G. Aertsen, V ice-Chairman.
J. A. Capp, Vice-Chairman.
C. L. Warwick, Secretary.
Non-Producers (69).
Abbott, R. R. General Electric Co.,
American Car and Foundry Co., J. A. Capp {Vice- Chairman).
A. E. Ostrander.
American Locomotive Co., J. M.Motors
General Darke.Co.,
F. J. Cole. K. W. Zimmerschied.
S. V. Hunnings. Gibboney, J. H.
Baldwin Locomotive Works, Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and
H. V. Wille. Insurance Co., ,
Beall, F. F. S. F. Jeter.
Bureau of Construction and Repair, Hunt and Co., Robert W.
U. S. N.
Bureau of Steam Engineering, U. S. N. , Job, Robert.
Johnson, R. P.
Inspection Division. Lanza, Gaetano.
Machinery Division. Laverie, R. H.
Cain, John R. Lloyds' Register of Shipping,
Campbell, W.
Churchill, Charles S. J.
N. French.
E. McClelland.
Clark, F. H. Lothrop, M. T.
Clements, F. O. MacFarland, H. B.
Colby, Albert Ladd. MacPherran, R. S.
Committeecrete,
C-2 on Reinforced Con- Marburg, Edgar.
McDonnell, M. E.
Richard L. Humphrey. McMahon, H. R.
H. H. Quimby. _ Newkirk, W. M.
Cramp and Sons Ship and Engine Newport Dock
News Co.,
Shipbuilding and Dry
Building Co., William,
W. A. Dobson. John W. Gray.
Crawford, J. C. New York Central Railroad Co.,
Cromwell, O. C. A. W. Carpenter.
Deans, John Sterling. W. B. Geiser.
Edwards, L. N. Northern Pacific Railway Co.,
Force, H. J. H. G. Burnham.
Fore River Shipbuilding Corporation, Onderdonk, J. R.
H. H. Schulze.
(624)
 Standing Committees. 625
COMMITTEE A-1 {Continued).
Non-Producers {Continued).
Perfection Spring Co., Snow, J. P.
Z. B. Leonard. Standard Screw Co.,
Pierce- Arrow Motor Car Co., E. H. Ehrman.
D. Fergusson. Studebaker Corporation,
Pittsburgh Testing Laboratory, F. M. Zeeder.
A. R. EUis. Van Gundy, C. P.
Pressed Steel Car Co., WaUis, J. T.
H. J. Gearhart. Waring, F. M.
Quimby, H. H. Warwick, C. L. {Secretary).
Ramage, J. C. Webster, WilHam R. _
Rigg, E. H. Westinghouse Electric
Robinson, A. F. facturing Co., and Manu-
Scofield, H. H. T. D. Lynch.
Seattle Construction
Co., and Dry Dock Wickhorst, M. H.
Winchester Repeating Arms Co.,
J. V. Paterson. W. H. BueU.
Smith, H. E. Young, C. D. {Chairman).
Smith, H. T. Young, J. B.
Snow, F. A. Zeleny, Frank.

Producers (41).
American Steel and Wire Co., Columbia Steel and Shafting Co.,
S. M. Rodgers. E. L. Parker.
American Steel Foundries, Davis, J. A.
J. C. Davis. Eagan-Rogers Steel and Iron Co.,
Bacon, C. G., Jr. J. I. Rogers.
Bethlehem Plant,
Steel Co., Bethlehem Heppenstall Forge and Knife Co.,
R. C. Drinker.
E. O'C. Acker. Illinois Steel Co.,
Bethlehem Steel Co., Steelton Plant,
F. A. Robbins, Jr. P. E. A.Carhart.'
Johnson, L.
Birdsboro Co.,
Steel Foundry and Machine Jones and Laughlin Steel Co.,
Jesse J. Shuman.
F. S. Slocum.
L. E. Thomas.
Bunnell, F. O. L9,cka wanna Steel Co.,
Cambria Steel Co., F. E. Abbott.
E. F. Kenney. Locomotive Superheater Co.,
G. E. Thackray. H. B. Oatley.
Camden Forge Co., Lukens Iron and Steel Co.,
W. D. Kerlin. Charles L. Huston.
Carbon Steel Co., H. Taggart.
C. E. Middleton. Mathews, John A.
Carnegie Steel Co., Midvale Steel Co.,
L. W. Conroy. G. Aertsen {Vice- Chair man).
G. A. Hopkins. R. Furness.
J. O. Leech. National Malleable Castings Co.,
C. F. W. Rys. W. G. Kranz.
H. P. Tiemann. National Tube Co.,
Carpenter Steel Co., F. N. Speller.
J. H. Parker. Norris, George L.
Central Iron and Steel Co., Penn Seaboard Steel Corporation,
R. H. Irons. W. S. Bickley.
626 Standing Committees.

COMMITTEE A-1 (Continued)

Producers (Continued).

PoUak, J. A. Steel Co. of Canada,

Rail Steel Bar Mariufacturers Asso- J. G. Morrow.
ciation, Titanium Alloy Manufacturing Co.
A. S. Hook. H. H. Cook.
E. E. Hughes. Union Drawn Steel Co.,
W. H. Woodcock. F. N. Beegle.
Railway Steel Spring Co., Woodroffe, G. H.
A. S. Henry. Wood Iron and Steel Co., Alan,
A. N. Lukens. W. A. Cooper.
Sargent, George W. Worth Brothers Co.,
Schmid, M. H. E. T. Ickes.
Standard Steel Works Co.,
L. H. Fry.
A. A. Stevenson.

Sub-Committees of Committee A-i.

Advisory Committee.
Young, C. D. (Chairman). General Electric Co.,
American Locomotive Co., J. A. Capp.
F. J. Cole. J. M. Darke.
Baldwin Locomotive Works, Gibboney, J. H.
H. V. Wille. Jones and Laughlin Steel Co.
Bethlehem Steel Co., Steelton Plant,
P. A. Robbins, Jr. J. J. Shuman.
Lackawanna Steel Co.,
Bureau of Construction and Repair, F. E. Abbott.
U. S. N. Lanza, Gaetano.
Cambria Steel Co., MacFarland, H. B.
E. F. Kermey. Marburg, Edgar (ex officio).
Carnegie Steel Co., Midvale Steel Co.,
C. F. W. Rys. G. Aertsen.
H. P. Tiemann. Standard Steel Works Co.,
Colby, A. L. A. A. Stevenson.
Warwick, C. L.

Sub-Committee I on Steel Rails and Accessories.

Cambria Steel Co., Lackawanna Steel Co.,
E. F. Kenney (Chairman). F. E. Abbott.
Bethlehem Steel Co., Steelton Plant, MacFarland, H. B.
F. A. Robbins, Jr. National Tube Co.,
Carnegie Steel Co., F. N. Speller.
C. F. W. Rys. Snow, J. P.
Churcliill, C. S. Steel Co. of Canada,
Colby, A. L. J. G. Morrow.
Crawford, J. C. Wickhorst, M. H.
Illinois Steel Co., Young, J. B.
P. E. Carhart.
 Standing Committees. 627

COMMITTEE A-1 {Continued).

Sub-Committee II on Structural Steel for Bridges,

Buildings and Rolling Stock.
Lackawanna Steel Co., Edwards, L. N.
F. E. Abbott {Chairman). Jones and Laughlin Steel Co.,
American Car and Foundry Co.,
A. E. Ostrander. New J.York
J. Shuman.
Central Railroad Co.
Bacon, C. G., Jr. A. W. Carpenter.
Bureau of Construction and Repair, Pressed Steel Car Co.,
U. S. N. H. J. Gearhart.
Cambria Steel Co., Quimby,
E. F. Kenney. Robinson, H.A. H.F.
Carnegie Steel Co., Snow, J. P.
J. O. Leech. Waring, F. M.
Deans, J. S.

Sub-Committee III on Structural Steel tor Ships.

Bureau of Construction and Repair, Fore River Shipbuilding Corporation,
U. S. N. {Chairman). H. H. Schulze.
Bethlehem Steel Co., Steelton Plant, Laverie, R. H.
F. A. Robbins, Jr. Lloyds' Register of Shipping,
Cambria Steel Co.,
E. F. Kenney. J. French.
Newport Dock
News Co.,
Shipbuilding and Dry
Carnegie Steel Co.,
J. O. Leech. John W. Gray.
Central Iron and Steel Co., Co.,
R. H. Irons. Rigg,
SeattleE. Construction
H. and Dry Dock
Cramp and Sons Ship and Engine
Building Co., William, J. V. Paterson.
W. A. Dobson. Worth Brothers Co.,
Davis, J. A. E. T. Ickes.

Sub-Committee IV on Spring Steel and Steel Springs.

IVIacFarland, H. B. {Chairman). Newkirk, W. M.
American Locomotive Co., New York Central Railroad Co.
S. V. Hunnings. W. B. Geiser.
Bethlehem Steel Co., Steelton Plant, Norris, G. L.
F. A. Robbins, Jr. Northern Pacific Railway Co.,
Bureau of Construction and Repair, H. G. Burnham.
U. S. N. Perfection Spring Co.,
Cambria Steel Co., Z. B. Leonard.
E. F. Kenney. Railway Steel Spring Co.,
Carnegie Steel Co., A. N. Lukens.
H. P. Tiemann. Sargent, G. W.
Carpenter Steel Co., Smith, H. E.
J. H. Parker. Standard Steel Works Co.,
General Motors Co., L. H. Fry.
K. W. Zimmerschied. A. A. Stevenson.
Lanza, Gaetano. Waring, F. M.
Mathew^s, J. A. Zeleny, Frank,
McMahon, H. R.
Midvale Steel Co.,
G. Aertsen,
628 Standing Committees.

COMMITTEE A-1 (Continued).

Sub-Committee V on Steel Reinforcement Bars.
Carnegie Steel Co., Jones and Laughlin Steel Co.,
C. F. W. Rys (Chairman). J. J. Shuman.
Cambria Steel Co., , Lanza, Gaetano.
G. E. Thackray. Pittsburgh Testing Laboratory,
Colby, A. L. A. R. Ellis.
Committeecrete,
C-2 on Reinforced Con- Rail Steelciation,
Bar Manufacturers' Asso-
Richard L. Humphrey. A. S. Hook.
H. H. Ouimby. E. E. Hughes.
Hunt and Co., R. W., W. H. Woodcock.
H. H. Morgan. Scofield, H. H.
Johnson, A. L. Steel Co. of Canada,
J. G. Morrow.
Sub-Committee VI on Steel Forcings and Billets.
Carnegie Steel Co., Gibboney, J. H.
H. P. Tiemann {Chairman). HeppenstaU Forge and Knife Co.,
American Locomotive Co., R. C. Drinker.
F. J. Cole. Jones and Laughlin Steel Co.,
Baldwin Locomotive Works,
H. V. Wille. J. J. Shuman.
Lloyds' Register of Shipping,
Bethlehem Plant,
Steel Co., Bethlehem N. E. McClelland.
MacFarland, H. B.
E. O'C. Acker. MacPherran, R. S.
Bethlehem Steel Co., Steelton Plant, Midvale Steel Co.,
F. A. Robbins, Jr. G. Aertsen.
Bureau of Construction and Repair, N orris, George L.
U. S. N. Onderdonk, J. R.
Bureau of Steam Engineering, U. S. PoUak, J. A.
N., Inspection Division. Schmid, M. H.
Cambria Steel Co., Standard Steel Works Co.,
E. F. Kenney. A. A. Stevenson.
Camden Forge Co., Smith, H. E.
W. D. Kerlin. Titanium Alloy Manufacturing Co.
CampbeU, W. H. H. Cook.
Carpenter Steel Co., Waring, F. M.
J. H. Parker. Westinghouse Electric
Colby, A. L. facturing Co., and Manu-
Force, H. J. T. D. Lynch.
General Electric Co., Young, J. B.
J. A. Capp. Zeleny, Frank.
J, M. Darke.

Sub-Committee VII on Rolled Steel Wheels and Steel

Tires.
Standard Steel Works Co., MacFarland, H. B.
A. A. Stevenson {Chairman). ISIidvale Steel Co.,
Bacon, C. G., Jr. G. Aertsen.
Bunnell, F. O. Railway Steel Spring Co.
Carnegie Steel Co., A. S. Henry.
L. W. Conroy. Waring, F. M.
Cromwell, O. C. Zeleny, Frank.
Gibboney, J. H.
 Standing Committees. 629

COMMITTEE A-1 {Continued).

Sub-Committee VIII on Steel Castings.

Bethlehem Steel Co., Steelton Plant, General Electric Co.,
F. A. Robbins, Jr., {Chairman) . J. A. Capp.
American Locomotive Co., J. M. Malleable
Darke.
S. V. Hunnings. National Castings Co.,
American Steel Foundries, W. G. Kranz.
J. C. Davis. Penn Seaboard Steel Corporation,
Birdsboro Steel Foundry and Ma- W. S. Bickley.
chine Co., Standard Steel Works Co.,
L. E. Thomas. L. H. Fry.
Bureau of Construction and Repair, A. A. Stevenson.
U. S. N. Waring, F. M.
Bureau of Steam Engineering, U. S. N., Westinghouse Electric and Manu-
Inspection Division. facturing Co.,
Colby, A. L. T. D. Lynch.
Eagan-Rogers Steel and Iron Co., Young, J. B.
J. I. Rogers.

Sub-Committee IX on Steel Tubing and Pipe.

Baldwin Locomotive Works, Locomotive Superheater Co.,
H. V. Wille {Chairman). H. B. Oatley.
American Locomotive Co., National Tube Co.,
F. J. Cole. F. N. Speller.
Bethlehem Steel Co., Steelton Plant, Smith, H. E.
F. A. Robbins, Jr. Wallis, J. T.
Bureau of Steam Engineering, U. vS. N., Woodroffe, G. II.
Inspection Division. Zeleny, Frank.

Sub-Committee X on Automobile Steels.

Colby, A. L. {Chairman). General Motors Co.,
Abbott, R. R. K. W. Zimmerschied.
American Locomotive Co., Heppenstall Forge and Knife Co.
S. V. Hunnings. R. C. Drinker.
American Steel and Wire Co., Lothrop, M. T.
S. M. Rodgers. Mathews, J. A.
Beall, F. F. Midvale Steel Co.,
Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethlehem G. Aertsen.
Plant. Norris, G. L.
E. O'C. Acker. Perfection Spring Co.,
Bethlehem Steel Co., Steelton Plant, Z. B. Leonard.
F. A. Robbins, Jr. Pierce- Arrow Motor Car Co.,
Cambria Steel Co., D. Ferguson.
E. F. Kenney. Sargent, G. W.
Carnegie Steel Co., Schmid, M. H.
J. O. Leech. Snow, F. A.
Carpenter Steel Co., Studebaker Corporation,
J. H. Parker. F. M. Zeeder,
630 Standing Committees.

COMMITTEE A-1 {Continued).

Sub-Committee XI on Boiler Steel.

American Locomotive Co., Clark, F. H.
F. J. Cole {Chairman). Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and
Baldwin Locomotive Works, Insurance Co.,
H. V. Wille. S. F. Jeter.
Bethlehem Plant,
Steel Co., Bethlehem Illinois Steel Co.,
P. E. Carhart.
E. O'C. Acker. Lukens Iron and Steel Co.,
Bethlehem Steel Co., Steel ton Plant, C. L. Huston.
F. A. Robbins, Jr. H. Taggart.
Bureau of Steam Engineering, U. S. N., Ramage, J. C.
Inspection Division. Waring, F. M.
Cambria Steel Co., Wood Iron and Steel Co., Alan,
E. F. Kenney. W. A. Cooper.
Carbon Steel Co., Worth Brothers Co.,
C. E. Middleton. E. T. Ickes.
Carnegie Steel Co., Young, J. B.
J. O. Leech. Zeleny, Frank.

Sub-Committee XII on Methods of Chemical Analysis.

Gibboney, J. H. {Chairman). Hunt and Co., R. W.,
American Locomotive Co., J. H. Campbell.
S. V. Hunnings. Illinois Steel Co.,
W. Brady.
Cain, John R.
Cambria Steel Co.,
E. F. Kenney. Job, Robert. M. E.
McDonnell,
Carnegie Steel Co., Van Gundy, C. P.
G. A. Hopkins.

Sub-Committee XIII on Methods of Physical Tests.

Lanza, Gaetano {Chairman). Colby, A. L.
American Locomotive Co., General Electric Co.,
F. J. Cole. J. M. Darke.
Baldwin Locomotive Works, Gibboney, J. H.
H. V. Wille. Jones and Laughlin Steel Co.
Bethlehem Steel Co., Steelton Plant,
P. A. Robbins, Jr. J. J. Shuman.
Lackawanna Steel Co.,
Bureau of Construction and Repair, F. E. Abbott.
U. S. N. MacFarland, H. B.
Cambria Steel Co., Standard Steel Works Co.,
E. F. Kenney. A. A. Stevenson.
Carnegie Steel Co., Warwick, C. L.
C. F. W. Rys.
H. P. Tiemann.

Sub-Committee XIV on Tool Steel.

Plant,
General Electric Co., Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethlehem
J. M. Darke {Chairman).
American Locomotive Co., E. O'C. Acker.
S. V. Hunnings. Bureau of Construction and Repair,
Baldwin Locomotive Works, U. S. N.
H. V. Wille. Bureau of Steam Engineering, U. S. N.,
Beall, F. F. Machinery Division.
 Standing Committees. 631

*- Committee A-i (Continued).

Sub-Committee XIV (Continued).
Carpenter Steel Co., McDonnell, M. E.
• J. H. Parker. Midvale Steel Co.,
Colby, A. L. R. Fumess.
Johnson, R. P. Sargent, G. W.
Mathews, J. A. Smith, H. T.

Sub-Committee XV on Cold-Drawn Steel.

Jones and Laughlin Steel Co., Clements, F. O.
J. J. Shuman (Chairman). General Electric Co.,
American Steel and Wire Co., J. A. Capp.
S. M. Rodgers. Standard Screw Co.,
Bureau of Steam Engineering, U. S. N., E. H. Ehrman.
Inspection Division. Union Drawn Steel Co.,
Cambria Steel Co., F. N. Beegle.
E. F. Kenney. Westinghouse Electric and Manu-
Carnegie Steel Co., facturing Co.,
J. O. Leech. T. D. Lynch.
Columbia Steel and Shafting Co., Winchester Repeating Arms Co.,
E. L. Parker. W. H. Buell.

Sub-Committee XVI on Literary Form.

C. L. Warwick, (Chairman). Carnegie Steel Co.,
J. O. Leech.

Committee A-2 on Wrought Iron.

S. V. Hunnings, Chairman.
J. B. Young, Secretary.
Non-Producers (20).
American Electric Railway Engi- Gannon, Thomas J.
neering Association. Geiser, W. B.
American Locomotive Co., Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection
S. V. Hunnings (Chairman). and Insurance Co.,
Baldwin Locomotive Works, S. F. Jeter.
H. V. WiUe. Lloyds' Register of Shipping,
Bureau of Construction and Repair, James French.
U. S. N. Onderdonk, J. R.
Bureau of Steam Engineering, U.S.N., Ramage, J. C.
Inspecting Division. Smith, H. E.
Clark, F. H. Snow, J. P.
Colby, J. A. Tilt, E. B.
Cramp and Sons Ship and Engine Waring, F. M.
Building Co., William, Young, C. D.
W. A. Dobson. Young, J. B. (Secretary).
632 Standing Committees.

Committee A-2 {Continued).

Producers (18).
American Iron and Steel Manu- McKay Co., James,
facturing Co., T. J. McKay.
J. P. Brock. MoUeson, G. E.
Beale, H. A., Jr. Pittsburgh Forge and Iron Co.
Bradlee and Co., F. E. Richardson.
T. E. Newbold. Reading Iron Co.,
Brown and Co., Incorporated, George Schuhmann.
James Neale. Rome Merchant Iron Mill,
Burden Iron Co., Weston Jenkins, Jr.
J, A. Burden. Ryerson Co., J. T.
Crockett, A. E. H. A. Gray.
Gillespie, J. M. Stafford, B. E. D.
Glasgow Iron Co., Worth Brothers Co.,
J. P. Roe. E. T. Ickes.
Hayden Corbett Chain Co., Woodroffe, G. H.
J. F. Corbett.

SUB-COMMITTEES OF COMMITTEE A-2.

Sub-Committee I on Tubes and Pipe.
G. H. Woodroffe (Chairman). Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection
Baldwin Locomotive Works, and Insurance Co.,
H. V. Wille. S. F. Jeter.
Beale, H. A., Jr. Molleson, G. E.
Bureau of Construction and Repair, Reading Iron Co.,
U. S. N. George Schuhmann.
Clark, F. H. Worth Brothers Co.,
Gannon, Thomas J. E. T. Ickes.
Geiser, W. B.

Sub-Committee II on Merchant Bar Iron.

Young, J. B. (Chairman). Gillespie, J. M.
American Electric Railway Engi- Pittsburgh Forge and Iron Co.,
neering Association. F. E. Richardson.
American Iron and Steel Manufactur- Ramage, J. C.
ing Co., Reading Iron Co.,
J. P. Brock. George Schuhmann.
Baldwin Locomotive Works, Snow, J. P.
H. V. Wille.
Bureau of- Steam Engineering, U.S.N.

Sub-Committee III on Staybolt and Engine-Bolt Iron.

American Locomotive Co., Bureau of Steam Engineering, U. S. N.
S. V. Hunnings (Chairman). Gillespie, J. M.
American Electric Railway Engi- Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection
neering Association. and Insurance Co.,
Brown and Co., Incorporated, S. F. Jeter.
James Neale. Rome Merchant Iron Mill,
Burden Iron Co., Weston Jenkins, Jr.
James A. Burden,
 Standing Committees. 633

Committee A-2 {Continued).

Sub-Committee III {Continued).

Ryerson Co., J. T., Smith, H. E.
H. A. Gray. Tilt, E. B.
Stafford, B. E. D. Young, C. D.

Sub-Committee IV on Plates and Shapes.

Glasgow Iron Co., Gannon, Thomas J.
J. P. Row {Chairman). Gillespie, J. M.
Bureau of Construction and Repair, Reading Iron Co.,
U. S. N. George Schulimann.
Colby, J. A. Snow, J. P.

Sub-Committee V on Chain Iron and Iron Chain.

Waring, F. M. {Chairman). Hay den Corbett Chain Co.,
Bradlee and Co., J. T. Corbett.
T. E. Newbold. Lloyds' Register of Shipping,
Burden Iron Co., James French.
James A. Burden. McKay Co., James,
Bureau of Construction and Repair, T. J. McKay.
U. S. N. Onderdonk, J. R.
Cramp and Sons Ship and Engine Ryerson Co., J. T.,
H. A. Gray.
Building Co., William,
W. A. Dobson, Tilt, E. B.
Crockett, A. E.

Sub-Committee VI on Wrought Iron Blooms and

Forcings.
H. E. Smith {Chairman). Glasgow Iron Co.,
American Locomotive Co., James P. Roe.
S. V. Runnings. Lloyds' Register of Shipping,
Baldwin Locomotive Works, James French.
H. V, Wille. Pittsburgh Forge and Iron Co.,
Brown and Co., F'. E. Richardson.
James Neale. Ramage, J. C.
Cramp and Sons Ship and Engine Young, C. D.
Building Co., William,
W. A. Dobson.

Committee A-3 on Cast Iron and Finished Castings.

Richard Moldenke, Chairman.
Walter Wood, Vice-Chair man.
George C. Davies, Secretary.
Non-Producers (27).
Beckett, James A.
Campbell, William. Detroit
W. Testing Laboratory'
P. Putnam.
Davidson, George M. Diller, H. E.
Pavies, George C. {Secretary). DuComb, W. C, Jr.
634 Standing Committees.

Committee A-3 {Continued).

Non-Producers {Continued).
Gibbs, A. W. MacPherran, R. S.
Hildreth, P. S. McKenna, Charles F.
Howe, Henry M. Merica, P. D.
Hunt and Co., Robert W., Merriman, Mansfield.
J. C. Ogden. Moldenke, Richard {Chairman).
International Harvester Co Outerbridge, Alexander E., Jr.
John G. Wood. Ramage, J. C.
Job, Robert. Saunders, Walter M.
Koch, George B. Sauveur, Albert.
Kreuzpointner, Paul. Touceda, Enrique.
Lanza, Gaetano. Wille, H. V.

Producers (17).
American Car and Foundry Co., * Johnson, R. K.
D. M. Knox. *Jones and Laughlin Steel Co.,
* American Locomotive Co., John L. Haines.
S. V. Hunnings. Lemoine, L. R.
Ballentine, W. L *01sen, Tinius.
Central Foundry Co., Peckitt, Leonard.
W. Catchings. Wood, F. W.
Colorado Fuel and Iron Co., *Wood, Walter {Vice-Chairman)
J. B. McKennan. York Manufacturing Co.,
Evans, G. S. -C. H. Ehrenfeld.
Fackenthal, B. F., Jr. Zehnder, C. H.
*Flagg, Stanley G.

Sub-Committees of Committee A-3.

Sub-Committee I on Pig Iron.

Davies, George C. {Chairman) Moldenke, Richard.
American Locomotive Co., Peckitt, Leonard.
S. V. Hunnings.
International Harvester Co.,
John G. Wood.

Sub-Committee II on Pipe.
Wood, Walter {Chairman). Lemoine, L. R.
Hunt and Co., R. W.,
J. C. Ogden.

Sub-Committee III on Cylinders.

Wille, H. V. {Chairman). Koch, George B.
American Locomotive Co.,
S. V. Hunnings.

♦These members of Committee A-3, classed as Producers, stand in the relation of

Producer to certain products, and in that of Nok-Producer to other products within the
province of the Committee.
 Standing Committees. 635

Committee A-3 {Continued).

Sub-Committee IV on Car Wheels.
Koch, George B. {Chairman). Gibbs, A. W.
American Car and Foundry Co., Job, Robert.
D. M. Knox. IMerica, P. D.
Davidson, GeorgQ.M. Outerbridge, A. E., Jr.
Evans, G. S. Ramage, J. E.

Sub-Committee V on Malleable Castings.

Flagg, Stanley G., Jr. {Chairman). Diller, H. E.
Ballentine, W. I. Moldenke, Richard.
Detroit Testing Laboratory, Touceda, E.
W. P. Putnam.

Sub-Committee VI on General Castings.

Diller, H. E. {Chairman). Saunders, W. M.
Beckett, James A. York Manufacturing Co.,
Hildreth, P. S. C. H. Ehrenfeld.
MacPherran, R. S.

Committee A-4 on Heat Treatment of Iron and Steel.

Albert Sauveur, Chairman.
John H. Hall, Secretary.
Non-Producers (7).
Barlow, W. E. Campbell, William.
Bureauof Steam Engineering, U.S. N., Howe, Henry M.
Naval Engineering Experiment Sauveur, Albert {Chairman).
Station, Annapolis, Aid. Stansfield, Alfred.
Inspector of Ordnance, Philadel- Stoughton, Bradley,
phia. Producers (5).
Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethlehem Plant, JNIidvale Steel Co.,
E. O'C. Acker. G. Aertsen.
Hall, J. H. {Secretary). Radclyflfe Fumess.
Kenney, E. F. Unger, J. S.

Committee A-5 on Corrosion of Iron and Steel.

S. S. VooRHEES, Chairman.
J. H. Gibboney, Vice-Chairman.
J. O. Handy, Vice-Chairman.
William H. Walker, Secretary.
Non-Producers (22).
Aston, James. Capp, J. A.
Bureau of Construction and Repair, Colby, A. L.
U. S. N. Gibboney, J. H. {Vice-Chair wan).
Bureauof Steam Engineering, U.S. N., Howe, Henry M.
Naval Engineering Experiment Job, Robert.
Station, Annapolis, Md. Lynch, T. D.
Burgess, C. F. McDonnell, M. E,
Burgess, G. K.
Campbell, William.
636 Standing Committees.

Committee A-5 {Continuei).

Non-Producers {Continued)
New York Central Railroad Co., Smith, H. E
Engineering Department, Testing Laboratory, City of St. Louis,
A. W. Carpenter. Norman Chivvis.
Pittsburgh Testing Laboratory, Voorhees, S. S. {Chairman).
J. O. Handy {Vice- Chairman) . Westinghluse Church Kerr and Co.,
Potts, S. C. Cloyd M. Chapman.
Sagendorph, G. A. Wickhorst, M. H.
Producers (19)
American Metal Co., Limited, Hess, Henry
H. M. Burkey. National Tube Co.,
American Steel and Wire Co., F. N. Speller.
S. M. Rodgers. Stone, G.Co.,
C.
American Zinc, Lead and Smelting Co., United States Electric Galvanizing
H. A. Wentworth.
Aupperle, J. A. Mason Doyle.
Buck, D. M. United States Sherardizing Co.,
Carnahan, R. B., Jr. C. J. Kirk.
Carnegie Steel Co., Walker, William H. {Secretary).
J. S. Unger. Whitaker Glessner Co.,
Cooper, W. A. G. W. Moore.
Cushman, Allerton S. Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co.,
Fleming, W. R. G. A. Reinhardt.
Hay, J. T.
Sub-Committees of Committee A-5.
Advisory Committee.
Voorhees, S. S. {Chairman). Gibboney, J. H.
Buck, D. M. National Tube Co.,
Carnahan, R. B., Jr. P. N. Speller.
Cooper, W. A. Pittsburgh Testing Laboratory,
Cushman, Allerton S. J. O. Handy.
Fleming, W. R. Walker, W. H.
Sub-Committee I on Construction.
Buck, D. M. {Chairman). Fleming, W. R.
Cooper, W. A. Gibboney, J. H.
Cushman, Allerton S.
Sub-Committee II ON Preservative Metallic Coatings
POR Metals.
Burgess, G. K. {Chairman). Hess, H. S.
American Metal Co., Limited, McDonnell, M. E.
H. M. Burkey. National Tube Co.,
American Steel and Wire Co., F. N. Speller.
S. M. Rodgers. New York Central Railroad Co.,
American Zinc,Lead and Smelting Co., Engineering Department,
H. A. Wentworth. A. W. Carpenter.
Aston, James. Potts, S. Co.,
C.
Buck, D. M. Stone, G. C.
Bureau of Construction and Repair, United States Electric Galvanizing
U. S. N.
Capp, J. A. Mason Doyle.
Carnahan, R. B., Jr. United States Sherardizing Co.,
Cushman, Allerton S. C. J. Kirk.
Gibboney, J. H.
 Standing Committees. 637

Committee A-6 on Magnetic Properties of Iron and

Steel.
Charles W. Burrows, Chairman.
Beck, W. J. Linder, O.
Browne, Vere. Mathews, J. A.
Burrows, Charles W. {Chairman). Pinkerton, Andrew.
Capp, J. A. Sargent, G. W.
Crocker-Wheeler Co., Skinner, C. E.
R. B. Treat. Splitdorf Electrical Co.,
Follansbee Brothers Co., J. K. Leibing.
J. G. Homan.

