NCC

Matrices
1. Matrix is an ordered rectangular arrangement or display of numbers and functions.
2. The elements of a matrix are always enclosed in bracket   or parenthesis   .
   
   
   
   

Rows Columns
3. Order of Matrix:
Number of Rows X Number of Columns
a b c 
Ex. A   
d e f 
Number of rows of A  2
Number of columns of A  3
 Order of A  2  3
Or we can say A is 2  3 matrix.
Ex. If a matrix has 12 elements, what are the possible order it can have?
Sol. All the possible factors of 12 will be the order.
 possible order are 112, 2  6,3  4, 4  3, 6  2,12 1

Ex. Construct a 3  2 matrix when elements are given by

 1 5 j
 2 if i  j

1
aij    i  5 j  if i  j
2
 1  5 j 
  2  if i  j
 

i  1, 2,3
Sol. For 3  2 matrix. .
j  1, 2

1
a11  1  5  3
2
1  10 
a12     4.5  5
 2 
25 7 7
a21   
2 2 2
 NCC
2  10
a22   6 6
2
35
a31  4
2
3  10 13
a32  
2 2

 5 
 a11 a12   3 
 
3  2 matrix   a21 a22    7 6 
 2 
 a31 a32  
4 13 
 2

Types of Matrices

1 2 3  0 0
Diagonal Matrix

1  1 0 
2 0 1 
   
3 
1 2 2 0
3 4  0 2
   
1 0 
0 2 
 

Operation of Matrices:
1. Addition & Subtraction of matrices

Matrices can be added & subtracted

if they have same order

A]mn & B]mn

A  B]mn

Only corresponding elements

will be added or subtracted.
 NCC
a 2  b2 b2  c 2   2ab 2bc 
Ex. If A   2 2 2
&B  , find A  B.
a  c a b   2ac 2ab 
2

 a 2  b2  ab b2  c 2  2bc 
Sol. A B   2 2 
 a  c  2ac a  b  2ab 
2 2

 a  b  2 b  c  
2

 
 a  c   a  b  
2 2

1 2   1 3
Ex. If A   3 3  & B   2 2  , find 2 A  3B.
   
 2 1  1 3

1 2   1 3
Sol. 2 A  3B  2  3 3   3  2 2 
   
 2 1  1 3

 2 4   3 6 
  6 6    6 6 
 4 2   3 9 
 2  3 4  9   5 13
  6  6 6  6   12 0 
 4  3 2  9   1 7 

Multiplication of Matrices:

A]m p & B] pn

then  AB ]mn

no. of columns of A  no. of rows of B

 
 
 
 
 NCC
1 1 1  1 3
Ex. If A   2 0 3  & B   0 2
   
 3 1 2   1 4

1 1 1  1 3
Sol. AB   2 0 3   0 2
  
 3 1 2   1 4

1 0 1 3  2  4 
  2  0  3 6  0  12 
3  0  2 9  2  8 
2 1
  1 18
 1 15

But no. of columns of B are 2 and no. of rows of A are 3.  BA does not exists
Transpose of a Matrix

Let A   aij  be an m n matrix, then the transpose of A denoted by A ' or AT , is the matrix obtained from
A by interchanging its rows and columns.

 2 5 1
Ex. A   
7 4 0 

 2 7
Then, A ' or A   5 4
T
 
 1 0 

Properties of Transpose:
Let A & B be suitable matrices, then

a.  A ' '  A
b.  KA '  KA ', where K is any scalar.
c.  A  B  '  A ' B '
d.   A '   A '
e.  AB  '  B ' A '
 Symmetric Matrix
NCC Skew Symmetric Matrix

A'  A A'  A

Where A is any square matrix.

K  A  A ' is K  A  A ' is always

always symmetric skew symmetric
when K  R

Elements on the main

diagonals are zero.

