In this lecture

 Operators and operands

 Different types of operators
◦ Arithmetic
◦ Assignment
◦ Relational or comparison
◦ Logical
◦ Bitwise
 Precedence of operators

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Operators and operands
 Operators are special symbols that
help in carrying out an assignment
operation or arithmetic or logical
computation
 Value that the operator operates on
is called operand

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Arithmetic operators
 Used to perform mathematical operations between two
operands
 Create two variable a and b with values 10 and 5 respectively

Symbol Operation Example

+ Addition

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Arithmetic operators
 Used to perform mathematical operations between two
operands
 Create two variable a and b with values 10 and 5 respectively

Symbol Operation Example

+ Addition

- Subtraction

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Arithmetic operators
Symbol Operation Example

* Multiplication

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Arithmetic operators
Symbol Operation Example

* Multiplication

/ Division

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Arithmetic operators
Symbol Operation Example

* Multiplication

/ Division

% Remainder

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Arithmetic operators
Symbol Operation Example

* Multiplication

/ Division

% Remainder

** Exponent

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Hierarchy of arithmetic operators

Decreasing order of A=7–2x

𝟐𝟕
+𝟒
Operation 𝟑𝟐
precedence
Parentheses ()
Exponent **
Division /
Multiplication *

Addition and subtraction +,-

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Assignment operators
 Used to assign values to variables
Symbol Operation Example

Assign values from right side operands to left side

=
operand

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Assignment operators
 Used to assign values to variables
Symbol Operation Example

Assign values from right side operands to left side

=
operand

Adds right operand to left operand and stores

+=
result on left side operand (a=a+b)

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Assignment operators
 Used to assign values to variables
Symbol Operation Example

Assign values from right side operands to left side

=
operand

Adds right operand to left operand and stores

+=
result on left side operand (a=a+b)

Subtracts right operand from left operand and

-=
stores result on left side operand (a=a-b)

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Assignment operators

Symbol Operation Example

Multiplies right operand from left operand and

*=
stores result on left side operand (a=a*b)

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Assignment operators

Symbol Operation Example

Multiplies right operand from left operand and

*=
stores result on left side operand (a=a*b)

Divides right operand from left operand and stores

/=
result on left side operand (a=a/b)

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Relational or comparison operators
 Tests numerical equalities and inequalities between two operands and returns a
boolean value
 All operators have same precedence
 Create two variables x and y with values 5 and 7 respectively

Symbol Operation Example

< Strictly less than

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Relational or comparison operators
 Tests numerical equalities and inequalities between two operands and returns a
boolean value
 All operators have same precedence
 Create two variables x and y with values 5 and 7 respectively

Symbol Operation Example

< Strictly less than

<= Less than equal to

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Relational or comparison operators

Symbol Operation Example

> Strictly greater than

>= Greater than equal to

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Relational or comparison operators

Symbol Operation Example

> Strictly greater than

>= Greater than equal to

== Equal to equal to

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Relational or comparison operators

Symbol Operation Example

> Strictly greater than

>= Greater than equal to

== Equal to equal to

!= Not equal to

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Logical operators
 Used when operands are conditional statements and returns boolean value
 In python, logical operators are designed to work with scalars or boolean
values
Symbol Operation Example

or Logical OR

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Logical operators
 Used when operands are conditional statements and returns boolean value
 In python, logical operators are designed to work with scalars or boolean
values
Symbol Operation Example

or Logical OR

and Logical AND

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Logical operators
 Used when operands are conditional statements and returns boolean value
 In python, logical operators are designed to work with scalars or boolean
values
Symbol Operation Example

or Logical OR

and Logical AND

not Logical NOT

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Bitwise operators
 Used when operands are integers
 Integers are treated as a string of
binary digits
 Operates bit by bit
 Can also operate on conditional
statements which compare scalar
values or arrays
 Bitwise OR (|), AND(&)

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Bitwise operators
 Create two variables x and y with values 5 and 7 respectively

 Binary code for 5 is 0000 0101 and for 7 is 0000 0111

 0 corresponds to False and 1 corresponds to True
 In bitwise OR ( | ), operator copies a bit to the result if it exists in
either operand
 In bitwise AND (& ), operator copies a bit to the result if it exists
in both operands

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Bitwise OR on integers
Code and output in
console

Binary code for 5 Binary code for 7

0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1

0 present in corresponding positions, therefore resultant cell

is also 0

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Bitwise OR on integers
Binary code for 5 Binary code for 7

0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1

0 0 0 0 0 1

0 present in positions 2-5, therefore resultant cell will

also contain 0
 In the 6th position, 1 is present in both operands and
hence resultant will also contain 1

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Bitwise OR on integers
 The 7th position has 0 in the first operand and 1 in the second
Binary code for 5 Binary code for 7

0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1

 Since this is an OR operator, only the True condition is considered

0 0 0 0 0 1 1

Binary code for 5 Binary code for 7

0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1

0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
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Bitwise operators
 Bitwise
operators can also operate on conditional
statements
Symbol Operation Example

| Bitwise OR

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Bitwise operators
 Bitwise
operators can also operate on conditional
statements
Symbol Operation Example

| Bitwise OR

& Bitwise AND

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Precedence of operators
Decreasing order
Operation
of precedence
Parentheses ()
Exponent **
Division /
Multiplication *
Addition and
+,-
subtraction
Bitwise AND &

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Precedence of operators
Decreasing order
Operation
of precedence
Bitwise OR |
Relational/
==, !=, >, >=, <,
comparison
<=
operators
Logical NOT not
Logical AND and
Logical OR or

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Summary
 Important operators
◦ Arithmetic
◦ Assignment
◦ Relational
◦ Logical
◦ Bitwise

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THANK YOU