Appendix D

Tables
The following tables can be used for various computations. It is recommended, how-
ever, that the reader become familiar with the use of a statistical software package
instead of relying on the tables. Computations of a much greater variety and accuracy
can be carried out using the software, and, in the end, it is much more convenient.

709
 710 Appendix D: Tables

D.1 Random Numbers

Each line in Table D.1 is a sample of 40 random digits, i.e., 40 independent and identi-
cally distributed (i.i.d.) values from the uniform distribution on the set f0; 1; 2; 3; 4; 5;
6; 7; 8; 9g:
Suppose we want a sample of five i.i.d. values from the uniform distribution on
S D f1; 2; : : : ; 25g, i.e., a random sample of five, with replacement, from S. To do
this, pick a starting point in the table and start reading off successive (nonoverlapping)
two-digit numbers, treating a pair such as 07 as 7, and discarding any pairs that are not
in the range 1 to 25, until you have five values. For example, if we start at line 110, we
read the pairs ( indicates a sample element) 38, 44, 84, 87, 89, 18 , 33, 82, 46, 97, 39,
36, 44, 20 , 06 , 76, 68, 80, 87, 08 , 81, 48, 66, 94, 87, 60, 51, 30, 92, 97, 00, 41, 27,
12 . We can see at this point that we have a sample of five given by 18, 20, 6, 8, 12.
If we want a random sample of five, without replacement, from S, then we proceed
as above but now ignore any repeats in the generated sample until we get the five
numbers. In this preceding case, we did not get any repeats, so this is also a simple
random sample of size five without replacement.

Table D.1 Random Numbers

Line
101 19223 95034 05756 28713 96409 12531 42544 82853
102 73676 47150 99400 01927 27754 42648 82425 36290
103 45467 71709 77558 00095 32863 29485 82226 90056
104 52711 38889 93074 60227 40011 85848 48767 52573
105 95592 94007 69971 91481 60779 53791 17297 59335
106 68417 35013 15529 72765 85089 57067 50211 47487
107 82739 57890 20807 47511 81676 55300 94383 14893
108 60940 72024 17868 24943 61790 90656 87964 18883
109 36009 19365 15412 39638 85453 46816 83485 41979
110 38448 48789 18338 24697 39364 42006 76688 08708
111 81486 69487 60513 09297 00412 71238 27649 39950
112 59636 88804 04634 71197 19352 73089 84898 45785
113 62568 70206 40325 03699 71080 22553 11486 11776
114 45149 32992 75730 66280 03819 56202 02938 70915
115 61041 77684 94322 24709 73698 14526 31893 32592
116 14459 26056 31424 80371 65103 62253 50490 61181
117 38167 98532 62183 70632 23417 26185 41448 75532
118 73190 32533 04470 29669 84407 90785 65956 86382
119 95857 07118 87664 92099 58806 66979 98624 84826
120 35476 55972 39421 65850 04266 35435 43742 11937
121 71487 09984 29077 14863 61683 47052 62224 51025
122 13873 81598 95052 90908 73592 75186 87136 95761
123 54580 81507 27102 56027 55892 33063 41842 81868
124 71035 09001 43367 49497 72719 96758 27611 91596
125 96746 12149 37823 71868 18442 35119 62103 39244
Appendix D.1: Random Numbers 711

Table D.1 Random Numbers (continued)

Line
126 96927 19931 36809 74192 77567 88741 48409 41903
127 43909 99477 25330 64359 40085 16925 85117 36071
128 15689 14227 06565 14374 13352 49367 81982 87209
129 36759 58984 68288 22913 18638 54303 00795 08727
130 69051 64817 87174 09517 84534 06489 87201 97245
131 05007 16632 81194 14873 04197 85576 45195 96565
132 68732 55259 84292 08796 43165 93739 31685 97150
133 45740 41807 65561 33302 07051 93623 18132 09547
134 27816 78416 18329 21337 35213 37741 04312 68508
135 66925 55658 39100 78458 11206 19876 87151 31260
136 08421 44753 77377 28744 75592 08563 79140 92454
137 53645 66812 61421 47836 12609 15373 98481 14592
138 66831 68908 40772 21558 47781 33586 79177 06928
139 55588 99404 70708 41098 43563 56934 48394 51719
140 12975 13258 13048 45144 72321 81940 00360 02428
141 96767 35964 23822 96012 94591 65194 50842 53372
142 72829 50232 97892 63408 77919 44575 24870 04178
143 88565 42628 17797 49376 61762 16953 88604 12724
144 62964 88145 83083 69453 46109 59505 69680 00900
145 19687 12633 57857 95806 09931 02150 43163 58636
146 37609 59057 66967 83401 60705 02384 90597 93600
147 54973 86278 88737 74351 47500 84552 19909 67181
148 00694 05977 19664 65441 20903 62371 22725 53340
149 71546 05233 53946 68743 72460 27601 45403 88692
150 07511 88915 41267 16853 84569 79367 32337 03316
151 03802 29341 29264 80198 12371 13121 54969 43912
152 77320 35030 77519 41109 98296 18984 60869 12349
153 07886 56866 39648 69290 03600 05376 58958 22720
154 87065 74133 21117 70595 22791 67306 28420 52067
155 42090 09628 54035 93879 98441 04606 27381 82637
156 55494 67690 88131 81800 11188 28552 25752 21953
157 16698 30406 96587 65985 07165 50148 16201 86792
158 16297 07626 68683 45335 34377 72941 41764 77038
159 22897 17467 17638 70043 36243 13008 83993 22869
160 98163 45944 34210 64158 76971 27689 82926 75957
161 43400 25831 06283 22138 16043 15706 73345 26238
162 97341 46254 88153 62336 21112 35574 99271 45297
163 64578 67197 28310 90341 37531 63890 52630 76315
164 11022 79124 49525 63078 17229 32165 01343 21394
165 81232 43939 23840 05995 84589 06788 76358 26622
 712 Appendix D: Tables

D.2 Standard Normal Cdf

If Z N .0; 1/; then we can use Table D.2 to compute the cumulative distribution
function (cdf) 8 for Z : For example, suppose we want to compute 8.z/ D P.Z <
1:03/: The symmetry of the N .0; 1/ distribution about 0 implies that 8.z/ D 1
8. z/; so using Table D.2, we have that P.Z < 1:03/ D P.Z < 1:03/ D 1 P.Z <
1:03/ D 1 0:1515 D 0:8485:

