List of Derivations and Descriptive Questions

Chapter-1 (ii) the potential difference between the plates

Q-1.State and explain Coulomb‟s law in vector form. (iii) the capacitance of the capacitor so formed.
Hence define unit charge. Q-9.Three condensers C1, C2, C3 are connected in series.
Q-2.Explain what is meant by superposition principle. Derive an expression for the equivalent capacitance.
Q-10.Three condensers of capacity C1, C2, C3 are joined in
Derive the expression of coulombs law in vector form
parallel. Calculate the equivalent capacitance.
for multiple charges. Q-11.Derive an expression for the energy stored in a
Q-3.Derive an expression for electric field intensity at a parallel plate capacitor C charged to a potential diff.
point due to V. What is the form of this energy and where from it
(i)A point charge comes? Also derive the energy stored per unit
(ii)A group of charges volume.
(iii)Continuous charge distribution Q-12.When two charged conductors having different
capacities and different potentials are joined
Q-4. Derive an expression for dipole field intensity at any
together, show that there is always loss of energy.
point on Q-13.Deduce the expression of capacitance for a parallel
(i)axial line of dipole capacitor when a dielectric slab is fully inserted
(ii)equatorial line of dipole inside the capacitor.
Q-5.Derive an expression for torque acting on an electric Q-14.Deduce the effect of introducing (i) a conducting
dipole in a uniform two dimensional electric field. slab (ii) a dielectric slab inbetween(partially)the
Q-6. State Gauss‟s theorem in electrostatics. How will you plates of a parallel plate condenser on the
capacitance of the condenser.
prove it for spherically symmetric surfaces.
Q-15.A dielectric slab is inserted between the plates. What
Q-7. Deduce Coulomb‟s law from Gauss‟s theorem. will be the effect on its (i) capacity (ii) charge, (iii)
Q-8. Using Gauss‟s theorem, derive an expression for potential difference (iv) electric field, (v) energy
electric field intensity at a point due to stored When
(i)a line of charge a)battery is connected
(ii)a uniformly charged spherical shell. b)battery is disconnected Justify your answer.
Q-16.n small drops of same size are charged to V volt
(iii)an infinite plane sheet of charge
each. They coalesce to form a bigger drop. Calculate
(iv)two parallel sheets of charge with charge the capacity energy electric field and potential of the
densities,  and –. bigger drop.
Chapter-2 Chapter-3
Q-1.Derive an expression for potential at a point Q-1.What is drift velocity of electrons and relaxation
(i) due to a single charge time of free electrons in a metallic conductor
(ii) due to a group of charges carrying a current? Establish a relation between
(iii) due to an electric dipole. them.
Q-2.Explain the concept of electric potential energy. Q-2.Describe the phenomenon of current flow in a
Derive an expression for potential energy of a system conductor and derive the relation between current
of two point charges. Generalize the expression for N and drift velocity.
discrete charges. Q-3.State Ohm‟s law and deduce its scalar and vector
Q-3.Derive the expression for potential energy of a form from the knowledge of drift velocity of free
electric dipole in a uniform external electric field. electrons in a conductor carrying current.
Q-4.Electric field inside a conductor is zero. Explain. Q-4.Discuss the effect of temperature on the resistance of
Q-5.Derive the expression of electric field on the surface (i) metals (ii) semiconductors and (iii) insulators.
of a charged conductor. Q-5.Calculate the equivalent resistances in series and
Q-6.Show that the charge always reside on the surface of parallel connection.
charged conductor. Q-6.Establish a relation between E.M.F. and potential
Q-7.Prove that the value of potential inside a conductor is difference of a coil.
always a constant and its value is equal to that on its Q-7.Calculate the equivalent emf for cells connected in
surface. series and parallel.
