MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE

OF ENGLISH WORDS.
Presented by: Abzhatova Ayaulym,
Amangazhy Akerke, Esekenova Aruzhan,
Dauletkankyzy Dilnaz
 PLAN:
INTRODUCTION
THE MAIN PART
1. 1.The structure of English words. Morphemes. Free and bound
forms.
1.2The root morpheme and the stem.
1.3 The affixes. Derivational and functional affixes.
1. 4 Classification of affixes according to different points of
view and their etymology.
CONCLUSION
LIST OF LITERATURE
 THE STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH WORDS. MORPHEMES. FREE
AND BOUND FORMS.
The term morpheme is derived from Greek 'morphe'
meaning 'form'.
At the basic level, words are made of "morphemes." These
are the smallest units of meaning:

Roots Affixes (prefixes and suffixes)

For example, "schoolyard" is made of "school" + "yard", "makes" is

made of "make" + a grammatical suffix "-s", and "unhappiness" is
made of "happy" with a prefix "un-" and a suffix "-ness".
 THE STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH WORDS. MORPHEMES. FREE
AND BOUND FORMS.
Type of morphemes divided into two groups Free and Bound
Morpheme.
Free morphemes Bound morphemes
can stand alone as cannot occur on their own as separate
separate words. words.
Derivational Inflectional
f.e: dog, picture, play, Prefixes Suffixes Suffixes
child, book
de- , pre- in- -ion, -ly, - plural -s, -
, -an able, -er ing, -ed
 THE STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH WORDS. MORPHEMES. FREE
AND BOUND FORMS.

Generally, base words are free Whereas root words are bound
morphemes, that can stand by morphemes that cannot stand by
themselves themselves

(e.g. cycle as in bicycle/cyclist, and form (e.g. -ject as in subject/reject, and -volve
as in transform/formation). as in evolve/revolve).
 THE STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH WORDS. MORPHEMES. FREE
AND BOUND FORMS.
According to the role they play in constructing words morphemes are
subdivided into; root and affixes.
Root Affixes
A suffix is a derivational morpheme
For example, heart is the common root
following the stem and forming a new
of the following groups of words: heart,
derivative in a different part of speech
hearten, dishearten, heartily, heartless,
or a different word class. Compare
hearty, heartiness, sweetheart, heart-
suffixes -en, -ly, - less in the words
broken, kind-hearted, whole-heartedly.
hearten, heartly. heartless.
 ROOT MORPHEMES AND STEMS IN ENGLISH WORDS
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
Root
Stems
Morphemes

A root morpheme is the simplest For example, in the word

"running" the root
form of a word that carries the main
morpheme is "run." This
meaning. It is the core part that
is the part of the word that
cannot be divided into smaller tells us the basic action or
meaningful parts. concept.
 Roots can either stand alone as words or need to be
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
attached to other morphemes. There are two types:
)

)
1. Free Morphemes: These 2. Bound Morphemes: These
can stand alone. cannot stand alone and must
For instance, "book" and be attached to other
"happy" are free morphemes morphemes.
because they can function as For example, "bio-" in
complete words on their own. "biology" or "-ject" in
"reject" cannot stand alone.
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ROOT MORPHEMES AND STEMS IN ENGLISH WORDS

Root Stems
Morphemes

A stem is a part of a word to

For example, consider the word "unhappiness":
which you can add prefixes (at
- The root is "happy."
the beginning) or suffixes (at - The stem is "unhappy" (root "happy" plus the
prefix "un-").
the end). The stem can
- Adding the suffix "-ness" to the stem "unhappy"
sometimes be the same as the creates the full word "unhappiness."
root, but it often includes the
This shows that the stem is the base form of a word
root and additional that we build on by adding affixes.
morphemes.
 Understanding how roots and stems work together helps in
understanding word formation processes in English:

1. «Derivation». This process creates new words by adding

prefixes and suffixes to roots or stems. For instance, adding the
prefix "un-" to the root "do" creates "undo," and adding the
suffix "-able" to "undo" gives us "undoable."
2. «Inflection». This changes a word to 3. «Compounding». This combines
express different grammatical categories two roots or stems to form a new
like tense or number without creating a
word. For example, "notebook"
new word. For example, "talk" (root and
combines the roots "note" and
stem) becomes "talked" with the
"book."
addition of the suffix "-ed" for the past
tense.
 Interesting Facts
The English language is very flexible and
constantly evolving. New technologies and
cultural changes often lead to new words
being created. For instance, the word
Many English root morphemes "Google" started as a brand name and is
come from Latin and Greek. now commonly used as both a noun and a
verb (to google something).
These historical roots form the
basis of many words, especially
in science and technology. For Understanding roots and stems is very
example, the root "bio-" from the helpful for learning new words. For
Greek word "bios" means life, example, if you know that "tele-" means
distance (as in "telephone" – a device to
and appears in words like hear sound from far away, and
"biology" (the study of life) and "television" – a device to see pictures
from far away), you can guess the
"biography" (the written story of meaning of new words with this root.
a person's life). "Predict": The prefix "pre-" means
before, and the root "dict" comes from a
Latin word meaning to say. So, "predict"
means to say something before it
happens.
 Derivational and functional affixes
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
Lexicology focuses on derivational affixes, while grammarians study another group.
Derivational affixes straddle the line between lexicology and grammar.
Understanding them requires comparing derivational and functional morphemes,
which serve different purposes in language.

