Screws

SCREW THREADS
THREAD TERMINOLOGY
Crest Root
Thread angle
External Thread
Thread angle
The peak edge of a thread.
The bottom of the thread cut into a cylindrical body.

The angle between threads faces. Internal Thread
Root
Crest
Root
Crest
THREAD TERMINOLOGY
Major diameter
Minor diameter
External Thread
Minor dia.
The largest diameter on an internal or external thread. The smallest diameter on an internal or external thread.
Internal Thread
Major dia.
Minor dia.
Major dia.
THREAD TERMINOLOGY
Pitch
Lead
External Thread The distance between crests of
threads. The distance a screw will advance when turned 360o.
Internal Thread
Pitch Pitch
Forms of Screw Threads

1. British standard whitworth (B.S.W.) thread.
2. British association (B.A.) thread.
B.S.W
B.A.

3. American national standard thread. 4. Unified standard thread.
American thread
Unified thread

5. Square thread. 6. Acme thread. 7. Knuckle thread. 8. Buttress thread.

9. Metric thread.
Basic profile of the thread.
Design profile of the nut and bolt.
THREAD REPRESENTATION
1. Detailed representation
2. Schematic representation
3. Simplified representation
DETAILED REPRESENTATION
Use slanting lines to represent crest and root. Roots and crest are drawn in sharp Vs.
External thread
Thread runout
Internal thread
Pitch
60o
SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION
Use alternate long and short lines for representing
crests and roots of the thread, respectively.
External thread
Internal thread
Pitch
Root (thick line) Crest (thin line)
SIMPLIFIED REPRESENTATION
Use thick continuous lines for representing crest and thin continuous lines for representing root of
the thread, respectively.
External thread
Thread runout
Internal thread
Pitch/2
Root Crest
SIMPLIFIED REPRESENTATION
Use thick continuous lines for representing crest and thin continuous lines for representing root of
the thread, respectively.
External thread
Internal thread
Sectional view
Common Types of Screw Fastenings

1. Through bolts. 2. Tap bolts. 3. Studs.
4. Cap screws.
5. Machine screws.
6. Set screws.
These are similar to cap screws with the head slotted for a screw driver. These are generally used with a nut.
Locking Devices
1. Jam nut or lock nut.
2. Castle nut.
3. Sawn nut.
4. Penn, ring or grooved nut.
Locking Devices
5. Locking with pin.
6. Locking with plate.
7. Spring lock washer.
Stresses in Screwed Fastening due to Static Loading:

1. Internal stresses due to screwing up forces, 2. Stresses due to external forces, and
3. Stress due to combination of stresses at (1) and (2).
Initial Stresses due to Screwing up Forces

1. Tensile stress due to stretching of bolt. - The initial tension in a bolt, based on experiments, may be found by the relation Pi =2840 d N
where Pi =Initial tension in a bolt, and

d =Nominal diameter of bolt, in mm. - When the joint is not required as tight as fluid-tight joint, then the initial tension in a bolt may be reduced to half of the above value. In such cases Pi =1420 d N

If the bolt is not initially stressed, then the maximum safe axial load which may be
applied to it, is given by

P =Permissible stress Cross-sectional area at bottom of the thread (i.e. stress area)
where
dp = Pitch diameter, and dc = Core or minor diameter.
2. Torsional shear stress caused by the frictional resistance of the threads during its tightening.
where
=Torsional shear stress, T =Torque applied, and dc =Minor or core diameter of the thread.

3. Shear stress across the threads.
where
s =The average thread shearing stress for the screw
b =Width of the thread section at the root. The average thread shearing stress for the nut is
4. Compression or crushing stress on threads.
where
d =Major diameter,
dc =Minor diameter, and

n =Number of threads in engagement.

5. Bending stress if the surfaces under the head or nut are not perfectly parallel to the bolt axis.
where
x =Difference in height between the extreme corners of the nut or head, l =Length of the shank of the bolt, and E =Youngs modulus for the material of the bolt.
Stresses due to External Forces

1. Tensile stress.
where
dc =Root or core diameter of the thread, and
t =Permissible tensile stress for the bolt material.

2. Shear stress. Shearing load carried by the bolts,
3. Combined tension and shear stress. Maximum principal shear stress,
Maximum principal tensile stress,

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SCREW THREADS

The peak edge of a thread.

The bottom of the thread cut into a cylindrical body.

Forms of Screw Threads

Forms of Screw Threads

Forms of Screw Threads

Forms of Screw Threads

Basic profile of the thread.

Design profile of the nut and bolt.

crests and roots of the thread, respectively.

Root (thick line) Crest (thin line)

the thread, respectively.

the thread, respectively.

Common Types of Screw Fastenings

4. Penn, ring or grooved nut.

6. Locking with plate.

7. Spring lock washer.

Stresses in Screwed Fastening due to Static Loading:

3. Stress due to combination of stresses at (1) and (2).

Initial Stresses due to Screwing up Forces

where Pi =Initial tension in a bolt, and

Stresses in Screwed Fastening due to Static Loading:

applied to it, is given by

dp = Pitch diameter, and dc = Core or minor diameter.

Stresses in Screwed Fastening due to Static Loading:

s =The average thread shearing stress for the screw

4. Compression or crushing stress on threads.

dc =Minor diameter, and

Stresses in Screwed Fastening due to Static Loading:

Stresses due to External Forces

dc =Root or core diameter of the thread, and

t =Permissible tensile stress for the bolt material.

Stresses in Screwed Fastening due to Static Loading:

3. Combined tension and shear stress. Maximum principal shear stress,

Maximum principal tensile stress,

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