Note: Null matrix is both Symmetric

matrix and Skew Symmetric matrix

 3 2 4 
Ex. Express the matrix A   3 2 5 as the sum of Symmetric and a Skew symmetric matrix.
 1 1 2 

 3 2 4 
Sol. A   3 2 5
 1 1 2 

 3 3 1
A '   2 2 1 
 4 5 2 

 6 1 5
B   A  A '   1 4 4 
1 1
2 2
 5 4 4 

 3 1 5 
 2 2
B 1 2 2 
 2 
 5 2 2 
 2 

 3 1 5 
 2 2
B'   1 2 2   B
 2 
 5 2 2 
 2 
 1
NCC
B   A  A ' is symmetric.
2

0 5 3
1
6 
1
C   A  A '  5 0
2 2
 3 6 0 
 0 5 3 
 2 2
  5 0 3 
 2 
3 3 0 
 2 

 0 53 
 2
2
C '   5 0 3
 2 
 33 0 
 2 
 0 5 3 
 2 2
 5 0 3   C
 2 
3 3 0 
 2 
1
C   A  A ' is skew symmetric matrix.
2

 3 1 5   0 5 3 
 2 2  2 2
BC   1 2 2    5 0 3 
 2   2 
 5 2  
2   3 3 0 
 2   2 
 3 2 4 
  3 2 5   A
 1 1 2 
 NCC
Exercise
i  2 j 
2

1. Construct a 2 x 2 matrix A whose elements aij are given by  aij   .

2
2i  j
2. Construct a 2 x 3 matrix A whose elements aij are given by  aij   .
3j
3. Construct a 2 x 2 matrix A whose elements aij are given by  aij   1 2i  3 j .
2
4. Construct: m n matrix A whose elements aij are given by  aij   2i  j ; m  2, n  4.

i  j , when i  j

5. Find a 3 x 2 matrix C =  aij  where  aij   i. j , when i  j .
i  j , when i  j

  1 2 3  1 0 0 
  
6. Solve the equation: 2  x  0 2 3   3 x  0 0 0  .

 0 0 1 
   0 0 1 
 1 3 2 1 
7. Find x such that: 1 x 1  2 5 1   2   0.
  
15 3 2  x 
 2 1 8 0 
8. If A    &B  , find the matrix X , such that 2 A  X  5B.
4 2  3 1 
2 3 5
9. Find the matrix B, if A + B – 4I = 0, where A  1 0 2  .
 
 3 4 5 
2 3
10. If A    find x such that: 2A + 3x =A².
4 7
1 3 3 5
 
11. If X  Y  3 4 & X  Y  9 2 , find X & Y where X & Y are two matrices of order 3 x 2.
  
5 6  7 4
7 0  3 0
12. If X  Y    & X Y   find X & Y where X & Y are two matrices of order 2 x 2 .
 2 5 0 3
 x  y 3x  2 y   3 1
13. If    , find x, y, z.
5 x  z 2 y  1   2 3 
 2 1  1 8 10
14. If  3 4  A   1 2 5  , find A.
 3 4   9 22 15 
 2
7 2 3     2 
15. Compute    3  5  1 .
 6 4 2  5  
 
 NCC
1 1 0 1 2 
 
16. Evaluate: 0 2    
1 0 2
  2 0 2   1 0 2  .
 2 3    3 4 1
 
a h g   x
 
17. Let A   x y z  , B  h b f & C   y  , Verify that:  AB  C  A  BC  .
   
 g f c   z 
 1 0 1 0 
18. If A    &I   , find the value of p so that A2  8 A  pI .
 1 7  0 1 
 3 1
19. For the matrix A    , find x & y so that A  xI  yA.
2

 7 5 
1 1  a 1
and A2  B 2   A  B  find the values of a & b.
2
20. If A    , B 
2 1  b 1
1 0 0 1 
21. If x    &y  
show that  ax  by   a3 x  3a 2by .
3

0 1 0 0
cos   sin  0
22. If g  x    sin  cos  0  , prove that g   g     g     .
 