Table D.2 Standard Normal Cdf

z :00 :01 :02 :03 :04 :05 :06 :07 :08 :09
3:4 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0002
3:3 .0005 .0005 .0005 .0004 .0004 .0004 .0004 .0004 .0004 .0003
3:2 .0007 .0007 .0006 .0006 .0006 .0006 .0006 .0005 .0005 .0005
3:1 .0010 .0009 .0009 .0009 .0008 .0008 .0008 .0008 .0007 .0007
3:0 .0013 .0013 .0013 .0012 .0012 .0011 .0011 .0011 .0010 .0010
2:9 .0019 .0018 .0018 .0017 .0016 .0016 .0015 .0015 .0014 .0014
2:8 .0026 .0025 .0024 .0023 .0023 .0022 .0021 .0021 .0020 .0019
2:7 .0035 .0034 .0033 .0032 .0031 .0030 .0029 .0028 .0027 .0026
2:6 .0047 .0045 .0044 .0043 .0041 .0040 .0039 .0038 .0037 .0036
2:5 .0062 .0060 .0059 .0057 .0055 .0054 .0052 .0051 .0049 .0048
2:4 .0082 .0080 .0078 .0075 .0073 .0071 .0069 .0068 .0066 .0064
2:3 .0107 .0104 .0102 .0099 .0096 .0094 .0091 .0089 .0087 .0084
2:2 .0139 .0136 .0132 .0129 .0125 .0122 .0119 .0116 .0113 .0110
2:1 .0179 .0174 .0170 .0166 .0162 .0158 .0154 .0150 .0146 .0143
2:0 .0228 .0222 .0217 .0212 .0207 .0202 .0197 .0192 .0188 .0183
1:9 .0287 .0281 .0274 .0268 .0262 .0256 .0250 .0244 .0239 .0233
1:8 .0359 .0351 .0344 .0336 .0329 .0322 .0314 .0307 .0301 .0294
1:7 .0446 .0436 .0427 .0418 .0409 .0401 .0392 .0384 .0375 .0367
1:6 .0548 .0537 .0526 .0516 .0505 .0495 .0485 .0475 .0465 .0455
1:5 .0668 .0655 .0643 .0630 .0618 .0606 .0594 .0582 .0571 .0559
1:4 .0808 .0793 .0778 .0764 .0749 .0735 .0721 .0708 .0694 .0681
1:3 .0968 .0951 .0934 .0918 .0901 .0885 .0869 .0853 .0838 .0823
1:2 .1151 .1131 .1112 .1093 .1075 .1056 .1038 .1020 .1003 .0985
1:1 .1357 .1335 .1314 .1292 .1271 .1251 .1230 .1210 .1190 .1170
1:0 .1587 .1562 .1539 .1515 .1492 .1469 .1446 .1423 .1401 .1379
0:9 .1841 .1814 .1788 .1762 .1736 .1711 .1685 .1660 .1635 .1611
0:8 .2119 .2090 .2061 .2033 .2005 .1977 .1949 .1922 .1894 .1867
0:7 .2420 .2389 .2358 .2327 .2296 .2266 .2236 .2206 .2177 .2148
0:6 .2743 .2709 .2676 .2643 .2611 .2578 .2546 .2514 .2483 .2451
0:5 .3085 .3050 .3015 .2981 .2946 .2912 .2877 .2843 .2810 .2776
0:4 .3446 .3409 .3372 .3336 .3300 .3264 .3228 .3192 .3156 .3121
0:3 .3821 .3783 .3745 .3707 .3669 .3632 .3594 .3557 .3520 .3483
0:2 .4207 .4168 .4129 .4090 .4052 .4013 .3974 .3936 .3897 .3859
0:1 .4602 .4562 .4522 .4483 .4443 .4404 .4364 .4325 .4286 .4247
0:0 .5000 .4960 .4920 .4880 .4840 .4801 .4761 .4721 .4681 .4641
 Appendix D.3: Chi-Squared Distribution Quantiles 713

D.3 Chi-Squared Distribution Quantiles

If X 2 .d f /; then we can use Table D.3 to obtain some quantiles for this distribution:

For example, if d f D 10 and P D 0:98; then x0:98 D 21:16 is the 0:98 quantile of this
distribution.

Table D.3 2 .d f / Quantiles

P
df 0.75 0.85 0.90 0.95 0.975 0.98 0.99 0.995 0.9975 0.999
1 1.32 2.07 2.71 3.84 5.02 5.41 6.63 7.88 9.14 10.83
2 2.77 3.79 4.61 5.99 7.38 7.82 9.21 10.60 11.98 13.82
3 4.11 5.32 6.25 7.81 9.35 9.84 11.34 12.84 14.32 16.27
4 5.39 6.74 7.78 9.49 11.14 11.67 13.28 14.86 16.42 18.47
5 6.63 8.12 9.24 11.07 12.83 13.39 15.09 16.75 18.39 20.51
6 7.84 9.45 10.64 12.59 14.45 15.03 16.81 18.55 20.25 22.46
7 9.04 10.75 12.02 14.07 16.01 16.62 18.48 20.28 22.04 24.32
8 10.22 12.03 13.36 15.51 17.53 18.17 20.09 21.95 23.77 26.12
9 11.39 13.29 14.68 16.92 19.02 19.68 21.67 23.59 25.46 27.88
10 12.55 14.53 15.99 18.31 20.48 21.16 23.21 25.19 27.11 29.59
11 13.70 15.77 17.28 19.68 21.92 22.62 24.72 26.76 28.73 31.26
12 14.85 16.99 18.55 21.03 23.34 24.05 26.22 28.30 30.32 32.91
13 15.98 18.20 19.81 22.36 24.74 25.47 27.69 29.82 31.88 34.53
14 17.12 19.41 21.06 23.68 26.12 26.87 29.14 31.32 33.43 36.12
15 18.25 20.60 22.31 25.00 27.49 28.26 30.58 32.80 34.95 37.70
16 19.37 21.79 23.54 26.30 28.85 29.63 32.00 34.27 36.46 39.25
17 20.49 22.98 24.77 27.59 30.19 31.00 33.41 35.72 37.95 40.79
18 21.60 24.16 25.99 28.87 31.53 32.35 34.81 37.16 39.42 42.31
19 22.72 25.33 27.20 30.14 32.85 33.69 36.19 38.58 40.88 43.82
20 23.83 26.50 28.41 31.41 34.17 35.02 37.57 40.00 42.34 45.31
21 24.93 27.66 29.62 32.67 35.48 36.34 38.93 41.40 43.78 46.80
22 26.04 28.82 30.81 33.92 36.78 37.66 40.29 42.80 45.20 48.27
23 27.14 29.98 32.01 35.17 38.08 38.97 41.64 44.18 46.62 49.73
24 28.24 31.13 33.20 36.42 39.36 40.27 42.98 45.56 48.03 51.18
25 29.34 32.28 34.38 37.65 40.65 41.57 44.31 46.93 49.44 52.62
26 30.43 33.43 35.56 38.89 41.92 42.86 45.64 48.29 50.83 54.05
27 31.53 34.57 36.74 40.11 43.19 44.14 46.96 49.64 52.22 55.48
28 32.62 35.71 37.92 41.34 44.46 45.42 48.28 50.99 53.59 56.89
29 33.71 36.85 39.09 42.56 45.72 46.69 49.59 52.34 54.97 58.30
30 34.80 37.99 40.26 43.77 46.98 47.96 50.89 53.67 56.33 59.70
40 45.62 49.24 51.81 55.76 59.34 60.44 63.69 66.77 69.70 73.40
50 56.33 60.35 63.17 67.50 71.42 72.61 76.15 79.49 82.66 86.66
60 66.98 71.34 74.40 79.08 83.30 84.58 88.38 91.95 95.34 99.61
80 88.13 93.11 96.58 101.9 106.6 108.1 112.3 116.3 120.1 124.8
100 109.1 114.7 118.5 124.3 129.6 131.1 135.8 140.2 144.3 149.4
 714 Appendix D: Tables