Derivational Affixes: These affixes add components of lexical and lexico-

grammatical meaning to a stem, creating new words with different meanings.
happy - happiness, stone - stony
Functional Affixes: These affixes convey grammatical meaning and build different
forms of the same word.
play - plays or played
 Differences Between Derivational and Functional Affixes:
Positional
Meaning: Function: Properties:
Functional Affixes: Convey Functional Affixes: Functional affixes follow root
grammatical meanings and Change the grammatical word and come last.
mark word boundaries. form without changing "fools," the base word "fool" is
"-s" in "cats" (indicates plurality) the word's lexical followed by the functional affix "-
"-ed" in "walked" (marks past category. s" which indicates plural form.
tense)

Derivational Affixes: Add Derivational Affixes: Derivational Affixes: Precede

lexical or lexico-grammatical Change the word's functional affixes, allowing
meanings, forming new words. lexical category further derivation.
"-er" in "teacher" (forms a new "foolishness," the base "fool" is
noun indicating someone who first followed by the derivational
teaches) affix "-ish" to form "foolish," and
"-ful" in "beautiful" (adds a lexical then followed by another
meaning of full of beauty, derivational affix "-ness" to form
changing an adjective into another "foolishness."
adjective)
 AFFIXES

Affixes are morphemes that are added to a base or root word to

change its meaning or create a new word. They are classified
according to various points of view, including their position in the
word, function, and etymology. Here is an overview of these
classifications:
 CLASSIFICATION BY POSITION
1. Prefixes: Affixes added to the beginning of a word.
Example: un- in unhappy.

2. Suffixes: Affixes added to the end of a word

Example: -ness in happiness.
3. Infixes: Affixes inserted into the middle of a word. These are rare in English but common in
some other languages.
Example: The Tagalog infix -um- in sulat (write) becoming sumulat (writing).

4. Circumfixes: Affixes that surround a word, with parts added to both the beginning and
the end. These are not typical in English.
Example: In German, ge- and -t in geliebt (loved).

5. Interfixes: Affixes that link two morphemes together, often used in compound words.
Example: The -o- in speedometer.
 CLASSIFICATION BY FUNCTION

1. Derivational Affixes: Used to create a new word with a new

meaning, often changing the word class.
Example: -ly in quickly (changes adjective quick to adverb).

2. Inflectional Affixes: Used to indicate grammatical aspects of the

word, such as tense, number, possession, or comparison.
Example: -s in dogs (plural noun).
 CLASSIFICATION BY ETYMOLOGY

1. Native Affixes: Affixes 2. Borrowed Affixes: Affixes

that are original to the that are borrowed from other
language. languages.
Example: -dom in Example: -tion in action
kingdom (Old English). (from Latin -tio).
 ETYMOLOGICAL ORIGINS

1. Greek: Many scientific and technical terms in English come from Greek.
Example: bio- (life), -logy (study of).
2. Latin: A significant number of English words, especially those related to law,
religion, and science, are derived from Latin.
Example: trans- (across), -ment (result of).
3. Old English (Anglo-Saxon): Some of the most basic affixes come from Old
English.
Example: -ful in joyful, -less in hopeless.
4. French: After the Norman Conquest, many French affixes entered English.
Example: -age in marriage, -ment in government.
Affixes play a crucial role in the morphology of languages,
allowing for the creation and modification of words. By
understanding their classification and origins, we can gain
deeper insights into the structure and evolution of
language.
 LIST OF LITERATURE
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Теоретическая фонетика английского языка: Учебное пособие для
самостоятельной работы студентов
3 курса. –Ростов н/Д: Изд-во ЮФУ, 2015. – 140 с.
Glossary of Linguistic Terms in Theoretical Phonetics of English
for Third Year Students of Speciality “Modern Foreign Languages
(Translation)”: учеб.- метод. пособие / В.Н. Василина.  Минск :
БГУ, 2011.35 с.
Crystal, D. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language
/ D. Crystal. - Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. –
489 p.
Ashby, P. Speech Sounds / P. Ahby. – 2nd ed. – Routledge, 2005.
– 121 p.