Q-8.Give the unit and dimensions of capacitance. State the Q-8. State Kirchhoff‟s laws of electric circuits and
various factors on which the capacitance of a deduce Wheatstone bridge principle from these laws.
conductor depend. Derive the expression for the Q-9.With a circuit diagram, briefly explain how a metre
capacitance of a spherical capacitor. bridge can be used to find the unknown resistance of a
Q-9.Explain the underlying principle of working of a given wire. State the formula used.
parallel plate capacitor.If two similar plates, each of Q-10. What is a potentiometer? Explain its principle of
area A having surface charge densities + and – are working. How can you 1)compare the emf of two
separated by a distance d in air, write expressions for cells 2)Internal resistance of the cell 3)Potential drop
(i) the electric field at points between the two across any two ends of wire using potentiometer?
plates Write two precautions to be taken during this

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 experiment .Mention the various ways by which weQ-12.Derive an expression for the force between two long
can increase the sensitivity of a Potentiometer. parallel current conductors. Also prove that it satisfies
Chapter-4 the Newton‟s third law. Use this expression to define
Q-1.Derive an expression for magnetic field strength B at SI unit of current.
a point P due to current flowing through a straight Q-13.Derive an expression for the torque acting on a
conductor using Biot Savart‟s law. current carrying loop suspended in a uniform
Q-2.Explain Biot Savart‟s law. Obtain an expression for magnetic field.With the help of a neat and labeled
the magnetic field induction at a point situated at a diagram, explain the underlying principle and
distance of x metre from the centre of a circular coil working of a moving coil galvanometer. What is the
of n turns and r radius carrying a current of I amperes. function of (i) uniform radial field (ii) soft iron core
Q-3.Find the magnetic field (in magnitude and direction) in such a device. Why is phosphor bronze alloy
at the centre of the circular coil carrying current. preferred for the suspension wire of a moving coil
Show the sketch of the magnetic field produced. galvanometer?
Q-4.State and explain Ampere‟s circuital law and by Q-14.Define current sensitivity and voltage sensitivity of a
applying it find the magnetic field at a point well moving coil galvanometer. How can a galvanometer
inside the 1) solenoid 2)Toroid carrying current. be made more sensitive?
Sketch the magnetic field lines for both. Q-15.What is an ammeter? How can a galvanometer be
Q-5.A long straight wire of a circular cross-section of converted into an ammeter? What is a voltmeter?
radius „a‟ carries a steady current I. The current is How can a galvanometer be converted into a
uniformly distributed across the cross-section. Apply voltmeter? Explain.
Ampere‟s circuital law to calculate the magnetic field Chapter-5
at a point „r‟ in the region for r < a and (ii) r > a Q-1.Compare the magnetic fields of a bar magnet and a
Q-6.Find the magnetic field induction (in magnitude and solenoid And also give the expression of magnetic
direction) at a point due to current flowing in a long field for the axial and equatorial axis of a bar magnet.
straight conductor. Show the sketch of magnetic field Q-2.Show that a bar magnet performs SHM in a uniform
produced. magnetic field. Derive the expression for the time
period of its oscillation.
Q-7.Draw a schematic sketch of a cyclotron. Explain
Q-3.Derive the expression of magnetic potential energy.
briefly how it is used to accelerate the charged Calculate its value at 1)unstable position 2)stable
particle. position 3)neutral position.
a. Show that time period of ions in a cyclotron is Q-4.What is Gauss‟s law in magnetism? What does it
independent of both the speed and radius of the signify?
circular path. Q-5.What are Earth‟s magnetic elements at a place?
b. What is resonance condition? How it is used to Define them.
Q-6.Deduce an expression for the magnetic dipole
accelerate the charged particles?
moment of an electron orbiting around the central
c. What are its applications and limitation. nucleus.
Q-8.What do you understand by Lorentz force? Explain. Q-7.Define magnetizing field, magnetic induction,
Discuss the condition under which the magnetic force permeability, intensity of magnetisation and
is zero. Rule for determining the direction of the susceptibility. Establish relation between permeability
force. and susceptibility.
Q-9.Derive an expression for the force acting on a current Q-8.State and explain Curie law in magnetism.