B. NON-FERROUS METALS.

Committee B-i on Copper Wire.

J. A. Capp, Chairman.
Non-Producers (5).
General Electric Co., Westinghouse Electric and Manu-
J. A. Capp {Chairman). factnring Co.,
MacPherran, R. S. T. D. Lynch.
Western Electric Co., White Engineering Corporation,
A. H. Vorum. The J. G.,
C. D. Gray.
Producers (5).
American Brass Co., Standard Underground Cable Co.,
W. H. Bassett. C. C. Baldwin.
American Steel and Wire Co., Waclark Wire Co.,
E. H. Peircc. F. W. Wallace.
Roebling's Sons Co., J. A.,
H. J. Horn.

Committee B-2 on Non-Ferrous Metals and Alloys.

William Campbell, Chairman.
Vice-Chair men.
W. H. Bassett. W. M. Corse.
G. H. Clamer. W. R. Webster.
Non-Producers (21).
American Locomotive Co., Burgess, G. K.
F. J. Cole. Campbell, William {Chairman).
American Steel and Wire Co., Capp, J. A.
S. M. Rodgers. Coho, H. B.
Bregowsky, I. M. Harriman, N. F.
Bureauof Steam Engineering, U.S. N., Hillebrand, W. F.
Inspecting Division. Runnings, S. V.
638 Standing Committees.

Committee B-2 (Continued).

Non-Producers (Continued).
Inland Steel Co., Shepard, W. R.
G. H. Jones. Smith, H. E.
Lindsay, C. F. Walker, A. L.
MacPherran, R. S. Webbert, L. P.
Olson, L. W. Wille, H. V.
Reinhardt, G. A.
Producers* (21).
Addicks, L. Gulick, H. S.
Ajax Metal Co., Hendricks Brothers, Incorporated,
G. H. Clamer (Vice- Chairman). E. J. Keane.
American Brass Co., Herreshoff, J. B., Jr.
W. H. Bassett (Vice- Chairman) Price, W. B.
American Manganese Bronze Co., Raritan Copper Works,
C. R. Spare. F. L. Antisell.
American Smelting and Refining Co A. C. Clark.
A. H. Gill. Stone, G. C.
Cairns, F. J. Thompson, J. F.
Calumet and Hecla Mining Co., Webster, W. R. (Vice- Chair man).
R. L. Agassiz. Westinghouse Electric
Corse, W. M. (Vice- Chairman). facturing Co., and Manu-
Cowan, W. A. Jesse L. Jones.
Damascus Bronze Co., T. D. Lynch.
W. K. Frank. Winchester Repeating Arms Co.,
Furst, E. W. . W. H. Buell.

Sub-Committees of Committee B-2.

Sub- Committee I on Pure Metals in Ingot Form.
American Brass Co., HerreshofF, J. B., Jr.
W. H. Bassett (Chairman). Olson, L. W.
Addicks, L. Price, W. B.
Ajax Metal Co., Reinhardt, G. A.
G. H. Clamer. Shepard, W. K.
American Steel and Wire Co., vStone, G. C.
S. M. Rodgers. Walker, A. L.
Antisell, F. L. Webbert, L. P.
Capp, J. A. Webster, W. R.
Corse, W. M. Westinghouse Electric
Cowan, W. A. facturing Co., and Manu-
Furst, E. W. T. D. Lynch.

Sub-Committee II on Wrought Metals and Alloys.

Webster, W. R. (Chairman). Smith, H. E.
American Brass Co., Thompson, J. F.
W. H. Bassett. Westinghouse Electric and Manu-
Capp, J. A. facturing Co.,
Harriman, N. F. T. D. Lynch.
MacPherran, R. S. Winchester Repeating Arms Co.,
Price, W. B. W. H. BueU.
* The members of Committee B-2, classed as Producers, stand in the relation of
Producer to certain products, and in that of Non-Producer to other products within the
province of the Committee.
 Standing Committees. 639

Committee B-2 (Continued).

Sub-Committee III on Sand-Cast Metals and Alloys.
Corse, W. M. (Chairman). Olson, L. W.
Ajax Metal Co., Thompson, J. F.
G. H. Clamer. Webbert, L. P.
American Manganese Bronze Co., Westinghouse Electric and Manu-
C. R. Spare. facturing Co.,
Bregowsky, I. M. J. L. Jones.

Sub- Committee IV on White Metals — Tin, Lead, and Zinc

Base.
Ajax Metal Co., Smith, H. E.
G. H. Clamer (Chairman). Westinghouse Electric and Manu-
Corse, W. M. facturing Co.,
Cowan, W. A. J. L. Jones.
MacPherran, R. S.

Sub-Committee V on Plates, Tubes and Staybolts

FOR Locomotives.
Webster, W. R. (Chairman). Calumet and Hecla Mining Co.,
American Locomotive Co., R. L. Agassiz.
F. J. Cole. Hendricks Brothers, Incorporated,
American Brass Co., E. J. Keane.
W. H. Bassett. Lindsay, C. F.
American Smelting and Refining Co., Raritan Copper Works,
A. H. Gill. A. C. Clark.
Burgess, G. K. . Wille, H. V.
Coho, H. B. Winchester Repeating Arms Co.,
Cairns, F. J. W. H. Buell.

Sub-Committee VI on Non-Ferrous Alloys for Railroad

Equipment.
Ajax Metal Co., Gulick, H. S.
G. H. Clamer (Chairman). Hunnings, S. V.
Corse, W. M. Ramage, J. C.
Damascus Bronze Co., Smith, H. E.
W. K. Frank. WiUe, H. V.

C. CEMENT, LIME, GYPSUM, AND CLAY PRODUCTS.

Committee C-i on Cement.
R. S. Greenman, Chairman.
H. B. MacFarland, V ice-Chairman.
John B. Lober, Vice-Chair man.
P. H. Bates, Secretary.
Non-Producers (37).
American Institute of Architects, American Railway Engineering Asso-
Thomas Nolan. ciation,
H. A. Cassil.
F. P. Sisson.
J. J. Yates.
640 Standing Committees.

Committee C-i {Continued).

Non-Producers {Continued).
Bates, P. H. {Secretary). Porter, J. Madison.
Blakeley, A. G. Ray, G. J.
Bureau of Yards and Docks, Richardson, Clifford.
C. D. Thurber. Robinson, A. F.
Edwards, L. N. Schall, F. E.
Goldbeck, A. T. Smith, Emery and Co.,
Greenman, R. S. {Chairman). E. E. Smith.
Hatt, W. K. Swain, George F.
Hoff, Olaf. Testing Laboratory, City of St. Louis,
Hoist, J. L. E. P. Withrow.
Humphrey, Richard L. U. S. Reclamation Service,
Johnson, N. C. Arthur P. Davis.
Loweth, C. F. Voorhees, S. S.
Lucas, George L. Walter, L. W.
MacFarland, H. B. {Vice- Chairman). Webster, George S.
Munsell, A. W. Westinghouse Church Kerr and Co.,
Murray, John F. Cloyd M. Chapman.
Onderdonk, J. R. Wig, R. J.
Phillips, A. E. Wilson, Percy H.
Pittsburgh Testing Laboratory, Young, C. D.
J. L. Miner.
Producers (23).
Abrams, D. A. Kelley, F. W.
Ackerman, E. R. Kinney, W. M.
Ashton, Ernest. Klein, W. H.
Boynton, C. W. Lesley, Robert W.
Brobston, Joseph. Lober, John B. {Vice-Chairman).
Conn, Charles F. Newberr>\ Spencer B.
Diekmann, G. P. Portland Cement Association,
Drew, Harry.
Eraser, D. R. J. P.N. Beck.
Potter, S., Jr.
Harding, W. H. Spackman Engineering Co., H. S.,
Hart, O. C. H. S. Spackman.
Hartsell, H. S. Tagge, A. C.
Hicks, T. A.

Sub-Committees of Committee C-i.

Advisory Committee.
Greenman, R. S. {Chairman). Kinney, W. M.
Ashton, Ernest. Lober, J. B.
Bates, P. H. {Secretary). MacFarland, H. B.
Hatt, W. K. Voorhees, S. S.
Humphrey, Richard L. Wig, R. J.
Kelley, F. W. Young, C. D.

Sub- Committee I on Definition and Chemical

Limitations.
Voorhees, S. S. {Chairman). Lucas, G. L.
American ciation,
Railway Engineering Asso- Newberry, S. B.
Richardson, CHfford.
H. A. Cassil.
 Standing Committees. 641

Committee C-i {Continued).

Sub-Committee II on Specific Gravity.
Young, C. D. {Chairman). Schall, F. E.
Diekmann, G. P. Tagge, A. C.
Hoflf, Olaf. Wilson, P. H.
Munsell, A. W.
Sub-Committee III on Finei^ss.
Wig, R. J. {Chairman). MacFarland, H. B.
Abrams, D. A. Newberry, Spencer, B.
Ash ton, Ernest. Spackman Engineering Co., H. S.,
Blakeley, A. G. H. S. Spackman.
Brobston, Joseph. U, S. Reclamation Service,
Drew, Harry. A. P. Davis.

Sub- Committee IV on Soundness and Constancy

OF Volume.
Humphrey, Richard L. {Chairman). Hicks, T. A.
American Railway Engineering Asso- Ray, G. J.
ciation. Voorhees, S. S.
F. E. Schall. Webster, G. S.
Harding, W. H.

Sub-Committee V on Normal Consistency.

Hatt, W. K. {Chairman). _ Goldbeck, A, T.
American Railway Engineering Asso- HartseU, H. S.
ciation. Voorhees, S. S.
Boynton, C. W.

Sub-Committee VI on Time of Setting.

Kelley, F. W. {Chairman). Loweth, C. F.
American Railway Engineering Asso- Smith, Emery and Co.
ciation, Spackman, Engineering Co., H. S.
J.J. Yates. Testing Laboratory, City of St. Louis,
Bates, P. H. E. P. Withrow.

Sub-Committee VII on Strength.

Greenman, R. S. {Chairman). Ashton, Ernest.
Abrams, D. A. Bates, P. H.
American Railway Engineering Asso- Kinney, W. M.
ciation, Newberry, S. B.
F. P. Sisson. Walter, L. W.

Sub-Committee VIII on Sampling, Storage, Packages

AND Inspection.
Kinney, W. M. {Chairman). Onderdonk, J. R.
Eraser, D. R. Phillips, A. E.
Goldbeck, A. T. Potter, N. S., Jr.
Hoist, J. L. Walter, L. W.
642 Standing Committees.

Committee C-i (Continued).

Sub-Committee IX on General Clauses.

Ashton, Ernest (Chairman). Murray, J. F.
American Institute of Architects, Porter, J. M.
Thomas Nolan. Wilson, P. H.
Lesley, R. W.

Committee C-2 on Reinforced Concrete.

F. E. Turneaure, Chairman.
Robert W. Lesley, Vice-Chairman.
Richard L. Humphrey, Secretary.
Non-Producers (9).
Fuller, W. B. Thompson, S. E.
Humphrey, Richard L. (Secretary). Turneaure, F. E. (Chairman).
Lanza, Gaetano. Wagner, Samuel T.
MoisseiflF, Leon S. Webster, George S.
Quimby, H. H.
Producers (3).
Johnson, A. L. Lesley, Robert W. (Vice-Chairman).
Franklin Steel Co.,
E. E. Hughes.

Committee C-3 on Brick.

Edward Orton, Jr., Chairman.
A. V. Bleinixger, Secretary.
Non-Producers (8).
Bleininger, A. V. (Secretary). Talbot, Arthur N.
Emley, W. E. Testing Laboratory, Cit}^ of St. Louis,
Lawson, T. R. E. P. Withrow.
Lazell, E. W. Woolson, Ira H.
Orton, Edward, Jr. (Chairman).
Producers (6).
Blair, Will P. Rathjens, George.
Grume, W. H. Saknen, F.
Randall, T. A. ■ Schlake, William.

Committee C-4 on Clay and Cement Sewer Pipe.

Rudolph Hering, Chairman.
A. J. Provost, Jr., Vice-Chairman.
E. J. Fort, Secretary.
Non-Producers (12).
Barbour, F. A. Hering, Rudolph (Chairman).
Bleininger, A. V. Howe, Malverd A.
Eddy, Harrison P. Humphrey, Richard L.
Fort, E. J. (Secretary). Marston, A.
 643
Standing Committees.

Committee C-4 (Continued).

Non-Producers (Continued).
Provost, A. J., Jr. (Vice- Chair man). Testing Laboratory, City of St. Louis,
SheUey, H. T. E. P. Withrow.
Webster, George S.

Producers (8).
Blackmer, L. G. Portland Cement Association,
Dickey, W. S. C. M. Wood.
McCombe, A. S. vStarr, John J.
Meriwether, Coleman. Zeidler, J. L.
Oberkirch, Frank.

Committee C-5 on Fireproofing.

Ira H. Woolson, Chairman.
R. P. Miller, Secretary.
Non-Producers (8).
Ewing, W. W. Miller, R. P. (Secretary).
Freeman, John R. Norton, C. L.
Hodge, H. W. Waid, D. E.
Macgregor, J. S. Woolson, Ira H. (Chairman).

Producers (3).
Bevicr, P. H. Lindau, A. E.
Haigh, D. L.

Committee C-6 on Drain Tile.

A. ]\Iarston, C/iairman.
Arthur N. Talbot, V ice-Chairman.
J. T. Stewart, Secretary.
Non-Producers (8).
Bureau of Irrigation, United States, Orton, Edwaid, Jr.
Samuel Fortier. Stewart, J. T. (Secretary).
Chatbum, George R. Talbot, Arthur N. (Vice-Chairnian).
Hering, Rudolph. Turneaure, F. E.
Marston, A. (Chairman).
Producers (8).
Abrams, D. A. Portland Cement Association,
Brooks, Benjamin. C. M. Wood.
Child, J. Leo. Rawson, Charles A.
Diekmann, G. P. Tefit, G. H.
Hammen, J. J.
644 Standing Committees.

Committee C-7 on Lime.

J. S. Macgregor, Chairman.
H. S. Spackman, Vice-Chair man.
E. L. CoNWELL, Secretary.
Non-Producers (11).
Berry, H. C. Skinner, H. J.
Emley, W. E. Spackman Engineering Co., H. S.,
Force, H. J. H. S. Spackman (Kice-C^czVman).
Hunt and Co., Robert W., Veitch, F. P.
J. F. Davis. Westinghouse Church Kerr and Co.,
Lazell, E. W. Cloyd M. Chapman.
Macgregor, J. S. {Chairman). Wig, R. J.
Producers (5).
Aluminate Patents Co., National Lime Manufacturers' Asso-
E. L. Conwell {Secretary). ciation.
Hough, N. G. W. E. Carson.
Co.,
Kelley Island Lime and Transport Warner, Charles.
Henry Angel.

Committee C-8 on Refractories.

A. V. Bleininger, Chairman.
W. H. FuLWEiLER, Secretary.
Non-Producers (14).
Bleininger, A. V. {Chairman). Norton, C. L.
Fulweiler, W. H. {Secretary). Norton Co.,
International Harvester Co., Ross C. Purdy.
J. C. Warnes. Orton, Edward, Jr.
Kanolt, C. W. Parmclee, C. W.
Kenney, L. H. Savage, H. D.
Kerr, C. H. Seaman, H. J.
National Carbon Co., Unger, J. S.
A. D. Camp.
Producers (13).
Allen, E. M. Luke, C. H.
Balz, G. A. Ramsay, J. D.
Claiborne, C. H. Reed, C. S.
Davis, D. D. Seaver, Kenneth.
Davis, R. P. M. Stowe, C. B.
Kier, R. S. Taylor, A. P.
Laclede-Christy Clay Products Co.,
R. D. Hatton.

SUB-COMMITTEES OF COMMITTEE C-8.

SUB-COMMITTEE I ON FUSION TeSTS.
Kanolt, C. W. {Chairman). Orton, Edward, Jr.
Davis, R. P. M Parmelee, C. W.
Kermey, L. H. Seaver, Kenneth.
 Standing Committees. 645

Committee C-8 {Continued).

Sub-Committee II on Analysis.
Kerr, C. H. {Chairman). Norton Co.,
Bleininger, A. V. R. C. Purdy.
International Harvester Co., Parmelee, C. W.
J. C. Wames. linger, J. S.

Sub-Committee III on Industrial Survey

Bleininger, A. V. {Chairman). Savage, H. D.
Allen, E. M. Seaver, Kenneth.
Balz, G. A. Taylor, A. P.
Claiborne, C. H. Unger, J. S.
Davis, D. D.
Laclede-Christy Clav Products Co.,
R. D. Hatton. '

Sub-Committee IV on Thermal Conductivity and

Thermal Expansion.
Norton, C. L. {Chairman). Kanolt, C. W.
Allen, E. M. Norton Co.,
Balz, G. A. R. C. Purdy.
Fulweiler, W. H.

Sub-Committee V on Porosity and Permanent

Volume Change.
Norton Co., Parmelee, C. W.
R. C. Purdy {Chairman). Ramsay, J. D.
Balz, G. A. Savage, H. D.
Kerr, C. H. Unger, J. S.

Sub-Committee VI on Load Tests at High Temperatures.

Fulweiler, W. H. {Chairman). Reed, C. S.
Bleininger, A. V. Taylor, A. P.
Kenney, L. H. Unger, J. S.
Laclede-Christy Clay Products Co.,
R. D. Hatton.

Sub-Committee VII.^ — {Discontinued) .

Sub-Committee VIII on Slagging Action.

Unger, J. S. {Chairman). Kerr, C. H.
Claiborne, C. H. Orton, Edward, Jr.
International Harvester Co., Seaman, H. J.
J. C. Wames.
646 Standing Committees.

Committee C-9 on Concrete and Concrete

Aggregates.
Sanford E. Thompson, Chairman.
Cloyd M. Chapman, V ice-Chairman.
Lewis R. Ferguson, Secretary.
Non-Producers (14).
Abrams, D. A. Talbot, Arthur N.
Fuller, W. B. Thompson, Sanford E. {Chairman).
Goldbeck, A. T. Walter, L. W.
Graf, S. H. Westinghouse Church Kerr and Co.,
Greenman, R. S. Cloyd M. Chapman {Vice- Chair-
Johnson, N. C. vtan).
Lucas, G. L. Wig, R. J.
Pittsburgh Testing Laboratory. Withey, M. O.
J. L. Miner.
Producers (7).
Ashton, Ernest. Kinney, W. M.
Boyer, E. D. Moore, H. A.
Ferguson, L. R. {Secretary). Renwick, F. W.
Kelley, F. W.

Sub-Committees of Committee C-9.

Sub- Committee I on Definitions.
Ferguson, Lewis R. {Chairman). Pittsburgh Testing Laboratory,
J. L. Miner.
Sub-Committee II on Laboratory Tests for Concrete
AND Laws of Mechanical Mixtures.
Abrams, D. A. {Chairman). Renwick, F. W.
Fuller, W. B. Talbot, Arthur N.
Graf, S. H. Withey, M. O.

Sub-Committee III on Sampling and Testing Field

Concrete.
Kinney, W. M. {Chairman). Walter, L. W.
Greenman, R. S. Wig, R. J.

Sub-Committee IV on Relative Values of Various

Strength Tests.
Goldbeck, A. T. {Chairman). Withey, M. O.
Greenman, R. S.

Sub-Committee V on Impurities Affecting Fine

Aggregates.
Kelley, F. W. {Chairman). Ferguson, Lewis R.
Abrams, D. A. Johnson, N. C.
Boyer, E. D.
 Standing Committees. 647

Committee C-9 {Continued).

Sub-Committee VI on Methods of Tests for Voids,

Weights, Density, Specific Geavity and
Consistency.
Westinghouse Church Kerr and Co., Lucas, G. L.
Cloyd M. Chapman {Chairman). Pittsburgh Testing Laboratory,
Goldbeck, A. T. J. L. Miner.

Sub-Committee VII on Methods of Tests of Coarse

Aggregates.
Ashton, Ernest {Chairman). Westinghouse Church Kerr and Co.
Moore, H. A. Cloyd M. Chapman.
Renwick, F. W.

Sub-Committee VIII on Available Aggregates for

Concrete.
Ferguson, Lewis R. Wig, R. J.
Kinney, W. M.
Committee C-io on Hollow Building Tile.>
L. H. Provine, Chairman.
P. H. Bevier, V ice-Chairman.
E. V. Johnson, Secretary.
Non-Producers (8).
Griffith, J. H. Provine, L. H. {Chairman).
Johnson, E. V. {Secretary). Shankland, E. C.
Aliller, R. P. United States Gypsum Co.,
Morris, C. T. V. G. Marani.
Orton, Edward, Jr.
Producers (9).
Bevier, P. H. {Vice- Chairman). Mason City Brick and Tile Co.,
Clay Products Co., The, B. C. Keeler.
H. H. Titsworth. Maahs, J. A.
Demorest, W. G. National Fireproofing Co.,
Denison, W. C. R. W. Allison.
Hollow IBuilding Tile Maaufacturcr's Whitacre Fireproofing Co.,
Association, R. E. Whitacre.
H. C. Downer.

Sub-Committees of Committee C-io.

Sub-Committee I on Strength and Load Tests.
Griffith, J. H. {Chairman). United States Gypsum Co.,
Morris, C. T. V. G. Marani.
National Fireproofing Co., Whitacre Fireproofing Co.,
R. W. Allison. R. E. Whitacre.
Shankland, E. C.
' The numeric preponderance of the producer clement of this committee is inconsistent
with the regulations of the Society. This matter is now in course of adjustment.
648 Standing Committees.

Committee C-io {Coniinucd).

Sub-Committee II on Fire Tests.

Johnson, E. V. {Chairman). Dennison, W. C.
Clay Products Co., The, Miller, R. P.
H. H. Titsworth. Shankland, E. C.

Sub-Committee III on Absorption and Frost Resistance.

Orton, Edward, Jr. {Chairman). Mason Citv Brick and Tile Co.,
Bevier, P. H, B. C. Keeler.

Sub-Committee IV on Insulation and Acoustics.

United States Gypsum Co., Johnson, E. V.
V. G. Marani {Chairman) Maahs, J. A.
Demorest, W. G, Orton, Edward, Jr.

Committee C-ii on Gypsum and Gypsum Products.

R. J. Wig, Chatrman.
F. A. Wilder, Vice-Chairman.
R. P. Miller, Vice-Chairman.
L. I. Neale, Secretary.
Non-Producers (20).
Abrams, D. A. Menefee, F. N.
American Institute of Architects, Miller, R. P. {Vice-Chairman).
J. R. Rockart. Mills, A. P.
Ashton, E. Norton, C. L.
Emley, W. E. Slater, W, A.
Forster, H. W.
Tagge, A. C.
FroehUng and Robertson, Underwriters Laboratories, Incor-
Henry Froehling.
Hicks, T. A. G. W.porated,
Riddle.
Jones, Bevan. Waid, D. E.
Latta, H. W. Wig, R. J. {Chairman).
Macgregor, J. S. Woolson, I. H.

Producers (10).
American Cement Plaster Co., dated, Cement Co., Consoli-
Pacific Portland
E. Tupper.
Brown, H. J. T. S. Montgomery.
Grand Rapids Plaster Co., Southern Gypsum Co.,
A. H. Apted. F. A. Wilder {Vice-Chairman).
Gypsum Industries Association, Incor- Tomkins, C.
porated, United States Gypsum Co.,
S. G. Webb. C. Henning.
Haigh, De Lagnel. V. G. Marani.
Neale, L. I. {Secretary). G. L. Southard.
 Standing Committees.
649

Committee C-ii {Continued).

Sub-Committees of Committee C-ii.
Sub-Committee I on Gypsum for Various Uses.
Brown, H. J. {Chairman). Latta, H. W.
American Cement Plaster Co., Macgregor, J. S.
Edward Tupper. Southern Gypsum Co.,
Ashton, E. F. A. Wilder.
Emley, W. E. Tagge,
Gypsum Industries Association, Incor- United A. C. Gypsum Co.,
States
porated, G. L. Southard.
S. G. Webb. Wig, R. J. {ex-officio).
Hicks, T. A.

Sub-Committee II on Gypsum Plasters.

Haigh, De Lagnel {Chairman). Gypstmi Industries Association,Incor-
Abrams, D. A. porated,
American Cement Plaster Co., S. G. Webb.
Edward Tupper. United States Gypsum Co.,
Brown, H. J. G. L. Southard.
Emley, W. E. Wig, R. J. {ex-officio).
Grand Rapids, Plaster Co.,
A. H. Apted.

Sub- Committee III on Structural Gypsum Products.

Slater, W. A. {Chairman). Neale, L. I.
Forster, H. W. United States Gypsum Co.,
Gypsum Industries Association, Incor- Charles Henning.
porated, V. G. Marani.
S. G. Webb. Wig, R. J. {ex-officio).
Miller, R. P.

Sub-Committee IV on Testing Methods.

Emley, W. E. {Chairman). Underwriters' Laboratories, Incor-
Haigh, De Lagnel. porated,
Gypsum Industries Association, Incor- G. W. Riddle.
porated, United States Gypsum Co.,
S. G. Webb. V. G. Marani.
Mills, A. P. Woolson, Ira H.
Norton, C. L. Wig, R. J. {ex-officio).
Tomkins, C.

Sub- Committee V on Nomenclature.

Gypsum Industries Association,
Incorporated, Jones, B.
Macgregor, J. S.
S. G. Webb {Chairman). United States Gypsum Co.,
American Institute of Architects, V. G. Marani.
J. R. Rockart. Wig, R. J. {ex-officio).
Grand Rapids Plaster Co.,
A. H. Apted.
650 Standing Committees.

D. MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS.

Committee D-i on Preservative Coatings for

Structural Materials.
P.' H. Walker, Chairman.
G. B. Heckel, V ice-Chairman.
G. W. Thompson, Secretary.
Non-Producers (43).
Aiken, W. A. Perry, R. S.
Akin, Thomas B. Polk, Anderson.
Bacon, C. V. Ramage, J. C.
Boughton, E. W. Raquet, E. H.
Bragg, C. T. Rogers, Allen.
Bureau of Construction and Repair, Schmitt, F. E.
U. S. N., Smith, H. E.
E. C. Land. Smither, F. W.
Dannerth, F. Stillwell, A. G.
Dewar, John. Underwriters' Laboratories, Incor-
Finn, A. M. porated,
Fitch, R. O. A. H. Nuckolls.
Force, H. J. Van Gundv, C. P.
Gibboney, James H. Veitch, F. P.
Gill, A. H. Victor Talking Machine Co.,
Job, Robert. E. F. Hicks.
Johnsen, A. M. Von Schrenk, H.
Kellogg, J. W. Voorhees, S. S.
Macnichol, Charles. Walker, P. H. {Chairman).
McDonnell, M. E. Walker, William H.
Mcllhinev, P. C. Ware, E. E.
Millwood, J. P. Wertz, F. A.
Muckenfuss, A. M. Westinghouse Church Kerr and Co.
New York Central Railroad Co. , Engi- Cloyd M. Chapman.
neering Department, Young, J. B.
A. W. Carpenter.
Producers (43).
♦Ashby, G. E. Horn, A. C.
*Atlantic Refining Co., The, Ingalls, F. P.
F. C. Robinson. Kohr, D. A.
Cheesman, F. P. *Langmuir, A. C.
Coleman, R. E. Lindsay, R. W.
Lucas and Co., John,
Dixon S. D. " Co., Joseph,
Davis, Crucible L. P. Nemzek.
M. McNaughton. *Lunn, Charles A.
Edgerly, D. W. MacGregor, J. R.
Evans, S. M. ♦Mackenzie, K. G.
♦Forrest, C. N. *Maitland, Harold T.
*Gardner, Henry A. MoUer and Schumann Co.
*Gray, G. W. C. J. Schumann.
Gregory, E. D. Murphy Varnish Co.,
*Heckel, G. B. {Vice-Chairman). W. F. Burleigh.

♦These members of Committee D-1, classed as Producers, stand in the relation of

Producer to certain products, and in that of Non-Producer to other products within the
province of the Committee.
 651
Standing Committees.