D.4 t Distribution Quantiles

Table D.4 contains some quantiles for t or Student distributions. For example, if X
t .d f /; with d f D 10 and P D 0:98; then x0:98 D 2:359 is the 0:98 quantile of the t .10/
distribution. Recall that the t .d f / distribution is symmetric about 0 so, for example,
x0:25 D x0:75 :

Table D.4 t .d f / Quantiles

P
df 0.75 0.85 0.90 0.95 0.975 0.98 0.99 0.995 0.9975 0.999
1 1.000 1.963 3.078 6.314 12.71 15.89 31.82 63.66 127.3 318.3
2 0.816 1.386 1.886 2.920 4.303 4.849 6.965 9.925 14.09 22.33
3 0.765 1.250 1.638 2.353 3.182 3.482 4.541 5.841 7.453 10.21
4 0.741 1.190 1.533 2.132 2.776 2.999 3.747 4.604 5.598 7.173
5 0.727 1.156 1.476 2.015 2.571 2.757 3.365 4.032 4.773 5.893
6 0.718 1.134 1.440 1.943 2.447 2.612 3.143 3.707 4.317 5.208
7 0.711 1.119 1.415 1.895 2.365 2.517 2.998 3.499 4.029 4.785
8 0.706 1.108 1.397 1.860 2.306 2.449 2.896 3.355 3.833 4.501
9 0.703 1.100 1.383 1.833 2.262 2.398 2.821 3.250 3.690 4.297
10 0.700 1.093 1.372 1.812 2.228 2.359 2.764 3.169 3.581 4.144
11 0.697 1.088 1.363 1.796 2.201 2.328 2.718 3.106 3.497 4.025
12 0.695 1.083 1.356 1.782 2.179 2.303 2.681 3.055 3.428 3.930
13 0.694 1.079 1.350 1.771 2.160 2.282 2.650 3.012 3.372 3.852
14 0.692 1.076 1.345 1.761 2.145 2.264 2.624 2.977 3.326 3.787
15 0.691 1.074 1.341 1.753 2.131 2.249 2.602 2.947 3.286 3.733
16 0.690 1.071 1.337 1.746 2.120 2.235 2.583 2.921 3.252 3.686
17 0.689 1.069 1.333 1.740 2.110 2.224 2.567 2.898 3.222 3.646
18 0.688 1.067 1.330 1.734 2.101 2.214 2.552 2.878 3.197 3.611
19 0.688 1.066 1.328 1.729 2.093 2.205 2.539 2.861 3.174 3.579
20 0.687 1.064 1.325 1.725 2.086 2.197 2.528 2.845 3.153 3.552
21 0.686 1.063 1.323 1.721 2.080 2.189 2.518 2.831 3.135 3.527
22 0.686 1.061 1.321 1.717 2.074 2.183 2.508 2.819 3.119 3.505
23 0.685 1.060 1.319 1.714 2.069 2.177 2.500 2.807 3.104 3.485
24 0.685 1.059 1.318 1.711 2.064 2.172 2.492 2.797 3.091 3.467
25 0.684 1.058 1.316 1.708 2.060 2.167 2.485 2.787 3.078 3.450
26 0.684 1.058 1.315 1.706 2.056 2.162 2.479 2.779 3.067 3.435
27 0.684 1.057 1.314 1.703 2.052 2.158 2.473 2.771 3.057 3.421
28 0.683 1.056 1.313 1.701 2.048 2.154 2.467 2.763 3.047 3.408
29 0.683 1.055 1.311 1.699 2.045 2.150 2.462 2.756 3.038 3.396
30 0.683 1.055 1.310 1.697 2.042 2.147 2.457 2.750 3.030 3.385
40 0.681 1.050 1.303 1.684 2.021 2.123 2.423 2.704 2.971 3.307
50 0.679 1.047 1.299 1.676 2.009 2.109 2.403 2.678 2.937 3.261
60 0.679 1.045 1.296 1.671 2.000 2.099 2.390 2.660 2.915 3.232
80 0.678 1.043 1.292 1.664 1.990 2.088 2.374 2.639 2.887 3.195
100 0.677 1.042 1.290 1.660 1.984 2.081 2.364 2.626 2.871 3.174
1000 0.675 1.037 1.282 1.646 1.962 2.056 2.330 2.581 2.813 3.098
1 0.674 1.036 1.282 1.645 1.960 2.054 2.326 2.576 2.807 3.091
50% 70% 80% 90% 95% 96% 98% 99% 99.5% 99.8%
Confidence level
 Appendix D.5: F Distribution Quantiles 715

D.5 F Distribution Quantiles

If X F.nd f; dd f /; then we can use Table D.5 to obtain some quantiles for this
distribution: For example, if nd f D 3; dd f D 4; and P D 0:975; then x0:975 D 9:98
is the 0:975 quantile of the F.3; 4/ distribution. Note that if X F.nd f; dd f /; then
Y D 1= X F.dd f; nd f / and P.X x/ D P.Y 1=x/.

Table D.5 F.nd f; dd f / Quantiles

nd f
dd f P 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 0.900 39.86 49.50 53.59 55.83 57.24 58.20
0.950 161.45 199.50 215.71 224.58 230.16 233.99
0.975 647.79 799.50 864.16 899.58 921.85 937.11
0.990 4052.18 4999.50 5403.35 5624.58 5763.65 5858.99
0.999 405284.07 499999.50 540379.20 562499.58 576404.56 585937.11
2 0.900 8.53 9.00 9.16 9.24 9.29 9.33
0.950 18.51 19.00 19.16 19.25 19.30 19.33
0.975 38.51 39.00 39.17 39.25 39.30 39.33
0.990 98.50 99.00 99.17 99.25 99.30 99.33
0.999 998.50 999.00 999.17 999.25 999.30 999.33
3 0.900 5.54 5.46 5.39 5.34 5.31 5.28
0.950 10.13 9.55 9.28 9.12 9.01 8.94
0.975 17.44 16.04 15.44 15.10 14.88 14.73
0.990 34.12 30.82 29.46 28.71 28.24 27.91
0.999 167.03 148.50 141.11 137.10 134.58 132.85
4 0.900 4.54 4.32 4.19 4.11 4.05 4.01
0.950 7.71 6.94 6.59 6.39 6.26 6.16
0.975 12.22 10.65 9.98 9.60 9.36 9.20
0.990 21.20 18.00 16.69 15.98 15.52 15.21
0.999 74.14 61.25 56.18 53.44 51.71 50.53
5 0.900 4.06 3.78 3.62 3.52 3.45 3.40
0.950 6.61 5.79 5.41 5.19 5.05 4.95
0.975 10.01 8.43 7.76 7.39 7.15 6.98
0.990 16.26 13.27 12.06 11.39 10.97 10.67
0.999 47.18 37.12 33.20 31.09 29.75 28.83
6 0.900 3.78 3.46 3.29 3.18 3.11 3.05
0.950 5.99 5.14 4.76 4.53 4.39 4.28
0.975 8.81 7.26 6.60 6.23 5.99 5.82
0.990 13.75 10.92 9.78 9.15 8.75 8.47
0.999 35.51 27.00 23.70 21.92 20.80 20.03
7 0.900 3.59 3.26 3.07 2.96 2.88 2.83
0.950 5.59 4.74 4.35 4.12 3.97 3.87
0.975 8.07 6.54 5.89 5.52 5.29 5.12
0.990 12.25 9.55 8.45 7.85 7.46 7.19
0.999 29.25 21.69 18.77 17.20 16.21 15.52
716 Appendix D: Tables