 0 0 1 
 cos x sin x 
23. If A    , verify that A.A '  I .
  sin x cos x 
 a 2 2
24. Find the values of a, b, c if the matrix A , given by A  2 1 b  obeys the law A.A '  I .
1
3 
 2 c 1 
1
25. If A   5 , B  3 1 2 , verify that  AB  '  B ' A '.
 
 7 
3 4
 2 3 1
26. If A  0 5  , B   verify that  AB  '  B ' A '.
 
 1 0 7 
5 7 
6
3 0 3 5 7   
27. If A  
   , B  0 1 8  & C  1 , verify that:  ABC  '  C ' B ' A '.
 4 1     0 
 3 1  1 2 3
28. If A '    & B'    , find  BA '.
2 1   0 5 4
 2 3 1 3 2 4 
29. If A    ,B  , verify that:  A  B  '  A ' B '.
 4 2 3 1 3 5
 NCC
 1 4
 2 3 1  
30. If A  
  & B   2 5  , verify that  AB  '  B ' A '.
 1 2 4   1 3
 0 a b
31. Find 1  A  A ' when A   a 0 c  .
2  
 b c 0
 1 3 5
32. Express the matrix  6 8 3 as the sum of symmetric & skew-symmetric matrix.
 
 4 6 5
 0  tan
 
 cos   sin  
33. If A  
2
& I , the unit matrix of order 2 x 2. Prove that:  I  A    I  A   .
    sin  cos  
 tan 2 0 
 cos  cos  sin   cos2  cos  sin  
34. Prove that the product of matrices   &  is the null
cos  sin  sin   cos  sin  sin 2  
2

matrix when  and  differ by an odd multiple of /2.

35. Let f  x   2 x2  3x  5, find f  A , if
1 2
36. Let f  x   x2  2 x  3, find f  A , when A   .
2 1
2 0 4
37. If f  x   x  5x  6, find f  A if A  1 1 2  .
2
 