Committee D-i {Continued).

Producers {Continued).
Neal, C. S. Schaeffer, J. A.
*New Jersey Zinc Co., Seaton, M. Y.
H. Hendricks. Sherwin-Williams Co., The,
G. C. Stone. E. C. Holton.
♦Paisley, J. W. Thompson, G. W. {Secretary).
Patton Paint Co., Toch, Maximilian.
Ben Solomon. United States Gutta Percha Paint Co.
*Pickard, Glenn H. W. W. Rice.
Rinald, C. D. * Weiss, J. M.
Rogers, R. E. White, G. D.
Sabin, A. H. Wilhelm Co., The A.,
Sanderson, J. McE. Walter S. Davis.

Sub-Committees of Committee D-i.

Sub-Committee I, Advisory Committee.
Walker, P. H. {Chairman) Gibboney, James H.
Aiken, W. A. Meckel, G. B.
Dixon Crucible Co., Pickard, Glenn H.
M. McNaughton. Thompson, G. W.
Gardner, Henry A. Voorhees, S. S.

Sub-Committee II. — {Discontinued) .

Sub-Committee III on Testing of Paint Vehicles.
Gardner, Henry A. {Chairman). Pickard, Glenn H.
Bacon, C. V. Rogers, Allen.
Bough ton, E. W. Sabin, A. H.
Bragg, C. T. Schaeffer, J. A.
Kohr, D. A. White, G. D.
Lindsay, R. W.
Lucas and Co., John,
L. P. Nemzek.

Sub- Committee IV. — {Discontinued) .

Sub-Committee V on Linseed Oil.
Pickard, Glenn H {Chairman). Seaton, M. Y.
Bough ton, E. W. Thompson, G. W.
Kohr, D. A.

Sub-Committee VI on Definitions of Terms Used in Paint

Specifications.
Thompson, G. W. {Chairman). Mcllhiney, P. C.
Gibboney, James H. Walker, P. H.
Heckel, G. B. White, G. D.
Kohr, D. A.
* These members of Committee D-1, classed as Producers, stand in the relation of
Producer to certain products, and in that of Non-Producer to other products within the
province of the Committee.
652 Standing Committees.

Committee D-i (Continued).

Sub-Committee VII on Accelerated Tests and the

Influence of Pigments on Corrosion.
Gardner, H. A. {Chairman). Walker, W. H.
Smith, H. E.

Sub-Committee VIII on Methods of Analysis of Paint

Materials.
Smither, F. W. {Chairman). Mcllhiney, P. C.
Gibboney, James H. Thompson, G. W.
Ingalls, F. P. Voorhees, vS. S.

Sub-Committee IX on Varnish.
Voorhees, S. S. {Chairman). Other members to be appointed.

Sub-Committee X. — {Discontinued).

Sub-Committee XI on Paint Thinners Other Than

Turpentine.
Westinghouse Church Kerr and Co., Lmin, C. A.
Cloyd M. Chapman {Chairman). Mackenzie, K. G.
Atlantic Refining Co., The, Maitland, Harold T.
F. C. Robinson. Patton Paint Co.,
Bacon, C. V. Ben Solomon.
Bragg, C. T. Underwriters' Laboratories,
Edgerly, D. W. A. H. Nuckolls.
Forrest, C. N. Veitch, F. P.
Gray, G. W. Voorhees, S. S.
Johnsen, A. M. Weiss, J. M.
Lindsay, R. W.
Lucas and Co., John,
L. P. Nemzek.

Sub-Committee XII on Turpentine.

Veitch, F. P. {Chairman). Voorhees S. S.
Boughton, E. W. Westinghouse Church Kerr and Co.
Gardner, H. A. Cloyd M. Chapman.
Gibboney, J. H.

Sub-Committee XIII on Shellac.

Langmuir, A. C. {Chairman). Paisley, J. W.
Ashby, G. E. Stillwell, A. G.
Bragg, C. T. Victor Talking Machine Co.,
Mcllhiney, P. C. E. F. Hicks.
 Standing Committees. 653

Committee D-i {Continued).

Sub-Committee XIV on the Preparation of Iron
AND Steel Surfaces for Painting.
New York Central Railroad Co., Cheesman, F. P.
Engineering Department, Job, Robert.
A. W. Carpenter (Chairman). McDonnell, M. E.
Aiken, W. A. Sabin, A. H.

Sub-Committee XV on Specifications for Pigments

Dry and in Oil when Marketed in the Form.
New Jersey Zinc Co., Ingalls, F. P.
G. C. Stone (Chairman). Thompson, G. W.
Gardner, H. A. White, G. D.

Sub Committee XVI on Terms Used in Reporting the

Condition of Painted Surfaces.
Lucas and Co., John, Ramage, J. C.
L. P. Nemzek (Chairman). Sabin, A. H.
Heckel, G. B. Van Gimdy, C. P.
McDonnell, M. E.

Sub-Committee XVII on Testing of Pigments for

Fineness by the Use of Screens.
Thompson, G. W. (Chairman). Other members to be appointed.

Committee D-2 on Lubricants.

C. P. Van Gundy, Chairman.
P. H. CoNRADSON, Vice-Chairman.
K. G. Mackenzie, Secretary.
Non-Producers (12).
BureauofSteamEngineering, U. S. N., Dunbar, W. O.
Naval Engineering Experi- Flowers, A. E.
ment Station, Annapolis, French, D. K.
Md. Jeffers, J. M.
Bacon, C. V. Van Gundy, C. P. (Chairman).
Blakeley, A. G. Waters, C. E.
Day, D. T. Westinghouse Air Brake Co.,
Dow, A. W. H. C. Loudenbeck.
Producers (7).
Atlantic Refining Co., Conradson, P. H. (Vice-Vhairman) .
F. C. Robinson. Gray, J. L.
Baum, George. Mackenzie, K. G. (Secretary).
Baxter, F. R. Maitland, Harold.
654 Standing Committees.

Committee D-3 on Methods of Sampling and Analysis

OF Coal.
S. W. Parr, Chairman.
(Forming part of a joint committee on this subject v/ith a committee of
the American Chemical Society.)
Parr, S. W. {Chairman). Haas, Frank R.
Dickinson, H. C. Voorhees, S. S.

Committee D-4 on Road Materials.

Logan Waller Page, Chairman.
Prevost Hubbard, Secretary.
Non-Producers (23).
Agg, T. R. Johnson, Arthur N.
Blanchard, A. H. Mattimore, H. S.
Broadhurst, W. H. Mickey, C. E.
Crosby, W. W. Myers, J. E.
Dow, A. W. Page, Logan
ment,Waller {Chairman).
Drowne, H. B. Pennsylvania State Highway Depart-
Fitch, R. O.
Geological Survey of New Jersey, Joseph W. Hunter.
R. B. Gage. Reeve, C. S.
Goldbeck, A. T. Sargent, Paul D.
Greenman, R. S. Scofield, H. H.
Hubbard, Prevost {Secretary). Smith, F. P.
Jackson, F. H. Thompson, S. E.
Producers (13).
Church, S. R. Mclntyre, W. A.
Cobb, E. B. Miller, ]. S., Jr.
Forrest, C. N. Pullar, H. B.
Fulweiler, W. H. Sharpies, P. P.
Hemstreet, G. P. Spencer, Herbert.
Interocean Oil Co., Wamer-Quinlan Asphalt Co.
L. M. Law. W. C. Monsell.
Kershaw, W. H.

Sub-Committees of Committee D-4.

Sub-Committee I on Bituminous Road and Paving
Materials.
Dow, A. W. {Chairman). Hemstreet, G. P.
Blanchard, A. H. Hubbard, Prevost.
Broadhurst, W. H. Interocean Oil Co.,
Church, S. R. L. M. Law.
Cobb, E. B. Kershaw, W. H.
Crosby, W. W. Miller, J. S., Jr.
Forrest, C. N. Myers, J. E.
Fulweiler, W. H. Reeve, C. S.
Geological Survey of New Jersey, Sharpies, P. P.
R. B. Gage. Smith, F. P.
 Standing Committees. 655

Committee D-4 (Continued).

Sub-Committee II on Non-Bituminous Road and Paving

Materials.
Blanchard, A. H. (Chairman). Greenman, R. S.
Agg, T. R. Johnson, A. N.
Crosby, W. W. Sargent, P. D.
Drowne, H. B. Smith, F. P.
Goldbeck, A. T. Thompson, S. E.

Sub-Committee III on Nomenclature of Bituminous

Materials.
Hubbard, Prcvost (Chairman). Fulweiler, W. H.
Blanchard, A. H. Pullar, H. B.
Cobb, E. B. Sharpies, P. P.
Forrest, C. N. Smith, F. P.

Committee D-5 on Coal.

G. S. Pope, Chairman.
Non-Producers (20).
Brady, William. Hume, A. P.
Bureau of Steam Engineering, U. S. N., Hunnings, S. V.
Fuel Division. Moldenke, Richard.
Capp, J. A. Parr, S. W.
Carney, F. D. Pope, G. S. (Chairtnan).
Femald, R. H. Randall, D. T.
Force, H. J. United Gas Improvement Co.
Forstall, Alfred E. Walton Clark.
Gibbs, A. W. Voorhees, S. S.
Goodenough, Walter. White, Alfred H.
Harris, J. R. Woodwell, J. E.
Producers (9).
Adams, H. C. Fisher, Thomas.
Belden, A. W. Fleming, Henry S.
Blakeley, A. G, Haas, Frank R.
Castner, Curran and Bullitt, Incor- McCreath and Son, Andrew S.
porated, Andrew S. IvIcCreath.
J. S. Burrows. Wadleigh, F. R.

Committee D-6 on Coke.

Richard Moldenke, Chairman.
A. C. FiELDNER, Secretary.
Non-Producers (11).
Anaconda Copper Mining Co., Haldeman, Horace L.
E. P. Mathewson. Hunnings, S. V.
Blakeley, A. G. Johnson, R. K.
Bole, William A. Lynch, T. D.
Fackenthal, B. F., Jr. Moldenke, Richard (Chairman).
Fieldner, A. C. (Secretary). Wood, Walter.
656 Standing Committees.

Committee D-6 (Continued).

Producers (5).
Belden, A. W. Mcllvain, E. M.
Haas, Frank R. Wentz, Daniel B.
Ireland, W. G.

Committee D-7 on Timber.

Hermann von Schrenk, Chairman.
J. A. Newlin, Secretary.
Non-Producers (21).
Bateman, E. Newlin, J. A. (Secretary).
Bebb, C. H. Rex, G. E.
Betts, H. S. Robinson, A. F.
Bohland, J. A. Russell, E. J.
Bureau of Construction and Repair, Schreiber, Martin.
U. S. N. Sterling, E. A.
Cincinnati Chapter, American Insti- Taylor, C. M.
tute of Architects, Tillson, G. W.
A. O. Elzner. Vanderpoel, W. K.
Da\'idson, G. M. Von Schrenk, Hermann (Chairman).
Hatt, W. K. Westinghouse Church Kerr and Co.,
Hoxie, F. J. Cloyd M. Chapman.
Lohmann, H. W.
Producers (15).
Calder, R. J. Kuehn, A. L.
Church, S. R. Roper Lumber Co., John L.,
Fant, A. E. C. I. Millard.
Fulweiler, W. H. Shipley, G. B.
Goss, O. P. M. Smith, P. R.
Holt, W. A. Southern Pine Association,
Jayne, Howard. W. H. Sullivan.
Kaul, J. L. Swan, O. T.
KeUogg, R. S.

Sub-Committees of Committee D-7.

Sub-Committee I on Classification and Designation of
Southern Yellow Pines.
Rex, G. E. (Chairman). Newlin, J, A.
Hatt, W. K. Roper Lumber Co., John L.,
Holt, W. A. C. I. Millard.
Hoxie, F. J. Southern Pine Association,
Kaul, J. L. W. H. Sullivan.
Lohmann, H. W.

Sub-Committee II on Uses of Untreated Yellow Pines.

Sterling, E. A. (Chairman). Jensen, J. N.
Betts, H. S. Roper Lumber Co., John L.,
Cincinnati Chapter, American Insti- C. I. Millard.
tute of Architects, Russell, E. J.
A. O. Elzner. Schreiber, Martin.
 Standing Committees. 657

Committee D-7 {Continued).

Sub-Committee III on Pacific Coast Timbers.
Bebb, C. H. Goss, O. P. M.
Betts, H. S. Jayne, Howard.
Bohland, J. A. Newlin, J. A.

Sub-Committee IV on Wooden Paving Blocks.

Tillson, G. W. {Chairman). Southern Pine Association,
Shipley, G. B. W. H. Sullivan.
Smith, P. R. Swan, O. T.

Sub-Committee V on Methods of Preservative Treatment

OF Timber.
Robinson, A. F. {Chairman). Sterling, E. A.
Kaul, J. L. Smith, P. R.-
Kuehn, A. L. Vanderpoel, W. K.
Shipley, G. B.
Sub-Committee VI on Timber Preservatives.
Church, S. R. {Chairman). Kuehn, A. L.
Bateman, E. Rex, G. E.
Davidson, G. M. Taylor, C. M.
Fulweiler, W. H. Westinghouse Church Kerr and Co.,
Hatt, W. K. Cloyd M. Chapman.

Sub-Committee VII on Inspection of Treated Timber.

Taylor, C. M. {Chairman). Fant, A. E.
Calder, R. J. Robinson, A. F.

Sub-Committee VIII on Fireproofing of Timber.

Bateman, E. {Chairman). Hoxie, F. J.
Church, S. R. Swan, O. T.
Fulweiler, W. H.

Committee D-8 on Waterproofing.

W. A. Aiken, Chairman.
L. W. Walter, V ice-Chairman.
L. M. Law, Secretary.
Non-Producers (15).
Aiken, W. A. {Chairman). Munsell, A. W.
Barbour, F. A. Reeve, C. S.
Fitch, Roy O. Schreiber, Martin.
Force, H. J. Sherrerd, M. R.
Gaines, R. H. Walter, L. W. {Vice-Chairman).
Gill, A. H. Welty, H. T.
Hubbard, P. Wig, R. J.
Little, Incorporated, A. D.,
H. S. Mork.
6S8 Standing Committees.

Committee D-8 {Continued).

Producers (11).
Abraham, H. Interocean Oil Co.,
Barrett Co., The, , L. M. Law {Secretary) .
W. S. Babcock. Kershaw, W. H.
S. R. Church. Mackenzie, K. G.
DeKnight, E. W. Mastic Bond Co.,
Ferguson, L. R. S. G. Webb.
Forrest, C. N. Spencer, Herbert.
Toch, Maximilian.

Sub-Committees of Committee D-8.

Sub- Committee I— Technical Committee.
Fitch, Roy O. {Chairman). Interocean Oil Co.,
Abraham, Herbert. Leroy M. Law.
Barrett Co., The, Little, Incorporated, A. D.
S. R. Church. H. S. Mork.
Forrest, C. N. Mackenzie, K. G.
Gill, A. H. Reeve, C. S.
Hubbard, P.

Committee D-9 on Electrical Insulation.i

C. E. Skinner, Chairman.
Non-Producers (5).
Bureau of Standards, Electrical Testing Laboratories,
P. G. Agnew. F. M. Farmer.
Bureau of Steam Engineering, U. S. N. Western Electric Co.,
D. J. McAdam. A. H. Vorum.
Commonwealth Edison Co.,
E. O. Schweitzer.
Producers (12).
The,
American Vulcanized Fiber Co., Rossi, Louis.
WilUam Eves, III. Schenectady Varnish Co.,
Boonton Rubber Co., W. H. Wright.
R. W. Seabury. Sherwin-Williams Co.
*General Electric Co., A. F. Roche.
J. A. Capp, SterUng Varnish Co., The,
L. E. Barringer. J. H. Shugg.
Goodrich Co., B. F., Vacuum Oil Co.,
A. A. Brewster. F. R. Baxter.
The,
-Locke Insulator Manufacturing Co., *Westinghouse Electric
facturing Co., and Manu
B. A. Plimpton. C. E. Skinner {Chairman).
Ohio Insulator Co., The,
A. O. Austin.
* The numeric preponderance of the producer element of this committee is inconsistent
with the regulations of the Society. This matter is now in course of adjustment.
* These members of Committee D-9, classed as Producers, stand in the relation of
Producer to certain products, and in that of Non-Producer to other products within the
province of the Committee.
 Standing Committees. 659

Committee D-9 {Continued).

Sub-Committees of Committee D-9.

Sub-Committee I on Insulating Varnishes.

Electrical Testing Laboratories, Schenectady Varnish Co.
F. M. Fanner {Chairman). W. H. Wright.
Bureau of Standards, Sterling Varnish Co.,
P. G. Agnew. J. H. Shugg.
General Electric Co.,
J. A. Capp.

Sub-Committee II on Molded Insulated IMaterials.

Boonton Rubber Co., Rossi, L. M.
R. W. Seabury {Chairman). Western Electric Co.,
General Electric Co., A. H. Vorum.
L. E. Barringer. Westinghouse Electric
Goodrich Co., B. F., facturing Co., and Manu-
A. A. Brewster. C. E. Skinner.

Sub-Committee III on Sheet Insulation.

Westinghouse Electric and Manu- Bureau of Standards,

facturing Co., P. G. Agnew.
C. E. Skinner {Chairman). Commonwealth Edison Co.,
American Vulcanized Fiber Co., E. O. Schweitzer.
WilUam Eves, III. Western Electric Co.,
A. H. Vorum.

Sub-Committee IV on Liquid Insulation.

Bureau of Standards, Vacuum Oil Co.,
P. G. Agnew {Chairman). F. R. Baxter.
General Electric Co., Westinghouse Electric
J. A. Capp. facturing Co., and Manu-
C. E. Skinner.

Sub-Committee V on Porcelain Insulation.

General Electric Co., Ohio Insulator Co.,
L. E. Barringer {Chairman). A. O. Austin.
Commonwealth Edison Co., Westinghouse Electric
E. O. Schweitzer. facturing Co., and Manu-
Locke Insulator Manufacturing Co., C. E. Skinner.
B. A. Plimpton.
660 Standing Committees.

Committee D-io on Shipping Containers.

B. W. Dunn, Chairman.
W. S. Topping, Secretary.
Non-Producers (19).
Carleton, G. E. MacFarland, H. B.
Chamberlin, C. D.
Dunn, B. W. {Chairman). Manufacturing
of the Chemists'
U. S., Association
Fairburn, W. A. Henry Howard.
Hayner Distilling Co., Nellis, J. C.
W. S. Kidder. Newlin, J. A.
Heckel, G. B. Powe, W. R.
Hodges, George. Stone, G. C.
Independent Petroleum Sturcke, H. E.
Association of theMarketers'
U. S., Swan, O. T.
W. C. Piatt. Topping, W. S. {Secretary).
Lucas and Co., John, Uniform Classification Committee,
F. L. Campbell. J. E. Wilhams.

Producers (10).
Babcock, G. C. Ohio Boxboard Co., The,
Hinde and Dauch Paper Co., The, T. W. Ross.
Pressed Steel Tank Co.,
J. J. Dauch. R. H. Hackney.
Institute of Makers of Explosives,
T. W. Bacchus. Sexton, W. D.
Masters, B. F. Wellford, W. L.
National Tube Co., Yegge, C. F.
F. N. Speller.

Committee D-ii on Rubber Products.

E. A. Barrier, Chairman.
F. M. Waring, Secretary.
Non-Producers (19).
Bureau of Construction and Repair, Newcomb, R. E.
U. S. N. New York Central Railroad Co.,
Bureau of Steam Engineering, U. S. N . , C. B. Martin.
Electrical Division. Onderdonk, J. R.
Dannerth, Frederic. Potts, S. C.
Electrical Testing Laboratories, Skinner, C. E.
F. M. Farmer. Testing Laboratory, City of St. Louis,
Force, H. J. Norman Chiwis.
Inspection Department, Associated Turner Co., J. S.,
Factory Mutual Fire Insur- C. S. Cook.
ance Co., Waring, F. M. {Secretary).
E. A. Barrier {Chairman). Wormeley, P. L.
Lesser, W. H. Young, C. D.
MacFarland, H. B. Young, J. B.
 Standing Committees. 661

Committee D-ii (Continued).

Producers (11).
Bierer, J. M. Gutta Percha and facturingRubber Manu-
Boggs, C. R. Co.,
Duniop Tire and Rubber Goods Co. W. E. Campbell.
Limited, Hodgman Co.,
Rubber Co.,
D. E. Beynon. G. B. Hodgman.
Ellinwood, G. H. Manhattan Rubber Manufacturing
Gage, R. M. H. S. Doty.
General Electric Co.,
W. S. Clark. Whipple, Dorris.
Goodrich Co., B. F.,
N. vS. Noble.

Sub-Committees of Committee D-ii.

Advisory Committee.
Inspection Department, Associated New York Central Railroad Co.
Factory C. B. Martin.
ance Co.,Mutual Fire Insur- Newcomb, R. E.
E. A. Barrier, Chairman. Waring, F. M.
Bierer, J. M. Young, C. D.
Dannerth, Frederic. Young, J. B.
Gutta Percha and Rubber Manu-
facturing Co.,
W. E. Campbell.

Sub-Committee I on Air Hose.

New York Central Railroad Co., Goodrich Co., B. F.,
C. B. Martin (Chairman). N. S. Noble.
Gutta Percha and Rubber Manufac- Onderdonk, J. R.
turing Co., Young, C. D.
W. E. Campbell.

Sub-Committee II on Belting.
Gutta Percha and Rubber Manu- Goodrich Co., B. F.,
facturing Co., N. S. Noble.
W. E. Campbell (Chairman). New York Central Railroad Co.,
Bierer, J. M. C. B. Martin,
Dannerth, F. Onderdonk, J. R.
Potts, S. C.

Sub-Committee III on Cold-Water Hose.

Inspection Department, Associated Bierer, J. M.
Factory Bureau of Construction and Repair,
ance Co.,Mutual Fire Insur- U. S. N.
E. A. Barrier (Chairman). Campbell, W. E.
662 Standing Committees.

Committee D-ii {Continued).

Sub-Committee IV. — (Discontinued).

Sub-Committee V on Insulated Wire,
Young, C. D. {Chairman). General Electric Co.,
Boggs, C. R. W. S. Clark.
Bureau of Steam Engineering, U. S. N., Skinner, C. E.
Electrical Division. Whipple, Dorris.
Electrical Testing Laboratories,
P. M. Farmer.

Sub-Committee VI on Packings, Gaskets and Pump Valves.

Newcomb, R. E. {Chairman). Manhattan Rubber Manufacturing
Bureau of Construction and Repair, Co.,
_ U. S. N. H. S. Doty.
Inspection Department, Associated Potts, S. C.
Factory Mutual Fire Insur- Testing Laboratory, City of St. Louis,
ance Co., Norman Chivvis.
E. A. Barrier.

Sub-Committee VII on Steam Hose.

Young, J. B. {Chairman). Onderdonk, J. R.
Goodrich Co., B. F., Young, C. D.
N. S. Noble.

Sub-Committee VIII on Definitions and Nomenclature.

Dannerth, Frederic {Chairman). Hodgman Rubber Co.,
Bierer, J. M. G. B. Hodgman.
Gage, R. M. Turner Co., J. S.,
C. S. Cook.

Sub- Committee IX on Rubber Insulating Tape.

Bierer, J. M. {Chairman). Waring, F. M.
Boggs, C. R. _ Whipple, D.
Electrical Testing Laboratories,
F. M. Farmer.

Committee D-12 on

COMMITTEE D-13 ON TEXTILE MATERIALS.

W. D. Hartshorne, Chairman.
D. E. DouTY, Secretary.
Non-Producers (21).
Abrams, D. A. Bureau of Standards,
Atlas Portland Cement Co., W. S. Lewis.
T. A. Hicks. Daniels, F. W.
Barker, E. H. Douty, D. E. {Secretary).
 Standing Committees. 663

Committee D-13 (Continued).

Non-Producers (Continued).
Firestone Tire and Rubber Co., Racine Rubber Co.,
J. W. Cooper. L. T. Vance.
Gage, R. M. Republic Rubber Co.,
Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co., N. W. Sayles.
P. W. Litchfield. Scott and Co., H. L.,
T. Wood. Henry L. Scott.
Hartshome, W. D. (Chairman). Tidewater Portland Cement Co.,
Lee Tire and Rubber Co.,
E. E. Dearth. _ W. and
United B. Welch.
Globe Rubber Manu-
Little, Incorporated, A. D., facturing Cos.,
C. E. Swett. G. W. Skirm.
Marble, E. H. LTnited States Rubber Co.,
Miller Rubber Co., A. A. SommerviUe.
A. E. Warner, WiUard, F. W.
R. T. Griffith.
Producers (12).
Beaver Mills, Jenckes Spinning Co.,
C. M. Sears. H. P. Babcock.
Bemis Brothers Bag Co., Lane and Co., J. H.,
A. H. Clarke. C. B. Finckel.
Brighton Mills, Manliasset Manufacturing Co.
H. V. R. Scheel. R. A. Ballon.
DaUis, Roy. Rutledge, J. T.
Eagles, R. P. M. Turner, Spencer.
Jaquith, Horace. Turner Co., J. S.,
C. S. Cook.

E. MISCELLANEOUS SUBJECTS.
COMMITTEE E-1 ON METHODS OF TESTING.
Gaetano Lanza, Chairman.
Abbott, R. R. Howe, Henry M.
Baldwin Locomotive Works, Hume, A. P.
H. V. Wille. Humphrey, Richard L.
Boylston, H. M. Hunnings, S. V.
Bureau of Steam Engineering, U. S. N., Job,
Naval Engineering Experi- Lanza,Robert.
Gaetano (Chairman).
ment Station, Annapolis, Linder, O.
Md., Inspection Division. Lothrop, M. T.
Cambria Steel Co., Lynch, T. D.
G. E. Thackray. Macgregor, J. S.
Campbell, William. Merriman, Mansfield.
Carnegie Steel Co., Moldenke, Richard.
H. P. Tiemann. Moore, H. F.
Deans, John S. Nelson, E. D.
Devries, R. P. Standard Steel Works Co.,
Diller, H. E. A. A. Stevenson.
Douty, D. E. Stoughton, Bradley.
Hatt, W. K. Zimmerschied, K. W.
Howard, J. E.
664 Standing Committees.

Committee E-i (Continued).

Sub-Committees of Committee E-i.
Sub-Committee I on Hardness Tests.
Devrics, R. P. (Chairman). Lothrop, M. T.
Abbott, R. R. Macgregor, J. S.
Boylston, H. M. Stoughton, Bradley.
Douty, D.E.

Committee E-2 on Electrical Standards.

C. E. Skinner, Chairman.
Burrows, C. W. Skinner, C. E. (Chairman).
Capp, J. A.

Committee E-3 on Revision of Pipe Threads.

Forming part of a Joint Committee on this subject with committees of
the following societies:
American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
J. C. Bannister. S. G. Flagg, Jr.
Manufacturers' Association on Standardization of Fittings,
a. M. Houser. C. A. Olsen.
Master Car Builders' Association.
J. J. Burch. F. Zeleny.
Railway Signal Association.
C. C. Anthony. J. C. Mock. F. P. Patenall.

H. V. WiLLE, Chairman.
E. W. Smith, Secretary.
Non-Producers (7).
Bureau of Standards. Wallis, J. T.,
Cromwell, O. C. E. W. Smith (Secretary).
Kendig, R. B., Wille, H. V. (Chairman).
H. E. Smith. Zeleny, F.
Tilt, E. B.
Producers (3).
Beale, H. A. Reading Iron Co.,
National Tube Co., George Schuhmann.
F. N. Speller.

SUB-COMMITTEES OF COMMITTEE E-3.

Sub-Committee I on Laboratory and Service Tests.
Wallis, J. T., National Tube Co.,
E. W. Smith (Chairman). F. N. Speller.
PatenaU, F. P.
 665
Standing Committees.

Committee E-4 on
Committee E-5 on Standing Committees.
This Committee consists of the Chairmen of all Standing Com-
MiTTEs, OR Representatives designated by the Respective Chairmen.
The Duties of this Committee are the Formulation of (c) Regulations
Governing Standing Committees; (b) Regulations Governing the Form
BUT NOT THE SUBSTANCE OF STANDARDS, AND (c) ThE CLASSIFICATION ON
STANT)ARDS.

Edgar Marburg, Chairman (ex-officio).

C. E. Skinner, Vice-Chairman.
Representing Representing
Committee. Committee.
A-1 C. D. Young. C-11 R. J. Wig.
A-2 S. V. Hunnings. D-1 P. H. Walker.
A-3 Richar.d Moldenke. D-2 C. P. Van Gundy.
A-4 Albert Sauveur. D-3 S. W. Parr.
A-5 S. S. Voorhees. D-4 L. W. Page.
A-6 C. W. Burrows. D-5 G. S. Pope.
B-1 J. A. Capp. D-6 R. Moldenke.
B-2 T. D. Lynch. D-7 H. von Schrenk.
C-1
/-> T R. S. Greenman. D-8 W. A. Aiken.
L/-Z ■ D-9 C. E. Skinner {Vice- Chairman)
C-3 T. R. Lawson. D-IOB. W. Dunn.
C-4 Rudolph Hering. D- 11 E. A. Barrier. .
C-5 I. H. Woolson. D-13W. D. Hartshome.
C-6 A. Marston. E-1 G. Lanza.
C-7 J. S. Macgregor. E-2 C. E. Skinner.
C-8 A. V. Bleininger. E-3 H. V. Wille.
C-9 S. E. Thompson. E-6 Edgar Marburg {Chairman).
C-10 L. H. Provine.
Advisory Committee.
Marburg, Edgar (Chairmati). Hunnings, S. V.
Burrows, C. W. Skinner, C. E.
Capp, J. A. Young, C. D.
Greerunan, R. S.