Table D.5 F.nd f; dd f / Quantiles (continued)

nd f
dd f P 7 8 9 10 11 12
1 0.900 58.91 59.44 59.86 60.19 60.47 60.71
0.950 236.77 238.88 240.54 241.88 242.98 243.91
0.975 948.22 956.66 963.28 968.63 973.03 976.71
0.990 5928.36 5981.07 6022.47 6055.85 6083.32 6106.32
0.999 592873.29 598144.16 602283.99 605620.97 608367.68 610667.82
2 0.900 9.35 9.37 9.38 9.39 9.40 9.41
0.950 19.35 19.37 19.38 19.40 19.40 19.41
0.975 39.36 39.37 39.39 39.40 39.41 39.41
0.990 99.36 99.37 99.39 99.40 99.41 99.42
0.999 999.36 999.37 999.39 999.40 999.41 999.42
3 0.900 5.27 5.25 5.24 5.23 5.22 5.22
0.950 8.89 8.85 8.81 8.79 8.76 8.74
0.975 14.62 14.54 14.47 14.42 14.37 14.34
0.990 27.67 27.49 27.35 27.23 27.13 27.05
0.999 131.58 130.62 129.86 129.25 128.74 128.32
4 0.900 3.98 3.95 3.94 3.92 3.91 3.90
0.950 6.09 6.04 6.00 5.96 5.94 5.91
0.975 9.07 8.98 8.90 8.84 8.79 8.75
0.990 14.98 14.80 14.66 14.55 14.45 14.37
0.999 49.66 49.00 48.47 48.05 47.70 47.41
5 0.900 3.37 3.34 3.32 3.30 3.28 3.27
0.950 4.88 4.82 4.77 4.74 4.70 4.68
0.975 6.85 6.76 6.68 6.62 6.57 6.52
0.990 10.46 10.29 10.16 10.05 9.96 9.89
0.999 28.16 27.65 27.24 26.92 26.65 26.42
6 0.900 3.01 2.98 2.96 2.94 2.92 2.90
0.950 4.21 4.15 4.10 4.06 4.03 4.00
0.975 5.70 5.60 5.52 5.46 5.41 5.37
0.990 8.26 8.10 7.98 7.87 7.79 7.72
0.999 19.46 19.03 18.69 18.41 18.18 17.99
7 0.900 2.78 2.75 2.72 2.70 2.68 2.67
0.950 3.79 3.73 3.68 3.64 3.60 3.57
0.975 4.99 4.90 4.82 4.76 4.71 4.67
0.990 6.99 6.84 6.72 6.62 6.54 6.47
0.999 15.02 14.63 14.33 14.08 13.88 13.71
Appendix D.5: F Distribution Quantiles 717

Table D.5 F.nd f; dd f / Quantiles (continued)

nd f
dd f P 15 20 30 60 120 10000
1 0.900 61.22 61.74 62.26 62.79 63.06 63.32
0.950 245.95 248.01 250.10 252.20 253.25 254.30
0.975 984.87 993.10 1001.41 1009.80 1014.02 1018.21
0.990 6157.28 6208.73 6260.65 6313.03 6339.39 6365.55
0.999 615763.66 620907.67 626098.96 631336.56 633972.40 636587.61
2 0.900 9.42 9.44 9.46 9.47 9.48 9.49
0.950 19.43 19.45 19.46 19.48 19.49 19.50
0.975 39.43 39.45 39.46 39.48 39.49 39.50
0.990 99.43 99.45 99.47 99.48 99.49 99.50
0.999 999.43 999.45 999.47 999.48 999.49 999.50
3 0.900 5.20 5.18 5.17 5.15 5.14 5.13
0.950 8.70 8.66 8.62 8.57 8.55 8.53
0.975 14.25 14.17 14.08 13.99 13.95 13.90
0.990 26.87 26.69 26.50 26.32 26.22 26.13
0.999 127.37 126.42 125.45 124.47 123.97 123.48
4 0.900 3.87 3.84 3.82 3.79 3.78 3.76
0.950 5.86 5.80 5.75 5.69 5.66 5.63
0.975 8.66 8.56 8.46 8.36 8.31 8.26
0.990 14.20 14.02 13.84 13.65 13.56 13.46
0.999 46.76 46.10 45.43 44.75 44.40 44.06
5 0.900 3.24 3.21 3.17 3.14 3.12 3.11
0.950 4.62 4.56 4.50 4.43 4.40 4.37
0.975 6.43 6.33 6.23 6.12 6.07 6.02
0.990 9.72 9.55 9.38 9.20 9.11 9.02
0.999 25.91 25.39 24.87 24.33 24.06 23.79
6 0.900 2.87 2.84 2.80 2.76 2.74 2.72
0.950 3.94 3.87 3.81 3.74 3.70 3.67
0.975 5.27 5.17 5.07 4.96 4.90 4.85
0.990 7.56 7.40 7.23 7.06 6.97 6.88
0.999 17.56 17.12 16.67 16.21 15.98 15.75
7 0.900 2.63 2.59 2.56 2.51 2.49 2.47
0.950 3.51 3.44 3.38 3.30 3.27 3.23
0.975 4.57 4.47 4.36 4.25 4.20 4.14
0.990 6.31 6.16 5.99 5.82 5.74 5.65
0.999 13.32 12.93 12.53 12.12 11.91 11.70
718 Appendix D: Tables

Table D.5 F.nd f; dd f / Quantiles (continued)

nd f
dd f P 1 2 3 4 5 6
8 0.900 3.46 3.11 2.92 2.81 2.73 2.67
0.950 5.32 4.46 4.07 3.84 3.69 3.58
0.975 7.57 6.06 5.42 5.05 4.82 4.65
0.990 11.26 8.65 7.59 7.01 6.63 6.37
0.999 25.41 18.49 15.83 14.39 13.48 12.86
9 0.900 3.36 3.01 2.81 2.69 2.61 2.55
0.950 5.12 4.26 3.86 3.63 3.48 3.37
0.975 7.21 5.71 5.08 4.72 4.48 4.32
0.990 10.56 8.02 6.99 6.42 6.06 5.80
0.999 22.86 16.39 13.90 12.56 11.71 11.13
10 0.900 3.29 2.92 2.73 2.61 2.52 2.46
0.950 4.96 4.10 3.71 3.48 3.33 3.22
0.975 6.94 5.46 4.83 4.47 4.24 4.07
0.990 10.04 7.56 6.55 5.99 5.64 5.39
0.999 21.04 14.91 12.55 11.28 10.48 9.93
11 0.900 3.23 2.86 2.66 2.54 2.45 2.39
0.950 4.84 3.98 3.59 3.36 3.20 3.09
0.975 6.72 5.26 4.63 4.28 4.04 3.88
0.990 9.65 7.21 6.22 5.67 5.32 5.07
0.999 19.69 13.81 11.56 10.35 9.58 9.05
12 0.900 3.18 2.81 2.61 2.48 2.39 2.33
0.950 4.75 3.89 3.49 3.26 3.11 3.00
0.975 6.55 5.10 4.47 4.12 3.89 3.73
0.990 9.33 6.93 5.95 5.41 5.06 4.82
0.999 18.64 12.97 10.80 9.63 8.89 8.38
13 0.900 3.14 2.76 2.56 2.43 2.35 2.28
0.950 4.67 3.81 3.41 3.18 3.03 2.92
0.975 6.41 4.97 4.35 4.00 3.77 3.60
0.990 9.07 6.70 5.74 5.21 4.86 4.62
0.999 17.82 12.31 10.21 9.07 8.35 7.86
14 0.900 3.10 2.73 2.52 2.39 2.31 2.24
0.950 4.60 3.74 3.34 3.11 2.96 2.85
0.975 6.30 4.86 4.24 3.89 3.66 3.50
0.990 8.86 6.51 5.56 5.04 4.69 4.46
0.999 17.14 11.78 9.73 8.62 7.92 7.44
Appendix D.5: F Distribution Quantiles 719