1 1 0 
0 1 2
38. Let f  x   x  2 x, find f  A , where A   4 5 0  .
2
 
 0 2 3 
39. A student has 4 places where he can eat lunch. The college charges Rs.8 for a Dosa, Rs.3 for French fries and
Rs.5 for a soft drink. A fast food place charges Rs.8 for a Dosa, Rs.4 for French fries and Rs.5 for a soft drink.
A nearby restaurant serves Dosa for Rs.12, French fries for Rs.5 and a free soft drink for any order.
Express the above information in a 4 x 3 matrix. The student wishes to buy 1 Dosa, 2 orders of French fries
and a soft drink. Find, using matrix algebra, the cost of lunch at each place. Assuming that the student has no
preferences for any of the places, decide where he should eat to spend the least amount of money.
40. Three firms A, B and C supplied 40,35 and 25 truck loads of stones and 10,5,8 truck loads of sand
are Rs.1,200 and Rs.500 per truck load respectively. Find the total amount paid by the contractor to
each of the three firms, by using matrix method.
41. A man buys 8 dozen of mangoes, 10 dozen of apples and 4 dozen of bananas. Mangoes cost Rs.18 per dozen,
apples Rs.15 per dozen and bananas Rs.12 per dozen. Represent the quantities bought by a row matrix and
prices by a column matrix. Using matrix multiplication determine the total amount spent by the man.
42. Three persons buy cold drinks of different brands A, B and C. the first person buys 12 bottles of A, 5
bottles of B and 3 bottles of C. The second person buys 4 bottles of A, 6 bottles of B and 10 bottles
of C. The third person buys6 bottles of A, 7 bottles of b and 9 bottles of C.
 NCC
Represent this information in the form of a matrix. If each bottle of brand A costs Rs.4, each bottle
of B costs Rs.5 and each bottle of C costs Rs.6, then using matrix operations, find the total sum of
money spent individually by the three persons for the purchase of cold drinks.
43. In a certain city, there are 5 colleges and 20 schools. Each school has 3 peons, 1 clerk and 1 head
clerk, whereas a college has 5 peons, 3 clerks, 1 head clerk and an additional staff as a caretaker.
The monthly salary of each of them is as follows:
Peon – rs.1,1oo, Clerk – Rs.1,700, Head Clerk – Rs.3,000 and Caretaker – Rs.2,500.
Using matrix method, find
i. The total number of posts of each kind in schools and colleges taken together.
ii. The total monthly salary bill of each school and college, and
iii. The total monthly salary bill of all the schools and colleges taken together.
44. A finance company has office located in every division, every district and every zone in certain state
in India. Assume there are five divisions, 30 districts and 200 zones I the state. Each zonal office has
1 head clerk, 1 superintendent, 2 clerks, 1 typist and 1 peon. A district office has in addition, 1 clerk
and 1 peon. The basic monthly salaries are as follows:
Office Superintendent – Rs.5,000, Head Clerk – Rs.2,000, Cashier – Rs.1,750, Clerk and Typist –
Rs.1,500 each and Peon – Rs.1,000.
Using matrix method, find:
i. The total number of posts of each kind in all the offices taken together,
ii. The total basic monthly salary bill of each kind of office, and
iii. The total basic monthly salary bill of all the offices taken together.
45. There are three electric dealers in a pure competition market who sell the Radios, Tape recorders
and Television sets. A sells weekly 48 radios, 20 tape recorders and 12 television sets; B sells weekly
57 radios, 17 tape recorders and 15 television sets, and C sells weekly 35 radios, 22 tape recorders
and 18 television sets. Using matrices, calculate their individual profits, if the net revenue on a radio
is Rs.50, on a tape recorder is Rs.75 and on a television set is Rs.250.
46. A manufacturer produces three products X,Y and Z which he sells in three markets I, II, and III.
Monthly sales and sale prices are given as follows:
Markets Items Sold Sale Price in Rs.
X Y Z X Y Z
I 1000 1500 2000 2.00 3.00 4.00
II 2000 2800 3000 2.50 2.80 3.70
III 3000 3500 4000 2.30 3.10 4.20
If the costs per item for the three products X,Y and Z are Rs. 1.80, 2.50 and 3.40 respectively, find
by matrix algebra his total profit.
47. Two television Companies TV1 and TV2 both televise documentary programmes and variety
programmes. TV1 has two transmitting stations, all stations transmit different programmes. On an
average the TV1 station broadcasts 1 hour of documentary and 3 hours of variety programmes each
day, whereas TV2 station broadcasts 2 hours of documentary and 1½ hours of variety programmes
each day. The transmission of documentary and variety programmes costs approximately Rs.50 and
Rs200 per hour respectively. Express, in matrix form and hence evaluate:
i. The daily cost of transmission from each TV1 and TV2 station. (6,50,400)
 ii.
NCC
The total number of hours which are devoted daily to documentary and to variety
programmes by both companies. (8, 10.5)
iii. The total daily cost of transmission incurred by both companies. (2500)

Answers
 4.5 12.5 1 2 5
1. A   14.
8 18  3 4 0 
 
1 2 5 
 3 9  4 5
2. A  15. 2 9
5 1 7   
 3 9
 1 1 2
0.5 2  3 0 2
3. A    16.
0.5 1   
 5 4 11 
1 0 1 2
4. A    18. p  7
3 2 1 0 
1 3
5. A  1 4 19. x  8, y  8
 
 2 1 
3 4 6
1 
6. x  0 4 6  20. a  1, b  4
5 
0 0 3
7. x  14, 2 24. a  1, b  2, c  2
 NCC
36 2   3 1 5 
8.   . 28.  2 9 10 
 7 1  
 2 3 5 0 0 0  0 a b 
9.  1 4 2 31. 0 0 0  ,  a 0 c 
     
 3 4 1 0 0 0  b c 0
 4 7  19 3
10.  28 47  . 35. 0 7 
 3 3  
5 0  2 0 0 0
11. X    ,Y    36. 0 0
1 4 1 1   
 2 4  1 1  24 4 28
 
