FUNCTIONS

Dr. Gabriel Obed Fosu

Department of Mathematics
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology
Google Scholar: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=ZJfCMyQAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=ao
ResearchGate ID: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Gabriel_Fosu2

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 1 / 66

Lecture Outline
1 Definitions
2 Types of Functions
Constant, Step, and Piecewise functions
Power functions
Polynomial Functions
Rational Functions
Algebraic Functions
Transcendental Functions
3 Properties of Functions
Odd and Even Functions
Periodic Functions
Monotonic Functions
Bounded Functions
Maxima and Minima of Functions
Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 2 / 66
 Definitions

Outline of Presentation
1 Definitions
2 Types of Functions
Constant, Step, and Piecewise functions
Power functions
Polynomial Functions
Rational Functions
Algebraic Functions
Transcendental Functions
3 Properties of Functions
Odd and Even Functions
Periodic Functions
Monotonic Functions
Bounded Functions
Maxima and Minima of Functions
Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 3 / 66
 Definitions

Definition

1 Functions are mostly used to describe dependence between quantities.

2 In general, a function is a map between two sets that assigns to each element in the
first set a unique element in the second set.

X Y

x input output y
f

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 4 / 66

 Definitions

Definition

1 Functions are mostly used to describe dependence between quantities.

2 In general, a function is a map between two sets that assigns to each element in the
first set a unique element in the second set.

S R

s input output h
f

It could map a student to its height.

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 4 / 66

 Definitions

Definition

1 Functions are mostly used to describe dependence between quantities.

2 In general, a function is a map between two sets that assigns to each element in the
first set a unique element in the second set.

P N

p input output f (p)

f

It could map a product to its price.

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 4 / 66

 Definitions

Definition

1 Functions are mostly used to describe dependence between quantities.

2 In general, a function is a map between two sets that assigns to each element in the
first set a unique element in the second set.

P Name

c input output n = f (c)

f

It could map a country to its president.

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 4 / 66

 Definitions

Definition

Definition
1 A real-valued function f assigns a unique real number y to each input x.
2 If the function f is defined from a set X to Y , then we write
f : X → Y
x 7→ y = f (x)

The dependence could be described either by words, graphs, an equation or a tabulation.

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 5 / 66

 Definitions

Definition

Definition
1 A real-valued function f assigns a unique real number y to each input x.
2 If the function f is defined from a set X to Y , then we write
f : X → Y
x 7→ y = f (x)

The dependence could be described either by words, graphs, an equation or a tabulation.

Remark
1 Uniqueness here means an input cannot yield more than one output i.e. x 7→ y 1 , y 2 is
not allowed.
2 However, two different inputs x 1 and x 2 can be assigned to the same output y.

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 Definitions

Definition: If x → f → y
Definition (Domain)
The domain D f of a function f , is the set of all possible inputs where f is defined.

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 Definitions

Definition: If x → f → y
Definition (Domain)
The domain D f of a function f , is the set of all possible inputs where f is defined.

Definition (Codomain)
Y , the set of all possible outputs, is called the codomain of f .

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 6 / 66

 Definitions

Definition: If x → f → y
Definition (Domain)
The domain D f of a function f , is the set of all possible inputs where f is defined.

Definition (Codomain)
Y , the set of all possible outputs, is called the codomain of f .

Definition (Range)
© ª
The set of all assigned outputs, f (X ) = f (x) | x ∈ X , is called the range/image of f .

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 6 / 66

 Definitions

Definition: If x → f → y
Definition (Domain)
The domain D f of a function f , is the set of all possible inputs where f is defined.

Definition (Codomain)
Y , the set of all possible outputs, is called the codomain of f .

Definition (Range)
© ª
The set of all assigned outputs, f (X ) = f (x) | x ∈ X , is called the range/image of f .

Definition (Graph)
The graph of the function y = f (x) is a pictorial representation of the function. It is the
collection of the points (x, f (x)). It represents a curve in the Cartesian plane.
Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 6 / 66
 Types of Functions

Outline of Presentation
1 Definitions
2 Types of Functions
Constant, Step, and Piecewise functions
Power functions
Polynomial Functions
Rational Functions
Algebraic Functions
Transcendental Functions
3 Properties of Functions
Odd and Even Functions
Periodic Functions
Monotonic Functions
Bounded Functions
Maxima and Minima of Functions
Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 7 / 66
 Types of Functions Constant, Step, and Piecewise functions

Constant functions

f: R → R
x 7 → c

1 Any real number x is assigned to the unique real number c : f is a function, but
specifically, f is a constant function.

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 Types of Functions Constant, Step, and Piecewise functions

Constant functions

f: R → R
x 7 → c

1 Any real number x is assigned to the unique real number c : f is a function, but
specifically, f is a constant function.

2 This function is defined for all real numbers: Its domain is D f = R.

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 Types of Functions Constant, Step, and Piecewise functions

Constant functions

f: R → R
x 7 → c

1 Any real number x is assigned to the unique real number c : f is a function, but
specifically, f is a constant function.

2 This function is defined for all real numbers: Its domain is D f = R.

3 Its range is {c} .

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 Types of Functions Constant, Step, and Piecewise functions

Constant functions

f: R → R
x 7 → c

1 Any real number x is assigned to the unique real number c : f is a function, but
specifically, f is a constant function.

2 This function is defined for all real numbers: Its domain is D f = R.

3 Its range is {c} .

4 Its codomain is R.

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 Types of Functions Constant, Step, and Piecewise functions

Constant function graph

Definition
A constant function is a function whose value is the same for every input value

f: R → R
x 7 → 1

−5 −4 −2 0 2 4

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 Types of Functions Constant, Step, and Piecewise functions

Step Function (or staircase function)

Definition
They are function that increases or decreases abruptly from one constant value to another.

f: R → (−∞, 10)

2

 if x≤ − 4
x 7→ f (x) = 1 if − 4<x≤0


−1 if 0<x ≤ 2.

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 Types of Functions Constant, Step, and Piecewise functions

Step Function (or staircase function)

Definition
They are function that increases or decreases abruptly from one constant value to another.

f: R → (−∞, 10)

2

 if x≤ − 4
x 7→ f (x) = 1 if − 4<x≤0


−1 if 0<x ≤ 2.