Committee E-6 on Papers and Publications.

Edgar Marburg, Chairman {ex-officio).
Berry, H. C. Page, L. W.
Clamer, G. H. Stevenson, A. A.
Humphrey, Richard L. Talbot, A. N.
Marburg, Edgar {Chairman). Voorhees, S. S.
Moldenke, Richard.

Advisory Committee.
Marburg, Edgar {Chairman). Humphrey, Richard L.
Berr}', H. C. Stevenson, A. A.
Clamer, G. H.
 REGULATIONS GOVERNING STANDING
COMMITTEES.

Note. — By action of the Executive Committee on January 6, 1912, the

responsibility for the general Regulations Governing Standing Committees is
vested in the Executive Committee and Committee E-5 on Standing Com-
mittees, with the understanding (1) that a proposed change in these Regula-
tions originating with Committee E-5 shall be subject to approval by the
Executive Committee of the Society; (2) that the Executive Committee of the
Society shall make no changes in these Regulations without first referring the
same to Committee E-5 ; and (3) that proposed changes in these Regulations
thus adopted shall be announced in the next circular to members and become
effective from the date of issue of that circular.

Creation. — The creation of a standing committee shall be

subject to the authorization of the Executive Committee, acting
either on a recommendation adopted by majority vote at an
annual meeting of the Society, or on its own initiative.
Appointments. — Appointments on standing committees shall
be made by the Executive Committee subject to the following
provisions:
1 . On committees dealing with subjects having a commercial
bearing, either an equal numeric balance shall be main-
tained between the representatives of producing and
non-producing interests; or the latter may be allowed
to predominate with the acquiescence of the former.
2. The classification of the members of a committee into
producers and non-producers shall be left to each
committee, subject to the following provisions, and with
the understanding that a member dissatisfied with this
classification has the right of appeal to the Executive
Committee :
(a) A member who stands in the relation of producer
to any product within the province of the com-
mittee shall be classed as a producer, although at
the request of the officers of the committee con-
cerned, attention shall be called to the status of
such members in a footnote worded as follows:
(666)
 Regulations (Governing Standing Committees. 66l

These members of Committee , classed as Pro-

ducers, stand in the relation of Producers to certain
products, and in that of Non-Producers to other products
within the province of the committee,

{h) A nominally unattached expert, who is perma-

nently retained by producing interests in the field
of activities of the committee with which he is
connected, shall be classed as a producer. The
qualification "permanently retained" is to be
understood to mean that the expert receives a
regular monthly or yearly retainer from one or
more producing interests under an indefinitely
continuing arrangement.
3. As a general policy, only one representative from a given
firm, company, corporation, laboratory, or other
institution shall be eligible to independent member-
ship on a given committee, although exceptions to
this rule may be permitted at the discretion of the
committee concerned. If the membership on the
committee is held in the name of a firm, company,
corporation, laboratory, or other institution, more
than one representative may, at the discretion of the
committee concerned, participate in its activities, with
the understanding that such representatives shall
jointly command only a single vote.
4. Additional appointments on existing committees shall be
made only on the recommendation of, or with the
approval of, such committees.
5. Only members of the Society shall be eHgible, in general,
to appointment on committees, although exceptions
may be authorized by the Executive Committee in
favor of representatives of government branches or
other societies.

Preliminary Organization. — The President of the Society will

appoint the chairman pro tent, of a new committee from the rep-
resentatives ofthe non-producing interests. The chairman
pro tern., after communicating with the other members of the
committee, will fix the place and time of the first meeting. He
may, at his discretion, appoint one or more members of the
committee to prepare matter in advance for consideration at
that meeting or he may prepare such matter himself. This
procedure is recommended as calculated to economize time
at the meeting and to afford a definite basis for discussion.
668 Regulations Governing Standing Committees.

Permanent Organization. — ^At the first meeting of a com-

mittee a permanent organization shall be effected by the elec-
tion of a permanent chairman from among the representatives
of non-producing interests, and such other officers and sub-
committees as the committee may desire. The duties and
powers assigned to these officers and sub-committees, and
the details of management and administration in general, shall
be at the discretion of each committee, subject to the limitations
of these regulations.
The meetings of committees and sub-committees shall be
open only to their own members and to such visitors whose
proposed invitation has been approved by the chairman.
Election of Officers. — Every standing committee shall hold
an election of officers at or before the annual meeting of the
Society occurring in the even years. The term of office of every
officer shall be two years and officers shall be eligible for
re-election.
Resignations. — Proposed resignations from office or from
membership on a standing committee shall be reported directly
to the chairman or the secretary of the committee concerned, and
the result of any action taken in such matters shall be reported to
the Secretary-Treasurer of the Society.
Proxies. — ^A member of a standing committee shall be
authorized to delegate any desired individual as his proxy with
voting power, or without voting power, if so specified; but no
individual shall have more than one vote at a meeting of a
committee.
Sub-Committees. — Sub-committees shall have no standing in
the Society except through their parent committees. Sub-
committees on proposed complete standard specifications for
materials shall consist of not fewer than six members, and at
least one-half of the membership shall be composed of non-
producers. Departures from this requirement for exceptional
reasons may be authorized by the Executive Committee.
Reports. — The reports of standing committees shall be pre-
sented at the annual meetings. The report of every sub-
committee shall be made to the parent committee and not to
the Society direct. If such a report is embodied wholly or in
part in the report of the parent committee to the Society, the
latter shall make definite references to such features in its
own report and recommendations, if any, based thereon.
The report of a standing committee, before its presentation
at the annual meeting, must first have been submitted to letter
 Regulations Governing Standing Committees. 669

ballot of the committee and must have received the approval of

the majority of those voting.
A statement of the following form shall appear at the close
of every committee report:
This report has been submitted to letter ballot of the committee which
consists of members, of whom have voted affirmatively,
negatively, and have refrained from voting.
Dissenting members shall have the right to present minority
reports individually or jointly.
Standards. — The term "Standards" shall be applied collect-
ively to{a) standard specifications, {h) standard tests, (c) stand-
ard methods, and {d) standard definitions.
The term "Standard Specifications" shall be appUed to
specifications designed to govern the purchase of materials.
Such specifications may or may not include reference to tests,
but they shall include limits for physical, chemical or other
properties.
The term "Standard Tests" shall be applied to prescribed
directions for tests of specific materials, but shall not include
limits for physical, chemical or other properties.
The term "Standard Methods" shall be applied to prescribed
methods of procedure in the conduct of physical, chemical or
other tests.
The term "Standard Definitions" is self-explanatory.
In the preparation of proposed standards the consideration
of matters of engineering design or construction shall not in
general be regarded as falling within the province of the Society.
If, however, it should appear to a given committee that the
consideration of such matters is, for special reasons, indispensable
in specifications designed to cover the customary relations
between the producers and consumers of a given product, then
reference to such matter in proposed specifications for that
product shall be permitted within the scope necessary for the
particular purpose above stated. Proposed standards embody-
ing features of the character in question shall be submitted by
the committee concerned to the Executive Committee for con-
sideration and comment not later than the quarterly meeting
immediately preceding the annual meeting at which the proposed
standards are to be presented. li .. ^
Proposed new standards or the proposed amendment of
existing standards must originate in the particular comjnittee
within whose province such standards properly belong. No
action affecting standards shall be taken by any standing com-
670 Regulations Governing Standing Committees.

mittee except at meetings called for that purpose. Action at such

meetings shall be subject to majority vote of those voting, and
subsequently to majority vote of those voting on letter ballot of
the entire committee. The results of each letter ballot as to
the number of affirmative votes, the number of negative votes,
and the number of members not voting, shall be announced in
the report of the committee to the Society. Dissenting members
shall have the right to present minority reports, individually or
jointly, at the annual meeting of the Society at which the majority
report is presented.
Any recommendations affecting standards must be trans-
mitted to the Secretary-Treasurer of the Society at least eight
weeks in advance of the date of the annual meeting, and copies
of these recommendations, in printed form, must be mailed by
the Secretary-Treasurer to every member of the Society not less
than four weeks before the annual meeting, so that members may
come to the meeting prepared to discuss such recommendations,
and that members not intending to be present at the meeting
may contribute discussions by letter.
Any recommendations affecting standards presented by the
appropriate committees at the annual meeting of the Society will
be subject to the following provisions in Article VI of the
by-laws :
Article VI.
Procedure Governing the Adoption op Standards.

The term "Standards" shall be appHed collectively to

standard specifications, standard tests, standard methods, and
standard definitions.
Proposed new standards or proposed amendments of
existing standards shall be presented at the Annual Meeting.
At this meeting amendments may be made by a tM^o-thirds
vote of those voting. The proposed new standards or the pro-
posed amendments of existing standards, as presented or as
amended, shall be printed, on two-thirds vote of those voting,
in the Proceedings under a section designated "Tentative
Standards," on which written discussions addressed to the
appropriate committee shall be invited. If introduced in an
even year such tentative standards shall be published for two
years, and if introduced in an odd }'ear they shall be published
for one year. At the Annual jMeeting in the next even year
following their introduction, such tentative standards shall
be subject to amendment by a two-thirds vote of those
voting, and to reference by a like vote to letter ballot of the
 kEGULATIONS GOVERNING STANDING COMMITTEES. 671

Society. A two-thirds vote of those voting shall be required

for adoption.
The above requirement by which final action on proposed
new standards or proposed amendments of existing standards
shall be deferred for one or two years may, for exceptional
reasons, be waived by a nine-tenths vote of those voting at
the Annual Meeting at which they are first presented. In
that case the above prescribed vote as to amendments, as
to reference to letter ballot, and as to adoption shall remain
unaffected.
The term "Recommended Practice" shall be applied to
processes and methods not ordinarily subject to contract between
purchaser and manufacturer. The above requirements govern-
ing action on new standards or proposed amendments of existing
standards shall be appHcable also to proposed Recommended
Practice.
Sec. 2. — Reports, resolutions and recommendations per-
taining to or involving the use, or proposed use, in a standard
or tentative standard, of any device or process which forms the
subject matter of any existing patent, shall first be submitted
to the Executive Committee, and shall be submitted to the
Society only with the approval of the Executive Committee.

Cooperation with Other Committees. — ^A committee may, at its

discretion, invite the cooperation of committees of other societies
on like or cognate subjects, provided such relations shall entail
no obligations at variance with these regulations, and shall impose
no restrictions upon the free and independent action of the com-
mittee.
A committee desiring to bring about the appointment of
similar committees by other societies for purposes of cooperation
shall address a recommendation to that effect to the Executive
Committee and, on the approval of the latter, negotiations to the
desired end shall be conducted on behalf of the Executive Com-
mittee bythe Secretary-Treasurer of the Society.
Publication. — Committees shall have no right to issue
matter for publication through other than the regular Society
chaimels, unless so authorized, for exceptional reasons, by the
Executive Committee.
Current Expenses. — Expenses for postage incurred in con-
nection with the business of committees will be refunded by
the Secretary-Treasurer of the Society on vouchers approved by
the chairman of these committees.
672 Regulations Governing Standing Committees.

Stationery. — Correspondence relating to the business of

committees or sub-committees shall be conducted on official
stationery which will be furnished by the Secretary-Treasurer
of the Society.
Extraordinary Expenses. — Expenses for items other than
postage will not be assumed by the Society, unless such expendi-
tures were incurred in pursuance of previous authorization of the
Executive Committee, on recommendation of the chairman of
the committee concerned, and within amounts specifically fixed
by the Executive Committee.
Special Funds. — Committees engaged on subjects having
a commercial bearing shall be authorized to solicit contributions
from manufacturers towards research funds. Contributions
from consumers to funds for this and other purposes shall be
solicited only by the Executive Committee. All funds thus col-
lected shall be transmitted to the Secretary-Treasurer of the Society
and deposited by him in bank and placed to the credit of the com-
mittees on the books of the Society, subject to disbursement only
on vouchers signed by the chairman of the committee concerned.
Salaries and Fees. — Committees shall not be authorized to
pay salaries or professional fees in any form to any of their officers
or members. Assistants in connection wdth research work may
be engaged at salaries or special compensation fixed by the
committees concerned, provided that funds for such salaries or
compensations shall previously have been deposited with the
Secretary-Treasurer of the Society. Payments for such purposes
shall be made by the Secretary-Treasurer of the Society only on
vouchers approved by the chairman of the committee concerned.
Discharge of Committees. — Standing committees may be
discharged by the Executive Committee, either at their own
request or with their consent, on the completion of the work for
which they were appointed or in consequence of protracted
inactivity. A standing committee which fails to present a
report at three successive annual meetings of the Society will
be required to show cause, in a written communication to the
Executive Committee, why it should not be discharged.
Standing committees may be discharged for cause by the
Executive Committee at its own initiative.

American Representation on Committees of the Inter-

national Association for Testing Materials.
Nominations. — In making nominations for appointment of
American members on International committees on a subject,
 Regulations Governing Standing Committees. 673

falling within the province of an American standing com-

mittee, the sense of the latter committee as to the selection of
the nominee shall be obtained before final action on the part
of the Executive Committee.
Relation between American Representatives on International
Committees and American Committees on the same Subjects. — The
American representative or representatives on an International
committee dealing with subjects falling within the province of
an American standing committee shall keep that committee
fully advised as to the important developments in the work
of the International committee. Formal recommendations to
the International committee on the part of such representative
or representatives, and their vote on letter ballot of that com-
mittee, shall be subject to advance approval on the part of the
American committee.

Recommendations to Standing Committees.

The following recommendations to standing committees
have been approved by the Executive Committee and Committee
E-5:
It is recommended that the various standing committees
should formulate proposed standard definitions of terms in
matters falling in their respective fields, and that in the case of
terms which come within the province of two or more com-
mittees, such definitions be formulated by joint action, through
sub-committees, on the part of the committees concerned.
Such proposed standard definitions of terms wiU be subject to
adoption by the Society under the provisions of the by-laws and
the Regulations Governing Standing Committees.
An alphabetic glossary of standard definitions of terms
will be published in the A, S. T. M. Book of Standards as soon
as their number appears to warrant such action.

Cooperative Possibilities between U. S. Government

Laboratories and A. S. T. M. Standing Committees.
The basis on which various government branches may
cooperate with the committees of this Society are indicated in
the A. S.T. M. Book of Standards for 1916. Any committee
desiring to establish such cooperative relations shall address a
recommendation to that effect to the Executive Committee,
and on approval of the latter, negotiations to the desired end
shall be conducted by the Secretary-Treasurer of the Society.
 Regulations governing committee Ai

ON
' . STEEL.
supplementary to
Regulations Governing Standing Committees.

Article I.
Section L These Regulations are supplementary to the
"Regulations Governing Standing Committees."
Article IL
advisory members.
Section I. Advisory Members are experts whose advice
and cooperation are desired, but who can not or do not wish
to become Members of the Committee. They shall be appointed
by the Chairman of the Committee upon the request of the
chairman of any sub-committee.
Sec. 2. Advisory Members need not be members of the
Society. Their names shall not appear m the list of members
of Standing Committees printed in the Membership pamphlet
or the volume of A.S.T.M. Standards of the Society, but
shall be kept on the rolls of the Secretary of the Committee
and the chairmen of the sub-committees on which they hold
membership. They shall be entitled to a vote on such sub-
committees, but shall not be entitled to a vote on the Com-
mittee.
Sec. 3. Acknowledgment of the assistance rendered by
Advisory Members shall be made in the annual report of the
Committee.

Article m.
OFFICERS AND THEIR ELECTION.

Section 1. The executive direction of Committee A-1

shall be vested in an Advisory Committee, which shall consist
(674)
 Regulations Governing Committee A-1. 675

of the Secretary-Treasurer of the Society, ex officio, the officers

of the Committee, the chairmen of the sub-committees, and any
member of the Committee not otherwise ^Ugible serving on at
least five sub-committees.
Sec. 2. The officers of Committee A-1 shall be a Chair-
man, two Vice- Chairmen, and a Secretary.
Sec. 3. (a) Any member of the Committee shall be eligible
for office; except that the Chairman shall be elected from the
representatives of non-producing interests, as provided in the
"Regulations Governing Standing Committees."
(b) One Vice-Chairman shall be elected from the represen-
tatives ofnon-producing interests, and the other Vice-Chairman
from the representatives of producing interests.
Sec. 4. The term of office shall be two years; and officers
shall be eligible for re-election.
Sec. 5. The officers shall be elected at a meeting of the
Committee held at the time of the Annual Meeting of the Society
in the even-numbered years.
Sec. 6. (a) A Committee on Nomination of Officers,
composed of the chairmen of all existing sub-committees and
under the chairmanship of one of its members to be designated
by the Chairman of Committee A-1, shall organize unmediately
following the April meeting of Committee A-1 in the even-num-
bered years, and shall nominate to Committee A-1, at the time
of the meeting for election, one member for Chairman, two
members for Vice-Chairmen, and one member for Secretary.
Any member of the Committee on Nominations shall be eligible
for office.
(b) Other nominations may be made on the floor of the
meeting.
Article IV.
MEETINGS.

Section 1. Committee Meetings. — Regular meetings of Com-

mittee A-1 shall be held in Philadelphia, on the first Friday of
October, the second Friday of January, the first Friday of
April, and at the Annual Meeting of the Society prior to the
presentation of the annual report of the Committee.
Sec. 2. Sub-Committee Meetings. — {a) Regular meetings
of sub-committees shall be held immediately preceding the dates
676 Regulations Governing Committee A-1.

of the regular meetings of the Committee. Special meetings of

sub-committees may be held in the first week of any month on
two weeks' notice from the chainnan of the sub-committee.
(b) When the chairman of a sub-committee desires to
call a meeting of his sub-committee, he shall so not'iy the Sec-
retar}', stating the probable tune required for the meeting and
his preference as to date and hour. The Secretary shall prepare
a schedule of sub-committee meetings ^^ith a view of avoiding
conflicts, and this schedule shall be printed in the circular letter
announcing the meeting of the Committee.
Article V.
ATTENDANCE AT MEETINGS.

Section 1. Committee Meetings. — The Secretary of the

Committee shall keep a roll of the members of the Committee
and shall record at each meeting of the Committee the members
in attendance. If a member, or his authorized reprt^sentative,
is absent from two consecutive meetings, without nctice to the
Secretary' assigning reasons for the same, the Sec^etary shall
notify the member that unless he advises that he mshes to con-
tinue as a member of the Committee, with assurance that he
will in the future be in position to attend the meetings of the
Committee or otherwise to take an active part in its work,
his name will be dropped from the roll of membership. Such
notices shall be sent out by the Secretary only on the approval
of the Chairman of the Committee.
Sec. 2. Sub-Committee Meetings. — The chairman of each
sub-committee shall keep a roll of the members of the sub-
committee, and shall record at each meeting of the sub-com-
mittee the members in attendance. If a member, or his author-
ized representative, is absent from two consecutive meetings
of the sub-committee without notice to the chairman of the
sub-committee assigning reasons for the same, the chairman
shall notify the Secretary' of the Committee. The Secretary
shall then notify the member that unless he advises that he
wishes to continue as a member of the sub-comm'ttee, with
assurance that he will in future be in position to attend the
meetings of the sub-committee or otherwise to take an active
part in its work, his name will be dropped from the roll of
 Regulations Governing Committee A-1. 677

membership of the sub-committee. Such notices shall be sent

out b}' the Secretary only on the approval of the Chairman of
the Committee.

Article VI.
sub-committees.
Section 1. The chairman of a sub-committee shall have
authority to appoint, at his discretion, a vice-chairman, a sec-
retary and sub-committees of the sub-committee, and to plan
and direct the work of the sub-committee.
Sec. 2. (a) All specifications for any given product shall
be drafted by the sub-committee in charge of specifications for
that product.
(b) Any sub-committee considering the drafting of specifica-
tions for a general class of material (e. g., steel for bridges, ships,
etc.) involving a special class of material {e. g., castings), specifi-
cations for which are in the charge of another sub-committee,
shall consult with that sub-conunittee with the object of having
the specifications for that special class of material expanded
if they are not sufficiently general to cover the proposed new
requirements.
(c) Sub-committees in charge of specifications for given
products shall cooperate, whenever necessary, with other sub-
committees, with the object of having the specifications for
given products such that they may be included in any other
specification involving such products, either by full quotation,
or merely by reference to the specifications covering such pro-
ducts individually.
Sec. 3. The Sub-Committee on Literary Form shall sub-
mit all proposed changes in the form of specifications, or such
other changes as it may desire to recommend, to the proper sub-
committee for their consideration before presentation to the
Committee.
Sec. 4. The chairman of each sub-committee shall sub-
mit to the Coromittee at each regular meeting a report of the
progress of the work assigned to that sub-committee. Such
report shall be made by the chairman in person, and a copy
filed with the Secretary; except when the chairman is absent
678 Regulations Governing Committee A-i.

from a meeting, in which case the report of the sub-committee

shall be made by some member of the sub-committee designated
by the chairman of the sub-committee in writing to the Secretary,
which member shall be in position to explain all items contained
in the said report. Record of failure to submit such reports
shall be entered in the minutes of each meeting.
Sec. 5. If a sub-committee fails to present a report
through its chairman, or as otherwise provided in Section 4,
at two consecutive meetings of the Committee, the Secretary
shall notify the chairman and the members of the sub-committee
that they shall show cause to the Advisory Committee why the
sub-committee should not be reorganized or discharged. Such
notices shall be sent out by the Secretary only on the approval
of the Chairman of the Committee.
Sec. 6. The chairman of any sub-committee, or some
officer of the same, after the completion of a subject referred to
the sub-committee, shall transmit all correspondence filed on that
subject to the Secretary of the Committee.

Article VII.
letter ballots.

Section I. As required by the Regulations Governing

Standing Committees, the Secretary shall submit to letter
ballot of the Committee (l) any recommendations affecting
standards which have been approved by majority vote of those
voting at a meeting of the Committee, and (2) the report of
the Committee to the Society. Each ballot shall be provided
with three columns entitled respectively ''Affirmative," "Nega-
tive" and "Not Voting."
Sec. 2. The failure of any member of the Committee to
mark such ballot and return it to the Secretary shall be con-
strued as showing a lack of interest on the part of the member
in the work of the Committee; in which case the Secretary,
on the approval of the Chairman of the Committee, shall notify
the member of his failure to comply with this regulation and
shall ascertain whether he desires to continue as a member of
the Committee.
 REGULATIONS GOVERNING COMMITTEE C-1
ON

CEMENT.

supplementary to
Regulations Governeng Standing Committees.

Article I.
officers and their election.

Section 1. The ojQ&cers of Committee C-1 shall be the Chair-

man, two Vice-Chairmen and a Secretaty, all of whom, except
one Vice-Chairman, shall represent non-producing interests.
Sec. 2. The terms of office shall be for two years; and
officers shall be ehgible for re-election.

Article II.
DUTIES OF OFFICERS.

Section 1. The Executive Direction of the Committee

shall be vested in an Advisory Committee which shall consist
of the officers of the Committee and the chairmen of its various
sub-committees.
Sec. 2. Sub-committees proposed by the Committee shall
be appointed by the Advisory Committee, subject to final
ratification by the Committee, unless otherwise specified.
Sec. 3. The Chairman shall preside at all meetings of the
Committee and be an ex-officio member of all sub-committees.
Sec. 4. In the absence of the Chairman, the Vice-Chairmen,
in the order of their seniority, shall perform all the duties of the
Chairman.
Sec. 5. The Secretary shall attend all meetings of the
Committee and keep the minutes thereof. He shall conduct
the correspondence and receive all communications addressed
(679)
680 Regulations Governing Committee C-1.

to the Committee. He shall issue notices of all meetings and

promptly inform sub-committees of their appointment and
duties. He shall keep a complete list of members with their
addresses, and a memorandum of the expenses of the Committee,
and shall perform such other duties as may be imposed upon
him.

Article III.
MEETINGS.

Section 1. Regular meetings of the Committee shall be

held in the months of October, January, April and during the
Annual Meeting of the Society, prior to the presentation of the
annual report of the Committee, the time and place to be fixed
by the Chairman.
Sec. 2. Special meetings may be called at the option of
the Chairman or at the request of at least five members.
Sec. 3. Five members shall constitute a quorum.
Sec. 4. The Secretary shall keep a roll of the members of
the Committee and shall record at each meeting the members
in attendance. If a member or his authorized representative
is absent from two consecutive meetings, without notice to the
Secretary assigning reasons for the same, the Secretary' shall
notify the member that unless he advises that he wishes to
continue as a member of the Committee with assurance that he
will in the future be in a position to take an active interest in the
work of the Committee and attend its meetings, his name will be
dropped from the roll of membership. Such notices shall be
sent out by the Secretary only on approval of the Chairman of
the Committee.

Article IV.
AMENDMENTS.

Section 1. All amendments shall be adopted by letter

ballot.
 REGULATIONS GOVERNING COMMITTEE C-U
ON

GYPSUM AND GYPSUM PRODUCTS.

supplementary to
Regulations Governing Standing Committees.

Article I.
regulations.
Section 1. These regulations are supplementary to the
"Regulations Governing Standing Committees. "
Article II.
MEMBERSHIP.

Section 1. The membership of Committee C-11 shall con-

sist of those originally appointed and subsequently approved by
the Executive Committee of the Society.
Sec. 2. Additional appointments to membership in this
Committee shall be approved by two-thirds of the members of
the Committee and subsequently approved by the Executive
Committee of the Society.
Sec. 3. If a member or his authorized representative is
absent from two consecutive meetings of the Committee with-
out notice to the Secretary assigning reasons for the same, the
Secretary shall, with the approval of the Advisory Board of this
Committee, remove his name from the roll of membership.
Prior to the regular meeting of this Committee next preceding
the annual meeting of the Society in the even-numbered years,
all members are to be subject to re-election by written ballot
of the Committee. Any member faihng to receive a majority
of the votes of the Committee shall be dropped from the rolls.
Article III.
officers and i'heir election.
Section 1. The officers of this Committee shall be a
Chairman, two Vice-Chairmen, and a Secretary.
682 Regulations Governing Committee C-11.

Sec. 2. The Chairman and the second Vice-Chairman

shall represent non-producing interests.
Sec. 3. The terms of office shall be for two years and
officers shall be ehgible for re-election.
Sec. 4. The election of officers shall be held at the regular
meeting of this Committee next preceding the annual meeting
of the Society in the even-numbered years. Any vacancies shall
be filled for an unexpired term by election at any regular
meeting.

Article IV.
duties of officers.
Section 1. The executive direction of the Committee
shall be vested in an Advisory Board which shall consist of
the officers of the Committee and the chairmen of its sub-
committees.
Sec. 2. Subject to final ratification by the Committee,
the Advisory Board shall appoint and discharge sub-committees;
shall appoint and discharge their chairman, and shall outhne the
duties of all sub-committees.
Sec. 3. The Chairman shall preside at all meetings of the
Committee and be an ex-afficio member of all sub-committees.
Sec. 4. In the absence of the Chairman the first Vice-
Chairman and in his absence the second Vice-Chairman shall
perform the duties of the Chairman.
Sec. 5. The Secretary shall attend all meetings of the
Committee and keep the minutes thereof. He shall send to
each member of the Committee immediately after each meeting
a copy of the minutes of that meeting. He shall keep a roll of
the members of the Committee and its sub-committees. He
shall record the members in attendance at each meeting of
the Committee. He shall conduct the correspondence and
receive and file all communications addressed to the Com-
mittee. He shall issue notices of all meetings at the request of
the Chairman. He shall promptly inform members of sub-
committees oftheir appointment. He shall have custody of
the rules, books, records, reports, and all other documents
belonging to the Committee and copies of all the minutes of its
 Regulations Governing Committee C-11. 683

sub-committees. He shall keep a memorandum of the expenses

of the Committee and shall perform such other duties as may
be assigned to him by the Advisory Board.

Article V.
MEETINGS.

Section 1. Regular meetings of the Committee shall be

held at least twice a year, preferably in December or January
and during the Annual Meeting of the Society prior to the
presentation of the Annual Report of the Committee; the time
and place of meetings to be fixed by the Chairman.
Sec. 2. Special meetings may be called at the option of
the Chairman or at the written request of at least five members,
stating the reasons therefor.
Sec. 3. Notice of meetings shall be sent to each member of
the Committee at least two weeks in advance of the meeting,
stating the time and place at which the meeting will be held
and, in case of special meetings, an outHne of the business to
be transacted. This shall be followed by a second notice mailed
to reach the members about three days before the meeting.
Sec. 4. One-third of the members of the Committee, but
not less than five members, including in this number at least
one member of the Advisory Board, shall constitute a quorum.

Article VI.
SUB-COMMITTEES.

Section 1. Sub-committees shall perform the duties

assigned to them and shall present a written report at each
regular meeting of the Committee.
Sec. 2. The chairman of each sub-committee shall have
authority to appoint a vice-chairman, a secretary, and special
committees of the sub-committees, and to direct the work of
the sub-committee. The chairman of each sub-compiittee
shall keep proper files of all correspondence and papers relating
to the work of his sub-committee which shall ultimately be
transmitted to the Secretary of the Committee.
684 REGtTLAtlONS GOVERNING COMMITTEE C-ll.