Table D.5 F.nd f; dd f / Quantiles (continued)

nd f
dd f P 7 8 9 10 11 12
8 0.900 2.62 2.59 2.56 2.54 2.52 2.50
0.950 3.50 3.44 3.39 3.35 3.31 3.28
0.975 4.53 4.43 4.36 4.30 4.24 4.20
0.990 6.18 6.03 5.91 5.81 5.73 5.67
0.999 12.40 12.05 11.77 11.54 11.35 11.19
9 0.900 2.51 2.47 2.44 2.42 2.40 2.38
0.950 3.29 3.23 3.18 3.14 3.10 3.07
0.975 4.20 4.10 4.03 3.96 3.91 3.87
0.990 5.61 5.47 5.35 5.26 5.18 5.11
0.999 10.70 10.37 10.11 9.89 9.72 9.57
10 0.900 2.41 2.38 2.35 2.32 2.30 2.28
0.950 3.14 3.07 3.02 2.98 2.94 2.91
0.975 3.95 3.85 3.78 3.72 3.66 3.62
0.990 5.20 5.06 4.94 4.85 4.77 4.71
0.999 9.52 9.20 8.96 8.75 8.59 8.45
11 0.900 2.34 2.30 2.27 2.25 2.23 2.21
0.950 3.01 2.95 2.90 2.85 2.82 2.79
0.975 3.76 3.66 3.59 3.53 3.47 3.43
0.990 4.89 4.74 4.63 4.54 4.46 4.40
0.999 8.66 8.35 8.12 7.92 7.76 7.63
12 0.900 2.28 2.24 2.21 2.19 2.17 2.15
0.950 2.91 2.85 2.80 2.75 2.72 2.69
0.975 3.61 3.51 3.44 3.37 3.32 3.28
0.990 4.64 4.50 4.39 4.30 4.22 4.16
0.999 8.00 7.71 7.48 7.29 7.14 7.00
13 0.900 2.23 2.20 2.16 2.14 2.12 2.10
0.950 2.83 2.77 2.71 2.67 2.63 2.60
0.975 3.48 3.39 3.31 3.25 3.20 3.15
0.990 4.44 4.30 4.19 4.10 4.02 3.96
0.999 7.49 7.21 6.98 6.80 6.65 6.52
14 0.900 2.19 2.15 2.12 2.10 2.07 2.05
0.950 2.76 2.70 2.65 2.60 2.57 2.53
0.975 3.38 3.29 3.21 3.15 3.09 3.05
0.990 4.28 4.14 4.03 3.94 3.86 3.80
0.999 7.08 6.80 6.58 6.40 6.26 6.13
720 Appendix D: Tables

Table D.5 F.nd f; dd f / Quantiles (continued)

nd f
dd f P 15 20 30 60 120 10000
8 0.900 2.46 2.42 2.38 2.34 2.32 2.29
0.950 3.22 3.15 3.08 3.01 2.97 2.93
0.975 4.10 4.00 3.89 3.78 3.73 3.67
0.990 5.52 5.36 5.20 5.03 4.95 4.86
0.999 10.84 10.48 10.11 9.73 9.53 9.34
9 0.900 2.34 2.30 2.25 2.21 2.18 2.16
0.950 3.01 2.94 2.86 2.79 2.75 2.71
0.975 3.77 3.67 3.56 3.45 3.39 3.33
0.990 4.96 4.81 4.65 4.48 4.40 4.31
0.999 9.24 8.90 8.55 8.19 8.00 7.82
10 0.900 2.24 2.20 2.16 2.11 2.08 2.06
0.950 2.85 2.77 2.70 2.62 2.58 2.54
0.975 3.52 3.42 3.31 3.20 3.14 3.08
0.990 4.56 4.41 4.25 4.08 4.00 3.91
0.999 8.13 7.80 7.47 7.12 6.94 6.76
11 0.900 2.17 2.12 2.08 2.03 2.00 1.97
0.950 2.72 2.65 2.57 2.49 2.45 2.41
0.975 3.33 3.23 3.12 3.00 2.94 2.88
0.990 4.25 4.10 3.94 3.78 3.69 3.60
0.999 7.32 7.01 6.68 6.35 6.18 6.00
12 0.900 2.10 2.06 2.01 1.96 1.93 1.90
0.950 2.62 2.54 2.47 2.38 2.34 2.30
0.975 3.18 3.07 2.96 2.85 2.79 2.73
0.990 4.01 3.86 3.70 3.54 3.45 3.36
0.999 6.71 6.40 6.09 5.76 5.59 5.42
13 0.900 2.05 2.01 1.96 1.90 1.88 1.85
0.950 2.53 2.46 2.38 2.30 2.25 2.21
0.975 3.05 2.95 2.84 2.72 2.66 2.60
0.990 3.82 3.66 3.51 3.34 3.25 3.17
0.999 6.23 5.93 5.63 5.30 5.14 4.97
14 0.900 2.01 1.96 1.91 1.86 1.83 1.80
0.950 2.46 2.39 2.31 2.22 2.18 2.13
0.975 2.95 2.84 2.73 2.61 2.55 2.49
0.990 3.66 3.51 3.35 3.18 3.09 3.01
0.999 5.85 5.56 5.25 4.94 4.77 4.61
Appendix D.5: F Distribution Quantiles 721

Table D.5 F.nd f; dd f / Quantiles (continued)