1 Any number x is assigned to a unique real number: f is a function.

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 Types of Functions Constant, Step, and Piecewise functions

Step Function (or staircase function)

Definition
They are function that increases or decreases abruptly from one constant value to another.

f: R → (−∞, 10)

2

 if x≤ − 4
x 7→ f (x) = 1 if − 4<x≤0


−1 if 0<x ≤ 2.

1 Any number x is assigned to a unique real number: f is a function.

2 This function is defined for all real numbers x ≤ −4 or −4 < x ≤ 0 or 0 < x ≤ 2. That is
D f = (−∞, −4] ∪ (−4, 0](0, 2] = (−∞, 2].

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 Types of Functions Constant, Step, and Piecewise functions

Step Function (or staircase function)

Definition
They are function that increases or decreases abruptly from one constant value to another.

f: R → (−∞, 10)

2

 if x≤ − 4
x 7→ f (x) = 1 if − 4<x≤0


−1 if 0<x ≤ 2.

1 Any number x is assigned to a unique real number: f is a function.

2 This function is defined for all real numbers x ≤ −4 or −4 < x ≤ 0 or 0 < x ≤ 2. That is
D f = (−∞, −4] ∪ (−4, 0](0, 2] = (−∞, 2].
3 Its range is {−1, 1, 2} and its codomain is (−∞, 10).
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 Types of Functions Constant, Step, and Piecewise functions

Step Function graph

f: R → (−∞, 10)

2

 if x≤ − 4
x 7→ f (x) = 1 if − 4<x≤0


−1 if 0<x ≤ 2.
3

−5 −4 −2 0 2 4

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 Types of Functions Constant, Step, and Piecewise functions

Example of Non Step Function

Consider the following relation

g: R → R 
2

 if x≤ − 4
x 7→ g (x) = 1 if − 4≤x≤0


−1 if 0<x ≤ 2.

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 Types of Functions Constant, Step, and Piecewise functions

Example of Non Step Function

Consider the following relation

g: R → R 
2

 if x≤ − 4
x 7→ g (x) = 1 if − 4≤x≤0


−1 if 0<x ≤ 2.

1 g assigns two values to x 0 = −4.

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 Types of Functions Constant, Step, and Piecewise functions

Example of Non Step Function

Consider the following relation

g: R → R 
2

 if x≤ − 4
x 7→ g (x) = 1 if − 4≤x≤0


−1 if 0<x ≤ 2.

1 g assigns two values to x 0 = −4.

2 That is g (−4) = {1, 2} .

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 12 / 66

 Types of Functions Constant, Step, and Piecewise functions

Example of Non Step Function

Consider the following relation

g: R → R 
2

 if x≤ − 4
x 7→ g (x) = 1 if − 4≤x≤0


−1 if 0<x ≤ 2.

1 g assigns two values to x 0 = −4.

2 That is g (−4) = {1, 2} .

3 Thus, g is NOT a function.

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 Types of Functions Constant, Step, and Piecewise functions

Piecewise functions
Definition
Piecewise functions are defined by different functions for different intervals of the domain.

f: R → R
(
−x + 2 if x ≥ 0
x 7→ f (x) =
2x + 2 if x < 0.

1 f is a piecewise function.

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 Types of Functions Constant, Step, and Piecewise functions

Piecewise functions
Definition
Piecewise functions are defined by different functions for different intervals of the domain.

f: R → R
(
−x + 2 if x ≥ 0
x 7→ f (x) =
2x + 2 if x < 0.

1 f is a piecewise function.
2 D f = [0, +∞) ∪ (−∞, 0) = (−∞, ∞) = R.

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 Types of Functions Constant, Step, and Piecewise functions

Piecewise functions
Definition
Piecewise functions are defined by different functions for different intervals of the domain.

f: R → R
(
−x + 2 if x ≥ 0
x 7→ f (x) =
2x + 2 if x < 0.

1 f is a piecewise function.
2 D f = [0, +∞) ∪ (−∞, 0) = (−∞, ∞) = R.
3 Its range is I = { −x + 2 | x ≥ 0} ∪ { 2x + 2 | x < 0} .
x ≥ 0 =⇒ −x ≤ 0 =⇒ −x + 2 ≤ 2.
x < 0 =⇒ 2x + 2 < 2.
Therefore, I = (−∞, 2] ∪ (−∞, 2) = (−∞, 2].
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 Types of Functions Constant, Step, and Piecewise functions

Piecewise functions graph

f: R → R
( 3
−x + 2 if x ≥ 0
x 7→ f (x) =
2x + 2 if x < 0. 2

−5 −4 −2 0 2 4

−1

−2

−3
Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 14 / 66
 Types of Functions Power functions

Power Functions

Definition
Power functions are functions of the form of
f (x) = ax p (1)
where p is any real number (p ∈ R) and a is a non-zero real number, that is (a ∈ R − {0}).

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 Types of Functions Power functions

Power Functions

Definition
Power functions are functions of the form of
f (x) = ax p (1)
where p is any real number (p ∈ R) and a is a non-zero real number, that is (a ∈ R − {0}).

Some examples of Power Functions

1 Monomial Functions are power function with positive power, that is p ∈ Z+

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 Types of Functions Power functions

Power Functions

Definition
Power functions are functions of the form of
f (x) = ax p (1)
where p is any real number (p ∈ R) and a is a non-zero real number, that is (a ∈ R − {0}).

Some examples of Power Functions

1 Monomial Functions are power function with positive power, that is p ∈ Z+
2 Reciprocal Functions are power function with negative power, that is p ∈ Z−

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 Types of Functions Power functions

Power Functions

Definition
Power functions are functions of the form of
f (x) = ax p (1)
where p is any real number (p ∈ R) and a is a non-zero real number, that is (a ∈ R − {0}).