Sec. 3. If a sub-committee fails to present a report at

two consecutive meetings of the Committee, the Secretary shall
notify the Chairman and the members of the sub-committee
that they shall show cause to the Advisory Board why the
sub-committee shall not be reorganized or discharged.
Sec. 4. No expense shall be incurred by any sub-com-
mittee, except for postage, unless previously authorized by the
Advisory Board.
Article VII.
AMENDMENTS.

Section 1. Amendments to these Regulations shall be

adopted on two-thirds vote of the Committee by letter ballot.
 REGULATIONS GOVERNING COMMITTEE D-1
ON
PRESERVATIVE COATINGS FOR STRUCTURAL
MATERIALS.

supplementary to
Regulations Governing Standing Committees.

Statement of Plan Afm Policy or Committee D-L

Committee D-1, on Preservative Coatings for Iron and
Steel, was organized in 1902 to investigate the problem indicated
by the title. The work of the committee has broadened how-
ever during the past few years so as to cover the preservation of
materials of construction in general by paint and similar coat-
ings. To meet these conditions the Executive Committee of
the Society extended the scope to be covered by the work of the
committee, so that it is now a '■'Committee on Preservative
Coatings for Structural Materials." The growth and importance
of the committee's work, furthermore, have been such that the
committee has been re-organized with an Advisory Committee
having executive powers, and a number of sub-committees with
powers to investigate, etc., along specific Imes.
It has become e\adent to the members of the committee
that its membership should be enlarged by adding thereto tech-
nical men of ability and experience who are interested in
presers^ative coatings, so that the committee would become an
organization of paint chemists and experts within the American
Society for Testing Materials. It is thought such a plan of
organization will enable its members to confer with reasonable
frequency on technical questions. These conferences, say three
times a year, will be of inestimable value in aiding the work of
the committee.
In order that the work of the committee shall develop on
broad lines, and be of the greatest practical value in its field of
investigation, it is most desirable that the experimenters be
(685)
686 Regulations Goveriotstg Committee D-1.

trained observers who appreciate the need of accurate observa-

tions and accurate methods of testing before expressing positive
conclusions or recommending definite specifications. In this
way the integrity and impartial position of the committee will
be maintained and all interested will be assured of just con-
sideration. This plan does not involve any suppression of facts,
but rather a clear distinction between facts and conclusions.
There should be no hesitation in reporting facts and recom-
mending definite specifications when the established facts
warrant positive conclusions.
It is to be hoped that manufacturing and consuming interests
will recognize the importance of the work which is being done,
arid that they will see the advisability of helping in this work by
having technical representation on the committee.
The reports of the standing sub-committees shall be
presented by their respective chairmen, and in their natural
sequence, at the annual meetings of the Society.
1. The Officers of Committee D-1 shall be a Chairman, a
Vice-Chairman, and a Secretary', to be elected annually.
2. Members may be added to Committee D-1 at any time,
by appointment by the Advisory Committee after approval by
the Executive Committee of the Society.
3. The following standing sub-committees and their chair-
men shall be appointed by the Chairman of Committee D-1,
abolishing all old sub-committees:
I. Advisory Committee.
II. On Inspection of Havre de Grace Bridge.*
III. On Testing of Paint Vehicles.
I\^ On Inspection of Steel Plates at Atlantic City.^
V. On Linseed Oil.
VI. On Definition of Terms Used in Paint Specifications.
VII. On Influence of Pigments on Corrosion.
VIII. On Methods of Analysis of Paint Materials.
IX. On Varnish.
X. On Inspection of White-Paint Test Fence at Washington, D. C*
XI. .On' Paint Thinners Other Than Turpentine,
XII. On Turpentine.
XIII. On Shellac.

'These sub-committees have been discontinued.

 Regulations Governing Committee D-1. 68/

The chairman of each sub-committee shall be designated by

the 'Chairman of Committee D-1.
The Chairman of Committee D-1 shall appoint such other
committees as may be necessary.
4. All actions taken by Committee D-1 shall be subject to
review and approval by the Executive Committee of the Society.
5. Three regular meetings of Committee D-1 shall be held:
one at the annual meeting of the Society, one in the fall, and one
in the spring of each year.
6. Absence from two consecutive regular meetings mthout
notice to the chairman or secretar}- shall be considered as a
resignation.
7. The poUcy of the Committee is that no reports of com-
mittee work be made public except over the chairman's sig-
nature.
Regulations Governing Sub-Committees.
1. Each sub-committee shall elect a secretary, who shall
keep minutes of its meetings, etc., assist the chairman of the
sub-committee in correspondence, notifpng members of meet-
ings, etc., and confer with the Secretary of Committee D-1 in
the preparation of reports.
2. All records of sub-committees and their officers, shall
ultimately be transmitted to the Secretary- of Committee D-1,
for filing.
3. No expense shall be incurred by any sub-committee
excepting for postage or stationer}-, unless previously authorized
by the Advisory Commmittee. Statements of the expenses of
sub-committees shall be sent to the Secretar>^ of Committee
D-1, for pa}Tnent quarterly, dating from July 1st.
4. These regulations shall go into effect at once.

Regulations Governing the Sampling of Liquids eor

Cooperative Work.

Quantity of Sample. — ^All samples used for cooperative work

shall consist of at least two quarts for each experimenter taking
part in the work. Not less than one quart shall be sent to each
experimenter and not less than one quart shall be held in reserve
for each experimenter.
688 Regulations Governing Committee D-1.

Preservation of Samples. — All samples shall be preserved in

completely filled, suitable containers (the kind to be stated in
each case).
Sample to Represent. — The sample shall truly represent the
material it purports to be, and if produced in the United States
shall be obtained directly at the factory where it is produced.
If imported, it shall be obtained from an original unbroken
container.
Supervision. — ^The sample shall be drawn at the factory or
from the imported container under the supervision, whenever
practicable, of a committee of three or more; but when it is not
practicable to have a committee of three or more, one expert,
who shall be in no way interested in the manufacture or sale of
the particular material represented, may draw the sample. It
is not necessary that the experts drawing the sample be mem-
bers of Committee D-1, or of the American Society for Testing
Materials. The committee or single expert drawing the sample
shall see that it is placed in a suitable, filled container, properly
sealed, and labeled with labels bearing the number of the
sample, date and place of sampling and signatures of all members
of the committee drawing same.
Information to Accompany Samples. — The cormnittee or
individual drawing the sample shall obtain as much information
as possible regarding the sample, such as nature and source of
raw material used in its preparation, method of manufacture,
date and place of manufacture or importation, consular certifi-
cate, etc. This information shall be explicit and shall include
the name and official position of the person or persons giving
such information. This information shall be transmitted in
letter form to the chairman of the sub-committee to whom the
samples are to be sent.
Duty of Chairman of Sub-Committee or other Member of
Committee D-1 having Charge of Cooperative Work on Liquids. —
He shall verify the seals on the packages of samples and assure
himself that they have been received in good condition, shaU
see that they are properly resampled into suitable containers of
not less than one quart, which shall be properly sealed for dis-
tribution to those cooperating in the tests. He shall see that
all samples sent out are in completely filled containers, and that
 Regulations Governing Committee D-1. 689

a resen^e stock at least equal in volume to all sent out is pre-

served in one or more completeh- iilled and properly sealed
containers. He shall compile all information available regarding
the history of the samples, which shall be furnished to all co-
operators, either before or after the work on the samples is
reported, but before any reports are presented for consideration
to the whole committee.
The labels and seals used on all original samples shall be
as follows:

AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS.

Committee D-1.
Sample of No
Taken at on 19
The undersigned committee certify that the sample described above
and contained within has been taken iinder their supervision and according
to the regulations governing samples of liquids for cooperative work by Com-
mittee D-1.
(Signed)

On samples sub-divided by the chairman of the sub-com-

mittee the same seals shall be used; but the label need only
bear the name of the material and number of the sample, with
such additional information as may be deemed advisable by the
chairman of the sub-committee making the distribution.
 REGULATIONS GOVERNING COMMITTEE D-U
ON
RUBBER PRODUCTS.

supplementary to
Regulations Governing Standing Committees.

Article I.
OFFICERS AND THEIR ELECTION.

Section 1. The executive direction of Committee D-U

shall be vested in an Ad\dsory Committee, which shall consist
of the ofl&cers of the Committee, the chairmen of the sub-
committees, and any member of the Committee not otherwise
eligible serving on at least three sub-committees.
Sec. 2. The officers of Committee D-11 shall be a Chair-
man and a Secretary.
Sec. 3. Any member of the Committee shall be ehgible
for office; except that the Chairman shall be elected from
the representatives of non-producing interests, as provided in
the "Regulations Governing Standing Committees."
Sec. 4. The term of office shall be two years; and officers
shall be ehgible for re-election.
Sec. 5. The officers shall be elected at a meeting of the
Committee held at the time of the Annual Meeting of the Society
in the even-numbered years.
Sec. 6. (a) A Committee on Nomination of Officers,
"composed of the chairmen of all existing sub-committees, and
under the chairmanship of one of its members to be designated
by the Chairman of Committee D-11, shall organize immediately
following the March meeting of Committee D-11 in the even-
numbered years, and shall nominate to Committee D-11, at the
time of the meeting for election, one member for Chairman and
one member for Secretar}^ Any member of the Committee on
Nominations shall be ehgible for office.
(690)
 Regulations Go^rERNrNrc Committee D-11. 691

(b) Other nominations may be made on the floor of the

meeting.
Sec. 7. Chairmen of sub-committees shall be appointed
by the Chairman of Committee D-ll.
Article II.
members.
Section 1. Members may be added to Committee D-ll
at any time by appointment by the Advisory Committee after
approval by the Executive Committee of the Society, in accord-
ance with "Regulations Governing Standing Committees."
Article III.
meetings.

Section 1. Committee Meetings. — Regular meetings of

Committee D-ll shall be held in New York, on the first or
second Tuesday of March, and at the Annual Meeting of the
Society prior to the presentation of the annual report of the
Committee.
Sec. 2. Sub-Committee Meetings. — (a) Regular meetings
of sub-committees shall be held immediately preceding the
dates of the regular meetings of the Committee. Special meet-
ings of sub-committees may be held in the first week of any
month on two weeks' notice from the chairman of the sub-
committee.
(b) When the chairman of a sub-committee desires to call
a meeting of his sub-committee, he shall so notify the Secre-
tary, stating the date and hour, and place. The Secretary shall
prepare a schedule of sub-committee meetings with a view of
avoiding conflicts, and this schedule shall be printed in^the
circular letter announcing the meeting of the Committee.

Article IV.
attendance at meetings.

Section l. Committee Meetings. — The Secretary of the

Committee shall keep a roll of the members of the Committee
and shall record at each meeting of the Committee the members
692 Regulations Governing Committee D-11.

in attendance. If a member, or his authorized representative,

is absent from two consecutive meetings, without notice to the
Secretary assigning satisfactory reasons for the same the Secre-
tary shall notify the member that unless he advises that he
wishes to continue as a member of the Committee, with assurance
that he will in the future be in position to attend the meetings
of the Committee or otherwise to take an active part in its work,
his name will be dropped from the roll of membership. Such
notices shall be sent out by the Secretary only on the approval
of the Chairman of the Committee.
Sec. 2. Sub-Committee Meetings. — The chairman of each
sub-committee shall keep a roll of the members of the sub-
committee, and shall record at each meeting of the sub-com-
mittee the members in attendance. If a member, or his author-
ized representative, is absent from two consecutive meetings of
the sub-committee without notice to the chairman of the sub-
committee assigning satisfactory reasons for the same, the
chairman shall notify the Secretary of the Committee. The
Secretary shall then notify the member that unless he advises
that he wishes to continue as a member of the sub-committee,
with assurance that he will in future be in position to attend
the meetings of the Committee or otherwise to take an active
part in its work, his name will be dropped from the roll of
membership of the sub-committee. Such notices shall be sent
out by the Secretary only on the approval of the Chairman of
the Committee.
Article V.
sub-committees.
Section 1. The chairman of a sub-committee shall have
authority to appoint, at his discretion, a vice-chairman, a secre-
tary and sub-committees of the sub-committee, and to plan and
direct the work of the sub-committee.
Sec. 2. (a) All specifications for any given product shall
be drafted by the sub-committee in charge of specifications for
that product.
{h) An}' sub-committee considering the drafting of speci-
fications for a general class of material involving a special class
of material, specifications for which are in the charge of another
 Regulatioxs Governing Committee D-11. 693

sub-committee, shall consult with that sub-committee witli the

object of having the specifications for that special class of mate-
rial expanded if they are not sufficiently general to cover the
proposed new requirements.
(c) Sub-committees in charge of specifications for given
products shall cooperate, whenever necessar}', with other sub-
committees, with the object of having the specifications for
given products such that they can be included in any other
specification involving such products, either by full quotation,
or merely by reference to the specifications covering such
products individually.
Sec. 3. The chairman of each sub-committee shall submit
to the Committee at each regular meeting a report of the pro-
gress of the work assigned to that sub-committee. Such report
shall be made by the chairman in person, and a copy filed with
the Secretary; except when the chairman is absent from a
meeting, in which case the report of the sub-committee shall be
made by some member of the sub-committee designated by the
chairman of the sub-committee in writing to the Secretary,
which member shall be in position to explain all items contained
in the said report. Record of failure to submit such reports
shall be entered in the minutes of each meeting.
Sec. 4. If a sub-committee fails to present a report through
its chairman, or as otherwise provided in Section 3, at two con-
secutive meetings of the Committee, the Secretary- shall notify
the chairman and the members of the sub-committee that they
shall show cause to the Advisory Committee why the sub-com-
mittee should not be reorganized or discharged. Such notices
shall be sent out by the Secretary only on the approval of the
Chairman of the Committee.
Sec. 5. The chairman of any sub-committee, or some
officer of the same, after the completion of a subject referred to
the sub-committee, shall transmit all correspondence filed on
that subject to the Secretar}' of the Committee.
 BASIS OF COOPERATION BETWEEN VARIOUS
GOVERNMENT BRANCHES AND THE
STANDING COMMITTEES OF THE
SOCIETY.

For the information of the membership at large, and espe-

cially the standing committees, the Executive Committee has
authorized the following announcements, in alphabetical order,
of the conditions under which certain government branches are
prepared to cooperate with the work of the standing com-
mittees, these announcements having been prepared by, or
with the approval of, the directing heads of the government
branches concerned:
Bureau of Chemistry. — This Bureau is equipped to do all
kinds of chemical work and to participate in cooperative work
whenever it can be done within the scope of the functions of
the Bureau and under the law, inasmuch as the activities of
the Bureau are specifically prescribed by acts of Congress.
This cooperative feature would include the investigations under
way and such as might be undertaken in connection with the
work of the Bureau along the lines of its natural growth and
development.
In so far as the Bureau has equipment suitable to carry
on investigations and cooperative work on such subjects as
are related to chemistry, and with which the American Society
for Testing Materials is directly concerned, and where the proper
authorization exists and funds are available or the purpose, it
would be glad to be of assistance to the conunittees of the
Society.
Bureau of Mines. — The Bureau of Mines may make tests
of fuels, explosives and certain mining appHances, such as
lamps, timbering, etc. \\Tien such work is performed other
than for the Government of the United States or state govern-
ments, a reasonable fee to cover the necessary expenses is
charged.
The Bureau is prepared to cooperate, and will welcome
opportunities for cooperation, with committees of the American
(694)
 Cooperation with Government Branches. 695

Society for Testing Materials to the extent of being represented

on such committees as are concerned in tests or investigations
of fuels, explosives or miners' lamps, and will conduct investi-
gations or tests concerning any phase of these which may be
brought to its attention by your committees as needing solution,
providing it concerns subjects in which the Bureau is interested
on behalf of increasing safety in mining or use of fuels purchased
for or belonging to the United States.
Bureau of Standards. — The Bureau of Standards is equipped
to conduct investigations covering the standardization of weights
and measures, electrical measurements, the determinations of
heat constants and temperature measurements, optical proper-
ties of materials, chemical problems, investigations of struc-
tural and engineering materials, and metallurgical investigations.
In addition to general research investigations, it studies problems
which arise in the preparation of specifications or the develop-
ment of methods of testing required in the determination of the
qualities of materials. Much of the work is closely allied to
the work of the standing committees of the American Society
for Testing Materials, and it is the desire of the Bureau to
cooperate in those investigations where the Bureau is equipped
for them. Investigations may be referred to the Bureau which
fall within the authorized scope of its functions, and will be
taken up as far as equipment and funds will permit.
Forest Products Laboratory. — It is the aim of the Forest
Products Laborator}' to promote economy and efficiency in the
utilization of wood and in the processes by which forest mate-
rials are converted into commercial products. Investigations
at the laboratory are being made along the following lines:

Mechanical and physical properties of woods and derived

products.
Principles of seasoning and kiln drying.
Decay, preservative treatment, and fireproofing of wood.
Manufacture of pulp and paper.
Distillation and chemical constituents of forest products.
Specifications and grading rules for forest products.
Efficient design or composition of articles obtained or
manufactured from forest products.
696 Cooperation with Government Branches.

Design of apparatus, specifications for material, and im-

proving of processes to promote a more efficient and
closer utilization of forest products.

In order to further the application of the work of the lab-

oratory itis necessary to correlate the results of all technical
investigations with the uses of the products and to make all
information available to the public.
The laboratory, in all matters within its scope, will be glad
to cooperate with the American Society for Testing Materials
so far as funds and equipment are available.
Office of Public Roads and Rural Engineering. — The Office
of Public Roads and Rural Engineering will cooperate with the
American Society for Testing Materials along all lines of labora-
tory or field work relating to road materials. The Office has
all the necessary equipment for making such tests. The
Olfice can also cooperate along any reasonable lines of field
investigations.
Water town Arsenal. — The laboratory of the Watertow^n
Arsenal is equipped for conducting physical tests of metals
and materials, including impact and repeated stress tests;
metallographic examinations of metals, chemical analysis, pyro-
metric work and investigations on the manufacture and heat
treatment of steels. The testing laboratory is limited by law
to investigate tests and tests of material in connection with
the manufacturing w^ork of the Ordnance Department, except
as modified by authority to make tests of materials for private
parties paying the cost of the test. Within these limits the
Watertown Arsenal will be glad to cooperate with the standing
committees of the American Society for Testing Materials.
REGULATIONS GOVERNING THE FORM BUT NOT
THE SUBSTANCE OF STANDARDS.

Adopted, 1912; Revised, 1913.

lb

1. These Regulations shall not be retroactive with respect

to existing standards, although they may be applied to such
standards on the recommendation of, or with the consent of,
the standing committee concerned.
2. These Regulations have been adopted with the under-
standing (l)that the standing committees shall make an earnest
effort to comply with these Regulations; (2) that departures
from these Regulations shall not be made by the standing
committees except on what they believe to be strong grounds;
(3) that the judgment of the standing committees concerning
such departures shall, in general, be regarded as conclusive;
but that in case of disagreement on matters which the Advi-
sory Committee of Committee E-5 may regard as of sufficient
importance, it shall have the right to appeal to the Executive
Committee of the Society, whose decisions in all such matters
shall be final.
3. These Regulations shall be subject to annual review and
revision by Committee E-5.

(A) Arrangement, Lettering and Numbering.

4. The material in each standard shall be grouped under
sub-titles, numbered consecutively by Roman numerals. The
principal divisions under a sub-title shall be designated by
upper-case italic letters, in parentheses: (A), (B), (C), etc.
5. The sections in each standard shall be numbered con-
tinuously byArabic numerals. Sub-divisions under a single
section shall be distinguished by lower-case italics, in parentheses:
(a), (b), (c), etc. This side-lettering shall not run continuously
throughout a given standard, but shall begin with (a) in each
section.
(697)
698 Regulations Governing Form of Standards.

6. The general arrangement of standards shall be as follows:

TITLE.
Matter of an introductory or general nature (see Section 7, below).

I. Sub-Title.
{A) Principal divisions under a sub-title.
1. Sections (numbers to run consecutively throughout the standard),
(a) Sub-divisions of a section (letters to. run consecutively throughout
a section only).

(B) Form and Sequence of Sub-Titles.

7. Directly after the title of the standard insert sections
of an introductory, descriptive or general character; for example,
matter descriptive of the products the standards are designed
to cover. No sub-title shall be used for such matter. Such
terms as "introductory," "general," etc., are lacking in definite
meaning, and may in some cases be wholly inappropriate.
8. The matter following these opening sections (if any)
shall be grouped in general under the following sub-titles in
the sequence indicated:

I. Manufacture.
II. Chemical Properties and Tests.
III. Physical Properties and Tests.

(A) Mechanical.
(J5) Electrical.
(C) Magnetic.
(D) Thermal.
(E) Other properties and tests under appropri-
ately descriptive headings.
Under II and III the method of sampHng and the standard
test specimens shall be defined.

IV. Standard Sizes, Dimensions, Weights, Gages, etc.

9. This sub-title is to be used in a form appropriate to the
matter to which it refers and shall be followed immediately by
 REGVLAtiONS Governing Form of STA^^i)ARi)s. 6^9

appropriate sections covering "permissible variations." If the

matter under "permissible variations" is lengthy and contains
numerous sections, an appropriate special sub-title shall be
used. Such a sub-title shall also be used in case the standard
contains no matter under Sub-Title IV.

V. Workmanship and Finish.

VI. Packing, Marking and Shipping.

10. If the sections under Sub-Title VI are limited in a given

standard to only one or two of the above three items, the sub-
title shall be abridged accordingly.

VII. Inspection and Rejection.

11. The term "inspection" shall be interpreted here in

the restricted sense of surface or outward inspection of the
finished product.

VIII. Definition of Terms.

12. If a standard contains numerous terms that admit
of ambiguity, they shall be defined under this sub-title. If,
on the other hand, a standard contains only a few such terms,
they shall preferably be defined where they are first used. The
definition of the same term in different standards shall, if
possible, be identical.

IX. Special Sub-Titles.

13. Sections that cannot appropriately be placed under any
of the above sub-titles shall be grouped under special sub-titles,
inserted in their most logical position. Such special sub-titles
shall be indicative of the contents of the sections to which they
pertain. The use of such sub-titles as "General," "Miscella-
neous," etc., shall be avoided.
14. In so far as the above standard sub-titles are used, the
sequence in which they are given above shall, if possible, be
adhered to.
700 Regulations Governing Form of Standards.

(C) Marginal Headings.

15. Every numbered section shall have a marginal heading
in bold-face type, brieiSy indicative of its content.
16. The sequence of matter under a given sub-title shall be
left to the judgment of the committee concerned. In so far
as possible, the same sequence of marginal headings shall be
observed in different specifications prepared by a given commit-
tee. The requirements for standards prepared by dififerent
committees vary so widely, that it is not considered practicable
to extend this provision to the work of different committees.
The Secretary of the Society shall endeavor, however, to
secure such uniformity between standards prepared by different
committees.

(D) Specified Values.

17. "Desired values" rather than "permissible limits"
shall be given, followed by a statement with respect to "per-
missible variations." The term "permissible variations" shall
be used in general, rather than the term "tolerance," except in
connection with subjects in which the latter term is in better
accord with recognized trade usage.
18. In so far as practicable, specified values shall be expressed
in tabular form.

(E) Units of Measurement.

19. Units of measurement shall be expressed in both the
English and Aletric systems, if, in the judgment of the committee
concerned, it is desirable to do so. Temperatures shall be ex-
pressed in Centigrade values, and also in Fahrenheit values,
if, in the judgment of the committee concerned, it is desirable
to do so.

(F) Standard Typography, Terms, Abbreviations,

Spelling, Etc.^
20. Committee E-5 has final authority in all matters per-
taining to standard t}^ography, terms and forms of expression,
abbreviations, spelling, etc.

I This matter has been adapted in large part from the Style Sheet of the American Society *
of Mechanical Engineers.
 Regulations Governing Form of Standards. 701

The following standards have been adopted not with the

view of anticipating all possible questions that may arise as to
typography, abbreviation, spelling, etc., but of providing for
consistency of practice in matters of common occurrence.
21. Abbreviations.
When abbreviations are used, they shall conform to the
following requirements. The poKcy will be to abbreviate too
little rather than too much. Terms which seldom occur will,
in general, not be abbreviated. For further rules regarding
abbreviations, see "Numerals" and "Footnotes."
(a) Units of Length. {b) Units of Area.
Centimeter cm. Circular mil cir. mil.
Decimeter dm. Square sq.
Foot ft. Square foot sq. ft.
Inch in. Square inch sq. in.
Kilometer km.
Linear lin.
Meter spell out
Mile spell out
Millimeter mm.
Yard yd.

(c) Units of Volume. {(1) Units of Weight.

Barrel bbl. Centigram eg.
Bushel bu. Decigram dg.
Centiliter cl. Grain gr.
Cubic cu. Gram g.
Cubic centimeter cc. Kilogram kg.
Decaliter dal. Milligram mg.
Deciliter dl. Ounce. oz.
Gallon gal. Pound lb.
Hectoliter hi. Ton spell out
Liter spell out
Milhter : ml.

(e) Units of Time. (/) Electrical and Magnetic Terms.

Afternoon p.m. Ampere spell out
Day spell out Electric horse power e. h. p.
Forenoon a.m. Electromotive force. ..;... e. m. f.
Hour hr. Magnetomotive force m. m. f.
Minute min. Ohm spell out
Month spell out Volt spell out
Second. . sec.
Week spell out
Year spell out
702 Regulations Governing Form of Standards.

Abbreviations {Continued).
(g) Units of Power. ^ (h) Units of Heat.
Brake horse power b. h. p. British thermal unit B. t. u.
Horse power h. p. Calorie cal.
Indicated horse power. . . . i. h. p. Centigrade* C.
Kilowatt kw. Degree' "
Watt spell out Fahrenheit' P.

(*■) Miscellaneous Technical Terms. (j) Miscellaneous General Terms.

Birmingham wire gage B. w. g. Figure Fig.
Browne & Sharpe (gage) . . B. & S. Number No.
Chemically pure c. p. Per spell out
Degree (angular measure) . deg. Per centum per cent
Diameter spell out Proceedings Proc.
Revolutions per minute. . . r. p. m. Plate spell out
Specific gravity sp.gr. Table spell out
Tensile strength tens. str. Transactions Trans.
United States (gage) U. S. Volume Vol.

(k) Use abbreviations only after nouns denoting a definite

quantity, except in tabular work. For example: "The tensile
strength is 45,000 lb. per sq. in."; but "The tensile strength in
pounds per square inch is "
(/) When terms are used in an abstract or descriptive
sense, they shall not be abbreviated. For example, use "the
magnetomotive force is applied"; not, "the m.m.f. is applied."
(w) Use a period after each abbreviation, except after per
cent, and as noted in Paragraph {a).
(n) Ail abbreviations shall be used in the singular. Thus,
"two inches" shall be abbreviated "2 in."; not "2 ins."
(o) Compound Words. — The abbreviations for compound
words, when used, shall be formed by connecting the abbrevia-
tions of the separate words by a hyphen, omitting the period
preceding
etc. the hyphen. Thus, " ft-lb., watt-hr., kw-hr., m-kg.,"

(p) Symbols. — ^Avoid the use of symbols. Do not use (')

or (") in either text or tables; their use is permissible in illus-
trations. The symbol (%) shall not be used in the text, but
may be used in tables when lack of space requires it. See
Paragraph (r).
»See paragraph (r). p. 703.
 Regulations Governing Form of Standards. 703

{q) The word "percentage" shall be used when not follow-

ing a number. Thus, "the percentage of carbon shall be"; not,
"the per cent of carbon shall be." But, "0.35 per cent of
carbon."
{r) After numerals, use the following abbreviations: "62° F.,
36° C." In expressions like the following, omit the degree mark
after the first figure: "75 to 80°C." In a table heading, use
"Temperature, deg. Fahr.,^^ or "deg. Cent''
(s) In expressing dimensions, use the following form: "2
by 4: in. in section;" not "2 x 4 in. in section," nor "2 in. by 4 in.
in section."
(t) Spell out the names of the -months: as, "January 25."
Do not use the form "January 25th."
(u) In text, do not abbreviate "namely" and "that is."
(v) Spell out names of companies, railroads, etc., using the
ampersand (&) only between proper names. Abbreviate "Com-
pany" in firm names. For example: "Brown & Sharpe Manu-
facturing Co.," "Philadelphia & Reading Railway Co."; but,
"American Steel and Wire Co."
(w) In giving a title, use Dr., Prof., Genl., etc., where
initials or full name is given; spell out where surname only
is given.
22. Numerals.
(a) Roman numerals will be used in designating tables
and plates: thus, "Table VI"; not "Table 6." Arabic numerals
will be used in designating figures: thus, "Fig. 3"; not "Fig.
III."(b) Spell out all numbers from one to twelve, with the fol-
lowing exceptions:
1. Use numerals when the quantity is partly or wholly
fractional: as, 1.15, 1^, |.
2. Use numerals when followed by an expression having
a standard abbreviation: as, 1 in., 6 lb., etc.; except where
the statement is vague in nature, in which case neither
numerals nor abbreviations shall be used: as, "about six
pounds," etc.
3. If for any reason the standard abbreviation of the
expression following the number is not used, or if the
704 Regulations Governing Form of Standards.

expression does not admit of abbreviation (as olun, ton,

etc.) the use of numerals shall be optional, unless covered
in the following paragraphs.
4. In contrasted statements, if some numbers must be
numerals, use numerals for all: as, "2 miles and 16

5. In a series of connected numerical statements im-

miles.'"'
plying precision, use numerals: as, "2 years, 5 months,
3 days." The use of numerals (especially the "1") is
not recommended for numbers occurring in precise state-
ments similar to the following: "By connecting the two
test coils;" "shall consist of two equal and uniformly wound
solenoids," etc.
6. Use numerals after abbreviations: as. Vol. 6, Fig. 2,
etc.
(c) Use numerals for all numbers exceeding twelve, with
the following exceptions:
1. Do not begin a sentence with a numeral.
2. Round numbers used in an indefinite sense shall be
spelled out: as, "A hundred feet or so," etc.
3. Numbers shall be spelled out when used in the fol-
lowing manner: fifteen 2-in. rods," etc.
{d) In expressing percentages, precise figures, etc., use
decimals: as, "4.5 per cent"; not "4| per cent."
(e) In decimal numbers having no units, a cipher shall
be placed before the decimal point: as, "0.65 in."; not
".65 in."
(/) Omit unnecessary ciphers in sums of money: as, "$3";
not "$3.00."
{g) In pointing off numbers of more than four figures, use
commas in the text (1,234,567) and spaces in tabular matter
(1 234 567). Numbers of four figures shall not be pointed off
in either text or tabular matter (1234), except when they
occur in a table containing any number of more than four
figures.
{h) Always use numerals for the day of the month when
the month is given (January 25, 1913) and for the time of day
(2.30 p.m.).
 Regulations Governing Form of Standards. 705

23. Spelling and Punctuation,

(a) Simple Words. — The following spelling shall

oxide be used:
aging fulfil
briquette
center gage paraffin
gasoline reinforced
program
crystallin
dis^ iodine
glycerin skiUful
embed insure sul/ur
fiber mold turpentine
formulas

(6) Compound Words. — The following spelling shall be used:

Spell with hyphen.
cold-roll re-anneal
cross-section re-treat
one-half rough-forge
open-hearth stop-cock
Spell without hyphen when used as noun.
cast iron plaster of Paris
crank shaft testing machine
drop test water bath
engine bolt wrought iron
piston rod
one word
Spell as reheat
cooperate reroll J
eyebar
firebox retest
reweigh
fireproof
footnote sinkhead
limewater
stay bolt
quicklime

(c) Compound adjectives shall be hyphenated; as "2-in.

gage," "cast-iron cyUnder," "500-horse-power (or 500-h.-p.)
motor," "0.20-per-cent-carbon steel," etc. Such expressions as
the following shall be written without the hyphen after the first
numeral: "2 and 6-in. specimens."
(d) Do not hyphenate such expressions as "newly puddled
iron," where the adverb is a regular modifier of the adjective.
24. Capitals.
(a) Use capitals sparingly.
(b) CapitaHze the principal words in headings, titles of
books, papers, etc. (nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs).
706 Regulations Governing Form of Standards.