nd f
dd f P 1 2 3 4 5 6
15 0.900 3.07 2.70 2.49 2.36 2.27 2.21
0.950 4.54 3.68 3.29 3.06 2.90 2.79
0.975 6.20 4.77 4.15 3.80 3.58 3.41
0.990 8.68 6.36 5.42 4.89 4.56 4.32
0.999 16.59 11.34 9.34 8.25 7.57 7.09
20 0.900 2.97 2.59 2.38 2.25 2.16 2.09
0.950 4.35 3.49 3.10 2.87 2.71 2.60
0.975 5.87 4.46 3.86 3.51 3.29 3.13
0.990 8.10 5.85 4.94 4.43 4.10 3.87
0.999 14.82 9.95 8.10 7.10 6.46 6.02
30 0.900 2.88 2.49 2.28 2.14 2.05 1.98
0.950 4.17 3.32 2.92 2.69 2.53 2.42
0.975 5.57 4.18 3.59 3.25 3.03 2.87
0.990 7.56 5.39 4.51 4.02 3.70 3.47
0.999 13.29 8.77 7.05 6.12 5.53 5.12
60 0.900 2.79 2.39 2.18 2.04 1.95 1.87
0.950 4.00 3.15 2.76 2.53 2.37 2.25
0.975 5.29 3.93 3.34 3.01 2.79 2.63
0.990 7.08 4.98 4.13 3.65 3.34 3.12
0.999 11.97 7.77 6.17 5.31 4.76 4.37
120 0.900 2.75 2.35 2.13 1.99 1.90 1.82
0.950 3.92 3.07 2.68 2.45 2.29 2.18
0.975 5.15 3.80 3.23 2.89 2.67 2.52
0.990 6.85 4.79 3.95 3.48 3.17 2.96
0.999 11.38 7.32 5.78 4.95 4.42 4.04
10000 0.900 2.71 2.30 2.08 1.95 1.85 1.77
0.950 3.84 3.00 2.61 2.37 2.21 2.10
0.975 5.03 3.69 3.12 2.79 2.57 2.41
0.990 6.64 4.61 3.78 3.32 3.02 2.80
0.999 10.83 6.91 5.43 4.62 4.11 3.75
722 Appendix D: Tables

Table D.5 F.nd f; dd f / Quantiles (continued)

nd f
dd f P 7 8 9 10 11 12
15 0.900 2.16 2.12 2.09 2.06 2.04 2.02
0.950 2.71 2.64 2.59 2.54 2.51 2.48
0.975 3.29 3.20 3.12 3.06 3.01 2.96
0.990 4.14 4.00 3.89 3.80 3.73 3.67
0.999 6.74 6.47 6.26 6.08 5.94 5.81
20 0.900 2.04 2.00 1.96 1.94 1.91 1.89
0.950 2.51 2.45 2.39 2.35 2.31 2.28
0.975 3.01 2.91 2.84 2.77 2.72 2.68
0.990 3.70 3.56 3.46 3.37 3.29 3.23
0.999 5.69 5.44 5.24 5.08 4.94 4.82
30 0.900 1.93 1.88 1.85 1.82 1.79 1.77
0.950 2.33 2.27 2.21 2.16 2.13 2.09
0.975 2.75 2.65 2.57 2.51 2.46 2.41
0.990 3.30 3.17 3.07 2.98 2.91 2.84
0.999 4.82 4.58 4.39 4.24 4.11 4.00
60 0.900 1.82 1.77 1.74 1.71 1.68 1.66
0.950 2.17 2.10 2.04 1.99 1.95 1.92
0.975 2.51 2.41 2.33 2.27 2.22 2.17
0.990 2.95 2.82 2.72 2.63 2.56 2.50
0.999 4.09 3.86 3.69 3.54 3.42 3.32
120 0.900 1.77 1.72 1.68 1.65 1.63 1.60
0.950 2.09 2.02 1.96 1.91 1.87 1.83
0.975 2.39 2.30 2.22 2.16 2.10 2.05
0.990 2.79 2.66 2.56 2.47 2.40 2.34
0.999 3.77 3.55 3.38 3.24 3.12 3.02
10000 0.900 1.72 1.67 1.63 1.60 1.57 1.55
0.950 2.01 1.94 1.88 1.83 1.79 1.75
0.975 2.29 2.19 2.11 2.05 1.99 1.95
0.990 2.64 2.51 2.41 2.32 2.25 2.19
0.999 3.48 3.27 3.10 2.96 2.85 2.75
Appendix D.5: F Distribution Quantiles 723

Table D.5 F.nd f; dd f / Quantiles (continued)

nd f
dd f P 15 20 30 60 120 10000
15 0.900 1.97 1.92 1.87 1.82 1.79 1.76
0.950 2.40 2.33 2.25 2.16 2.11 2.07
0.975 2.86 2.76 2.64 2.52 2.46 2.40
0.990 3.52 3.37 3.21 3.05 2.96 2.87
0.999 5.54 5.25 4.95 4.64 4.47 4.31
20 0.900 1.84 1.79 1.74 1.68 1.64 1.61
0.950 2.20 2.12 2.04 1.95 1.90 1.84
0.975 2.57 2.46 2.35 2.22 2.16 2.09
0.990 3.09 2.94 2.78 2.61 2.52 2.42
0.999 4.56 4.29 4.00 3.70 3.54 3.38
30 0.900 1.72 1.67 1.61 1.54 1.50 1.46
0.950 2.01 1.93 1.84 1.74 1.68 1.62
0.975 2.31 2.20 2.07 1.94 1.87 1.79
0.990 2.70 2.55 2.39 2.21 2.11 2.01
0.999 3.75 3.49 3.22 2.92 2.76 2.59
60 0.900 1.60 1.54 1.48 1.40 1.35 1.29
0.950 1.84 1.75 1.65 1.53 1.47 1.39
0.975 2.06 1.94 1.82 1.67 1.58 1.48
0.990 2.35 2.20 2.03 1.84 1.73 1.60
0.999 3.08 2.83 2.55 2.25 2.08 1.89
120 0.900 1.55 1.48 1.41 1.32 1.26 1.19
0.950 1.75 1.66 1.55 1.43 1.35 1.26
0.975 1.94 1.82 1.69 1.53 1.43 1.31
0.990 2.19 2.03 1.86 1.66 1.53 1.38
0.999 2.78 2.53 2.26 1.95 1.77 1.55
10000 0.900 1.49 1.42 1.34 1.24 1.17 1.03
0.950 1.67 1.57 1.46 1.32 1.22 1.03
0.975 1.83 1.71 1.57 1.39 1.27 1.04
0.990 2.04 1.88 1.70 1.48 1.33 1.05
0.999 2.52 2.27 1.99 1.66 1.45 1.06
 724 Appendix D: Tables

D.6 Binomial Distribution Probabilities

If X Binomial.n; p/ ; then Table D.6 contains entries computing

n
P.X D k/ D p k .1 p/n k
k
for various values of n; k; and p:
Note that if X Binomial.n; p/ ; then P.X D k/ D P.Y D n k/; where
Y D n X Binomial.n; 1 p/:

Table D.6 Binomial Probabilities

p
n k .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
2 0 .9801 .9604 .9409 .9216 .9025 .8836 .8649 .8464 .8281
1 .0198 .0392 .0582 .0768 .0950 .1128 .1302 .1472 .1638
2 .0001 .0004 .0009 .0016 .0025 .0036 .0049 .0064 .0081

3 0 .9703 .9412 .9127 .8847 .8574 .8306 .8044 .7787 .7536

1 .0294 .0576 .0847 .1106 .1354 .1590 .1816 .2031 .2236
2 .0003 .0012 .0026 .0046 .0071 .0102 .0137 .0177 .0221
3 .0001 .0001 .0002 .0003 .0005 .0007

4 0 .9606 .9224 .8853 .8493 .8145 .7807 .7481 .7164 .6857

1 .0388 .0753 .1095 .1416 .1715 .1993 .2252 .2492 .2713
2 .0006 .0023 .0051 .0088 .0135 .0191 .0254 .0325 .0402
3 .0001 .0002 .0005 .0008 .0013 .0019 .0027
4 .0001