12. X  6 3 , Y   3 1  37. 10 10 16 
     
 6 5   1 1   6 6 8 
4 7 2
13. x  1, y  2, z  3 38. 12 19 8 
 
 8 12 13

Determinants

a b   a1 b1 c1 
A
c d 
 A   a2 b2 c2 
A  ad  bc  a3 b3 c3 

b2 c2 a c2 a b2
A  a1  b1 2  c1 2
b3 c3 a3 c3 a3 b3
 a1  b2 c3  c2b3   b1  a2c3  c2b3   c1  a2b3  b2 a3 
 NCC
 a1 b1 c1 
A   a2 b2 c2 
 a3 b3 c3 

Minors Co-factors

b2 c2 b2 c2
M 11  C11 
b3 c3 b3 c3
a2 c2 a2 c2
M 12  C12  
a3 c3 a3 c3
a2 b2 a2 b2
M 13  C13 
a3 b3 a3 b3
b1 c1 b1 c1
M 21  C21  
b3 c3 b3 c3
a1 c1 a1 c1
M 22  C22 
a3 c3 a3 c3
a1 b1 a1 b1
M 23  C23  
a3 b3 a3 b3
b1 c1 b1 c1
M 31  C31 
b2 c2 b2 c2
a1 c1 a1 c1
M 32  C32  
a2 c2 a2 c2
a1 b1 a1 b1
M 33  C33 
a2 b2 a2 b2
 c11 c12 c33 
Co-factor matrix A  c21 c22 c23 

 c31 c32 c33 

 c11 c21 c31 

Adjoint of A  c12 c22 c32 

 c13 c23 c33 

Inverse of a Matrix A:

adj. A
A1 
A

Note:
1
 NCC

If A & B are invertible, AB is also invertible, then

 AB 
1
 B 1 A1

3 2 1 
Ex. If A   4 1 2  , then find A1.
 
7 3 3

3 2 1 
Sol. A   4 1 2 
 
7 3 3

1 2 4 2 4 1
A 3 2 1
3 3 7 3 7 3
 3  3  6   2 12  14   112  7 
 3  3  2  26   119 
 9  52  19
 62  0

A1 exists.
 NCC
1 2
C11   3  6  3
3 3
4 2
C12      12  14   26
7 3
4 1
C13   12  7  19
7 3
2 1
C21      6  3  9
3 3
3 1
C22   4  7  16
7 3
3 2
C23      9  14   5
7 3
2 1
C31   4 1  5
1 2
3 1
C32      6  4   2
4 2
3 2
C33   3  8  11
4 1

 3 26 19 
Co-factor matrix A   9 16 6 
 
 5 2 11

 3 9 5

adj. A   26 16 2
19 5 11 

adj. A
A1 
A
 3 9 5
1 
 26 16 2 
62 
19 5 11 

 2 1
Ex. If A    , then find f  A when f  x   x2  4x  3 . Hence find A1 .
 1 2 

 2 1
Sol. A   
 1 2 

f  x   x2  4x  3
 NCC
f  A   A2  4 A  3I
 2 1  2 1  2 1 1 0 
    4   3 
 1 2   1 2   1 2  0 1 
 5 4   8 4   3 0 
   
 4 5   4 8  0 3
 5  8  3 4  4  0 
 
 4  4  0 5  8  3 
0 0 
 0
0 0 

 f  A  0

A2  4 A  3 I  0
3 I  4 A  A2
3IA1  4 I  A
1 0   2 1
 4  
0 1   1 2 
4 0 2 1
3 A1   
0 4  1 2 
1 2 1
A1  
3 1 2 

Solution of System of Linear Equations by Matrix method(by finding the inverse of a matrix):

a1 x  b1 y  c1 z  d1
a2 x  b2 y  c2 z  d 2
a3 x  b3 y  c3 z  d3

Writing the given system of equations in matrix form

 a1 b1 c1   x   d1 
a
 2 b2 c2   y    d 2 
 a3 b3 c2   z   d3 

Let AX  B

A1 AX  A1B
IX  A1 B

X  A1B
 NCC
Note:

a. If A  0, then he given system of linear equations are consistent and they have unique
solution.
b. If A  0, find  adj. A B
i. If  adj. A B  0, then the given system of linear equations are inconsistent & they
have no solution.
ii. If  adj. A B  0, then the given system of linear equation are inconsistent and they
have no solution.