{c) Use capital initial "C" for "committee" when used

as a title: thus, "Committee A-1," "Committee on Papers."
In all other cases use lower-case "c"; thus, "The committee
recommends "
{d) Use capital initial "B" for Bessemer; "P" for Port-
land.
{e) Use initial capitals in reference to volumes, figures,
plates, etc.: as. Vol. 6, Fig. 2, Plate VI, Table III.
(/) Use the form "test No. 1," "specimen A," etc.
25. Standard Terms and Forms of Expression.
(a) The numbered sections of a standard shall be re-
ferred to as "Section 6"; the lettered sub-divisions of a section
shall be referred to either as "Paragraph (a)," or "Section 6(a)."
The former shall be used only when the reference occurs in the
section containing the paragraph referred to; in all other cases
the latter form shall be used.
{h) Use "shall" wherever the standards are to be made
binding on parties of the first or second part.
(c) Use "will" wherever the standards are intended to
express a declaration of purpose not mandatory upon the parties
of the first or second part.
{d) Use "may" wherever the standards provide definitely
for alternative courses.
{e) Use "full-size tests"; not "fuU-size^ tests," etc.
(/) Use "gage length"; not "gageJ length."
(g) Use "test specimen^'; not "test piece." In case the
term "test specimen" is repeated several times in the same
section, the word "specimen" may be used after the first use
of "test specimen."
(h) Use "f in. or over in thickness"; not "| in. and over."
(i) In referring to dimensions, use simply "2 in."; not
"two inches (2 in.)," or "two (2) inches."
(J) Use the form "without cracking" in referring to bend
tests of metals; not "without sign of cracking."
{k) Use "melt" to mean "melt of steel," "blow of steel,"
and "heat of steel," as distinguished from " treating-plant
heat," etc.
 Regulations Governing Form of Standards. 707

(/) Use "reduction of area"; not "reduction in area" or

"contraction in area."
{m) Use "acid number," "iodine number," etc.; not "acid
value" "iodine value," etc.
26. Footnotes.
(a) Use superior figures instead of asterisks, etc., except
in connection with numerals, for which use letters.
{b) The names of journals, proceedings, bulletins, etc.,
shall be printed in italics, without quotation marks; the titles
of papers and reports shall be printed in Roman and enclosed in
quotation marks.
(c) Abbreviate the names of societies.
(d) When reference is made to a paper or report by title,
only the initial page shall appear in the footnote. Thus:
(Name of Author) " (Title of Paper) " Proceedings
Am. Soc. Test. Mats., Vol. XIII, p. 450 (1913).
When such titles are not given, or when reference is made
to certain parts of papers, reports, etc., page numbers shall be
indicated, as follows:

Railway Age Gazette, Feb. 16, 1912, pp. 280-282.

(e) When volume numbers are given, the year of publica-
tion shall appear in parentheses at the end of the footnote.
Otherwise, the date of pubUcation shall appear immediately
J, after the name of pubHcation. (See above examples.)
(/) Footnotes shall always appear at the bottom of the
page on which the reference is made.
(g) References, by the use of such terms as ibid., etc., to
previous footnotes, shall not be used imless the footnote referred
to is given on the same page; otherwise the footnote in ques-
tion shall be repeated.
REGULATIONS GOVERNING PAPERS, COMMITTEE
REPORTS AND DISCUSSIONS.

Adopted, 1913; Revised, 1914, 1916.

Authority of Committee. — Committee E-6 on Papers and

Publications has been given full authority by the Executive
Committee in all matters affecting the acceptance, rejection,
editing and publication of papers, committee reports and
discussions.
Preprints.

Preprinting of Papers and Committee Reports. — The Com-

mittee on Papers and Publications will use its best endeavors
to put the papers and committee reports to be presented
at annual meetings in t}T3e for advance circulation. To
render this practicable, the manuscripts should be sent to
the Secretary-Treasurer at least two months in advance of
the meeting at which they are to be presented. The com-
mittee will then endeavor to issue preprints to the member-
ship at large one month in advance of the meeting. It is
manifest, however, that if all papers forming part of a com-
prehensive program should be received only two months in
advance of the meeting, it would not be practicable to have
them all put in tj'pe in a single month. Authors and chair-
men ofcommittees are accordingly requested to furnish their manu-
scripts asfar in advance of the meeting as possible.
In general, the sequence in which the papers are received
will determine the sequence in which they will be printed.
Manuscripts received too late for printing and advance circula-
tion will be put in type, in so far as practicable, with a view of
having them available in printed form at the meeting.
The committee reser\^es the right to reject papers received
too late for printing and advance circulation, although excep-
tions may be authorized at the discretion of the committee.
Papers provisionally accepted b}' title only, and of which
the manuscripts have not been received before the final program
(708)
 Regulations Governing Papers. 709

goes to press, shall not be announced by title on this program.

Their authors shall be notified, however, that such of these
papers as may subsequently be accepted will be introduced at
the end of the appropriate sessions and read by title or other-
wise, as time may admit.
Standards. — According to the Regulations Governing Stand-
ing Committees:^ "Any recommendations affecting standards
must be transmitted to the Secretarj'-Treasurer of the Society
at least eight weeks in advance of the date of the annual
meeting, and copies of these recommendations, in printed
form, must be mailed by the Secretary-Treasurer to every
member of the Society not less than four weeks before the
annual meeting, so that members may come to the meeting
prepared to discuss such recommendations, and that members
not intending to be present at the meeting may contribute
discussions by letter."

Editing and Rejection of Papers.

Editing of Papers and Discussions. — -The Committee on
Papers and Publications will edit and revise papers for publica-
tion. If such editing and revision is not acceptable to the
author, the committee will endeavor to meet the wishes of the
author as far as possible, but if a revision acceptable to both
the committee and the author cannot be reached, the papers
shall not be presented or published.
The above provisions are applicable also to written or
verbal discussion.
In the editing of matter for the publications of the Society,
the requirements as to "typography, standard terms, abbrevia-
tions, spelHng, etc.," contained in the Regulations Governing
the Form but not the Substance of Standards,- will be adhered
to. It is recommended that authors assist the committee by
following these requirements in the preparation of their
manuscripts.
Rejection of Papers. — The rejection of papers will be deter-
mined chiefly on the following grounds:

' See p. 669. •*

» See pp. 700-707.
7iO Regulations Governing Papers.

{a) That the subject matter does not fall within the field
of the Society's activities.
(b) That the contents are of an advertising character.
(c) That the author controverts well-established facts.
(d) That the subject matter is essentially of a speculative
nature.
(e) That the subject matter is not new.
(/) That the treatment is seriously defective as to Uterary
form and structure, continuity of thought, clarity of
expression, etc.
The committee reserves the right, however, to reject papers
on grounds other than those above stated; for example, a paper
in which sweeping generalizations are premised on manifestly
inadequate data; a paper embodying trade secrets, for example,
one descriptive of the properties of a product whose composition
or manufacture are not disclosed; or, again, a paper containing
the results of tests calculated to do injury to commercial
interests, unless representatives of those interests witnessed the
tests, or are given the opportunity of preparing discussions for
presentation concurrently with the paper.

Presentation and Discussion of Papers and Committee

Reports at Annual Meetings.

Presentation of Papers. — Papers b}' members in attendance

at the meeting shall take precedence over papers by absent
members. The latter may, at the discretion of the chair, be
presented only by title. Authors will be expected to confine
themselves to brief references to the principal features of their
papers. In general, the time allotted to the presentation of
a paper shall be limited to ten minutes. The time may be
extended, however, for special reasons, at the discretion of
the chair, or by vote of the meeting.
Presentation of Committee Reports. — Committee reports
shall also be limited in their presentation to a brief summary
of their principal features; but matters which are to be referred
to letter ballot of the Society shall either be read in extenso,
or acted on as printed without reading, according to the
expressed sense of the meeting.
 Regulations Governing Papers. 711

Discussions. — All written discussions shall be placed in

the hands of the Secretary-Treasurer prior to the session at
which they are to be presented. Such written discussions
shall take precedence over oral discussions. In the presenta-
tion of written or oral discussions the speaker will in general
be limited to five minutes, but this time may be extended at
the discretion of the chair, or by vote of the meeting.

Publication in the Technical Press.

No paper, committee report, or written discussion shall
be released for publication in the daily or technical press in
advance of its presentation, except by authority of the Com-
mittee on Papers and Publications; nor after its presentation,
unless it has previously been edited by the committee or the
committee agrees to release it without editing.
No person shall receive monetary compensation from
reprinting any paper or discussion presented before the Society,
without previous authorization from the committee, and in all
reprints credit shall be given to the Society.
 LIST OF STANDARDS
ADOPTED JiV: THE

AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS.

These Standards are all copyrighted in the name of the American Society
for Testing Materials. Permission to reprint any of these Standards can
be obtained only from the Executive Committee on appKcation to the Secre-
tary-Treasurer.
The designations A 1, A 2, etc., of the Standards are fixed; the final
numbers 14, 12, etc., indicate the year of original issue, or in the case of revi-
sion, the year of last revision. The serial designation of Standards which
have for any reason been discontinued are permanently dropped. In order-
ing Standards, the complete serial designations A 1-14, A 2-12, etc., should
be stated.

A. FERROUS METALS.
STEEL.
(See also WROUGHT IRON: A 56-15.)
Standard Specifications.

Steel Rails and Accessories.

A 1-14. For Carbon-Steel Rails.^
Proposed in 1900 (Vol. I, pp. 101-105).
Adopted in amended form in 1901 (Vol. I, p. 253).
First revision adopted in 1907 (Vol. VII, pp. 44-47).
Second revision adopted in 1908 (Vol. VIII, pp. 44-47).
Third revision adopted in 1909 (Vol. IX, pp. 62-63 and 66-69).
Fourth revision adopted in 1914 (Vol. XIV, Part I, p. 86).

A 2-12. For Open-hearth Steel Girder and High Tee Rails.

Adopted in 1912 (Vol. XII, pp. 122-126).
•These specifications were originally adopted in 1901 under the title "Standard Specifi-
cations for Steel Rails." In 1909 the latter specifications were revised and divided into two
specifications entitled "Standard Specifications for Bessemer Steel RaUs" and "Standard
Specifications for Open-hearth Steel Rails," which were revised in 1914, and combined under
the present title.
(712)
 List of Standards. 713

A 3-14. For Low-Carbon-Steel Splice Bars.^

Proposed in 1900 (Vol. I, pp. 107-109).
Adopted in amended form in 1901 (Vol. I, p. 253).
First revision adopted in 1909 (Vol. IX, pp. 56-57).
Second revision adopted in 1912 (Vol. XII, pp. 127-128).
Third revision adopted in 1913 (Vol. XIII, pp. 68-69).
Fourth revision adopted in 1914 (Vol. XIV, Part I, pp. 99 and 109).

A 4-14. For Medium-Carbon-Steel Splice Bars.

Adopted in 1913 (Vol. XIII, pp. 131-134).
First revision adopted in 1914 (Vol. XIV, Part I, pp. 99 and 110).

A 5-14. For High-Carbon-Steel Splice Bars.

Adopted in 1913 (Vol. XIII, pp. 135-138).
First revision adopted in 1914 (Vol. XIV, Part I, pp. 99 and 110).

A 6-14. For Extra-High-Carbon-Steel Splice Bars.

Adopted in 1913 (Vol. XIII, pp. 139-142).
First revision adopted in 1914 (Vol. XIV, Part I, pp. 99 and 1 10-1 11).

A 49-15. For Quenched High-Carbon-Steel Splice Bars.

Adopted in 1915 (Vol. XV, Part I, pp. 81-82).

A 50-16. For Quenched Carbon-Steel Track Bolts.

Adopted in 1915 (Vol. XV, Part I, pp. 81-82).
First revision adopted in 1916 (Vol. XVI, Part I, pp. ).

A 51-16. For Quenched Alloy-Steel Track Bolts.

Adopted in 1915 (Vol. XV, Part I, pp. 81-82).
First revision adopted in 1916 (Vol. XVI, Part I, pp. ).

Structural Steels.

A 7-16. For Structural Steel for Bridges.^

Proposed in 1900 (Vol. I, pp. 81-86).
Adopted in amended form in 1901 (Vol. I, p. 250).
First revision adopted in 1905 (Vol. V, pp. 48-52).
Second revision adopted in 1909 (Vol. IX, pp. 37-41).
Third revision adopted in 1913 (Vol. XIII, pp. 69-72).

1 These specifications were designated "Standard Specifications for Steel Splice Bars"
till 1913, when they were revised and the present title was adopted.
* These specifications, when first adopted in 1901, were combined with the Specifications
for Structural Steel for Ships under the title "Standard Specifications for Structaral Steel for
Bridges and Ships." In 1905, these latter specifications were made to apply to ship material
only, by striking out the words "Bridges and" from the title, and revised "Standard Specifica-
tions for Structural Steel for Bridges" were adopted.
714 List of Standards.

A 7-16. For Structural Steel for Bridges (Continued).

Fourth113).
revision adopted in 1914 (Vol. XIV, Part I, pp. 99 and 111-

Fifth Revision adopted in 1915 (Vol. XV, Part I, pp. 82 and 111).
Sixth revision adopted in 1916 (Vol. XVI, Part I, pp. ).
A 8-16. For Structural Nickel Steel.
Adopted in 1912 (Vol. XII, pp. 135-140).
First revision adopted in 1913 (Vol. XIII, pp. 72-74).
Second revision adopted in 1914 (Vol. XIV, Part I, pp. 99 and 113).
Third revision adopted in 1916 (Vol. XVI, Part I, pp. ).
A 9-16. For Structural Steel for Buildings.
Proposed in 1900 (Vol. I, pp. 87-92).
Adopted in amended form in 1901 (Vol. I, p. 250).
First revision adopted in 1909 (Vol. IX, pp. 47-50).
Second revision adopted in 1913 (Vol. XIII, pp. 75-77).
Third114).
revision adopted in 1914 (Vol. XIV, Part I, pp. 99 and 113-

Fourth revision adopted in 1916 (Vol. XVI, Part I, pp. ).

A 10-16. For Structural Steel for Locomotives.^
Adopted in 1912 (Vol. XII, pp. 254-257).
First revision adopted in 1913 (Vol. XIII, pp. 91-92).
Second115).revision adopted in 1914 (Vol. XIV, Part I, pp. 99 and 114-

Third revision adopted in 1916 (Vol. XVI, Part I, pp. ).

A 11-16. For Structural Steel for Cars.
Adopted in 1914 (Vol. XIV, Part I, p. 89).
First revision adopted in 1916 (Vol. XVI, Part I, pp. ).
A 12-16. For Structural Steel for Ships.^
Proposed in 1900 (Vol. I, pp. 81-86).
Adopted in amended form in 1901 (Vol. I, p. 250).
First revision adopted in 1909 (Vol. IX, pp. 42-46).
Second revision adopted in 1913 (Vol. XIII, pp. 143-147).
Third revision adopted in 1914 (Vol. XIV, Pait I, p. 99).
Fourth revision adopted in 1916 (Vol. XVI, Part I, pp. — — ).
A 13-14. For Rivet Steel for Ships.^
Proposed in 1900 (Vol. I, pp. 81-86).
Adopted in amended form in 1901 (Vol. I, p. 250.)
'These specifications were designated "Standard Specifications for Locomotive Ma-
terials: Steel Shapes, Universal Mill Plates, and Bars" till 1914, when they were revised and
the present title was adopted.
'See footnote to "Standard Specifications for Structural Steel for Bridges." In
1913 the "Standard Specifications for Structural Steel for Ships" were revised and divided
into two specifications, entitled "Standard Specifications for Structural Steel for Ships" ^n4
"Standard Specifications for Rivet Steel for Ships."
 List OF Standards. 7i5

A 13-14. For Rivet Steel for Ships {Continued).

First revision adopted in 1909 (Vol. IX, pp. 42-46).
Second revision adopted in 1913 (Vol. XIII, pp. 148-152).
Third revision adopted in 1914 (Vol. XIV, Part I, p. 99).

Spring Steel and Springs.

A 14-16. For Carbon-Steel Bars for Railway Springs.
Adopted in 1914 (Vol. XIV, Part I, p. 90).
First revision adopted in 1916 (Vol. XVI, Part I, pp. ).
A 58-16. For Carbon-Steel Bars for Vehicle and Automobile
Springs.
Proposed and published as tentative in 1915 (Vol. XV, Part I,
pp. 83-84; 1915 Year-Book, pp. 486-488).
Adopted in 1916 (Vol. XVI, Part I, pp. ).
A 59-16. For SiHco-Manganese-Steel Bars for Automobile and
Railway Springs.
Pi-oposed and published as tentative in 1915 (Vol. XV, Part Ii
pp. 83-84; 1915 Year-Book, pp. 489-491).
Adopted in amended form in 1916 (Vol. XVI, Part I, pp. ).
A 60-16. For Chrome-Vanadium-Steel Bars for Automobile
and Railway Springs.
Proposed and published as tentative in 1915 (Vol. XV, Part I,
pp. 83-84; 1915 Year-Book, pp. 492-494).
Adopted in amended form in 1916 (Vol. XVI, Part I, pp. ).
A 61-16. For Helical Springs for Railways.
Proposed and published as tentative in 1915 (Vol. XV, Part I,
p. 84; 1915 Year-Book, pp. 495-505).
Adopted in amended form in 1916 (Vol. XVI, Part I, pp. ).
A 62-16. For Elliptical Springs for Railways.
Proposed and published as tentative in 1915 (Vol. XV, Part I,
p. 84; 1915 Year-Book, pp. 495-505).
Adopted in amended form in 1916 (Vol. XVI, Part I, pp. ).
Reinforcement Bars.
A 15-14. For Billet-Steel Concrete Reinforcement Bars.'
Adopted in 1911 (Vol. XI, pp. 66-68).
First revision adopted in 1912 (Vol. XII, pp. 161-164).
Second revision adopted in 1913 (Vol. XIII, pp. 77-78).
Third revision adopted in 1914 (Vol. XIV, Part I, pp. 99 and 115).
> These specifications were designated "Standard Specifications for Steel Reinforcing
Bars" till 1913, when they were revised and the present title was adopted.
716 List of Standards.

A 16-14. For Rail-Steel Concrete Reinforcement Bars.

Adopted in 1913 (Vol. XIII, pp. 153-155).
First revision adopted in 1914 (Vol. XIV, Part I, p. 99).

Steel Blooms, Forgings and Axles.

A 17-13. For Blooms, Billets and Slabs for Carbon-Steel
Forgings.
Adopted in 1913 (Vol. XIII, pp. 166-168).

A 18-16. For Carbon-Steel and Alloy-Steel Forgings.^

Proposed in 1900 (Vol. I, pp. 119-123).
Adopted in amended form in 1901 (Vol. I, p. 254).
First revision adopted in 1905 (Vol. V, pp. 59-62).
Second revision adopted in 1914 (Vol. XIV, Part I, pp. 91-93).
Third revision adopted in 1916 (Vol. XVI, Part I, pp. )•

A 19-16. For Quenched-and-Tempered Carbon-Steel Axles,

Shafts, and Other Forgings for Locomotives and

AdoptedCars.2
in 1911 (Vol. XI, pp. 63-65).
First revision adopted in 1912 (Vol. XII, pp. 169-173).
Second revision adopted in 1914 (Vol. XIV, Part I, pp. 91-93)
Third revision adopted in 1916 (Vol. XVI, Part I, pp. )

A 20-16. For Carbon-Steel Forgings for Locomotives.'

Adopted in 1912 (Vol. XII, pp. 250-253).
First revision adopted in 1913 (Vol. XIII, pp. 90-91).
Second revision adopted in 1914 (Vol. XIV, Part I, pp. 91-94).
Third revision adopted in 1916 (Vol. XVI, Part I, pp. ).

A 63-16. For Quenched-and-Tempered Alloy-Steel Axles, Shafts,

and Other Forgings for Locomotives and Cars.
Proposed and published as tentative in 1915 (Vol. XV, Part I,
pp. 84-85; 1915 Year-Book, pp. 512-518).
Adopted in amended form in 1916 (Vol. XVI, Part I, pp. ).

•These specifications were designated "Standard Specifications for Steel Forgings" till
1914, when they were revised and the present title was adopted.
'These specifications were designated "Standard Specifications for Heat-Treated Car-
bon-Steel Axles, Shafts and Similar Objects" till 1914, when they were revised and the present
title was adopted.
• These specifications were successively designated "Standard Specifications for Annealed
Steel Forgings" till 1913, and "Standard Specifications for Steel Forgings" till 1914, when
they were revised, and the present title was adopted.
 List of Standards. 717

A 21-14. For Carbon-Steel Car and Tender Axles. ^

Proposed in 1900 (Vol. I, pp. 111-114).
Adopted in amended form in 1901 (Vol. I, p. 254).
First revision adopted in 1905 (Vol. V, pp. 56-58).
Second revision adopted in 1913 (Vol. XIII, pp. 78-79).
Third revision adopted in 1914 (Vol. XIV, Part I, p. 116).
A 22-16. For Cold-Rolled Steel Axles.
Proposed in 1912 (Vol. XII, pp. 48-51).
Adopted in amended form in 1913 (Vol. XIII, pp. 156-159).
First revision adopted in 1914 (Vol. XIV, Part I, pp. 99 and 117).
Second revision adopted in 1916 (Vol. XVI, Part I, pp. ).
Steel Wheels and Tires.
A 57-16. For Wrought Solid Carbon-Steel Wheels for Steam
Railway Service.-
Proposed in 1911 (Vol. XI, pp. 55-58 and 59-62).
Adopted in amended form in 1912 (Vol. XII, pp. 174-178 and
179-183).
First revision adopted in 1916 (Vol. XVI, Part I, pp. ).
A 25-16. For Wrought Solid Carbon-Steel Wheels for Electric
Railway Service.
Adopted in 1913 (Vol. XIII, pp. 160-165).
First revision adopted in 1916 (Vol. XVI, Part I, pp. ).
A 26-16. For Steel Tires.
Proposed in 1900 (Vol. I, pp. 115-118).
Adopted in 1901 (Vol. I, p. 254).
First revision adopted in 1909 (Vol. IX, pp. 58-61).
Second revision adopted in 1913 (Vol. XIII, pp. 80-81).
Third revision adopted in 1914 (Vol. XIV, Part I, p. 99).
Fourth revision adopted in 1916 (Vol. XVI, Part I, pp. ).
Steel Castings.
A 27-16: For Steel Castings.
Proposed in 1900 (Vol. I, pp. 125-128).
Adopted in 1901 (Vol. I, p. 254).
First revision adopted in 1905 (Vol. V, pp. 53-55).
•These specifications were designated "Standard Specificati(jns for Steel Axles" till'
1913, when they were revised and the present title was adopted.
2 Prior to 1916, the following two specifications were in force: "Standard Specifications
for Forged and Rolled, Forged, or Rolled Solid Carbon-Steel Wheels for Enginc-TjTick, Tender,
and Passenger Service," Serial Designation, A 23; and "Standard Specifications for Forged
and Rolled, Forged, or Rolled Solid Carbon-Steel Wheels for Freight-Car Service," Serial
Designation: A 24. In 1916 these two specifications were revised and combined under thg
present title and serial designation A 57,
718 List of Standards.

A 27-16. For Steel Castings {Continued).

Second revision adopted in 1912 (Vol. XII, pp. 192-195).
Third revision adopted in 1913 (Vol. XIII, pp. 81-84).
Fourth revision adopted in 1914 (Vol. XIV, Part I, p. 99).
Fifth revision adopted in 1916 (Vol. XVI, Part I, pp. ).
Steel Tubes and Pipe.
A 28-16. For Lap-Welded and Seamless Steel Boiler Tubes,
Boiler Flues, Superheater Pipes, Safe Ends, and
Arch Tubes for Locomotives.'
Adopted in 1912 (Vol. XII, pp. 258-260).
First revision adopted in 1913 (Vol. XIII, pp. 84-86).
Second revision adopted in 1916 (Vol. XVI, Part I, pp. — — ).

A 52-15. For Lap-Welded and Seamless Steel and Wrought-

Iron Boiler Tubes for Stationary Servdce.-
Adopted in 1915 (Vol. XV, Part I, p. 86).

A 53 15. For Welded Steel and Wrought-Iron Pipe.

Adopted in 1915 (Vol. XV, Part I, p. 86).

Automobile Steels (see also Spring. Steel).

A 29-16. For Automobile Carbon and Alloy Steels.
Adopted in 1912 (Vol. XII, pp. 196-203).
First revision adopted in 1913 (Vol. XIII, pp. 86-88).
Second revision adopted in 1914 (Vol. XIV, Part I, p. 99).
Third revision adopted in 1915 (Vol. XV, Part I, pp. 86 and 111-114).
Fourth revision adopted in 1916 (Vol. XVI, Part I, pp. ).
Boiler Steels.
A 30-16. For Boiler and Firebox Steel for Locomotives.^
Proposed in 1900 (Vol. I, pp. 93-99).
Adopted in amended form in 1901 (Vol. I, p. 251).
First revision adopted in 1909 (Vol. IX, pp. 51-55).
Second revision adopted in 1912 (Vol. XII, pp. 152-156).
' These specifications were successively designated "Standard Specifications for Lap-
Welded and Seamless Steel Boiler Tubes and Safe Ends, 2-2 in. diameter and under" till 1913,
and "Standard Specifications for Lap-Welded and Seamless Steel Boiler Tubes, Safe Ends,
and Arch Tubes" till 1916, when they were revised and the present title was adopted.
2 These specifications were designated "Standard Specifications for Lap-Welded and Seam-
less Boiler Tubes for Stationary Service" till 1916, when the title was changed to the present
form at the direction of the Executive Committee.
' These specifications were originally adopted in 1901 under the title "Standard Specifica-
tions for Open-hearth Boiler Plate and Rivet Steel." In 1902 these latter specifications were
revised and divided into two specifications, entitled "Standard Specifications for Boiler and
Firebox Steel" and "Standard Specifications for Boiler Rivet Steel." In 1916 the first of thesQ
gpecifications (now designated A 30) vj-as revised and the present title was adopted.
 List or Standards. 719

A 30-16. For Boiler and Firebox Steel for Locomotives

{Continued).
Third revision adopted in 1913 (Vol. XIII, p. 88).
Fourth revision adopted in 1914 (Vol. XIV, Part I, p. 99).
Fifth revision adopted in 1916 (Vol. XVI, Part I, pp. ).
A 31-14. For Boiler Rivet Steel.i
Proposed in 1900 (Vol. I, pp. 93-99).
Adopted in amended form in 1901 (Vol. I, p. 251).
First revision adopted in 1909 (Vol. IX, pp. 51-55).
Second revision adopted in 1912 (Vol. XII, pp. 157-160).
Third revision adopted in 1913 (Vol. XIII, pp. 88-90).
Fourth revision adopted in 1914 (Vol. XIV, Part I, p. 99).
Cold-Drawn Steels.
A 32-14. For Cold-Drawn Bessemer Steel Automatic Screw
Stock.
Proposed in 1913 (Vol. XIII, pp. 191-192).
Adopted in 1914 (Vol. XIV, Part I, pp. 172-173).
A 54-15. For Cold-Drawn Open-hearth Steel Automatic Screw
Stock.
Proposed in 1913 (Vol. XIII, pp. 193-194).
Published as tentative in amended form in 1914 (Vol. XIV, Part I,
pp. 172-175; 1914 Year-Book, pp. 368-369).
Adopted in 1915 (Vol. XV, Part I, p. 132).
Standard Tests.
A 34-14. For Magnetic Properties of Iron and Steel.^
Adopted in 1911 (Vol. XI, pp. 110-114).
First revision adopted in 1912 (Vol. XII, pp. 210-214).
Second revision adopted in 1914 (Vol. XIV, Part I, pp. 170-171).
Standard Methods.
A 33-14. For Chemical Analysis of Plain Carbon Steel.
Adopted in 1914 (Vol. XIV, Part I, p. 96).