Some examples of Power Functions

1 Monomial Functions are power function with positive power, that is p ∈ Z+
2 Reciprocal Functions are power function with negative power, that is p ∈ Z−
1
3 Radical Functions are power functions where the degree p is of the form n and n ∈ N

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 Types of Functions Power functions

Power Functions

Example

f (x) Domain Range f (x) Domain Range

p
x 2n R R+ 2n
x R+ R+
p
x 2n+1 R R 2n+1
x R R
1 1
R − {0} R+ − {0} p R+ − {0} R+ − {0}
x 2n 2n
x
1 1
2n+1
R − {0} R − {0} p
2n+1
R − {0} R − {0}
x x
n ∈ Z+ , R − {0} = (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, +∞), R+ = [0, +∞), R+ − {0} = (0, +∞)

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 Types of Functions Power functions

Monomials: Graph of f (x) = 1

Domai n = R
3
Rang e = {1}

f (x) = 1
1

−5 −4 −2 0 2 4

−1

−2

−3
Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 17 / 66
 Types of Functions Power functions

Monomials: Graph of f (x) = x

Domai n = R
3
Rang e = R f (x) = x

−5 −4 −2 0 2 4

−1

−2

−3
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 Types of Functions Power functions

Monomials: Graph of f (x) = x 2

Domai n = R
3
Rang e = R+

1
f (x) = x 2

−5 −4 −2 0 2 4

−1

−2

−3
Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 19 / 66
 Types of Functions Power functions

Monomials: Graph of f (x) = x 3

Domai n = R
3
Rang e = R

−5 −4 −2 0 2 4

f (x) = x 3 −1

−2

−3
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 Types of Functions Power functions

Reciprocal functions: Graph of f (x) = x −1

Domai n = R − {0}
3
Rang e = R − {0}

−5 −4 −2 0 2 4
f (x) = x −1
−1

−2

−3
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 Types of Functions Power functions

Reciprocal functions: Graph of f (x) = x −2

Domai n = R − {0}
3
Rang e = R+ − {0}

−5 −4 −2 0 2 4

−1 f (x) = x −2

−2

−3
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 Types of Functions Power functions

Reciprocal functions: Graph of f (x) = x −3

Domai n = R − {0}
3
Rang e = R − {0}

−5 −4 −2 0 2 4

−1
f (x) = x −3
−2

−3
Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 23 / 66
 Types of Functions Power functions

p
Radical functions: Graph of f (x) = x = x 1/2

p
f (x) = x 3
Domai n = R+
Rang e = R+
2

−5 −4 −2 0 2 4

−1

−2

−3
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 Types of Functions Power functions

p
Radical functions: Graph of f (x) = x = x 1/3 3

p
3
g (x) = x 3
Domai n = R
Rang e = R
2

−5 −4 −2 0 2 4

−1

−2

−3
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 Types of Functions Polynomial Functions

Polynomial Functions
Definition
Sum of monomials of different degrees is called a polynomial. If f is a polynomial, then

f (x) = a 0 + a 1 x + a 2 x 2 + · · · + a n x n (2)

1 n is a non-negative integer called the degree;

2 a n is a non-zero real number;
3 a i ’s are called the coefficients of the polynomial f .

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 Types of Functions Polynomial Functions

Polynomial Functions
Definition
Sum of monomials of different degrees is called a polynomial. If f is a polynomial, then

f (x) = a 0 + a 1 x + a 2 x 2 + · · · + a n x n (2)

1 n is a non-negative integer called the degree;

2 a n is a non-zero real number;
3 a i ’s are called the coefficients of the polynomial f .

Note
1 The domain of a polynomial function is R.
2 Polynomials of degree 1, 2 and 3 are called linear, quadratic and cubic functions
respectively.
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 Types of Functions Polynomial Functions

Polynomial Functions with 2 as highest power

f (x) = 1/2 + x 2 , 3
D f = R,
R( f ) = [1/2, +∞)
2

−5 −4 −2 0 2 4

−1

−2

−3
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 Types of Functions Polynomial Functions

Polynomial Functions with 3 as highest power

g (x) = 1 − 2x − 3x 2 + 2x 3 1
D g = R,
R(g ) = R
−5 −4 −2 0 2 4

−1

−2

−3
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 Types of Functions Polynomial Functions

Polynomial Functions with 4 as highest power

−5 −4 −2 0 2 4
2
h(x) = (x − 1)(−x + 3) (x), −1
D h = R,
R(h) = [−1.6, +∞)
−2

−3
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 Types of Functions Rational Functions

Rational Functions

Definition
P (x)
1 A rational function is a ratio f (x) = Q(x) , where P and Q are polynomials.

The domain of f is D f = x ∈ R | Q(x) ̸= 0 .

© ª
2

Example
3x
1 f (x) =
x3 − 1
3x 3 − x 6
2 f (x) =
2x 2 − x + 2

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 Types of Functions Rational Functions

Rational Functions
3

x 3 −2x
f (x) = x 2 −1
, 2

D f = R − {−1, 1} ,
1
R( f ) = R

−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4

−1

−2

−3

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 Types of Functions Algebraic Functions

Algebraic functions

Definition
1 An algebraic function is a function that can be defined as the root of a polynomial
equation.

2 An algebraic function is constructed by taking sums, products, and quotient of

polynomials.

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 Types of Functions Algebraic Functions

Algebraic functions

Definition
1 An algebraic function is a function that can be defined as the root of a polynomial
equation.

2 An algebraic function is constructed by taking sums, products, and quotient of

polynomials.

Example

p p 1 2−x
1) f (x) = 5 − 2x 2) f (x) = x− 3) f (x) = p
x −1 x −1−2

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 Types of Functions Algebraic Functions

Algebraic functions
3

p 1
f (x) = x − x−1 , 2

D f = R+ − {1} ,
1
R( f ) = R

−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4

−1

−2

−3

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 Types of Functions Transcendental Functions

Transcendental Functions

Definition
Transcendental functions are functions that are not algebraic.

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 Types of Functions Transcendental Functions

Transcendental Functions

Definition
Transcendental functions are functions that are not algebraic.
Transcendental functions can be expressed in algebra in terms of an infinite sequence.

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 Types of Functions Transcendental Functions

Transcendental Functions

Definition
Transcendental functions are functions that are not algebraic.
Transcendental functions can be expressed in algebra in terms of an infinite sequence.

Example
1 Exponential functions
2 Logarithmic functions
3 Trigonometric functions
4 Hyperbolic functions
5 Inverse of these functions

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 Types of Functions Transcendental Functions

Exponential Functions

Definition
The function f (x) = a x , where a > 0 and a ̸= 1, is called exponential function with base a.

