Scribd
Upload
47 views

Probability

Uploaded by

aka698354
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
47 views

Probability

Uploaded by

aka698354
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 5

PROBABILITY

Probability is a concept which numerically measures


the degree of certainty of the occurrence of events.
.
EXPERIMENT An operation which can produce some
well-defined outcomes is called an experiment.
RANDOM EXPERIMENT An experiment in which all
possible outcomes are known, and the exact outcome
cannot be predicted in advance, is called a random
experiment.
By a trial, we mean ‘performing a random experiment’.
Examples (i) Tossing a fair coin
(ii) Rolling an unbiased die
(iii) Drawing a card from a pack of well-shuffled cards
(iv) Picking up a ball from a bag of balls of different
colours These are all examples of a random experiment.
SOME DETAILS ABOUT THESE EXPERIMENTS
I. Tossing a coin: When we throw a coin, either a head
(H) or a tail (T) appears on the upper face.
II. Throwing a die :A die is a solid cube, having 6 faces,
marked 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, or having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6
dots.
In throwing a die, the outcome is the number or number
of dots appearing on the uppermost face.
The plural of die is dice.
III. Drawing a card from a well-shuffled deck of 52
cards.

A deck of playing cards has in all 52 cards.


(i) It has 13 cards each of four suits, namely
spades, clubs, hearts and diamonds.
(a) Cards of spades and clubs are black cards.
(b) Cards of hearts and diamonds are red cards.
(ii) Kings, queens and jacks (or knaves) are known as
face cards.
Thus, there are in all 12 face cards.

LOOKING AT ALL POSSIBLE OUTCOMES IN


VARIOUS EXPERIMENTS
I. When we toss a coin, we get either a head (H) or a tail
(T). Thus, all possible outcomes are H, T.
II. Suppose two coins are tossed simultaneously.
Then, all possible outcomes are HH, HT, TH, TT.
III. On rolling a die, the number on the upper face is the
outcome.
Thus, all possible outcomes are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
IV. In drawing a card from a well-shuffled deck of 52
cards, total number of possible outcomes is 52.
EVENT :
The collection of all or some of the possible outcomes is
called an event.
Examples (i) In throwing a coin, H is the event of
getting a head.
(ii) Suppose we throw two coins simultaneously and let
E be the event of getting at least one head. Then, E
contains HT, TH, HH.
EQUALLY LIKELY EVENTS : A given number of
events are said to be equally likely if none of them is
expected to occur in preference to the others.
For example, if we roll an unbiased die, each number is
equally likely to occur. If, however, a die is so formed
that a particular face occurs most often then the die is
biased. In this case, the outcomes are not equally likely
to happen.
PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE OF AN
EVENT

SURE EVENT
It is evident that in a single toss of die, we will always
get a number less than 7.
So, getting a number less than 7 is a sure event.
P(getting a number less than 7) 6 6=1.
Thus, the probability of a sure event is 1.
IMPOSSIBLE EVENT
In a single toss of a die, what is the probability of
getting a number 8?
We know that in tossing a coin, 8 will never come up.
So, getting 8 is an impossible event.
P(getting 8 in a single throw of a die) 0/6=0.
Thus, the probability of an impossible event is zero.
COMPLEMENTARY EVENT
Let E be an event and (not E) be an event which occurs
only when E does
not occur. We denote (not E) by E , or 𝐸̅ , called
complement of event E.
The event (not E) is called the complementary event of
E.
Clearly, P(E) P(not E) = 1.
∴P(E) 1 −P(not E).

You might also like