A 55-15. For Chemical Analysis of Alloy Steels.

Adopted in 1915 (Vol. XV, Part I, p. 87).
» These specifications were originally adopted in 1901 under the title "Standard Specifica-
tions for Open-hearth Boiler Plate and Rivet Steel." In 1912 these latter specifications were
revised and divided into two specifications, entitled "Standard Specifications for -Boiler and
Firebox Steel" and "Standard Specifications for Boiler Rivet Steel." In 1916 the first of these
specifications (now designated A 30) was revised and the present title was adopted.
'These tests were designated "Standard Magnetic Tests of Iron and Steel" till 1916.
when the title was changed to the present form at the direction of the Executive Committe*.
720 List of Standards.

Recommended Practice.

A 35-11. For Annealing of Miscellaneous Rolled and Forged

Carbon-Steel Objects.
Adopted in 1911 (Vol. XI, pp. 86-91).
A 36-14. For Annealing of Carbon-Steel Castings.
Adopted in 1914 (Vol. XIV, Part I, p. 169).
A 37-14. For Heat Treatment of Case-Hardened Carbon-
Steel Objects.
Proposed in 1913 (Vol. XIII, pp. 188-189).
Adopted in 1914 (Vol. XIV, Part I, p. 169).

WROUGHT IRON.

(See also STEEL: A 52-15, A 53-15.)

Standard Specifications.

A 38-16. For Lap- Welded Charcoal-Iron Boiler Tubes, Boiler

Flues, Safe Ends, and Arch Tubes for Locomotives.
Adopted in 1912 (Vol. XII, pp. 264-266).
First revision adopted in 1916 (Vol. XVI, Part I, pp. ).
A 39-14. For Staybolt Iron.^
Proposed in 1907 (Vol. VII, pp. 157-158).
Adopted in amended form in 1910 (Vol. X, pp. 94-95).
First revision adopted in 1912 (Vol. XII, pp. 261-263).
Second revision adopted in 1914 (Vol. XIV, Part I, pp. 144-145).
A 40-13. For Engine-Bolt Iron.^
Adopted in 1912 (Vol. XII, pp. 215-217).
First revision adopted in 1913 (Vol. XIII, p. 183).

A 41-13. For Refined Wrought-Iron Bars.^

Adopted in 1912 (Vol. XII, pp. 218-221).
First revision adopted in 1913 (Vol. XIII, p. 183).
A 42-13. For Wrought-Iron Plates.
Adopted in 1913 (Vol. XIII, pp. 185-187).
A 56-15. For Iron and Steel Chain.
Adopted in 1915 (Vol. XV, Part I, pp. 121-122).
'These specifications were designated "Standard Specifications for Lap- Welded Iroa
Boiler Tubes" till 1916, when they were revised and the present title was adopted.
2 These specifications supersede the "Standard Specifications for Wrought Iron," which
were proposed in 1900, (Vol. I, pp. 129-134). and adopted in amended form in 1901 (Vol. I,
pp. 231-235).
 List of^Standards. 721

PIG IRON, CAST IRON, AND FINISHED CASTINGS.

Standard Si'EfiFicATiONS.

A 43-09. For Foundry Pig Iron.

Proposed in 1904 (Vol. IV, p. 44),
Adopted in amended form in 1904 (Vol. IV, pp. 103-104).
First revision adopted in 1909 (Vol. IX, pp. 111-112).

A 44-04. For Cast-iron Pipe and Special Castings.

Adopted in 1904 (Vol. IV, pp. 57-66).

A 45-14. For Cast-Iron Locomotive Cylinders.^

Proposed in 1904 (Vol. IV, pp. 69-70).
Adopted in amended form in 1904 (Vol. IV, p. 69).
Revised specifications proposed in 1911 (Vol. XI, pp. 83-84),
First revision adopted in 1914 (Vol. XIV, Part I, pp. 147-148).

A 46-05. For Cast-Iron Car Wheels.

Proposed in 1904 (Vol. IV, pp. 74-79).
Adopted in amended form in 1905 (Vol. V, pp. 65-70).

A 47-15. For Malleable-Iron Castings. -

Proposed in 1904 (Vol. IV, pp. 95-96).
Adopted in amended form 1904 (Vol. IV, p, 96).
First revision adopted in 1915 (Vol. XV, Part I, pp. 123-125).

A 48-05, For Gray-Iron Castings,

Proposed in 1904 (Vol, IV, pp. 97-100).
Adopted in amended form in 1905 (Vol. V, pp. 71-74),

Standard Methods.

A 64-16. For Sampling and Analysis of Pig and Cast Iron.

Proposed and published as tentative in 1915 (Vol. XV, Part I,
pp. 123-125; 1915 Year-Book, pp. 519-540).
Adopted in amended form in 1916 (Vol. XVI, Part I, pp. ).

I These specifications were designated "Standard Specifications for Locomotive Cylinders"

till 1916, when the title was changed to the present form at the direction of the Executive
Committee.
'These specifications were designated "Standard Specifications for ^lalleable Castings,"
till 1915, when they were revised and the present title was adopted.
722 List of Standards.

B. NON-FERROUS METALS.
Standard Specifications.

B 1-15. For Hard-Drawn Copper Wire.

Adopted in 1909 (Vol. IX, pp. 311-318).
First revision adopted in 1911 (Vol. XI, pp. 134-138).
Second revision adopted in 1913 (Vol. XIII, pp. 200-201).
Third revision adopted in 1915 (Vol. XV, Part I, pp. 133-136).
B 2-15. For Medium Hard-Drawn Copper Wire.
Adopted in 1912 (Vol. XII, pp. 277-285).
First revision adopted in 1913 (Vol. XIII, p. 201).
Second revision adopted in 1915 (Vol. XV, Part I, pp. 133-136).
B 3-15. For Soft or Annealed Copper Wire.
Adopted in 1912 (Vol. XII, pp. 286-291).
First revision adopted in 1913 (Vol. XIII, p. 201).
Second revision adopted in 1915 (Vol. XV, Part I, pp. 133-136).

B 8-16. For Bare Concentric-Lay Copper Cable: Hard,

Medium-Hard, or Soft.
Proposed and published as tentative in 1915 (Vol. XV, Part I,
pp. 133-136; 1915 Year-Book, pp. 541-545).
Adopted in amended form in 1916 (Vol. XVI, Part I, pp. ).
B 9-16. For High-Strength Bronze Trolley Wire, Round and
Grooved: 40 and 65-per-cent Conductivity.
Proposed and pubUshed as tentative in 1915 (Vol. XV, Part I,
pp. 133-136; 1915 Year-Book, pp. 546-549).
Adopted in 1916 (Vol. XVI, Part I, pp. ).
B 4-13. For Lake Copper Wire Bars, Cakes, Slabs, Billets,
Ligots, and Ingot Bars.^
Adopted in 1911 (Vol. XI, pp. 143-145).
First revision adopted in 1913 (Vol. XIII, pp. 214-217).
B 5-13. For Electrolytic Copper Wire Bars, Cakes, Slabs,
Billets, Ligots, and Ligot Bars.^
Adopted in 1911 (Vol. XI, pp. 143-145).
First revision adopted in 1913 (Vol. XIII, pp. 218-220).

'These specifications were originally adopted in 1911 under the title "Standard Specifi-
cations for Copper Wire Bars, Cakes, Slabs, Billets, Ingots, and Ingot Bars." In 1913 these
latter specifications were revised and divided into two specifications, covering Lake and
Electrolytic copper respectively.
 List of Standards. 723

B 6-14. For Spelter.

Adopted in 1911 (Vol. XI, pp. 146-149).
First revision adopted in 1914 (Vol. XIV, Part I, p. 178).

B 7-14. For Manganese-Bronze Ingots for Sand Castings.^

Adopted in 1911 (Vol. XI, pp. 150-151).
First revision adopted in 1914 (Vol. XIV, Part I, pp. 178-179).

C. CEMENT, LIME, GYPSUM, AND CLAY PRODUCTS.

Standard Specifications.

C 9-17. Standard Specifications and Tests for Portland

Cement.-
Adopted in 1904 (Vol. IV, pp. 107-119).
First revision adopted in 1908 (Vol. VIII, pp. 149-164).
Second revision adopted in 1909 (Vol. IX, pp. 116-130).
Third revision adopted in 1916, to become effective January 1, 1917
(Vol. XVI, Part I, pp. ).

C 10-09. For Natural Cement.^

Adopted in 1904 (Vol. IV, pp. 107-119).
First revision adopted in 1908 (Vol. VIII, pp. 149-164).
Second revision adopted in 1909 (Vol. IX, pp. 116-130).
C 4-16. For Drain Tile.
Adopted in 1914 (Vol. XIV, Part I, pp. 208-212).
First re\nsion adopted in 1916 (Vol. XVI, Part I, pp. ^).

C 5-15. For Quicklime.

Proposed in 1913 (Vol. XIII, pp. 313-319).
Published as tentative in 1914 (Vol. XIV, Part I, pp. 213-220;
1914 Year-Book, pp. 370-372).
Adopted in amended form in 1915 (Vol. XV, Part I. pp. 167-170).
I These specifications were designated "Standard Specifications for Manganese-Bronze
Ingots." till 1914, when they were revised and the present title was adopted.
' These specifications were originally adopted in 1904 under the title "Standard Specifica-
tlons for Cement," and were later designated 0 1. In 1916, the requirements for Portland
cement were revised while those for natural cement were left unchanged; the former is pub-
lished under its present title and serial designation 0 9, the latter under the designation C 10.
724 List of Staitoards.

C 6-15. For Hydrated Lime.

Proposed in 1913 (Vol. XIII, pp. 313-319).
Published as tentative in 1914 (Vol. XIV, Part I, pp. 213-220;
1914 Year-Book, pp. 373-375).
Adopted in amended form in 1915 (Vol. XV, Part I, pp. 167-170).
C 7-15. For Paving Brick.
Proposed in 1913 (Vol. XIII, pp. 289-300).
Amended in 1914 (Vol. XIV, Part I, pp. 191-192).
Adopted in 1915 (Vol. XV, Part I, pp. 158-159).
Standard Tests.

C 2-08. For Fireproof Floor Construction.

Proposed in 1906 (Vol. VI, pp. 126-128).
Adopted in 1907 (Vol. VII, pp. 179-180).
First revision adopted in 1908 (Vol. VIII, pp. 210-212).
C 3-09. For Fireproof Partition Construction.
Proposed in 1908 (Vol. VIII, pp. 207-209).
Adopted in 1909 (Vol. IX, pp. 281-282).
Standard Definitions.

C 8-15. Of Terms Relating to Sewer Pipe.

Proposed in 1914 (Vol. XIV, Part I, pp. 202-205).
Adopted in 1915 (Vol. XV, Part I, pp. 163-164).

D. MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS,
Standard Specifications.

D 1-15. For Purity of Raw Linseed Oil from North American

Seed.
Adopted in 1913 (Vol. XIII, pp. 399-401).
First revision adopted in 1915 (Vol. XV, Part I, pp. 186 and
224-232).

D 11-15. For Purity of Boiled Linseed Oil from North Amer*

ican Seed.
Adopted in 1915 (Vol. XV, Part I, pp. 186 and 224-232).
D 12-16. For Purity of Raw Tung Oil.^
Adopted in 1915 (Vol. XV, Part I, pp. 186 and 204-213).
First revision adopted in 1916 (Vol. XVI, Part I, pp. ).
1 These specifications were desigfijated " Standard Specifications for Purity of Raw
Chinese Wood Oil " till 1916, when they were revised and the present title was adopted-
 List of Standards. 725

D 13-15. For Turpentine.

Proposed in 1914 (Vol. XIV, Part I, pp. 342-343).
Adopted in amended form in 1915 (Vol. XV, Part I, pp. 187 and
263-265).

D 17-16. For Foundry Coke.

Proposed and published as tentative in 1915 (Vol. XV, Part I,
pp. 359-361; 1915 Year-Book, pp. 559-562).
Adopted in 1916 (Vol. XVI, Part I, pp. ).

D 10-15. For Yellow-Pine Bridge and Trestle Timbers.

Proposed in 1909 (Vol. IX, pp. 283-286).
Adopted in 1910 (Vol. X, pp. 159-161).
First revision adopted in 1915 (Vol. XV, Part I, pp. 362-363).

D 14-15. For 2f-in. Cotton Rubber-Lined Fire Hose for Pri-

vate Department Use.
Adopted in 1915 (Vol. XV, Part I, pp. 408-410).

Standard Tests.
D 2-08. For Abrasion of Road Material.
Proposed in 1904 (Vol. IV, pp. 193-194).
Adopted in 1908 (Vol. VIII, pp. 197-198).

D 3-08. For Toughness of Macadam Rock.

Proposed in 1905 (Vol. V, pp. 102-103).
Adopted in 1908 (Vol. VIII, pp. 199-200).
D 4-11. For Soluble Bitumen.
Adopted in 1911 (Vol. XI, pp. 245-246).

D 5-16. For Penetration of Bituminous Materials.^

Proposed in 1910 (Vol. X, p. 153).
Adopted in amended form in 1911 (Vol. XI, p. 247).
First revision adopted in 1916 (Vol. XVI, Part I, pp. ; also
Vol. XV, Part I, pp. 352-355).

D 6-16. For Loss on Heating of Oil and Asphaltic Com-

pounds.
Proposed in 1910 (Vol. X, p. 153).
Adopted in amended form in 1911 (Vol. XI, p. 248).
First revision adopted in 1916 (Vol. XVI, Part I, pp. — '—).
> This test was designated " Standard Test for Penetration of Bitumen" till 1916, when
It was revised and the present title was adopted.
726 List or Standards.

Standard Methods.

D 7-16. For Making a Mechanical Analysis of Sand or Other

Fine Highway Material, except for Fine Aggregates
Used in Cement Concrete. "^
Adopted in 1911 (Vol. XI, p. 249).
First revision adopted in 1916 (Vol. XVI, Part I, pp. ).

D 18-16. For Making a Mechanical Analysis of Broken Stone

or Broken Slag, except for Aggregates Used in
Cement Concrete.
Proposed and published as tentative in 1914 (Vol. XIV, Part I,
p. 381; see also. Vol. XV, Part I, pp. 338-340).
Adopted in amended form in 1916 (Vol. XVI, Part I, pp. ).

D 19-16. For Making a Mechanical Analysis of Mixtures of

Sand or Other Fine Material with Broken Stone
or Broken Slag, except for Aggregates Used in
Cement Concrete.
Proposed and published as tentative in 1914 (Vol. XIV, Part I,
p. 382; see also Vol. XV, Part I, pp. 338-340).
Adopted in amended form in 1916 (Vol. XVI, Part I, pp. ).

D 20-16. For Distillation of Bituminous Materials Suitable for

Road Treatment.
Proposed and published as tentative in 1911 (Vol. XI, pp. 241-244).
Adopted in amended form in 1916 (Vol. XVI, Part I, pp. ).

D 21-16. For Sampling of Coal.

Proposed and published as tentative in 1915 (Vol. XV, Part I,
pp. 357-358; 1915 Year-Book, pp. 591-595).
Adopted in amended form in 1916 (Vol. XVI, Part I, pp. ).

D 22-16. For Laboratory Sampling and Analysis of Coal.

Proposed and published as tentative in 1914 (Vol. XIV, Part I,
pp. 409-452) and in 1915 (Vol. XV, Part I, pp. 453-455; 1915
Year-Book, pp. 596-624).
Adopted in amended form in 1916 (Vol. XVI, Part I, pp. ).

D 15-15. For Testing of Cotton Rubber-Lined Hose.

Adopted in 1915 (Vol. XV, Part I, pp. 408-410).

' This method was designated "Standard Method for Sizing and Separating the Aggregate
ki Asphalt Paving Mixtures" till 1916, when it was revised and the present title was adopted.
 List of Standards. 727

Standard Definitions.

D 16-15. Of Terms Relating to Paint Specifications.

Proposed in 1911 (Vol. XI, pp. 223-224).
Supplemented in 1913 (Vol. XIII, pp. 402-405).
PubUshed in 1914 (Vol. XIV, Part I, pp. 224-226).
Adopted in amended form in 1915 (Vol. XV, Part I, pp. 186 and
237).

D 8-15. Of Terms Relating to Materials for Roads and

Pavements.'
Adopted in 1912 (Vol. XII, p. 362).
First revision adopted in 1915 (Vol. XV, Part I, pp. 325-331).

D 9-15. Of Terms Relating to Structural Timber.'^

Proposed in 1906 (Vol. VI, pp. 129-133).
Adopted in amended form in 1907 (Vol. VII, pp. 187-192).
First revision adopted in 1915 (Vol. XV, Part I, pp. 362-363 and
367-368).

E. MISCELLANEOUS SUBJECTS.
Standard Methods.

E 1-16. For Testing.

I. For Tension Tests of Metals.
Proposed in 1909 (Vol. IX, pp. 263-270).
Adopted in 1910 (Vol. X, p. 12).
First revision adopted in 1915 (Vol. XV, Part I, pp. 443-448).
Second revision published as tentative in 1915 (Vol. XV, Part I,
pp. 443-448); adopted in amended form in 1916 (Vol. XVI,
Part I, pp. ).
II. For Compression Tests of Metals.
Proposed in 1909 (Vol. IX, pp. 263-270).
Adopted in 1910 (Vol. X, p. 12).
First revision published as tentative in 1915 (.Vol. XV, Part 1,
pp. 443-448); adopted in amended form in 1916 (Vol. XVI,
Part I, pp. ).
' These definitions were designated "Standard Definitions of Terms Applicable to Mate-
rials Relating to Roads and Pavements" till 1916, when the title was changed to the present
form at the direction of the Executive Committee.
- These definitions originally included "Standard Specifications for Bridge and Trestle
Timbers," and were designated "Standard Specifications for Structural Timber" till the
adoption, in 1910, of separate "Standard Specifications for Yellow-Pine Bridge and Trestle
Timbers." Till 1915 they were designated "Standard Classification of Structural Timber,"
>yl?en they were revised and the present title was adopted.
728 List of Standards.

III. For Transverse Tests of Metals.

Adopted in 1911 (Vol. XI, pp. 259-261).
rV. For Brinell Hardness Tests of Metals.
Proposed in 1914 (Vol. XIV, Part I, pp. 391-392).
Adopted in amended form in 1915 (Vol. XV, Part I, pp. 443-448).
V. For Metallographic Tests of Metals.
Proposed in 1909 (Vol. IX, pp. 270-272).
Adopted in 1910 (Vol. X, p. 12).
 LIST OF TENTATIVE STANDARDS
PUBLISHED BY THE

AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS.

The term Tentative Standards is applied to a proposed Standard which is

printed in the Proceedings for one or two years with a view of eliciting
criticism, of which the committee concerned will take due cognizance before
recommending final action towards the adoption of such Tentative Standards
by formal action of the Society.
The significance of the serial designation for the Tentative Standards
is as explained under the title of the preceding List of Standards, except for
the addition of the letter T.

A. FERROUS METALS.

Specifications.

A 65-16 T. For Steel Track Spikes.

Proposed in 1916 (Volume XVI, Part I, pp. — ).
A 66-16 T. For Steel Screw Spikes.
Proposed in 1916 (Volume XVI, Part I, pp. — ).
A 67-16 T. For Steel Tie Plates.
Proposed in 1916 (Volume XVI, Part I, pp. — ).
A 68-16 T. For Carbon-Steel Bars for Railway Springs with
Special Silicon Requirements.
Proposed in 1916 (Volume XVI, Part I, pp. — ).
A 69-16 T. For Elliptical Springs for Automobiles.
Proposed in 1916 (Volume XVI, Part I, pp. — ). -
A 70-16 T. For Boiler and Firebox Steel for Stationary
Service.
Proposed in 1916 (Volume XVI, Part I, pp. — ),

(729)
730 List of Tentative Standards.

B. NON-FERROUS METALS.

Specifications.

B 10-15 T. P^or the Alloy: Copper, 88 per cent; Tin, 10 per

cent; Zinc, 2 per cent.
-).
Proposed in 1915 (Volume XV, Part I, pp. 137-138; 1915
Year-Book, pp. 550-552).
Continued as tentative in 1916 (Volume XVI, Part I, pp.

B 11-16 T. For Copper Plates for Locomotive Fireboxes.

Proposed in 1916 (Volume XVI, Part I, pp. — ).

B 12-16 T. For Copper Bars for Locomotive Staybolts.

Proposed in 1916 (Volume XVI, Part I, pp. — ).

B 13-16 T. For Seamless Copper Boiler Tubes.

Proposed in 1^16 (V^olume XVI, Part I, pp. — ).
B 14-16 T. For Seamless Brass Boiler Tubes.
Proposed in 1916 (Volume XVI, Part I, pp. — ).

C. CEMENT, LIME, GYPSUM, AND CLAY

PRODUCTS.

Definitions.

C 11-16 T. Of Terms Relating to the Gypsum Industry,

Proposed in 1916 (Volume XVI, Part I, pp. — ).

Recommended Practice.

C 12-16 T. For Laying of Sewer Pipe.

Proposed in 1915 (Volume XV, Part I, pp. 163-164; 1915
Year-Book, pp. 553-558).
Continued as tentative in amended form in 1916 (Volume
XVI, Part I, pp. — ).
 List of Tentative Standards. 731

D. MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS.

Specifications.

D 23-16 T. For Selected Structural Douglas Fir Bridge and

Trestle Timbers.
Proposed in 1916 (Volume XVI, Part I, pp. — ).
D 24-15 T. For Southern YeUow-Pine Timber to be Creosoted.
-). in 1915 (Volume XV, Part I, pp. 365-366; 1915
Proposed
Year-Book, pp. 563-564).
Continued as tentative in 1916 (Volume XVI, Part I, pp.

D 25-15 T. For Southern Yellow-Pine Piles and Poles to be

Creosoted.
-). in 1915 (Volume XV, Part I. pp. 365-366; 1915
Proposed
Year-Book, pp. 565-566).
Continued as tentative in 1916 (Volume XVI, Part I, pp.

D 26-16 T. For 2|, 3, and 3|-in. Double-Jacketed Cotton

Rubber-Lined Fire Hose for Public Fire Depart-
ment Use.
Proposed in 1916 (Volume XVI, Part I, pp. — ).
D 27-16 T. For Insulated Wire and Cable: 30 per cent Hevea
Rubber.
Proposed in 1916 (Volume XVI, Part I, pp. — ).

Tests.

D 28-16 T. For Paiat Thinners Other than Turpentine.

Proposed in 1915 (Volume XV, Part I, pp. 187 and 259-262;
1915 Year-Book, pp. 567-570).
Continued as tentative in amended form in 1916 (Volume
XVI, Part I, pp. — ).
D 29-16 T. For Shellac.
Proposed in part in 1914 (Volume XIV, Part I, pp. 344-350),
and in part in 1915 (Volume XV, Part I, pp. 187 and 266;
1915 Year-Book, pp. 571-573).
Continued as tentative in amended form in 1916 (Volume
XVI, Part I, pp. — ).
732 List of Tentative Standards.

D 30-16 T. For Determination of Apparent Specific Gravity

of Homogeneous Coarse Aggregates.
Proposed in 1916 (Volume XVI, Part I, pp. — ).
D 31-16 T. For Automobile Tire Fabrics.
Proposed in 1916 (Volume XVI, Part I, pp. — ).

D 32-16 T. For Cotton Fabrics for Use in Hose, Belting, and

Similar Articles.
Proposed in 1916 (Volume XVI, Part I, pp. — ).

D 33-16 T. For Cotton Fabrics for Use in Bags and Bagging

Material.
Proposed in 1916 (Volume XVI, Part I, pp. — ).

Methods.

D 34-15 T. For -Routine

). Analysis of White Pigments.
Proposed in 1915 (Volume XV, Part I, pp. 187 and 238;
1915 Year-Book, pp. 579-590).
Continued as tentative in 1916 (Volume XVI, Part I, pp.

D 35-16 T. Form of Specifications for Certain Commercial

Grades of Broken Stone.
Proposed in 1916 (Volume XVI, Part I, pp. — ).

D 36-16 T. For Determination of Softening Point of Bitu-

minous Materials Other than Tar Products.
Proposed in 1916 (Volume XVI, Part I, pp. — ).

D 37-16 T. For Laboratory Sampling and Analysis of Coke.

Proposed in 1916 (Volume XVI, Part I, pp. — ).

D 38-16 T. For Sampling and Analysis of Creosote Oil.

Proposed in 1915 (Volume XV, Part I, pp. 365-366; 1915
Year-Book, pp. 625-631).
Continued as tentative in amended form in 1916 (Volume
XVI, Part I, pp. — ).

D 39-16 T. For Testing Cotton Fabrics.

Proposed in 1915 (Volume XV, Part I, pp. 440-412; 1915
Year-Book, pp. 574-578).
Continued as tentative in amended form in 1916 (Volume
XVI. Part I, pp. — ).
 List op Tentative Standards. 733

TENTATIVE REVISIONS OP STANDARDS.

Tentative revisions have been proposed in the standards

indicated below:
A 34-14. Standard Tests for Magnetic Properties of Iron and
Steel.
B 6-14. Standard Specifications for Spelter.
C 9-17. Standard Specifications and Tests for Portland
Cement.
The proposed revision consists in the addition of Specifications
' and Tests for Compressive Strength of Portland Cement
Mortar.

D 8-15. Standard Definitions of Terms Relating to Materials

for Roads and Pavements.
The proposed revision consists of the addition of certain new
definitions.
 PRICE LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
OF THE

AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS.

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(734)
 Price List of Publications. 735

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BOOK OF A.S.T.IVI. STANDARDS.

The A.S.T.M. Standards are published biennially (in tlie

even years) in the form of a single volume issued only in
cloth binding. This volume contains all of the Standards of
the Society in their latest revised form. Copies of earlier
editions are not kept in stock. Copies of the 1916 edition
of the A.S.T.M. Standards (752 pp.) may be obtained at the
following price:
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"Volume I consists of 28 separate bulletins, and cannot be furnished in paper binding.
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736 I^RiCE List of Publications.
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" " " 25 " 100 15 "
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1916 MEMBERSHIP PAMPHLET.

This pamphlet (229 pp.), containing the membership Ust,

the charter and by-laws, the list and personnel of the standing
committees, the list of Standards and Tentative Standards, and
other data, may be obtained at the following prices:
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REPORTS OF COMMITTEE D-1 ON PRESERVATIVE COATINGS

FOR STRUCTURAL MATERIALS.

The valuable annual reports of Committee D-1 on Pre-

servative Coatings for Structural Materials from 1903 to 1914,
inclusive, are published in the form of a single volume of 567
pages which may be obtained at the following price:
In cloth binding $3 50

These prices are subject to a discount of 25 per cent in lots

of 100 or over.
 Price List or Publications. 737

REPORT OF JOINT COMMITTEE ON CONCRETE AND

REINFORCED CONCRETE.

This report was prepared by a joint committee of the

American Society of Civil Engineers, American Society for
Testing Materials, American Railway Engineering and Main-
tenance of Way Association, and the Association of American
Portland Cement ISIanufacturers.
Issued in 1913 (57 pp.) 25 cents.

DUDLEY MEMORIAL VOLUME.

In 1911 the Society issued a memorial volume (267 pp.)

commemorative of the Hfe and life-work of its late President,
Charles B. Dudley. This volume is out of print.

DISCOUNTS.

Libraries, pubHshers and bookdealers are allowed a dis-

count of 20 per cent on the Hst prices to non-members of all
pubHcations of the Society.
Orders for pubHcations should be addressed to: Edgar
Marburg, Secretary-Treasurer, American Society for Testing
Materials, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.
 INDEX
OF

THE SI AND.ARDS.