The domain of an exponential function is R and the range is (0, +∞)

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 Types of Functions Transcendental Functions

Exponential Functions

Definition
The function f (x) = a x , where a > 0 and a ̸= 1, is called exponential function with base a.

The domain of an exponential function is R and the range is (0, +∞)

Example
¡ 2 ¢x p x
1) 3 2) 2x 3) 3−x 4) 7 5) e x 6) e −x .

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 Types of Functions Transcendental Functions

Exponential Functions

Definition
The function f (x) = a x , where a > 0 and a ̸= 1, is called exponential function with base a.

The domain of an exponential function is R and the range is (0, +∞)

Example
¡ 2 ¢x p x
1) 3 2) 2x 3) 3−x 4) 7 5) e x 6) e −x .

Note
e is mathematical constant called the Eul er number approximated as 2.71828

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 Types of Functions Transcendental Functions

Exponential Functions

ex
5

−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4

−1
 Types of Functions Transcendental Functions

Exponential Functions

e −x ex
5

−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4

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 Types of Functions Transcendental Functions

Exponential Functions

2x
5

−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4

−1
 Types of Functions Transcendental Functions

Exponential Functions

3−x 2x
5

−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4

−1
 Types of Functions Transcendental Functions

Exponential Functions
¡ 2 ¢x
3−x 2x
3
5

−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4

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 Types of Functions Transcendental Functions

Logarithmic Functions

Definition
The function f (x) = loga (x), where a > 0 and a ̸= 1, is called logarithmic function with base
a.

The domain of a logarithmic function is (0, +∞) and the range is R.

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 Types of Functions Transcendental Functions

Logarithmic Functions

Definition
The function f (x) = loga (x), where a > 0 and a ̸= 1, is called logarithmic function with base
a.

The domain of a logarithmic function is (0, +∞) and the range is R.

Example
1) log 2 x 2) log2 x 3) log1/3 x 4) logp7 x 5) loge x 6) log1/e x.
3

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 Types of Functions Transcendental Functions

Logarithmic Functions

Definition
The function f (x) = loga (x), where a > 0 and a ̸= 1, is called logarithmic function with base
a.

The domain of a logarithmic function is (0, +∞) and the range is R.

Example
1) log 2 x 2) log2 x 3) log1/3 x 4) logp7 x 5) loge x 6) log1/e x.
3

Natural log
This is the log to the base e and it also called ln. That is

loge = ln (3)

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 38 / 66

 Types of Functions Transcendental Functions

Logarithmic Functions
3

2 loge x

−1 0 1 2 4 6 8 9

−1

−2

−3
 Types of Functions Transcendental Functions

Logarithmic Functions
3

2 loge x

−1 0 1 2 4 6 8 9

−1

−2
log1/e x
−3

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 39 / 66

 Types of Functions Transcendental Functions

Logarithmic Functions
3 log2 x

−1 0 1 2 4 6 8 9

−1

−2

−3
 Types of Functions Transcendental Functions

Logarithmic Functions
3 log2 x

−1 0 1 2 4 6 8 9

−1

log1/3 x
−2

−3
 Types of Functions Transcendental Functions

Logarithmic Functions
3 log2 x

−1 0 1 2 4 6 8 9

−1

log1/3 x
−2

−3 log 2 x
3

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 40 / 66

 Types of Functions Transcendental Functions

Trigonometric Functions
Definition
Trigonometric functions are also known as Circular Functions are functions of an angle of
a triangle. It means that the relationship between the angles and sides of a triangle are
given by these trigonometric functions. If x is an acute angle in a right triangle, then:

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 41 / 66

 Types of Functions Transcendental Functions

Trigonometric Functions
Definition
Trigonometric functions are also known as Circular Functions are functions of an angle of
a triangle. It means that the relationship between the angles and sides of a triangle are
given by these trigonometric functions. If x is an acute angle in a right triangle, then:
Some Basic Trig function:
opposi t e
1 sin(x) = h y pot enuse
ad j acent
2 cos(x) = h y pot enuse
opposi t e
3 tan(x) = ad j acent
1
4 csc(x) = sin(x)
1
5 sec(x) = cos(x)
1
6 cot(x) = tan(x)

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 41 / 66

 Types of Functions Transcendental Functions

Trigonometric Functions
Definition
Trigonometric functions are also known as Circular Functions are functions of an angle of
a triangle. It means that the relationship between the angles and sides of a triangle are
given by these trigonometric functions. If x is an acute angle in a right triangle, then:
Some Basic Trig function: Some Trig Identities
opposi t e
1 sin(x) = 1 cos2 x + sin2 x = 1
h y pot enuse
ad j acent 2 sec2 x − tan2 x = 1
2 cos(x) = h y pot enuse
opposi t e
3 csc2 x − cot2 x = 1
3 tan(x) = ad j acent
¡ ¢
4 sin x ± y = sin x cos y ± cos x sin y
1
4 csc(x) = sin(x) 5
¡ ¢
cos x ± y = cos x cos y ∓ sin x sin y
1 tan x + tan y
5 sec(x) = cos(x)
¡ ¢
6 tan x + y =
6 cot(x) = 1 1 + tan x tan y
tan(x)

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 41 / 66

 Types of Functions Transcendental Functions

Trigonometric Functions: sin and csc

3
sin x

−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5

−1

−2

−3
 Types of Functions Transcendental Functions

Trigonometric Functions: sin and csc

3
sin x
csc x
2

−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5

−1

−2

−3

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 42 / 66

 Types of Functions Transcendental Functions

Trigonometric Functions: cos and sec

3
cos x

−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5

−1

−2

−3
 Types of Functions Transcendental Functions

Trigonometric Functions: cos and sec

3
cos x
sec x
2

−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5

−1

−2

−3

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 43 / 66

 Types of Functions Transcendental Functions

Trigonometric Functions: tan and cot

3
tan x

−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5

−1

−2

−3
 Types of Functions Transcendental Functions

Trigonometric Functions: tan and cot

3
tan x
cot x
2

−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5

−1

cot x
−2

−3

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 44 / 66

 Types of Functions Transcendental Functions

Trigonometric Functions

Remarks
f (x) Domain Range
sin R [−1, 1]
cos R [−1, 1]
π π 3π
R − . . . , − 3π R
© ª
tan 2 ,− 2 , 2 , 2 ,...
π π 3π
R − . . . , − 3π
© ª
sec 2 ,− 2 , 2 , 2 ,... (−∞, −1) ∪ (1, +∞)
csc R − {. . . , −2π, −π, 0, π, 2π, . . .} (−∞, −1) ∪ (1, +∞)
cot R − {. . . , −2π, −π, 0, π, 2π, . . .} R

