JAVA FULL STACK

DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM
Java OOP
 OUTLINE
• Object

• Object-oriented programing(OOP)

• Inheritance

• Polymorphism

• Abstract

• Encapsulation
 OBJECT
• An object is a combination of data and
procedures working on the available data

• An object has a state and behavior

• The state of an object is stored in fields

(variables), while methods (functions) display the
object's behavior
 OBJECT-ORIENTED
PROGRAMMING
• Inheritance

• Polymorphism

• Abstraction
A PIE
• Encapsulation
 INHERITANCE
• Is the ability to derive something specific from something generic.

• Aids in the reuse of code.

• A class can inherit the features of another class and

add its own modification.

superclass and the child class

• The parent class is the
is known as the subclass.

• A subclass inherits all the properties and methods of the superclass.

 INHERITANCE IN JAVA
• Syntax

• class MySubClass extends MySuperClass

• extends keyword declares that MySubClass inherits the parent
class MySuperClass.

• IS-A relationship

• Inheritance in Java implies that there is an IS-A relationship between subclass

and super class

• eg. Car is a Vehicle; Dog is an animal; Triangle is a shape

 TYPE OF INHERITANCE
• Single

• Multiple

• Multilevel

• Hierarchy

• Hybrid
INHERITANCE
SINGLE INHERITANCE
MULTI LEVEL
MULTIPLE INHERITANCE
 HIERARCHY INHERITANCE
• In hierarchical inheritance, more than one class
can inherit from a single class
HYBRID INHERITANCE
 INHERITANCE IN JAVA
• Java supports following inheritance:

• Single

• Multi-level

• Hierarchy

• How about Multiple and Hybrid?

DIAMOND PROBLEM

• An ambiguity that can arise

as a consequence of allowing
multiple inheritance
 INTERFACE
• Like a class, an interface can have methods and variables, but the
methods declared in interface are by default abstract (only method
signature, no body)

• Interfaces specify what a class must do and not how. It is the blueprint
of the class.

• It specifies a set of methods that the class has to implement

• If a class implements an interface and does not provide method

bodies for all functions specified in the interface, then class must be
declared abstract.
 INTERFACE
• Syntax

• public interface Shape{}

• public interface ShapeOne extends Shape{}

• public class Triangle implements Shape {}

• Java allows multiple inheritance in Interface

• Why?
 AGGREGATION /
COMPOSITION
• If a class have an entity reference, it is known as Aggregation

• Aggregation represents HAS-A relationship

• Consider a situation, Employee object contains many informations

such as id, name, emailId etc. It contains one more object named
address, which contains its own informations such as city, state,
country, zipcode etc.

• In such case, Employee has an entity reference address, so

relationship is Employee HAS-A address.
 WHY AGGREGATION
• Code reuse is also best achieved by aggregation when
there is no is-a relationship.

• If we don’t have the Address object

• Have to add all street, state information in employee

• If we introduce an object called Company later

which has the address too, we will have to add same
attributes to Company object again
 AGGREGATION
• How does Aggregation solve the diamond
problem?

• Instead of extends class B and C, introducing

the B and C as the instance variables in class D

• Thus, we can use b.doSomething() or

c.doSomething() to eliminate the ambiguity
 INHERITANCE VS.
AGGREGATION
• Inheritance should be used only if the relationship is-a is maintained
throughout the lifetime of the objects involved; otherwise, aggregation is
the best choice.

• Flexibility of aggregation

• eg. the method return type changed in super class: if inheritance, we

have no choice but to change our implementation; if aggregation,
simply change the type of variable which stores the return value of
super class.

• Unit testing (Mocking)

 INHERITANCE

• How can we refer to current object and

parent/super object in Java?
 THIS
• this is a keyword that refers to the current object
• Usage

• this can be used to refer current class instance variable.

• this can be used to invoke current class method (implicitly)

• this() can be used to invoke current class constructor.

• this can be passed as an argument in the method call.