Q-9.What are dia, para and ferro magnetic materials?
carrying conductor placed in a uniform magnetic
Discuss their important properties.
field? What is the direction of this force? Q-10.What is meant by hysteresis? Discuss briefly the
Q-10.Describe qualitatively the path of a charged particle dissipation of energy due to hysteresis.Define
moving in a uniform magnetic field, with initial corecivity and retentivity.Explain the characteristics
velocity (i) parallel to the field (ii) perpendicular to of permanent and temporary magnets on the basis of
the field (iii) at an arbitrary angle with the field it.
direction. Chapter-6
r Q-1.Figure shows a rectangular conducting loop PQSR in
Q-11.A charged particle moving with a uniform velocity v which arm RS of length l is movable. The loop is kept
enters a region where uniform electric and magnetic in a uniform magnetic field B directed downwards
ur ur
fields E and B are present. It passes through the perpendicular to the plane of the loop. The arm RS is
region without any change in its velocity. What can moved with a uniform speed v. Deduce an expression
ur r for
we conclude about the (i) relative directions of E, v
ur ur ur
and B ? (ii) magnitude of E and B ?

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 the current flowing through it leads the applied
voltage by a phase angle of /2. Show the phase
difference graphically and by phasor method.
Q-4.Explain the term „Impedance‟. Show graphically the
variation of Impedance with frequency of the applied
alternating voltage. An ac voltage E = E0 sin t is
applied across serried LCR. With the help of a
i.the emf induced across the arm RS. suitable phasor diagram, obtain a relation for
ii.the external force required to move the arm, and impedance in an a.c. series LCR circuit. Also solve it
iii.the power dissipated as heat. by analytical method. Show mathematically that the
iv.Also prove that it satisfies the law of conservation of current flows with a phase difference by tan−1
energy. (XC-XL)/R. Show the phase difference graphically
Q-2.Calculate the rate at which the flux linked with the and by phasor method.
generated area changes with time when a rod of Q-5.Calculate the average power consumed per cycle in an
length l is (a) translated (b) rotated in a uniform field a.c. circuit containing
of induction B as shown in figure. Also derive the i.an ideal resistor
expression of emf by Lorentz method. ii.an ideal capacitor
iii.an ideal inductor
iv.LCR circuit in series
v.In resonance condition
Q-6.State the condition for resonance to occur in a series
LCR a.c. circuit and derive an expression for the
resonant frequency. Draw a plot showing the variation
of the peak current (i0) with frequency of the a.c.
Q-3.Explain the phenomenon of self induction. Define source used. Define the quality factor, Q of the circuit
coefficient of self inductance. What are its units? Also derive an expression for it,. Calculate (i)
Calculate self inductance of a long solenoid. impedance (ii) wattless current of the given a.c.
Q-4.Obtain the expression of the energy stored in the circuit Under resonance condition
inductor (a) Obtain the expression for the magnetic Q-7.Draw a labeled circuit arrangement showing the
energy stored in a solenoid in terms of magnetic field windings of primary and secondary coils in a
B, area A and length l of the solenoid. (b) How does transformer. Explain the underlying principle and
this magnetic energy compare with the electrostatic working of a step up transformer. Write any four
energy stored in a capacitor? major sources of energy loss in this device.
Q-5.Explain the phenomenon of mutual induction. Define Chapter-8
coefficient of mutual induction. What are its units? Q-1.What is displacement current? Why did Maxwell
Calculate coefficient of mutual inductance between introduce the concept of displacement current?Show
two long solenoids that Maxwell‟s modification of Ampere‟s circuital
Q-6.Two concentric circular coils, one of small radius r1 law is consistent also Show that conduction current
and the other of large radius r2, such that r1 << r2, and displacement currents individually are
are placed co-axially with centres coinciding. Obtain discontinuous, but their sum is continuous.
the mutual inductance of the arrangement.. Q-2.State various properties of electromagnetic radiation.
Q-7.Give the principle, construction, theory and working Q-3.Name the various known electromagnetic radiations.
of an a.c. generator. State the range of their frequencies, wavelength and
Chapter-7 State the uses of electromagnetic radiations.