1 D tan = D sec = R − { π/2 + kπ | k ∈ Z}

2 D cot = D csc = R − { kπ | k ∈ Z} .
Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 45 / 66
 Types of Functions Transcendental Functions

Transcendental: Inverse Trigonometric Functions

There are the functions

1 f (x) = sin−1 x (also called arc sine or arcsin)
2 f (x) = cos−1 x (arc cosine or arccos)
3 f (x) = tan−1 x (arc tangent or arctan)
4 f (x) = csc−1 x (arc cosec)
5 f (x) = sec−1 x (arc secant)
6 f (x) = cot−1 x (arc cotangent)

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 Types of Functions Transcendental Functions

Transcendental: Inverse Trigonometric Functions

There are the functions

1 f (x) = sin−1 x (also called arc sine or arcsin)
2 f (x) = cos−1 x (arc cosine or arccos)
3 f (x) = tan−1 x (arc tangent or arctan)
4 f (x) = csc−1 x (arc cosec)
5 f (x) = sec−1 x (arc secant)
6 f (x) = cot−1 x (arc cotangent)

Note
1 y = sin−1 x ⇔ x = sin y
2 y = cos−1 x ⇔ x = cos y

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 46 / 66

 Types of Functions Transcendental Functions

Transcendental: Hyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

These are functions defined in terms of the exponential functions
Hyperbolic
e x − e −x
1 sinh x =
2
e x + e −x
2 cosh x =
2
sinh x
3 tanh x =
cosh x
1
4 csch x =
sinh x
1
5 sech x =
cosh
1
6 coth x =
tanh
Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 47 / 66
 Types of Functions Transcendental Functions

Transcendental: Hyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

These are functions defined in terms of the exponential functions
Hyperbolic Inverse Hyperbolic
e x − e −x 1 sinh−1 x
1 sinh x =
2 2 cosh−1 x
e x + e −x
2 cosh x = 3 tanh−1 x
2
sinh x 4 csch−1 x
3 tanh x =
cosh x 5 sech−1 x
1
4 csch x = 6 coth−1 x
sinh x
1
5 sech x =
cosh
1
6 coth x =
tanh
Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 47 / 66
 Types of Functions Transcendental Functions

Transcendental: Hyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

These are functions defined in terms of the exponential functions
Hyperbolic Inverse Hyperbolic
e x − e −x 1 sinh−1 x
1 sinh x =
2 2 cosh−1 x
e x + e −x
2 cosh x = 3 tanh−1 x
2
sinh x 4 csch−1 x
3 tanh x =
cosh x 5 sech−1 x
1
4 csch x = 6 coth−1 x
sinh x
1
5 sech x = Some identities
cosh
1 1 cosh2 x − sinh2 x = 1
6 coth x =
tanh 2 tanh2 x + sech2 x = 1
Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 47 / 66
 Properties of Functions

Outline of Presentation
1 Definitions
2 Types of Functions
Constant, Step, and Piecewise functions
Power functions
Polynomial Functions
Rational Functions
Algebraic Functions
Transcendental Functions
3 Properties of Functions
Odd and Even Functions
Periodic Functions
Monotonic Functions
Bounded Functions
Maxima and Minima of Functions
Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 48 / 66
 Properties of Functions Odd and Even Functions

Even Function
Let f be a function and D f its domain. We assume that if x ∈ D f then −x ∈ D f .

Definition (Even Function)

f is an even function if f (−x) = f (x).

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 49 / 66

 Properties of Functions Odd and Even Functions

Even Function
Let f be a function and D f its domain. We assume that if x ∈ D f then −x ∈ D f .

Definition (Even Function)

f is an even function if f (−x) = f (x).

Example
The functions f (x) = x 2 , g (x) = −x 4 + 2x 2 − 1, h(x) = cos(x) + x 2 , i (x) = x sin x are even
functions since:
1 f (−x) = (−x)2 = x 2 = f (x),

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 49 / 66

 Properties of Functions Odd and Even Functions

Even Function
Let f be a function and D f its domain. We assume that if x ∈ D f then −x ∈ D f .

Definition (Even Function)

f is an even function if f (−x) = f (x).

Example
The functions f (x) = x 2 , g (x) = −x 4 + 2x 2 − 1, h(x) = cos(x) + x 2 , i (x) = x sin x are even
functions since:
1 f (−x) = (−x)2 = x 2 = f (x),
2 g (−x) = −(−x)4 + 2(−x)2 − 1 = g (x),

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 49 / 66

 Properties of Functions Odd and Even Functions

Even Function
Let f be a function and D f its domain. We assume that if x ∈ D f then −x ∈ D f .

Definition (Even Function)

f is an even function if f (−x) = f (x).

Example
The functions f (x) = x 2 , g (x) = −x 4 + 2x 2 − 1, h(x) = cos(x) + x 2 , i (x) = x sin x are even
functions since:
1 f (−x) = (−x)2 = x 2 = f (x),
2 g (−x) = −(−x)4 + 2(−x)2 − 1 = g (x),
3 h(−x) = cos(−x) + (−x)2 = h(x), and

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 49 / 66

 Properties of Functions Odd and Even Functions

Even Function
Let f be a function and D f its domain. We assume that if x ∈ D f then −x ∈ D f .

Definition (Even Function)

f is an even function if f (−x) = f (x).

Example
The functions f (x) = x 2 , g (x) = −x 4 + 2x 2 − 1, h(x) = cos(x) + x 2 , i (x) = x sin x are even
functions since:
1 f (−x) = (−x)2 = x 2 = f (x),
2 g (−x) = −(−x)4 + 2(−x)2 − 1 = g (x),
3 h(−x) = cos(−x) + (−x)2 = h(x), and
4 i (−x) = (−x) sin(−x) = −x(− sin x) = x sin x = i (x).

