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Lessons 79-97

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27 views166 pages

Lessons 79-97

Uploaded by

kiran malik
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Four vectors

In special relativity, we work with a unified entity called spacetime


rather than viewing space as an arena with time flowing in the
background.
As a result, a vector is going to have a time component in addition
to the spatial components we are used to. This is called a four
vector.
In general, (𝑽𝒊 ) is a four vector if it transforms according to the
law 𝑽෩ 𝒊 = 𝒂𝒊𝒋 𝑽𝒋 , where (𝒂𝒊𝒋 ) is the Lorentz matrix.
Physical Interpretation:

Curvature describes how a geometric object such as a curve


deviates from a straight line or a surface from a flat plane.

Curvature can be expressed simply as a scalar that represents the


magnitude of this deviation. Curvature can also be described as a
vector that takes into account the direction of the curve along with
the magnitude.

For more complex objects such as surfaces or n-dimensional spaces,


a more complex object is needed to describe the curvature. One
such object, is the Riemann curvature tensor.
Intrinsic objects are those which can be obtained by measuring distances and
computing the derivatives of those distances in some space.

The metric tensor is an example of an intrinsic object. The metric tensor


describes how to compute distances and lengths of curves in a given space.

Riemann generalized this idea and extended it to spaces of n-dimensions. Because


the metric tensor is an intrinsic object, subsequent objects that can be described in
terms of the metric tensor and its derivatives are also intrinsic.

One object that can be derived from the metric tensor is the Christoffel symbol.
The Christoffel symbol describes the variation in basis vectors from one point to
another in curvilinear coordinate systems. The Christoffel symbols measure the
rate of change of the covariant basis with respect to the coordinate variables.

The Riemann tensor, Ricci tensor, and Ricci scalar are all derived from the metric
tensor and are therefore intrinsic measures of curvature.
A manifold is a space that can be curved but is locally flat. That
is, near each point the space resembles Euclidean space. One
example of a curved manifold is the surface of a sphere.

The Riemann tensor is the most common tool used to describe


the curvature of a Riemannian manifold.

The Riemann curvature tensor is a tool used to describe the


curvature of n-dimensional spaces such as Riemannian
manifolds in the field of differential geometry. The Riemann
tensor plays an important role in the theories of general
relativity and gravity as well as the curvature of spacetime.
Contraction, of the Riemann tensor produces the Ricci
tensor. The Ricci tensor provides a way measure the
degree to which a space differs from Euclidean space.

Contraction of the Ricci tensor produces the scalar


curvature or Ricci scalar. The Ricci scalar is the simplest
curvature invariant of a manifold.
Energy Momentum Tensor:
▪ The quantity 𝑇 𝑖𝑗 ; 𝑖, 𝑗 = 0,1,2,3 is the so-called energy-momentum-stress
tensor or in a shorter version the energy-momentum tensor or the stress-
energy tensor.
▪ It is a rank-2 symmetric tensor encoding all the information about energy
density, momentum density, stress, pressure etc.
▪ In general relativity, the stress-energy or energy-momentum tensor 𝑇 𝑖𝑗 acts
as the source of the gravitational field.
The ten components of this tensor have the following
interpretation:

▪ 𝑇 00 is the local energy density, including any potential


contribution from forces between particles and their kinetic
energy.
The 𝑇 00 component represents energy density. To see why,
consider the momentum four vector 𝑝𝜇 = 𝐸, 𝑝𝑖 . Using this
definition, we see that in this case 𝑇 00 is the 𝑝0 component of the
momentum four vector. This is energy density.
▪ 𝑇 0𝑖 is the energy flux in the 𝑖𝑡ℎ direction. This includes not
only the bulk motion but also any other processes giving rise
to transfers of energy, as for instance heat conduction.
▪ 𝑇 𝑖0 is the density of the momentum component in the 𝑖𝑡ℎ
direction, i.e. the 3−momentum density. As the previous case,
it also takes into account the changes in momentum associated
to heat conduction.

Momentum density is momentum per unit volume. This is the


flow of momentum crossing a surface of constant time. As
energy-momentum tensor is symmetric 𝑇 0𝑖 = 𝑇 𝑖0 represents the
energy flow across the surface.
▪ 𝑇 𝑖𝑗 is the 3-momentum flux or stress tensor, i.e the rate of flow
of the 𝑖𝑡ℎ momentum component per unit area in the plane
orthogonal to the j𝑡ℎ -direction. The component 𝑇 𝑖𝑖 encodes the
isotropic pressure in the 𝑖𝑡ℎ direction while the components
𝑇 𝑖𝑗 with 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗 refer to the viscous stresses of the fluid.
Covariant Derivative of Energy Momentum Tensor:
The covariant derivative of energy momentum tensor is given by:
∇𝑗 𝑇 𝑖𝑗 = 0
The covariant derivative of energy momentum tensor is actually
the generalization of the conservation of energy and momentum
in flat space.
This relation is called the local conservation of energy-
momentum because it reduces to the conservation law
𝜕𝑇 𝑖𝑗
= 0 (in flat spacetime ) in a local inertial frame. However, it
𝜕𝑥 𝑗
is not a conservation law like in flat space, as the energy of matter
is not conserved in the presence of dynamic spacetime curvature
but changes in response to it.
Energy Momentum Tensor of Dust:

One of the simplest energy-momentum tensors is the dust energy momentum


tensor. This type of matter field consists of noninteracting matter.
However, consider that the dust particles carry energy and momentum. The
energy and momentum of the moving dust particles give rise to a gravitational
field.
In this case, there are only two quantities that can be used to describe the
matter field in the problem, the energy density and how fast (and in what
direction) the dust is moving.
The simplest way to obtain the first quantity, the energy density, is to jump
over to the co-moving frame. If you’re in the comoving frame, then you’re
moving along with the dust particles. In that case there is a number of dust
particles per unit volume 𝑛, and each dust particle has energy 𝑚. So the energy
density is given by 𝜌 = 𝑚𝑛.
The second item of interest is none other than the
velocity four vector u. This of course will give us the
momentum carried by the dust. Generally speaking, to
get the stress-energy tensor for dust, we put this
together with the energy density. So for dust, the stress-
energy tensor is given by
𝑇 𝑖𝑗 =𝜌𝑢𝑖 𝑢 𝑗
Where 𝑢𝑖 is the proper velocity.
The Components of Energy Momentum Tensor of Dust in Minkowski
spacetime (Flat space)

Here we discuss two cases: when frame is comoving and non comoving.
Case I:
A frame moving with the flow of the dust fluid is called comoving frame.
For a co-moving observer, the four velocity reduces to
𝑢𝑖 = (𝑐, 0, 0, 0)
In this case, the stress-energy tensor takes on the remarkably simple form

𝑐2𝜌 0 0 0
𝑇 𝑖𝑗 = 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
Case II:
Now consider the case of a stationary observer seeing the dust
particles go by with four velocity 𝑢. In that case, we have

𝑢 = (𝛾𝑐, 𝛾𝑣 𝑥 , 𝛾𝑣 𝑦 , 𝛾𝑣 𝑧 )

where 𝑢𝑖 are the ordinary components of three velocity and


1
𝛾 = 2
. In this case the stress-energy tensor is
𝑣
1− 2
𝑐

𝑐 𝑐𝑣 𝑥 𝑐𝑣 𝑦 𝑐𝑣 𝑧
𝑐𝑣 𝑥 (𝑣 𝑥 )2 𝑣 𝑥𝑣𝑦 𝑣 𝑥𝑣 𝑧
𝑇 𝑖𝑗 = 𝜌𝛾 2 𝑦 𝑧
𝑐𝑣 𝑦 𝑢𝑦𝑢𝑥 (𝑣 𝑦 )2 𝑣 𝑣
(𝑣 𝑧 )2
𝑐𝑣 𝑧 𝑣 𝑧𝑣 𝑥 𝑧
𝑣 𝑣 𝑦
Energy-Momentum Tensor of Perfect Fluid

A perfect fluid is a fluid that has no heat conduction or


viscosity. Such fluid is characterized by its mass density 𝜌
and the pressure 𝑃. The stress-energy tensor that describes a
perfect fluid is

𝑃 𝑖 𝑗
𝑇 = 𝜌 + 2 𝑢 𝑢 − 𝑃𝑔𝑖𝑗
𝑖𝑗
𝑐
The Components of Energy Momentum Tensor of perfect
fluid in Minkowski spacetime (Flat space)

Here we discuss two cases: when frame is comoving and non


comoving.
Case I:
A frame moving with the flow of the perfect fluid is called
comoving frame.
For a co-moving observer, the four velocity reduces to
𝑢𝑖 = (𝑐, 0, 0, 0)
In this case, the stress-energy tensor takes on the remarkably
simple form
𝑐2𝜌 0 0 0
𝑇 𝑖𝑗 = 0 𝑃 0 0
0 0 𝑃 0
0 0 0 𝑃
Case II:
Now consider the case of a stationary observer seeing the
perfect fluid particles go by with four velocity 𝑢𝑖 . In that case,
we have
𝑢𝑖 = (𝛾𝑐, 𝛾𝑣 𝑥 , 𝛾𝑣 𝑦 , 𝛾𝑣 𝑧 )

where 𝑣 𝑖 are the ordinary components of three velocity and


1
𝛾 = 2
. In this case the stress-energy tensor is
𝑣
1− 2
𝑐
THE EINSTEIN FIELD EQUATIONS

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