1. A total amount of Rs.7000 is deposited in three different savings bank accounts with annual interest
rates of 5%, 8% and 8½% respectively. The total annual interest from these three accounts is
Rs.550. equal amounts have been deposited in the 5% and 8% savings account. Find the amount
deposited in each of the three accounts, with the help of matrices.

Let the amount invested @ 5% be Rs. x

Let the amount invested @ 8% be Rs. y
Let the amount invested @ 8½% be Rs. z
x  y  z  7000
5 8 17
x y z  550
100 100 200
10 x  16 y  17 z  110000
x  y x y 0
x  y  z  7000
10 x  16 y  17 z  11, 000
x y 0
 1 1 1   x   7000 
10 16 17   y   11, 000
    
 1 1 0   z   0 
Let A X  B
1 1 1
A  10 16 17 
 1 1 0 
 1 0  17   1 0  17   1 10  16 
 17  17  26  8  0
 A1 exists.
C11   0  17   17, C12    0  17   17, C13   14  16   26
C21    0  1  1, C22   0  1  1, C23    1  1  2
C31  17  17   1, C32   17  10   7, C33  16  10   6
 NCC
17 17 26 
Cofactor matrix A   1 1 2 
 
 1 7 6 
 17 1 1 
adj. A   17 1 7 
 26 2 6 
adj. A
A1 
A
 17 2 1 
1
  17 1 7 
8
 26 2 6 
X  A1B
x   171 1   7000 
 y   1  17 1 7  11, 000 
  8
 z   26
2 6   0 
 119000  11000  0 
  119000  11000  0 
1
8
 182000  22000  0 
9000 
 9000 
1
8
3800 
 x  1125 
 y   1125 
   
 z   4750 
x  1125, y  1125, z  4750
Hence the amount deposited in each type of account is Rs.1125, Rs.1125 and Rs.4750 respectively.
 NCC
Exercise
2 3  1
1. If A    , show that A1  A.
 5 2  19
 2 3
2. Given A    , show that 2 A1  9 I  A.
 4 7 
3 1 4 0
, verify that:  AB   B 1 A1.
1
3. If A    ,B 
4 0 2 5
 1 2 5
4. Compute the inverse of the matrix A   2 3 1 & verify that: A. A1  I .
 
 1 1 1
5 0 4 1 3 3 
 
5. Given A  2 3 2 & B  1 4 3  , compute  AB  .
1 1
   
1 2 1  1 3 4 
 2 3
6. Let A   
1
 
, verify that  adj. A  adj. A1 .
4 6 
 3 3 4
7. Let A   2 3 4  , prove that A3  A1.

0 1 1 
 1 tan x  cos 2 x  sin 2 x 
8. If A    , show that A ' A1   .
  tan x 1   sin 2 x cos 2 x 
3 2
9. If A    , show that A2  4 A  I  0 . Hence find A1.
2 1
5 3
10. Show that A    , satisfies the equation x 2  3x  7  0 . Thus find A1.
 1 2
1 2 2
11. Verify that A   2 1 2  satisfies the equation A2  4 A  5I  0 . Hence find A1.
 
 2 2 1 
 2 1 1 
12. Show that the matrix A   1 2 1 satisfies the equation A3  6 A2  9 A  4 I  0 and hence deduce.
 
 1 1 2 
 2 3
13. Let A    & f  x   x 2  4 x  7, show that f  A  0 . Use this result to find A5 .
 1 2
1
 1  tan    tan  
2   cos   sin  
1
14. Show that: 
2
      sin  cos  
.
 tan 2 1    tan 2 1  

 NCC
 2 0 1
15. If A  5 1 0  , prove that: A1  A2  6 A  11I .
 