Q-1.An ac voltage E = E0 sin t is applied across a pure Chapter-9
resistor of resistance R. Show mathematically that the Q-1.Define principal focal length and radius of curvature
current flowing through it is in phase with applied of a mirror. Establish relation between them for (i)
voltage . Show the phase difference graphically a nd concave mirror and (ii) convex mirror.
by phasor. Q-2.State and derive mirror formula for a concave mirror
Q-2.Explain the term „inductive reactance‟. Show with the help of suitable ray diagram. State the sign
graphically the variation of inductive reactance with conventions used.
frequency of the applied alternating voltages. An ac Q-3.What is meant by linear magnification of spherical
voltage E = E0 sin t is applied across a pure inductor mirrors? Deduce the formula for the same.
of inductance L. Show mathematically that the current Q-4.What is meant by refraction of light? State the laws of
flowing through it lags behind the applied voltage by refraction.Also show that light bends towards the
a phase angle of /2.Show the phase difference normal as it travels from rarer to denser medium and
graphically and by phasor. away from the normal for denser to rarer.
Q-3.Explain the term „capacitive reactance‟. Show Q-5.Derieve the relation between real depth and apparent
graphically the variation of capacitative reactance depth.
with frequency of the applied alternating voltage. An Q-6.Explain the phenomenon of total internal reflection.
ac voltage E = E0 sin t is applied across a pure What are the conditions for the phenomenon? Explain
capacitor of capacitance C. Show mathematically that

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 the meaning of critical angle.Show by drawing ray Derive an expression for fringe width in the
diagrams how a totally reflecting glass prism can be interference pattern.
used to deviate a ray of light through (i) 90 (ii) 180 Q-7.State the essential conduction for diffraction of light
and invert it. to take place. Use Huygens principle to explain
 1 2 2  1 diffraction of light due to a narrow single slit and the
Q-7.Prove that   when refraction occurs
u v R formation of a pattern of fringes obtained on the
from rarer to denser medium at a convex spherical screen. Sketch the pattern of fringes formed due to
refracting surface. diffraction at a single slit showing variation of
Q-8.Discuss refraction from denser to rarer medium at a intensity with angle .
convex spherical refracting surface. Q-8.Define resolving power of a compound microscope.
Q-9.Derive lens maker‟s formula for a thin convex lens. How does the resolving power of a compound
Q-10.Derive lens formula for a convex lens and microscope change when
magnification of the object. (i) refractive index of the medium between the
Q-11.Obtain an expression for focal length ,magnification object and objective lens increases?
and power of a combination of thin lenses in contact. (ii) Wavelength of the radiation used is
Q-12.Draw a graph to show variation of angle of deviation increased?
with angle of incidence in case of a prism. Hence Q-9.Define resolving power of a astronomical telescope
derive prism formula. . Prove that  = (µ –1) A where .Diameter of the objective (or aperture) of an
the symbols have their usual meaning. astronomical telescope is doubled. How does it affect
Q-13.Describe a simple microscope or a magnifying glass. resolving power of the telescope and intensity of the
Derive an expression for its magnifying power for a) image?
image formed at infinity b)image formed at least Q-10.State and explain law of Malus.
distance of distinct vision. Q-11.Describe an experiment to demonstrate transverse
Q-14.Draw a labeled diagram of a compound microscope. nature of light.
Derive an expression for its magnifying power for a) Q-12.Explain polarization (i) by scattering (ii) by
image formed at infinity b)image formed at least reflection.
distance of distinct vision. Explain why both the Q-13.What is an unpolarized light? Explain with the help
objective and the eye piece of a compound of suitable ray diagram how an unpolarized light
microscope must have short wavelengths. can be polarized by reflection from a transparent
Q-15.Describe an astronomical telescope. Derive medium. Write expression for Brewster‟s angle.
expression for its magnifying power when final image
Chapter-11
is
(i) at infinity Q-1.What is photoelectric effect ? Explain experimentally
(ii) at least distance of distinct vision. the variation of photoelectric current with (i) the
Why should objective of a telescope have larger focal intensity of the incident light (ii) the potential
length. difference between the plates and (iii) the frequency
Chapter-10 of the incident light and hence state the laws of
Q-1.What is meant by wavefront? Explain three types of photoelectric emission. Also plot the respective
wave front. graphs.