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 49 / 66

 Properties of Functions Odd and Even Functions

Odd Function
Definition (Odd Function)
f is an odd function if f (−x) = − f (x).

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 50 / 66

 Properties of Functions Odd and Even Functions

Odd Function
Definition (Odd Function)
f is an odd function if f (−x) = − f (x).

Example
The functions f (x) = x, f (x) = −x 3 + 2x, and f (x) = sin(x) are odd functions. Because
1 f (−x) = −x = − f (x)

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 50 / 66

 Properties of Functions Odd and Even Functions

Odd Function
Definition (Odd Function)
f is an odd function if f (−x) = − f (x).

Example
The functions f (x) = x, f (x) = −x 3 + 2x, and f (x) = sin(x) are odd functions. Because
1 f (−x) = −x = − f (x)
2 f (−x) = −(−x)3 + 2(−x) = x 3 − 2(x) = − f (x)

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 50 / 66

 Properties of Functions Odd and Even Functions

Odd Function
Definition (Odd Function)
f is an odd function if f (−x) = − f (x).

Example
The functions f (x) = x, f (x) = −x 3 + 2x, and f (x) = sin(x) are odd functions. Because
1 f (−x) = −x = − f (x)
2 f (−x) = −(−x)3 + 2(−x) = x 3 − 2(x) = − f (x)
3 f (−x) = sin(−x) = − sin(x) = − f (x)

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 50 / 66

 Properties of Functions Odd and Even Functions

Odd Function
Definition (Odd Function)
f is an odd function if f (−x) = − f (x).

Example
The functions f (x) = x, f (x) = −x 3 + 2x, and f (x) = sin(x) are odd functions. Because
1 f (−x) = −x = − f (x)
2 f (−x) = −(−x)3 + 2(−x) = x 3 − 2(x) = − f (x)
3 f (−x) = sin(−x) = − sin(x) = − f (x)

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 50 / 66

 Properties of Functions Odd and Even Functions

Odd Function
Definition (Odd Function)
f is an odd function if f (−x) = − f (x).

Example
The functions f (x) = x, f (x) = −x 3 + 2x, and f (x) = sin(x) are odd functions. Because
1 f (−x) = −x = − f (x)
2 f (−x) = −(−x)3 + 2(−x) = x 3 − 2(x) = − f (x)
3 f (−x) = sin(−x) = − sin(x) = − f (x)

Remarks
The graph of an even function is symmetric about the y-axis.
The graph of an odd function is symmetric about the origin.
Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 50 / 66
 Properties of Functions Periodic Functions

Periodic Functions

Definition
Let f be a function, and D f its domain, then f is a periodic function if there exists a
positive real number t such that f (x + t ) = f (x) for all x ∈ D f .
The minimum of such t ’s which is often denoted as T , is called the period of f .

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 51 / 66

 Properties of Functions Periodic Functions

Periodic Functions

Definition
Let f be a function, and D f its domain, then f is a periodic function if there exists a
positive real number t such that f (x + t ) = f (x) for all x ∈ D f .
The minimum of such t ’s which is often denoted as T , is called the period of f .

Example
The trigonometric functions are periodic functions.
1 sin(x + 2kπ) = sin(x + 2π) = sin(x) for k ∈ Z, however, T = 2π.
2 cos(x + 2kπ) = cos(x + 2π) = cos(x), T = 2π.
3 tan(x + (2k + 1)π) = tan(x + π) = tan(x), T = π.

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 51 / 66

 Properties of Functions Monotonic Functions

Monotonic Functions

Let I be an open interval. x 1 and x 2 are two elements of I such that x 1 < x 2 .

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 52 / 66

 Properties of Functions Monotonic Functions

Monotonic Functions

Let I be an open interval. x 1 and x 2 are two elements of I such that x 1 < x 2 .

Definition
☛ f is an increasing function on I if f (x 1 )< f (x 2 ).

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 52 / 66

 Properties of Functions Monotonic Functions

Monotonic Functions

Let I be an open interval. x 1 and x 2 are two elements of I such that x 1 < x 2 .

Definition
☛ f is an increasing function on I if f (x 1 )< f (x 2 ).

☛ f is a decreasing function on I if f (x 1 )> f (x 2 ).

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 52 / 66

 Properties of Functions Monotonic Functions

Monotonic Functions

Let I be an open interval. x 1 and x 2 are two elements of I such that x 1 < x 2 .

Definition
☛ f is an increasing function on I if f (x 1 )< f (x 2 ).

☛ f is a decreasing function on I if f (x 1 )> f (x 2 ).

Example
• The functions e x , tan(x) and ax + b, where a > 0, are increasing on their respective
domains.

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 52 / 66

 Properties of Functions Monotonic Functions

Monotonic Functions

Let I be an open interval. x 1 and x 2 are two elements of I such that x 1 < x 2 .

Definition
☛ f is an increasing function on I if f (x 1 )< f (x 2 ).

☛ f is a decreasing function on I if f (x 1 )> f (x 2 ).

Example
• The functions e x , tan(x) and ax + b, where a > 0, are increasing on their respective
domains.
• The functions e −x , cot(x) and ax + b, where a < 0, are decreasing on their respective
domains.

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 52 / 66

 Properties of Functions Monotonic Functions

Monotonic Decreasing Function

1
−3x + 1 ↘

−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5

−1

−2

−3
 Properties of Functions Monotonic Functions

Monotonic Decreasing Function

e −x ↘
1
−3x + 1 ↘

−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5

−1

−2

−3

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 53 / 66

 Properties of Functions Monotonic Functions

Monotonic Increasing Function

2x − 1 ↗
1

−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5

−1

−2

−3
 Properties of Functions Monotonic Functions

Monotonic Increasing Function

2
ex ↗
2x − 1 ↗
1

−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5

−1

−2

−3

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 54 / 66

 Properties of Functions Monotonic Functions

Monotonic Increasing and Decreasing

sin x ↗↘
2

−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5

−1

−2

−3

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 55 / 66

 Properties of Functions Monotonic Functions

Monotonic Functions

Example
p
Show that the function f (x) = x − 2 is an increasing function on its domain.

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 56 / 66

 Properties of Functions Monotonic Functions

Monotonic Functions

Example
p
Show that the function f (x) = x − 2 is an increasing function on its domain.