5 0 .9510 .9039 .8587 .8154 .7738 .7339 .6957 .6591 .6240

1 .0480 .0922 .1328 .1699 .2036 .2342 .2618 .2866 .3086
2 .0010 .0038 .0082 .0142 .0214 .0299 .0394 .0498 .0610
3 .0001 .0003 .0006 .0011 .0019 .0030 .0043 .0060
4 .0001 .0001 .0002 .0003
5

6 0 .9415 .8858 .8330 .7828 .7351 .6899 .6470 .6064 .5679

1 .0571 .1085 .1546 .1957 .2321 .2642 .2922 .3164 .3370
2 .0014 .0055 .0120 .0204 .0305 .0422 .0550 .0688 .0833
3 .0002 .0005 .0011 .0021 .0036 .0055 .0080 .0110
4 .0001 .0002 .0003 .0005 .0008
5
6

7 0 .9321 .8681 .8080 .7514 .6983 .6485 .6017 .5578 .5168

1 .0659 .1240 .1749 .2192 .2573 .2897 .3170 .3396 .3578
2 .0020 .0076 .0162 .0274 .0406 .0555 .0716 .0886 .1061
3 .0003 .0008 .0019 .0036 .0059 .0090 .0128 .0175
4 .0001 .0002 .0004 .0007 .0011 .0017
5 .0001 .0001
6
7

8 0 .9227 .8508 .7837 .7214 .6634 .6096 .5596 .5132 .4703

1 .0746 .1389 .1939 .2405 .2793 .3113 .3370 .3570 .3721
2 .0026 .0099 .0210 .0351 .0515 .0695 .0888 .1087 .1288
3 .0001 .0004 .0013 .0029 .0054 .0089 .0134 .0189 .0255
4 .0001 .0002 .0004 .0007 .0013 .0021 .0031
5 .0001 .0001 .0002
6
7
8
Appendix D.6: Binomial Distribution Probabilities 725

Table D.6 Binomial Probabilities (continued)

p
n k .10 .15 .20 .25 .30 .35 .40 .45 .50
2 0 .8100 .7225 .6400 .5625 .4900 .4225 .3600 .3025 .2500
1 .1800 .2550 .3200 .3750 .4200 .4550 .4800 .4950 .5000
2 .0100 .0225 .0400 .0625 .0900 .1225 .1600 .2025 .2500

3 0 .7290 .6141 .5120 .4219 .3430 .2746 .2160 .1664 .1250

1 .2430 .3251 .3840 .4219 .4410 .4436 .4320 .4084 .3750
2 .0270 .0574 .0960 .1406 .1890 .2389 .2880 .3341 .3750
3 .0010 .0034 .0080 .0156 .0270 .0429 .0640 .0911 .1250

4 0 .6561 .5220 .4096 .3164 .2401 .1785 .1296 .0915 .0625

1 .2916 .3685 .4096 .4219 .4116 .3845 .3456 .2995 .2500
2 .0486 .0975 .1536 .2109 .2646 .3105 .3456 .3675 .3750
3 .0036 .0115 .0256 .0469 .0756 .1115 .1536 .2005 .2500
4 .0001 .0005 .0016 .0039 .0081 .0150 .0256 .0410 .0625

5 0 .5905 .4437 .3277 .2373 .1681 .1160 .0778 .0503 .0313

1 .3280 .3915 .4096 .3955 .3602 .3124 .2592 .2059 .1563
2 .0729 .1382 .2048 .2637 .3087 .3364 .3456 .3369 .3125
3 .0081 .0244 .0512 .0879 .1323 .1811 .2304 .2757 .3125
4 .0004 .0022 .0064 .0146 .0284 .0488 .0768 .1128 .1562
5 .0001 .0003 .0010 .0024 .0053 .0102 .0185 .0312

6 0 .5314 .3771 .2621 .1780 .1176 .0754 .0467 .0277 .0156

1 .3543 .3993 .3932 .3560 .3025 .2437 .1866 .1359 .0938
2 .0984 .1762 .2458 .2966 .3241 .3280 .3110 .2780 .2344
3 .0146 .0415 .0819 .1318 .1852 .2355 .2765 .3032 .3125
4 .0012 .0055 .0154 .0330 .0595 .0951 .1382 .1861 .2344
5 .0001 .0004 .0015 .0044 .0102 .0205 .0369 .0609 .0937
6 .0001 .0002 .0007 .0018 .0041 .0083 .0156

7 0 .4783 .3206 .2097 .1335 .0824 .0490 .0280 .0152 .0078

1 .3720 .3960 .3670 .3115 .2471 .1848 .1306 .0872 .0547
2 .1240 .2097 .2753 .3115 .3177 .2985 .2613 .2140 .1641
3 .0230 .0617 .1147 .1730 .2269 .2679 .2903 .2918 .2734
4 .0026 .0109 .0287 .0577 .0972 .1442 .1935 .2388 .2734
5 .0002 .0012 .0043 .0115 .0250 .0466 .0774 .1172 .1641
6 .0001 .0004 .0013 .0036 .0084 .0172 .0320 .0547
7 .0001 .0002 .0006 .0016 .0037 .0078

8 0 .4305 .2725 .1678 .1001 .0576 .0319 .0168 .0084 .0039

1 .3826 .3847 .3355 .2670 .1977 .1373 .0896 .0548 .0313
2 .1488 .2376 .2936 .3115 .2965 .2587 .2090 .1569 .1094
3 .0331 .0839 .1468 .2076 .2541 .2786 .2787 .2568 .2188
4 .0046 .0185 .0459 .0865 .1361 .1875 .2322 .2627 .2734
5 .0004 .0026 .0092 .0231 .0467 .0808 .1239 .1719 .2188
6 .0002 .0011 .0038 .0100 .0217 .0413 .0703 .1094
7 .0001 .0004 .0012 .0033 .0079 .0164 .0312
8 .0001 .0002 .0007 .0017 .0039
726 Appendix D: Tables

Table D.6 Binomial Probabilities (continued)

p
n k .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
9 0 .9135 .8337 .7602 .6925 .6302 .5730 .5204 .4722 .4279
1 .0830 .1531 .2116 .2597 .2985 .3292 .3525 .3695 .3809
2 .0034 .0125 .0262 .0433 .0629 .0840 .1061 .1285 .1507
3 .0001 .0006 .0019 .0042 .0077 .0125 .0186 .0261 .0348
4 .0001 .0003 .0006 .0012 .0021 .0034 .0052
5 .0001 .0002 .0003 .0005
6
7
8
9

10 0 .9044 .8171 .7374 .6648 .5987 .5386 .4840 .4344 .3894

1 .0914 .1667 .2281 .2770 .3151 .3438 .3643 .3777 .3851
2 .0042 .0153 .0317 .0519 .0746 .0988 .1234 .1478 .1714
3 .0001 .0008 .0026 .0058 .0105 .0168 .0248 .0343 .0452
4 .0001 .0004 .0010 .0019 .0033 .0052 .0078
5 .0001 .0001 .0003 .0005 .0009
6 .0001
7
8
9
10

12 0 .8864 .7847 .6938 .6127 .5404 .4759 .4186 .3677 .3225

1 .1074 .1922 .2575 .3064 .3413 .3645 .3781 .3837 .3827
2 .0060 .0216 .0438 .0702 .0988 .1280 .1565 .1835 .2082
3 .0002 .0015 .0045 .0098 .0173 .0272 .0393 .0532 .0686
4 .0001 .0003 .0009 .0021 .0039 .0067 .0104 .0153
5 .0001 .0002 .0004 .0008 .0014 .0024
6 .0001 .0001 .0003
7
8
9
10
11
12