Q-2.State Huygens principle and prove the laws of Q-2.Derive the Einstein‟s photo-electric relation. Using
reflection on the basis of wave theory. the equation explain the laws of photoelectric effect.
Q-3.Prove Snell‟s laws of refraction on the basis of Q-3.What are matter waves ? Show that de-Broglie
Huygens principle. Also prove that the frequency of a wavelength associated with an electron of energy V-
wave remains same 12.27 0
As it passes from one medium to the other. electron volt is approximately A.
V
Q-4.State the principle of superposition.On the basis of it
Q-4.How can de Broglie wave hypothesis be verified
explain the phenomena of interference of light .Also
experimentally (Davisson and Germer
derieve the condition for constructive and destructive
experiment)?Explain in detail.
interference.
Chapter-12
Q-5.Prove that the law of conservation of energy is obeyed
Q-1.Discuss Geiger-Marsden experiment on scattering of
during interference of light.
alpha particles(Observations and conclusion). How is
Q-6.Describe briefly Young‟s double slit experiment to
the size of the nucleus estimated in this experiment?
demonstrate interference of light. What do you
understand by fringe width and angular fringe width?

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Q-2.State the basic postulate of Bohr‟s theory of atomic graph showing the variation between potential
spectra. Hence obtain an expression for radius of orbit and distance.
,velocity of electron ,frequency of revolution and the Q-5.Draw a circuit diagram of a full-wave rectifier and
energy of orbital electron in hydrogen atom. What are half wave rectifier. Explain its working principle.
the limitations of Bohr‟s theory of hydrogen atom? Draw the input/output wave forms indicating
Q-3.Explain the origin of different spectral lines of clearly the functions of the diodes used.Also
hydrogen spectrum on the basis of Bohr‟s theory.Also explain the purpose of filter circuit.
explain the energy band diagram. Q-6.How is zener diode fabricated so as to make it a
Q-4.Show that Bohr‟s second postulate “The electron special purpose diode ? Draw I-V characteristics
revolves around the nucleus only in certain fixed of zener diode and explain the significance of
orbits without radiating energy” can be explained on breakdown voltage. Explain briefly, with the help
the basis of de-Broglie hypothesis of wave nature of of a circuit diagram
electron. Q-7.Name the device which is used as a voltage regulator.
Chapter-13 Draw the necessary circuit diagram and explain
Q-1.Explain the concept of mass defect and nuclear its working.
binding energy. Draw a curve between mass number Q-8.Explain with the help of a circuit diagram the working
and average binding energy per nucleon. Explain the of a photodiode. Write briefly how it is used to
energy release in the processes of nuclear fission and detect the optical signals.Also explain why it is
nuclear fusion from this plot. always used in reverse bias condition.
Q-2.Explain the concept of nuclear forces. Discuss their Q-9.Mention the important considerations required while
characteristic properties. Which properties distinguish fabricating a p-n junction diode to be used as
them from electrostatic forces ? Draw a graph Light Emitting Diode (LED). Explain its
showing the variation of potential energy between a working.What should be the order of the band gap
pair of nucleons as a function of their separation. of an LED if it is required to emit light in the
Indicate the regions in which the nuclear force is (i) visible region.
attractive (ii) repulsive. Q-10.Explain the construction and working of a solar cell.
