► Analysis ► Lumped Systems ► Transient heat conduction in infinite and semi-infinite solids
► Lumped Systems When a body is very small or thermal conductivity of the material is large then temperature gradient can be neglected, in such cases temperature of the body is only function of time and independent of the spacial / reference coordinates, such analysis is called as lumped analysis , also called lumped parameter analysis Whole solid whose energy at any time is function of its temperature and the system or total heat capacity is treated as 1 lump The heat transfer in this process is controlled by convective resistance(1/hA) rather than conductive resistance(L/KA) Bodies behave like a “lump” whose interior temperature remains uniform at all time during the heat transfer process. Example: A hot copper ball coming from an oven Heat exchanger, boiler tubes, Cooling of I.C Engine cylinder heads, Heat treatment, freezing of foods
• Dimensionless Numbers: BIOT No. & FOURIER'S No
Biot No: It defined ais the ratio of internal conduction resistance of body to surface convection resistance.
Fourier No: is a measure of heat conducted through a body relative to heat stored. Thus, a large value of the Fourier number indicates faster propagation of heat through a body.
Characteristic Length(Lc): Volume by area
Significance of Biot Number in Lumped System Analysis :
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Significance of Biot Number in Lumped System Analysis : In Lumped System Analysis, body temp. is uniformly distributed i.e. isothermal . So, when thermal resistance of body to heat conduction is zero other words, Bi = 0, lumped system analysis is exact & Bi > 0, lumped system analysis is approximated. But 15 % uncertainty in convection heat transfer co-efficient, h in most cases is considered normal & expected. Thus it is generally accepted that lumped system is applicable if Bi <= 0.1
• Validity of Lumped Analysis
Applicable if Biot Number is less than 0.1 Assumed to cases where temperature gradient within the solid is small Occurs if the thermal resistance within the solid is very small compared to the external thermal resistance lumped System is only applicable if temperature distribution is uniform at all time. Solids with very high thermal diffusivity
• Lumped Parameter Analysis
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TRANSIENT CONDUCTION Page 3 TRANSIENT CONDUCTION Page 4 DATA HANDBOOK-PAGE:66 Monday, November 2, 2020 1:48 PM
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TRANSIENT CONDUCTION Page 6 NUMERICALS ON TRANSIENT CONDUCTION(TYPE-1) Tuesday, November 3, 2020 8:57 AM
1. A copper slab of 50 ×50cm with thickness of 6.25mm has a uniform temperature of 300°C, it is suddenly lowered to 36°C..Calculate the time required for the Slab to reach 108°C. Take: Density = 9000 kg/m3 , specific heat= 0.38 KJ / Kg °C , Thermal conductivity = 370 W/ m°C, Convective heat transfer coefficient = 90 W/m2 °C.
2. A Solid sphere of 10cm diameter, density 8954 kg/m3 specific heat 383 J / Kg °C , initially at uniform temperature of 250°C is suddenly immersed in a fluid which is maintained at temperature of 50°C. The heat transfer coefficient between the sphere and fluid is 200W/m2 °C. Determine the temperature of copper sphere at 5min after the immersion. Take Thermal conductivity as 386 W/ m°C
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3. An Aluminium plate of 400mm ×400mm ×4mm size at 200°C is suddenly quenched into liquid oxygen at -183°C. Calculate the time required for plate reach the temperature of -70°C. Assume h= 20000 W/m2 °C. C= 0.8383 KJ / Kg °C , = 3000 kg/m3 , k=770.4 W/ m°C
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1. A hot cylindrical ingot of 50mm diameter & 200mm long is taken out from the furnace at 800°C and dipped in water which is at 35°C till temperature falls at 500°C. Then it is kept in air which is 30°C. till the temperature reaches 100°C. Find the time required for the ingot to reach the temperature from 800°C to 100°C . Assume: Density= 800 kg/m3 , C= 200 J / Kg °C, k=60 W/ m°C, hwater= 200 W/m2 °C. hair= 25 W/m2 °C. The water temperature is 35
5. A steel ball of 50mm diameter at 900°C is taken out from a forging process and kept in still air atmosphere of 30°C.Calculate the initial rate of cooling of the ball in °C/min. Take the following properties of steel 3 , C= 2 KJ / Kg °C, h= 30 W/m2 °C.