15 0 .8601 .7386 .6333 .5421 .4633 .3953 .3367 .2863 .2430

1 .1303 .2261 .2938 .3388 .3658 .3785 .3801 .3734 .3605
2 .0092 .0323 .0636 .0988 .1348 .1691 .2003 .2273 .2496
3 .0004 .0029 .0085 .0178 .0307 .0468 .0653 .0857 .1070
4 .0002 .0008 .0022 .0049 .0090 .0148 .0223 .0317
5 .0001 .0002 .0006 .0013 .0024 .0043 .0069
6 .0001 .0003 .0006 .0011
7 .0001 .0001
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Appendix D.6: Binomial Distribution Probabilities 727

Table D.6 Binomial Probabilities (continued)

p
n k .10 .15 .20 .25 .30 .35 .40 .45 .50
9 0 .3874 .2316 .1342 .0751 .0404 .0207 .0101 .0046 .0020
1 .3874 .3679 .3020 .2253 .1556 .1004 .0605 .0339 .0176
2 .1722 .2597 .3020 .3003 .2668 .2162 .1612 .1110 .0703
3 .0446 .1069 .1762 .2336 .2668 .2716 .2508 .2119 .1641
4 .0074 .0283 .0661 .1168 .1715 .2194 .2508 .2600 .2461
5 .0008 .0050 .0165 .0389 .0735 .1181 .1672 .2128 .2461
6 .0001 .0006 .0028 .0087 .0210 .0424 .0743 .1160 .1641
7 .0003 .0012 .0039 .0098 .0212 .0407 .0703
8 .0001 .0004 .0013 .0035 .0083 .0176
9 .0001 .0003 .0008 .0020

10 0 .3487 .1969 .1074 .0563 .0282 .0135 .0060 .0025 .0010

1 .3874 .3474 .2684 .1877 .1211 .0725 .0403 .0207 .0098
2 .1937 .2759 .3020 .2816 .2335 .1757 .1209 .0763 .0439
3 .0574 .1298 .2013 .2503 .2668 .2522 .2150 .1665 .1172
4 .0112 .0401 .0881 .1460 .2001 .2377 .2508 .2384 .2051
5 .0015 .0085 .0264 .0584 .1029 .1536 .2007 .2340 .2461
6 .0001 .0012 .0055 .0162 .0368 .0689 .1115 .1596 .2051
7 .0001 .0008 .0031 .0090 .0212 .0425 .0746 .1172
8 .0001 .0004 .0014 .0043 .0106 .0229 .0439
9 .0001 .0005 .0016 .0042 .0098
10 .0001 .0003 .0010

12 0 .2824 .1422 .0687 .0317 .0138 .0057 .0022 .0008 .0002

1 .3766 .3012 .2062 .1267 .0712 .0368 .0174 .0075 .0029
2 .2301 .2924 .2835 .2323 .1678 .1088 .0639 .0339 .0161
3 .0852 .1720 .2362 .2581 .2397 .1954 .1419 .0923 .0537
4 .0213 .0683 .1329 .1936 .2311 .2367 .2128 .1700 .1208
5 .0038 .0193 .0532 .1032 .1585 .2039 .2270 .2225 .1934
6 .0005 .0040 .0155 .0401 .0792 .1281 .1766 .2124 .2256
7 .0006 .0033 .0115 .0291 .0591 .1009 .1489 .1934
8 .0001 .0005 .0024 .0078 .0199 .0420 .0762 .1208
9 .0001 .0004 .0015 .0048 .0125 .0277 .0537
10 .0002 .0008 .0025 .0068 .0161
11 .0001 .0003 .0010 .0029
12 .0001 .0002

15 0 .2059 .0874 .0352 .0134 .0047 .0016 .0005 .0001

1 .3432 .2312 .1319 .0668 .0305 .0126 .0047 .0016 .0005
2 .2669 .2856 .2309 .1559 .0916 .0476 .0219 .0090 .0032
3 .1285 .2184 .2501 .2252 .1700 .1110 .0634 .0318 .0139
4 .0428 .1156 .1876 .2252 .2186 .1792 .1268 .0780 .0417
5 .0105 .0449 .1032 .1651 .2061 .2123 .1859 .1404 .0916
6 .0019 .0132 .0430 .0917 .1472 .1906 .2066 .1914 .1527
7 .0003 .0030 .0138 .0393 .0811 .1319 .1771 .2013 .1964
8 .0005 .0035 .0131 .0348 .0710 .1181 .1647 .1964
9 .0001 .0007 .0034 .0116 .0298 .0612 .1048 .1527
10 .0001 .0007 .0030 .0096 .0245 .0515 .0916
11 .0001 .0006 .0024 .0074 .0191 .0417
12 .0001 .0004 .0016 .0052 .0139
13 .0001 .0003 .0010 .0032
14 .0001 .0005
15
728 Appendix D: Tables

Table D.6 Binomial Probabilities (continued)

p
n k .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
20 0 .8179 .6676 .5438 .4420 .3585 .2901 .2342 .1887 .1516
1 .1652 .2725 .3364 .3683 .3774 .3703 .3526 .3282 .3000
2 .0159 .0528 .0988 .1458 .1887 .2246 .2521 .2711 .2818
3 .0010 .0065 .0183 .0364 .0596 .0860 .1139 .1414 .1672
4 .0006 .0024 .0065 .0133 .0233 .0364 .0523 .0703
5 .0002 .0009 .0022 .0048 .0088 .0145 .0222
6 .0001 .0003 .0008 .0017 .0032 .0055
7 .0001 .0002 .0005 .0011
8 .0001 .0002
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

Table D.6 Binomial Probabilities (continued)

p
n k .10 .15 .20 .25 .30 .35 .40 .45 .50
20 0 .1216 .0388 .0115 .0032 .0008 .0002
1 .2702 .1368 .0576 .0211 .0068 .0020 .0005 .0001
2 .2852 .2293 .1369 .0669 .0278 .0100 .0031 .0008 .0002
3 .1901 .2428 .2054 .1339 .0716 .0323 .0123 .0040 .0011
4 .0898 .1821 .2182 .1897 .1304 .0738 .0350 .0139 .0046
5 .0319 .1028 .1746 .2023 .1789 .1272 .0746 .0365 .0148
6 .0089 .0454 .1091 .1686 .1916 .1712 .1244 .0746 .0370
7 .0020 .0160 .0545 .1124 .1643 .1844 .1659 .1221 .0739
8 .0004 .0046 .0222 .0609 .1144 .1614 .1797 .1623 .1201
9 .0001 .0011 .0074 .0271 .0654 .1158 .1597 .1771 .1602
10 .0002 .0020 .0099 .0308 .0686 .1171 .1593 .1762
11 .0005 .0030 .0120 .0336 .0710 .1185 .1602
12 .0001 .0008 .0039 .0136 .0355 .0727 .1201
13 .0002 .0010 .0045 .0146 .0366 .0739
14 .0002 .0012 .0049 .0150 .0370
15 .0003 .0013 .0049 .0148
16 .0003 .0013 .0046
17 .0002 .0011
18 .0002
19
20