• this can be used to return the current class instance from the method.
 SUPER
• A reference variable which is used to refer immediate parent class object.

• Whenever you create the instance of subclass, an instance of parent class

is created implicitly which is referred by super reference variable.

• Usage

• super can be used to refer immediate parent class instance variable.

• super can be used to invoke immediate parent class method.

• super() can be used to invoke immediate parent class constructor.

POLYMORPHISM
 POLYMORPHISM
• Polymorphism in java is a concept by which we can
perform a single action by different ways.

• The word "poly" means many and "morphs" means forms. So

polymorphism means many forms.

• There are two types of polymorphism in java

• Compile time polymorphism

• Runtime polymorphism
 COMPILE TIME VS RUNTIME
• Compile time — the instance where the code you
entered is converted to executable

• eg. from .java to .class

• Runtime — the instance where the executable is

running

• eg. when the for loop get executed

 COMPILE TIME
POLYMORPHISM
• The form is determined at compile time

• Method overloading
• a class has multiple methods having same name but different in
parameters

• Different number of parameters

• Different data type of parameters

• Method overloading increases the readability of the program

 RUNTIME POLYMORPHISM
• The form is determined at runtime

• Method overriding
• a method in a subclass has the same name and return
type as a method in its superclass, then the method in the
subclass is said to override the method in the superclass

• When an overridden method is called through the subclass object,

it will always refer to the version of the method defined by the
subclass. The superclass version of the method is hidden.
POLYMORPHISM
OVERLOADING VS
OVERRIDING
 FINAL
• Field — constant

• public static final MAX_VALUE = 100

• Method — prevent method overriding

• final void show()

• Class — prevent inheritance

• final class Demo {}

 ABSTRACTION
• Hiding internal details and showing functionality

• eg. phone call, we don't know the internal processing

• Abstraction is achieved by creating either Abstract Classes or Interfaces

on top of your class

• Why

• Hide the unnecessary things from user so providing easiness.

• Hiding the internal implementation of software so providing security.

 ABSTRACT CLASS
• Abstract classes are classes with a generic concept, not related to a specific class.

• Abstract classes define partial behavior and leave the rest for the subclasses to
provide

• Contain one or more abstract methods.

• Abstract method contains no implementation (like method in Interface)

• Abstract classes cannot be instantiated, but they can have reference variable

• If the subclasses does not override the abstract methods of the abstract class, then it

is mandatory for the subclasses to tag itself as abstract.

 WHY ABSTRACT CLASS
• To force same name and signature pattern in all the
subclasses

• To have the flexibility to code these methods with

their own specific requirements

• To prevent accidentally initialization

• To define common attributes or methods

ABSTRACT CLASS VS INTERFACE
 ENCAPSULATION
• Encapsulation is hiding information.

• An Wrapper class(Integer) is an example of Encapsulation

• How

• Making the fields in a class private and providing access to the fields via public methods

• Why

• Flexibility — Internal logic changes won’t affect the caller of the method

• Reusability — Encapsulated code can be used by different callers

• Maintainability — Operations on encapsulated unit won’t affect others parts

 ABSTRACTION VS
ENCAPSULATION
• Encapsulation is hiding WHAT THE PHONE USES to
achieve whatever it does

• Abstraction is hiding HOW IT DOES it

• Encapsulation = Data Hiding + Abstraction.

• Imagine you are building a house. The house is made by

bricks. Abstraction is the bricks and encapsulation is
the house
 OBJECT CLASS IN JAVA
• The Object class is the parent class of all the classes in java by default. In other
words, it is the topmost class of java

• The Object class is beneficial if you want to refer any object whose type you don't know.
Notice that parent class reference variable can refer the child class object, know as
upcasting
• Let's take an example, there is getObject() method that returns an object but it can be of
any type like Employee,Student etc, we can use Object class reference to refer that
object. For example:

• Object obj=getObject();

• We don't know what object will be returned from this method

METHODS OF OBJECT CLASS
ANY QUESTIONS?