1 D f = [2, +∞).

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 56 / 66

 Properties of Functions Monotonic Functions

Monotonic Functions

Example
p
Show that the function f (x) = x − 2 is an increasing function on its domain.

1 D f = [2, +∞).
2 For x 1 , x 2 ∈ D f and x 1 < x 2 ,

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 56 / 66

 Properties of Functions Monotonic Functions

Monotonic Functions

Example
p
Show that the function f (x) = x − 2 is an increasing function on its domain.

1 D f = [2, +∞).
2 For x 1 , x 2 ∈ D f and x 1 < x 2 ,
3 2 < x 1 < x 2 =⇒ 0 < x 1 − 2 < x 2 − 2

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 56 / 66

 Properties of Functions Monotonic Functions

Monotonic Functions

Example
p
Show that the function f (x) = x − 2 is an increasing function on its domain.

1 D f = [2, +∞).
2 For x 1 , x 2 ∈ D f and x 1 < x 2 ,
3 2 < x 1 < x 2 =⇒ 0 < x 1 − 2 < x 2 − 2
p p
4 =⇒ 0 < x 1 − 2 < x 2 − 2

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 56 / 66

 Properties of Functions Monotonic Functions

Monotonic Functions

Example
p
Show that the function f (x) = x − 2 is an increasing function on its domain.

1 D f = [2, +∞).
2 For x 1 , x 2 ∈ D f and x 1 < x 2 ,
3 2 < x 1 < x 2 =⇒ 0 < x 1 − 2 < x 2 − 2
p p
4 =⇒ 0 < x 1 − 2 < x 2 − 2
5 =⇒ f (x 1 ) < f (x 2 ).

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 56 / 66

 Properties of Functions Monotonic Functions

Monotonic Functions

Example
p
Show that the function f (x) = x − 2 is an increasing function on its domain.

1 D f = [2, +∞).
2 For x 1 , x 2 ∈ D f and x 1 < x 2 ,
3 2 < x 1 < x 2 =⇒ 0 < x 1 − 2 < x 2 − 2
p p
4 =⇒ 0 < x 1 − 2 < x 2 − 2
5 =⇒ f (x 1 ) < f (x 2 ).
6 Thus, f is an increasing function on its domain.

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 56 / 66

 Properties of Functions Monotonic Functions

Monotonic Functions

Example
Show that f (x) = (2 − x)2 + 1 decreases on (−∞, 2] and increases on [2, +∞).

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 57 / 66

 Properties of Functions Monotonic Functions

Monotonic Functions

Example
Show that f (x) = (2 − x)2 + 1 decreases on (−∞, 2] and increases on [2, +∞).

1 D f = R.
1 For x 1 , x 2 ∈ [2, +∞),
2 For x 1 , x 2 ∈ (−∞, 2],
2 2 ≤ x 1 < x 2 =⇒ −2 > −x 1 > −x 2
3 x 1 < x 2 ≤ 2 =⇒ −x 1 > −x 2 > −2
3 =⇒ 0 > 2 − x 1 > 2 − x 2
4 =⇒ 2 − x 1 > 2 − x 2 > 0
4 =⇒ 0 < (2 − x 1 )2 < (2 − x 2 )2
5 =⇒ (2 − x 1 )2 > (2 − x 2 )2 > 0
5 =⇒ 1 < (2 − x 1 )2 + 1 < (2 − x 2 )2 + 1
6 =⇒ (2 − x 1 )2 + 1 > (2 − x 2 )2 + 1 > 1
6 =⇒ f (x 1 ) < f (x 2 ).
7 =⇒ f (x 1 ) > f (x 2 ).
7 f is an increasing function on [2, +∞).
8 f is decreasing on (−∞, 2].

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 57 / 66

 Properties of Functions Bounded Functions

Bounded Functions
Definition
A function is said to be bounded above if there is ū ∈ R such that f (x) ≤ ū for all x in the
domain of f .

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 Properties of Functions Bounded Functions

Bounded Functions
Definition
A function is said to be bounded above if there is ū ∈ R such that f (x) ≤ ū for all x in the
domain of f .

Example
The function f (x) = x 2 + 1 defined on 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 is bounded above by 2 since f (x) ≤ 2 for
0 ≤ x ≤ 1.

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 Properties of Functions Bounded Functions

Bounded Functions
Definition
A function is said to be bounded above if there is ū ∈ R such that f (x) ≤ ū for all x in the
domain of f .

Example
The function f (x) = x 2 + 1 defined on 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 is bounded above by 2 since f (x) ≤ 2 for
0 ≤ x ≤ 1.

Example
The function f (x) = 1/x defined on x ∈ N is bounded above by 1

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 Properties of Functions Bounded Functions

Bounded Functions
Definition
A function is said to be bounded above if there is ū ∈ R such that f (x) ≤ ū for all x in the
domain of f .

Example
The function f (x) = x 2 + 1 defined on 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 is bounded above by 2 since f (x) ≤ 2 for
0 ≤ x ≤ 1.

Example
The function f (x) = 1/x defined on x ∈ N is bounded above by 1

Example
The function f (x) = sin x is bounded above by 1 for x ∈ R.
Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 58 / 66
 Properties of Functions Bounded Functions

Bounded Functions

Definition
A function, f , is said to be bounded below if there is ℓ ∈ R such that f (x) ≥ ℓ for all x in the
domain of f .

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 Properties of Functions Bounded Functions

Bounded Functions

Definition
A function, f , is said to be bounded below if there is ℓ ∈ R such that f (x) ≥ ℓ for all x in the
domain of f .

Example
The function f (x) = x −1 defined in [0, 1] is bounded below by −1 since −1 ≤ f (x) for x ∈ [0, 1].

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 Properties of Functions Bounded Functions

Bounded Functions

Definition
A function, f , is said to be bounded below if there is ℓ ∈ R such that f (x) ≥ ℓ for all x in the
domain of f .

Example
The function f (x) = x −1 defined in [0, 1] is bounded below by −1 since −1 ≤ f (x) for x ∈ [0, 1].

Example
p
The function g (x) = | x + 1| is bounded below by 0 on the interval [0, 4] since 0 ≤ g (x) for
x ∈ [0, 4].