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6. An egg with mean diameter 40mm initially at 20°C is placed in boiling water for 4mins and found to be boiled for consumers taste. For how long should a similar egg for the same consumer to be boiled when it is taken out from a refrigerator at 5°C. Given 3 , C= 2 KJ /
Kg °C, h= 100 W/m2 °C. Use lumped theory.
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7. An aluminium sphere weighs 6kg and initially at temperature of 350°C is suddenly immersed in a fluid at 30°C with convective heat transfer coefficient 60 W/m2 °C. Estimate the time required to cool the sphere to 100°C . Take the thermo-physical properties as Density = 2700 kg/m3 , C= 900 J / Kg °C, k=205 W/ m°C
8. The heat transfer coefficients for the flow of air at 28°C over a 12.5mm diameter sphere are measured by observing the temperature- time history of a copper ball of same dimensions. The temperature of copper ball(C= 0.4 KJ / Kg °C & 3 ) was measured by thermocouples, one located
in the centre and other near the surface. Both the thermocouples registered same temperature at given instant. In one test the initial temperature of the ball was 65°C and after 1.15min the temperature is decreased by 11°C. Calculate the heat transfer coefficient for this case.
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9. A 15mm diameter mild steel sphere(k=42 W/ m°C) is exposed to cooling airflow at 20°C resulting the convective heat transfer coefficient h= 120 W/m2 °C. Determine the following Time required to cool the sphere from 550°C to 90°C Instantaneous heat transfer rate 2mins after cooling Total energy transferred from the sphere during first 2mins Take C= 475 J / Kg °C & 3 , α=0.045 m2/hr
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► TIME CONSTANT & RESPONSE OF TEMPERATURE MEASURING INSTRUMENTS The quantity The response of the thermocouple is defined as the time required for the thermocouple to reach source temperature
10. A thermocouple junction of spherical form is to be used to measure the temperature of the gas stream.
h= 400 W/m2 °C, k=20 W/ m°C (Thermocouple junction) , C= 400 J / Kg °C & 3
❖ Calculate the following
Junction diameter needed for the thermocouple to have the time constant of one second. Time required for thermocouple junction to reach 198°C if the junction is initially at 25°C and is placed in gas stream which is at 200°C
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TRANSIENT CONDUCTION Page 14 ❖ NUMERICALS ON TRANSIENT CONDUCTION-HEIZLER'S CHART Thursday, November 12, 2020 12:00 PM
11. A large Steel plate of 60mm thickness (42.6 W/ m° C) with thermal diffusivity 0.043m2/hr is initially at 440°C is suddenly exposed to both sides of environment with convective heat transfer coefficient 235 W/m2 °C ❖ Determine Centre line temperature and temperature inside the plate 15mm from mid plane after 4.3mins if the environment temperature is 50°C Heat removed from the plate per m2 during this time (Take C= 460 J / Kg °C & 7850 kg/m3 )
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TRANSIENT CONDUCTION Page 16 12. A long cylindrical ingot of 80mm raduis (k= 17.5 W/ m° C & α=0.019 m2/hr) is taken out from oven at 830°C and is quenched in a bath of coolant at 40°C. The surface heat transfer coefficient between the bar and coolant is 180 W/m 2 °C (Take C= 900 J / Kg °C & 2700 kg/m3 ) ❖ Determine Time taken by the shaft centre to reach 120°C Surface temperature of the shaft when the Centre line temperature is 120°C Energy removed from the cylindrical bar during this time Temperature gradient at outside surface for the same instance of time
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TRANSIENT CONDUCTION Page 18 13. An iron sphere of 5cm diameter (k= 60W/ m° C, C= 460 J / Kg °C , 7850 kg/m3& α=1.6×10-5 m2/sec) is initially at a surface temperature of 225°C . Suddenly the surface of the sphere is exposed to an ambient of 25°C with the heat transfer coefficient of 500 W/m 2 °C ► Determine Centre temperature at time 2mins after the start of cooling.
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13. An iron sphere of 5cm diameter (k= 60W/ m° C, C= 460 J / Kg °C , 7850 kg/m3& α=1.6×10-5 m2/sec) is initially at a surface temperature of 225°C . Suddenly the surface of the sphere is exposed to an ambient of 25°C with the heat transfer coefficient of 500 W/m 2 °C ► Determine Centre temperature at time 2mins after the start of cooling. Temperature at a depth of 1cm from the surface at time 2mins after the start of cooling. Energy removed from the iron sphere during this period.