[This Index is limited in general to the terms in the titles of the Standa rdsj

A
Abrasion.
— of Road Material, 524.
Aggregates.
Making a Mechanical Analysis of Broken Stone or Broken Slag, except
for — Used in Cement Concrete, 537.
Making a Mechanical Analysis of Mixtures of Sand or Other Fine Mate-
rial with Broken Stone or Broken Slag, except for — Used in Cement
Concrete, 538.
Making a Mechanical Analysis of Sand or Other Fine Highway Material,
except for Fine — Used in Cement Concrete, 535.
Alloy Steel (see also Nickel Steel).
Automobile Carbon and Alloy Steels, 220.
Carbon-Steel and — Forgings, 141.
Chemical Analysis of Alloy Steels, 273.
Quenched — Track Bolts, 55.
Quenched-and-Tempered — Axles, Shafts, and Other Forgings for Loco-
motives and Cars, 164.
Analysis.
Chemical — of Alloy Steels, 273.
Chemical — of Plain Carbon Steel, 249.
Laboratory Sampling and — of Coal, 550.
Making a Mechanical — of Broken Stone or Broken Slag, except for
Aggregates Used in Cement Concrete, 537,
Making a Mechanical — of Mixtures of Sand or Other Fine Material
with Broken Stone or Broken Slag, except for Aggregates Used in
Cement Concrete, 538.
" Making a Mechanical — of Sand or Other Fine Highway Material, except
for Fine Aggregates Used in Cement Concrete, 535.
Sampling and — of Pig and Cast Iron, 366.
Annealed Wire.
Soft or Annealed Copper Wire, 402.
(738)
 Index of the Standards. 739

Annealing (see also Heat Treatment).

— of Carbon-Steel Castings, 308.
— of Miscellaneous Rolled and Forged Carbon-Steel Objects, 302.
Arch Tubes.
Lap- Welded and Seamless Steel Boiler Tubes, Boiler Flues, Superheater
Pipes, Safe Ends, and — for Locomotives, 206.
Lap- Welded Charcoal-Iron Boiler Tubes, Boiler Flues, Safe Ends, and —
for Locomotives, 312.
Asphalt.
Loss on Heating of Oil and Asphaltic Compounds, 533.
Automatic Screw Stock.
See Screw Stock.
Automobile Springs.
Carbon-Steel Bars for Vehicle and — , 106.
Chrome- Vanadium-Steel Bars for Automobile and Railway Springs, 112.
Silico- Manganese-Steel Bars for Automobile and Railway Springs, 109.
Automobile Steel.
Automobile Carbon and Alloy Steels, 220.
Axles.
Carbon- Steel Car and Tender — ,173.
Cold-Rolled Steel — , 176.
Quenched-and-Tempered Alloy-Steel — , Shafts, and Other Forgings for
Locomotives and Cars, 164.
Quenched-and-Tempered Carbon-Steel — , Shafts, and Other Forgings for
Locomotives and Cars, 150.

B
Bars.
Billet-Steel Concrete Reinforcement — , 131.
Carbon-Steel — for Railway Springs, 103.
Carbon-Steel — for Vehicle and Automobile Springs, 106.
Chrome- Vanadium-Steel — for Automobile and Railway Springs, 112.
420,
Electrolytic Copper Wire — , Cakes, Slabs, Billets, Ingots, and Ingot — ,

Extra-High-Carbon-Steel Splice — , 43.

High-Carbon-Steel Splice — , 39.
Lake Copper Wire — , Cakes, Slabs, Billets, Ingots, and Ingot — , 416.
Low-Carbon-Steel Splice — , 32.
Medium-Carbon-Steel Splice — ,35.
Quenched High-Carbon-Steel Splice — , 47.
Rail-Steel Concrete Reinforcement — , 135.
Refined Wrought-Iron — , 322.
Silico- Manganese-Steel — for Automobile and Railway Springs, 109.
Bessemer Steel.
Cold-Drawn — Automatic Screw Stock, 239,
740 Index of the Standards.

BiUets.
Billet-Steel Concrete Reinforcement Bars, 131.
Blooms, — and Slabs for Carbon-Steel Forgings, 138.
Electrolytic Copper Wire Bars, Cakes, Slabs, — , Ingots, and Ingot
Bars, 420.
Lake Copper Wire Bars, Cakes, Slabs, — , Ingots, and Ingot Bars, 416.
Bittiminous Materials.
Distillation of — Suitable for Road Treatment, 540.
Penetration of — , 530.
Soluble Bitumen, 528.
Blooms.
— , Billets and Slabs for Carbon-Steel Forgings, 138.
Boilers.
Boiler and Firebox Steel for Locomotives, 228.
Boiler Rivet Steel, 234.
Lap-Welded and Seamless Steel and Wrought-Iron Boiler Tubes for
Stationary Service, 211.
Lap-Welded and Seamless Steel Boiler Tubes, Boiler Flues, Superheater
Pipes, Safe Ends, and Arch Tubes for Locomotives, 206.
Lap- Welded Charcoal-Iron Boiler Tubes, Boiler Flues, Safe Ends, and
Arch Tubes for Locomotives, 312.
Bolts.
Engine-Bolt Iron, 318.
Quenched Alloy-Steel Track — , 55.
Quenched Carbon-Steel Track — ,51.
Brick.
Paving — , 475.
Bridges.
Structural Steel for — , 59.
Yellow-Pine Bridge and Trestle Timbers, 515.
Bronze.
High-Strength — Trolley Wire, Round and Grooved: 40 and 65-per-
cent Conductivity, 412.
Manganese Ingots for Sand Castings, 427.
Buildings.
Structural Steel for — , 73.
C
Cable.
Bare Concentric-Lay Copper — : Hard, Medium-Hard or Soft, 407.
Cakes.
Electrolytic Copper Wire Bars, — , Slabs, Billets, Ingots, and Ingot
Bars, 420.
Lake Copper Wire Bars, — , Slabs, Billets, Ingots, and Ingot Bars, 416.
Carbon Steel.
Annealing of — Castings, 308.
Annealing of Miscellaneous Rolled and Forged — Objects, 302.
 Index of the Standards. 741

Carbon Steel (Continued):

Automobile Carbon and Alloy Steels, 220.
Blooms, Billets and Slabs for — Forgings, 138.
— and AUoy-Steel Forgings, 141.
— Bars for Railway Springs, 103.
— ■ Bars for Vehicle and Automobile Springs, 1 06.
— Car and Tender Axles, 173.
— Forgings for Locomotives, 159.
— Rails, 18.
Chemical Analysis of Plain — , 249.
Extra-High Splice Bars, 43.
Heat Treatment of Case-Hardened — Objects, 310.
High Splice Bars, 39.
Low Sphce Bars, 32.
Medium Splice Bars, 35.
Quenched — Track Bolts, 51.
Quenched High SpHce Bars, 47.
Quenched-and-Tempered — Axles, Shafts, and Other Forgings for Loco-
motives and Cars, 150.
Wrought Solid — Wheels for Electric-Railway Service, 188.
Wrought Solid — Wheels for Steam Railway Service, 180.
Cars.
Carbon-Steel Car and Tender Axles, 173.
Cast-iron Car Wheels, 353.
Quenched-and-Tempered Alloy-Steel Axles, Shafts, and Other Forgings
for Locomotives and — , 164.
Quenched-and-Tempered Carbon-Steel Axles, Shafts, and Other Forgings
for Locomotives and — , 150.
Structural Steel for — , 86.
Case-Hardened Objects.
Heat Treatment of Case-Hardened Carbon-Steel Objects, 310.
Cast Iron.
— Car Wheels, 353.
— Locomotive Cylinders, 349.
— Pipe and Special Castings, 339.
Sampling and Analysis of Pig and — , 366.
Castings.
Annealing of Carbon-Steel — , 308.
Cast-iron Pipe and Special — , 339.
Gray-Iron — , 362.
Malleable-Iron — , 359.
Manganese-Bronze Ingots for Sand — , 427.
Steel — , 200.
Cement,
Making a Mechanical Analysis of Broken Stone or Broken Slkg, except
for Aggregates Used in — Concrete, 537. "
742 Index- of the Standards.

Cement (Continued):
Making a Mechanical Analysis of Mixtures of Sand or Other Fine Mate-
rial with Broken Stone or Broken Slag, except for Aggregates Used in
— - Concrete, 538.
Making a Mechanical Analysis of Sand or Other Fine Highway Material,
except for Fine Aggregates Used in — Concrete, 535.
Natural — , 449.
Portland ~, 429.
Chain.
Iron and Steel — , 329,
Charcoal-Iron.
Lap- Welded — Boiler Tubes, Boiler Flues, Safe Ends, and Arch Tubes
for Locomotives, 312.
Chemical Analysis.
— of Alloy Steels, 273.
— of Plain Carbon Steel, 249.
Chrome-Vanadium-Steel.
— Bars for Automobile and Railway Springs, 1 12.
Coal.
Laboratory Sampling and Analysis of — , 550.
vSampling of — , 544.
Coke.
Foundry — , 511.
Cold-Drawn Steel.
Cold-Drawn Bessemer Steel Automatic Screw Stock, 239.
Cold-Drawn Open-hearth Steel Automatic Screw Stock, 241.
Cold-Rolled Axles.
Cold-Rolled Steel Axles, 176.
Concentric-Lay Cable.
Bare Concentric- Lay Copper Cable: Hard, Medium-Hard or Soft, 407.
Concrete (see also Cement).
Billet-Steel — Reinforcement Bars, 131.
Making a Mechanical Analysis of Broken Stone or Broken Slag, except
for Aggregates Used in Cement — , 537.
Making a Mechanical Analysis of Mixtures of Sand or Other Fine Mate-
rial with Broken Stone or Broken Slag, except for Aggregates Used in
Cement — , 538.
Making a Mechanical Analysis of Sand or Other Fine Highway Material,
except for Fine Aggregates Used in Cement — , 535.
Rail-Steel — Reinforcement Bars, 135.
Conductivity.
High-Strength Bronze Trolley Wire, Round and Grooved: 40 and 65-
per-cent — ,412.
Copper.
Bare Concentric-Lay — Cable: Hard, Medium-Hard or Soft, 407.
Electrolytic — Wire Bars, Cakes, Slabs, Billets, Ingots, and Ingot Bars,
420.
 Index of the Standards. 743

Copper (Continued):
Hard- Drawn — Wire, 386.
Lake — Wire Bars, Cakes, Slabs, Billets, Ingots, and Ingot Bars, 416.
Medium Hard-Drawn — Wire, 395.
Soft or Annealed — Wire, 402.
Cotton Hose.
See Hose.
Cylinders.
Cast-iron Locomotive — , 349.

P
Definitions.
— of Terms Applicable to Materials Relating to Roads and Pavements,
594.
— of Terms Relating to Sewer Pipe, 493.
— of Terms Relating to Structural Timber, 598.
— of Tenns Relating to Paint Specifications, 590.
Distillation.
— of Bituminous Materials Suitable for Road Treatment, 540.
Drain Tile.
— , 452.

E
Electric Railway Service.
AVrought Solid Carbon-Steel Wheels for — , 188.
Electrolytic Copper.
See Copper.
Elliptical Springs.
— for Railways, 122.
Engines (see also Locomotives).
Engine-Bolt Iron, 318.

F
Fire Hose.
See Hose.
Firebox Steel.
Boiler and — for Locomotives, 228.
Fireproofing.
Fireproof Floor Construction, 487.
Fireproof Partition Construction, 490.
Floor Construction.
Fireproof — , 487.
Flues.
Lap- Welded and Seamless Steel Boiler Tubes, Boiler — , Superheater
Pipes, Safe Ends, and Arch Tubes for Locomotives, 206.
Lap- Welded Charcoal-Iron Boiler Tubes, Boiler — , Safe Ends, and Arch
Tubes for Locomotives, 312.
744 Index of the Standards.

Forgings.
Annealing of Miscellaneous Rolled and Forged Carbon-Steel Objects, 302.
Blooms, Billets and Slabs for Carbon-Steel — , 138.
Carbon-Steel and Alloy-Steel — , 141.
Carbon-Steel — for Locomotives, 159.
Quenched-and-Tempered Alloy-Steel Axles, Shafts, and Other — for
Locomotives and Cars, 164.
Quenched-and-Tempered Carbon-Steel Axles, Shafts, and Other — for
Locomotives and Cars, 150.
Foundry Coke.
—,511.
Foundry Pig Iron.
See Pig Iron.
G
Girder RaUs.
Open-hearth Steel Girder and High Tee Rails, 27.
Gray-Iron Castings.
— . 362.
Grooved Trolley Wire.
High-Strength Bronze Trolley Wire, Round and Grooved: 40 and 65-
per-cent Conductivity, 412.

H
Hard Copper Cable.
Bare Concentric-Lay Copper Cable: Hard, Medium-Hard or Soft, 407.
Hard-Drawn Wire.
Hard-Drawn Copper Wire, 386.
Medium Hard-Drawn Copper Wire, 395.
Heat Treatment (see also Annealing).
— of Case-Hardened Carbon-Steel Objects, 310.
Helical Springs.
— for Railways, 115.
Highway Material (see also Roads).
Making a Mechanical Analysis of Sand or Other Fine — , except for
Fine Aggregates used in Cement Concrete.
Hose.
2 |-in. Cotton Rubber-Lined Fire — for Private Department Use, 519.
Testing of Cotton Rubber-Lined — , 580.
Hydrated Lime.
— , 472.
I

Ingots.
Electrolytic Copper Wire Bars, Cakes, Slabs, Billets, — , and Ingot
Bars, 420.
Lake Copper Wire Bars, Cakes, Slabs, Billets, — , and Ingot Bars, 416.
Manganese-Bronze — for Sand Castings, 427.
 Index of the Standards. 745

Iron.
Cast Car Wheels, 353.
Cast Locomotive Cylinders, 349.
Cast Pipe and Special Castings, 339.
Engine-Bolt— , 318.
Foundry Pig — , 335.
Gray Castings, 362,
— and Steel Chain, 329.
Lap-Welded and Seamless Steel and Wrought-Iron Boiler Tubes for
Stationary Service, 211.
Lap-Welded Charcoal Boiler Tubes, Boiler Flues, Safe Ends, and
Arch Tubes for Locomotives, 312.
Magnetic Properties of — and Steel, 243.
Malleable Castings, 359.
Refined Wrought Bars, 322.
Sampling and Analysis of Pig and Cast , 366.
Staybolt— , 315.
Wrought Plates, 326.

L
Lake Copper.
See Copper.
Lap- Welded Tubes.
Lap-Welded and Seamless Steel and Wrought-Iron Boiler Tubes for
Stationary Service, 211.
Lap-Welded and Seamless Steel Boiler Tubes, Boiler Flues, Superheater
Pipes, Safe Ends, and Arch Tubes for Locomotives, 206.
Lap-Welded Charcoal-Iron Boiler Tubes, Boiler Flues, Safe Ends, and
Arch Tubes for Locomotives, 312.
Lime.
Hydrated — , 472.
Quicklime, 469.
Linseed Oil.
Purity of Boiled — from North American Seed, 500.
Purity of Raw — from North American Seed, 497.
Locomotives (see also Table of Contents, page 7).
Boiler and Firebox Steel for — , 228.
Carbon-Steel Forgings for — , 159.
Lap-Welded and Seamless Steel Boiler Tubes, Boiler Flues, Superheater
Pipes, Safe Ends, and Arch Tubes for — , 206.
Lap-Welded Charcoal-Iron Boiler Tubes, Boiler Flues, Safe Ends, and
Arch Tubes for — ,312.
Cast-Iron Locomotive Cylinders, 349.
Quenched-and-Tempered Alloy-Steel Axles, Shafts, and Other Forgings
for — • and Cars, 164.
746 Index of the Standards.

Locomotives (Continued):
Quenched-and-Tempered Carbon-Steel Axles, Shafts, and Other Forgings
for — and Cars, 150.
Structural Steel for — , 80.
Loss on Heating.
— ■ of Oil and Asphaltic Compounds, 533.

M
Macadam.
Toughness of — Rock, 526.
Magnetic Properties.
— of Iron and Steel, 243.
Malleable Castings.
Malleable-Iron Castings, 359.
Manganese Bronze.
— Ingots for Sand Castings, 427.
Manganese Steel.
Silico- — ■ Bars for Automobile and Railway Springs, 109.

N
Natural Cement.
— , 449.
Nickel Steel.
Structural — , 66.
o
Oil.
Loss on Heating of — and Asphaltic Compounds, 533.
Purity of Boiled Linseed — from North American Seed, 500".
Purity of Raw Linseed — from North American Seed, 497.
Purity of Raw Tung —,503.
Open-hearth Steel.
Cold-Drawn — Automatic Screw Stock, 241.
— Girder and High Tee Rails, 27.

P
Paint (see also Oil, Turpentine).
Definitions of Terms Relating to — Specifications, 590.
Partition Construction.
Fireproof — . 490.
Pavements.
Definitions of Ternis Relating to Materials for Roads and — , 594.
Paving Brick.
— , 475.
Penetration.
— of Bituminous Materials, 530.
Pig Iron.
Foundry — , 335.
Sampling and Analysis of Pig and Cast Iron, 366.
 IxDEX OP THE Staxdards. 747

Pine.
See Timber.
Pipe.
Cast-Iron — and Special Castings, 339.
Definitions of Terms Relating to Sewer — , 493.
Lap-Welded and Seamless Steel Boiler Tubes, Boiler Flues, Super-
heater Pipes, Safe Ends, and Arch Tubes for Locomotives, 206.
Welded Steel and Wrought Iron — , 215.
Plates.
Wrought-Iron — , 326.
Portland Cement.
— , 429.

Q
Quenched-and-Tempered Forgings.
Quenched-and-Tempered Alloy-Steel Axles, Shafts, and Other Forgings-
for Locomotives and Cars, 164.
Quenched-and-Tempered Carbon-Steel Axles, Shafts and Other Forg-
ings for Locomotives and Cars, 150.
Quicklime.
— , 469.

R
Rails.
Carbon-Steel — . IS.
Open-hearth Steel Girder and High Tee — , 27.
Rail-Steel Concrete Reinforcement Bars, 135.
Railway Springs.
Carbon-Steel Bars for — , 103.
Chrome- Vanadium-Steel Bars for Automobile and — , 1 12.
Elliptical Springs for Railways, 122.
Helical Springs for Railways, 115.
Silico-Manganese-Steel Bars for Automobile and — , 109.
Reinforcement Bars.
Billet- Steel Concrete — , 131.
Rail-Steel Concrete — , 135.
Rivet Steel.
Boiler — , 234.
— for Ships, 98.
Roads.
Abrasion of Road Material, 524.
Definitions of Terms Relating to Materials for — and Pavements, 594.
Distillation of Bituminous Materials Suitable for Road Treatment, 540.
Rock.
Toughness of Macadam — , 526.
Rolled Carbon Steel.
.•\nnealing of Miscellaneous Rolled and Forged Carbon-Steel Objects, 302.
748 Index of the Standards.

Round Trolley Wire.

High-Strength Bronze Trolley Wire, Round and Grooved: 40 and 65-
per-cent Conductivity, 412,
Rubber.
2f-in. Cotton — -Lined Fire Hose for Private Department Use, 519.
Testing of Cotton Lined Hose, 580.

S
Safe Ends.
Lap-Welded and Seamless Steel Boiler Tubes, Boiler Flues, Superheater
Pipes, — , and Arch Tubes for Locomotives, 206.
Lap- Welded Charcoal-Iron Boiler Tubes, Boiler Flues, — , and Arch Tubes
for Locomotives, 312.
Sampling.
Laboratory — and Analysis of Coal, 550.
— and Analysis of Pig and Cast Iron, 366.
— of Coal, 544.
Sand.
Making a Mechanical Analysis of Mixtures of — • or Other Fine Material
with Broken Stone or Broken Slag, except for Aggregates Used in
Cement Concrete, 538.
Making a Mechanical Analysis of — or Other Fine Highway Material,
except for Fine Aggregates Used in Cement Concrete, 535.
Sand Castings.
Manganese-Bronze Ingots for — , 427.
Screw Stock.
Cold-Drawn Bessemer Steel Automatic — , 239.
Cold- Drawn Open-hearth Steel Automatic — , 241.
Seamless Tubes.
Lap- Welded and Seamless Steel and Wrought-Iron Boiler Tubes for
Stationary Service, 211.
Lap- Welded and Seamless Steel Boiler Tubes, Boiler Flues, Superheater
Pipes, Safe Ends, and Arch Tubes for Locomotives, 206.
Sewer Pipe.
Definitions of Terms Relating to — , 493.
Shafts.
Quenched-and-Tempered Alloy-Steel Axles, — , and Other Forgings for
Locomotives and Cars, 164.
Quenched-and-Tempered Carbon-Steel Axles, — , and Other Forgings for
Locomotives and Cars, 150.
Ships.
Rivet Steel for — , 98.
Structural Steel for — , 92.
Silico-Manganese-Steel.
— Bars for Automobile and Railway Springs, 109.
 Index of the Standards. 749

Slabs.
Blooms, Billets and — for Carbon-Steel Forgings, 138.
Electrol>i;ic Copper Wire Bars, Cakes, — , Billets, Ingots, and Ingot
Bars, 420.
Lake Copper Wire Bars, Cakes, — , Billets, Ingots, and Ingot Bars, 416.
Slag.
Making a Mechanical Analysis of Broken Stone or Broken — , except for
Aggregates Used in Cement Concrete, 537.
Making a Mechanical Analysis of Mixtures of Sand or Other Fiiae Mate-
rial with Broken Stone or Broken — , except for Aggregates Used in
Cement Concrete, 538.
Soft Copper Cable.
Bare Concentric-Lay Copper Cable: Hard, Medium-Hard or Soft, 407.
Soft Wire.
Soft or Annealed Copper Wire, 402.
Spelter.
— , 423.
Splice Bars.
Extra-High-Carbon-Steel — , 43.
High-Carbon-Steel — , 39.
Low-Carbon-Steel — , 32.
Medium-Carbon-Steel — , 35.
Quenched High-Carbon-Steel — , 47.
Springs.
Carbon-Steel Bars for Railway — ,103.
Carbon-Steel Bars for Vehicle and Automobile — , 106.
Chrome- Vanadium- Steel Bars for Automobile and Railway — , 112.
Elliptical — for Railways, 122.
Helical — for Railways, 1 15.
Silico-Manganese-Steel Bars for Automobile and Railway — , 109.
Stationary Service.
Lap-Welded and Seamless Steel and Wrought-Iron Boiler Tubes for — ,.
211.
Staybolt Iron.
— , 315.
Steam Railway Service.
Wrought Solid Carbon-Steel Wheels for — , 180.
Steel.
Annealing of Carbon Castings, 308.
Annealing of Miscellaneous Rolled and Forged Carbon- — Objects, 302..
Automobile Carbon and Alloy Steels, 220.
Billet Concrete Reinforcement Bars, 131.
Blooms, Billets and Slabs for Carbon Forgings, 138.
Boiler and Firebox — for Locomotives, 228. •
Boiler Rivet — , 234.
Carbon and Alloy Forgings, 141.
Carbon- — Bars for Railway Springs, 1 03.
750 Index of the Standards.

Steel {Continued):
Carbon- — Bars for Vehicle and Automobile Springs, 106.
Carbon Car and Tender Axles, 173.
Carbon- — Forgings for Locomotives, 159.
Carbon Rails, -18.
Chemical Analysis of Alloy Steels, 273.
Chemical Analysis of Plain Carbon — , 249.
Chrome- Vanadium Bars for Automobile and Railway Springs, 112.
Cold-Drawn Bessemer — Automatic Screw Stock, 239.
Cold-Drawn Open-hearth — Automatic Screw Stock, 241.
Cold-Rolled — Axles, 176.
Extra-High-Carbon Splice Bars, 43.
Heat Treatment of Case-Hardened Carbon Objects, 310.
High-Carbon Splice Bars, 39.
Iron and — Chain, 329.
Lap-Welded and Seamless — and Wrought Iron Boiler TuJjes for Sta-
tionary Service, 211.
Lap- Welded and Seamless — ■ Boiler Tubes, Boiler Flues, Superheater
Pipes, Safe Ends, and Arch Tubes for Locomotives, 206.
Low-Carbon Splice Bars, 32.
Magnetic Properties of Iron and — , 243.
Medium-Carbon Splice Bars, 35. '
Open-hearth — - Girder and High Tee Rails, 27.
■Quenched Alloy • Track Bolts, 55.
Quenched Carbon- — Track Bolts, 51.
•Quenched High-Carbon — Splice Bars, 47.
Quenched-and-Tempered Alloy Axles, Shafts, and Other Forgings for
Locomotives and Cars, 164.
•Quenched-and-Tempered Carbon- — Axles, Shafts, and Other Forgings
for Locomotives and Cars, 150.
Rail Concrete Reinforcement Bars, 135.
Rivet — for Ships, 9S.
Silico- Manganese Bars for Automobile and Railway Springs, 109.
— Castings, 200.
— Tires, 195.
Structural Nickel — , 66.
Structural — for Bridges, 59.
Structural — for Buildings, 73
Structural — for Cars, 86.
Structural — for Locomotives, 80.
Structural — for Ships, 92.
Welded — and Wrought-Iron Pipe, 215.
Wrought Solid Carbon- — Wheels for Electric Railway Service, 188.
Wrought Solid Carbon- — Wheels for Steam Railway Service, 180.
Stone.
Making a Mechanical Analysis of Broken — • or Broken Slag, except for
Aggregates Used in Cement Concrete, 537.
 Index of the Staxdards. 751

Stone (Continued):
Making a Mechanical Analysis of Mixtures of Sand or Other Fine Mate-
rial with Broken — or Broken Slag, except for Aggregates Used in
(Vnu-nt Concrete, 538.
Structural Steel. .
See Steel.
Structural Timber.
See Timber.
Superheater Pipes.
I.ap-Welded and Seamless Steel Boiler Tubes, Boiler Flues, — , Safe Ends,
and Arch Tubes for Locomotives, 206.

T
Tee Rails.
Open- hearth Steel Girder and High — , 27.
Tempered Forgings.
See Quenched-and-Tempered Forgings.
Tenders.
Carbon-Steel Car and Tender Axles, 173.
Testing.
Methods for — , 602.
— of Cotton Rubb€>r-Lined Hose, 580.
Tile.
Drain — , 452.
Timber.
Definitions of Terms Relating to Structural — , 598.
Yellow-Pine Bridge and Trestle Timbers, 515.
Tires.
Steel —,195.
Toughness.
— of Macadam Rock, 526.
Track Bolts.
Quenched Alloy-Steel — ,55.
Quenched Carbon-Steel — ,51.
Trestles.
Yellow-Pine Bridge and Trestle Timbers, 515.
Trolley Wire.
High-Strength Bronze — , Round and Grooved: 40 and 65-pi.r-cent Con-
■ kictivity, 412.
Tubes.
J-ap-Welded and Seamless Steel and Wrought-Iron Boiler — for Sta-
tionarj' Scr\-ice, 211.
J.ap-Weldcd and Seamless Steel Boiler — , Boiler Flues, Superheater
Pipes, Safe Ends, and Arch — for Locomotives, 206.
Lap- Welded Charcoal-Iron Boiler — , Boiler Flues, Safe Ends, and Arch
— for Locomotives, 312.
752 Index of the Stam)Ards.

Tung Oil.
Purity of Raw — , 503.
Turpentine,
— , 508.

V
Vanadium Steel.
Chrome for Automobile and Railway" Springs, 112.
Vehicle Springs.
Carbon Steel Bars for Vehicle and Automobile Springs, 106.

W
Welded Pipe.
Welded Steel and Wrought-Iron Pipe, 215.
Wheels.
Cast-iron Car — ,353.
Wrought Solid Carbon-Steel — for Electric Railway Service, 188.
Wrought Solid Carbon-Steel — for Steam Railway Service, 180.
Wire.
Electrolytic Copper — Bars, Cakes, Slabs, Billets, Ingots, and Ingot
Bars, 420.
Hard-Drawn Copper — , 386.
High-Strength Bronze Trolley — , Round and Grooved; 40 and 65-per-
cent Conductivity, 412.
Lake Copper — Bars, Cakes, Slabs, Billets, Ingots, and Ingot Bars, 416.
Medium Hard- Drawn Copper — , 395.
Soft or Annealed Copper — , 402.
Wood.
See Timber.
Wrought Iron.
Lap-Welded and Seamless Steel and — Boiler Tubes for Stationary Ser-
vice, 211.
Refined — Bars, 322.
Welded Steel and — Pipe, 215.
— Plates, 326.

Y
Yellow Pine.
— Bridge and Trestle Timbers, 515.
 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MEMBERSHIP

Mr. Edgar Marburg, Secretary-Treasurer,

American Society for Testing Materials,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.

Dear Sir:
The undersigned recommends the following gentlemen (or
corporations, firms, etc.) for membership in the Society. It is
suggested that you send them general information concerning
the Society as well as application blanks for membership.
(In case of a firm, corporation, etc., indicate the name and
title of the officer who should be addressed.)

Yours truly,

(Signed)
Mem. Am. Soc. Test. Mats.

Date „
^ntcricctn ^octein Cor dt/csttng ^X^ti^triuls.
APFiLiATEn wrrH the
International Association fok Testing Materia i.s.

The UNUERSIGNEn hereby APPLIKS for >rEMBKRSHIP IN

THE American Society for Testing Materials. If this
APPLICATION be duly APPROVED, HE AGREES TO BE GOVERNED BY
THE CHARTBR and BY-LaWS OP THE SoCIKTY AND TO FURTHER
ITS OB.TEOTS AS LAID DOWN THEREIN.

Xamk of Applicant

Reprksen'tkd by
(ir OORHOUAXION OR B*IRm)

Occupation ok Official Title

Post Office A ddk kss .

Date of Birth
(tr 17?*I>BR THIRTY TEARS OF AGE:)

Rkoommkndkd by
(two members^

(Api^ationa (or membership should be mailed to Edgar Marburg, Secretary-Treasurer,

Uaiversity of Pennsylvania, Pliiladelpbia, Pa.]
TA American Society ior Testing
Jjai Materials
A64 Book of A.S.T.M. standards
1916

PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE

CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY

ENGIN STORAGE
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