Q-3.State the law of radioactive decay. If N0 is the number Also explain he I-V characteristics.
of radioactive nuclei in the sample at some initial timeQ-11.Draw the symbolic representation of (i) p-n-p, (ii) n-
t=0s, find out the relation to determine the number N p-n transistor. Why is the base region of transistor
present at a subsequent time. thin and lightly doped ? With proper circuit
Q-4.What is meant by average life of a radioactive diagram, show the biasing of a p-n-p transistor in
element ? Derive an expression for it. common base configuration. Explain the
Q-5.Discuss briefly the phenomenon of  -decay,  - movement of charge carriers through different
decay and  -decay. parts of the transistor in such a configuration and
Q-6.What is meant by nuclear fission and nuclear chain show that Ie = Ic + Ib.
reaction ? Outline the conditions necessary for nuclearQ-12.Draw the circuit diagram of the set up used to study
chain reaction. the characteristics of a n-p-n transistor in its
Q-7.Draw a labeled diagram of nuclear reactor, and common emitter configuration. Sketch the typical
discuss the function of each of its main components. (i) Input characteristics and (ii) Output
Q-8.Explain the phenomenon of nuclear fusion, giving characteristics for this transistor
some examples. configuration.Also explain the important
Chapter-14 conclusion from that.
Q-1.Differentiate between intrinsic and extrinsicQ-13.Draw the transfer characteristics curve of a base
semiconductors.Also give their energy band diagrams biased transistor in CE configuration. Explain
Q-2.Differentiate between n-type and p-type clearly how the Cutoff region and saturation
semiconductors.Also give their energy band diagrams region of the V0 versus Vi curve in a transistor is
Q-3.What is p-n junction ? How is a p-n junction made ? used as an amplifier.
How potential barrier is caused in it.Explain the Q-14.Discuss common emitter amplifier, using n-p-n
formation of depletion layer and potential barrier in a transistor. Find its current gain, voltage gain and
p-n junction.Also explain the diffusion current and power gain.
drift current. Q-15.What do you understand by logic gate ? Why is it so
Q-4.Explain (i) forward biasing (ii) reverse biasing of a P- called ? Discuss the various types of gates.Why
N junction diode with the help of a circuit NAND and NOR gates are known ass universal
diagram.Also explain the I-V characteristics and logic gates explain in detail.

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 Chapter-15
Q-1.What does a modern communication system involve ?
Draw a block diagram of a basic communications
system.
Q-2.Write three important factors which justify the need
of modulating a message signal. Show
diagrammatically how an amplitude modulated wave
is obtained when modulating signal is superimposed
on a carrier wave.
Q-3.Define the term modulation. Discuss briefly how
amplitude modulate wave is produced. Give a block
diagram of transmitter. Why is amplitude of
modulating signal kept less than the amplitude of
carrier wave ?
Q-4.What is meant by demodulation ? Discuss briefly the
detection of an amplitude modulated wave.
Q-5.What do you mean by frequency modulation.give the
advantages and disadvantages of FM over AM.
Q-6.What do you understand by Radiowaves ? Mention
the various frequency band, their wavelength range
and main use of each, used in the field of
communication.
Q-7.What does the term „LOS communication‟ mean ?
Name the type of waves that are used for this
communication. Give typical examples, with the help
of suitable figure, of communication systems that use
space wave propagation.
Q-8.Which mode of propagation is used by short wave
broadcast services having frequency range from a few
MHz upto 30 MHz ? Explain diagrammatically how
long distance communication can be achieved by this
mode. Why is there an upper limit to frequency of
waves used in this mode ?
Q-9.What do you understand by Ground wave propagation
? Explain the propagation of ground waves and the
causes of their energy loss. Why ground waves are
not suitable for very long range communication. On
what factors does the maximum range of ground wave
propagation depend ? How can the maximum range of
ground wave propagation be increased ?
Q-10.What is remote sensing ? Explain briefly how it is
carried out. Mention some of its applications.
Q-11.Give some basic ideas about Internet. Why central
governance is not necessary for Internet ?
Q-12.What is mobile telephony ? Discus briefly its usage.
Mention some points of concern in the usage of cell
phones.
Q-13.Explain the basic features of global positioning
system. Give some of its important applications.

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