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 59 / 66

 Properties of Functions Maxima and Minima of Functions

Maxima and Minima of Functions

Local(or relative) and Global(or absolute) Minimum
1 The function f is said to have a local minimum value at the point x 0 if f (x 0 ) ≤ f (x) for
all x in a neighbourhood of x 0 .

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 Properties of Functions Maxima and Minima of Functions

Maxima and Minima of Functions

Local(or relative) and Global(or absolute) Minimum
1 The function f is said to have a local minimum value at the point x 0 if f (x 0 ) ≤ f (x) for
all x in a neighbourhood of x 0 .
2 f is said to have a global minimum value at the point x 0 if f (x 0 ) ≤ f (x) for all x in the
domain of f .

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 Properties of Functions Maxima and Minima of Functions

Maxima and Minima of Functions

Local(or relative) and Global(or absolute) Minimum
1 The function f is said to have a local minimum value at the point x 0 if f (x 0 ) ≤ f (x) for
all x in a neighbourhood of x 0 .
2 f is said to have a global minimum value at the point x 0 if f (x 0 ) ≤ f (x) for all x in the
domain of f .
3 In this case f is bounded below.

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 Properties of Functions Maxima and Minima of Functions

Maxima and Minima of Functions

Local(or relative) and Global(or absolute) Minimum
1 The function f is said to have a local minimum value at the point x 0 if f (x 0 ) ≤ f (x) for
all x in a neighbourhood of x 0 .
2 f is said to have a global minimum value at the point x 0 if f (x 0 ) ≤ f (x) for all x in the
domain of f .
3 In this case f is bounded below.

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 60 / 66

 Properties of Functions Maxima and Minima of Functions

Maxima and Minima of Functions

Local(or relative) and Global(or absolute) Minimum
1 The function f is said to have a local minimum value at the point x 0 if f (x 0 ) ≤ f (x) for
all x in a neighbourhood of x 0 .
2 f is said to have a global minimum value at the point x 0 if f (x 0 ) ≤ f (x) for all x in the
domain of f .
3 In this case f is bounded below.

Local(or relative) and Global(or absolute) Maximum

1 If f (x) ≤ f (x 0 ) for all x in a neighbourhood of x 0 , then f has a local maximum value at
the point x 0 .

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 60 / 66

 Properties of Functions Maxima and Minima of Functions

Maxima and Minima of Functions

Local(or relative) and Global(or absolute) Minimum
1 The function f is said to have a local minimum value at the point x 0 if f (x 0 ) ≤ f (x) for
all x in a neighbourhood of x 0 .
2 f is said to have a global minimum value at the point x 0 if f (x 0 ) ≤ f (x) for all x in the
domain of f .
3 In this case f is bounded below.

Local(or relative) and Global(or absolute) Maximum

1 If f (x) ≤ f (x 0 ) for all x in a neighbourhood of x 0 , then f has a local maximum value at
the point x 0 .
2 The maximum is global if f (x) ≤ f (x 0 ) for all x in the domain of f .

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 60 / 66

 Properties of Functions Maxima and Minima of Functions

Maxima and Minima of Functions

Local(or relative) and Global(or absolute) Minimum
1 The function f is said to have a local minimum value at the point x 0 if f (x 0 ) ≤ f (x) for
all x in a neighbourhood of x 0 .
2 f is said to have a global minimum value at the point x 0 if f (x 0 ) ≤ f (x) for all x in the
domain of f .
3 In this case f is bounded below.

Local(or relative) and Global(or absolute) Maximum

1 If f (x) ≤ f (x 0 ) for all x in a neighbourhood of x 0 , then f has a local maximum value at
the point x 0 .
2 The maximum is global if f (x) ≤ f (x 0 ) for all x in the domain of f .
3 In this case f is bounded above.
Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Functions 60 / 66
 Properties of Functions Maxima and Minima of Functions

Maxima and Minima of Functions

f (x) = 1 + (x + 1)2 , 3

1
global min

−5 −4 −2 0 2 4

−1

−3

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 Properties of Functions Maxima and Minima of Functions

Maxima and minima

3
g (x) = 1 − 2x − 3x 2 + 2x 3
2
local max
1

−5 −4 −2 0 2 4

−1

local min
−3

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 Properties of Functions Maxima and Minima of Functions

Maxima and minima

local max
h(x) = (x − 1)(−x + 3)2 (x), 2

−5 −4 −2 0 2 local min 4

−1

global min

−3

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 Properties of Functions Maxima and Minima of Functions

Exercise

1 Which of the following are not polynomial functions?

a. f (x) = 1 b. f (x) = x 2 + x −1 + 1
p
c. f (x) = −2x 3 + x 1/2 − 1 d. f (x) = x 4 5 − π.

2 Find the range of the following polynomial functions:

a. f (x) = x 2 + 6 b. f (x) = −2x 4 − 6
f (x) = −2x 3 + 1 f (x) = ¯−2x 3 + 1¯
¯ ¯
c. d.
e. f (x) = 3 − 4x, D f = (−2, 8]
f. f (x) = (2x − 1)2 + 1, D f = (−∞, −1) ∪ (1, +∞).
3 Find the period of the following functions
1) f (x) = sin(2x), 2) f (x) = cos(−2x + π/3), 3) f (x) = x − sin(x).

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 Properties of Functions Maxima and Minima of Functions

Exercise

1 Find the domain of:

1 1−x x 3 − 2x
1) f (x) = 2) f (x) = 3) f (x) =
2x − 6 1+x x(−x − 6)
1 x x 2 − 2x
4) f (x) = 3x − 1 − 5) f (x) = 6) f (x) =
2x − 6 1 − 2x + x 2 (x − 3)(1 − x 2 )

2 Find the domain of:

1) f (x) = ln x, 2) f (x) = log5 (1 − 3x),
1 2
3) f (x) = e x+1 −x , 4) f (x) = e x −1 + ln (|x| + 1) .
3 Determine whether the functions below are even, odd or neither.
2 2
x −2
1) f (x) = e x −1 + ln (|x| + 1) , 2) f (x) = x(1−x 2) , 3) f (x) = x 2 sin(x)
p ¡ |x|
¢
4) f (x) = x |x| − 1, 5) f (x) = ln tan x − e , 6) f (x) = x − 1.

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 END OF LECTURE
THANK YOU

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