0 1 3 
5 4  1 2
16. Find X from the equation, where X is the matrix of order 2x2.   X  .
1 1  1 3 
1 2 6 0
17. Find 2x2 matrix A such that: A   .
1 4 0 6
 2 1   3 2  1 0
18. Find the matrix A satisfying the matrix equation:  A  .
 3 2  5 3 0 1 
1 1 1 2 2 1
19. If A is 3x3 matrix, find A if 1 1 1 A   2 1 2 .
 
   
 2 1 1 1 2 2
20. Examine whether the following system of linear equations are consistent or inconsistent, if
consistent, find solutions:
a) 2x – y = 5 d) 4x – 5y – 2z = 2
4x – 2y = 7 5x – 4y + 2z = -2
b) 6x + 4y = 2 2x + 2y + 8z = -1
9x – 6y = 3 e) x + y + z = 6
c) x – 3y – 8z = -10 x + 2y + 3z = 14
3x + y – 4z = 0 x + 4y + 7z = 30
2x + 5y +6z =13
21. Solve the following system of linear equations by matrix method:
i. x+y=0 iii. 1/x + 1/y + 1/z =2
y + z =1 2/x – 1/y + 2/z = 3
z+x=3 3/x + 1/y – 1/z =3
ii. 4x + 2y + 3z = 2
x+y+ z=1
3x + y – 2z = 5
1 2 3
22. Find A1 if A   2 3 2 
 
 3 3 4
Hence solve the system of linear equations:
x + 2y – 3z +4 = 0
2x + 3y + 2z -2 = 0
3x – 3y – 4z - 11 =0
1 2 3  x  2 y  3z  11
  1
23. Let A  3 1 2 , find A . Hence solve the system of linear equations: 3x  y  2 z  11
 
 2 3 1  2 x  3 y  z  11
 NCC
24. State the conditions under which the following system of linear equations have a unique solution:
3x + 2y + 6z = 1
x + y + 2z = 1
2x + 2y + 5z = 1
Using matrix method , find the unique solution of the above system of linear equations.
 5 1 3  1 1 2 
 
25. Find the product of the matrices A & B , where A  7 1 5 , B   3 2 1  and use it to
   
 1 1 1   2 1 3
x  y  2z  1
solve the equations: 3x  2 y  z  7
2 x  y  3z  2
1 1 1  x  y  2z  0
26. If A  1 2 3 , find A1 & use it to solve the system of equations: x  2 y  z  9
 
 2 1 3  x  3 y  3 z  14

2 3
  10 xz  4
x y
4 6
27. Using matrices, solve the following system of equations:   5 xz  1
x y
6 9
  20 xz  2
x y
1 1 1  x yz 4
  1
28. If A  2 1 3 , find A & use it to solve the system of equations; x  2 y  2 z  9
 
1 1 1  2 x  y  3z  1
29. The sum of three number is 6. If we multiply the third number by 2 and add the first number to the
result, we get 7. By adding second and third number to three times the first we get 12, using
matrices find the numbers.
30. An amount of Rs.5,000 is put into three investments @ interest of 6%, 7% and 8% per annum respectively.
The total annual income is Rs.358. if the combined income from first two investments is Rs.70 more than the
income from the third, find the amount of each investment by using matrix algebra.
31. A business has rs.40,000 to spend on advertising an upcoming sale. The money is to be divided between
television, radio and newspapers. The business manager has decided to spend three times as much money
on television on radio. The manager has also decided to spend Rs.8,000 less on radio advertisement on
newspapers. Write the system of equations by this problem. Solve the system using matrix method.
32. To control a certain disease it is necessary to use 8 units of chemical A, 14 units of chemical B and 13
units of chemical C. one barrel of spray P contains 1 unit of A, 2 units of B and 3 units of C. One barrel of
Q contains 2 units of A, 3 units of B and 3 units of C. One barrel of R contains 1unit of A, 2 units of B and
2 units of C. Using matrix, find how may barrels of ach type be used to just meet the requirements.
33. A toy manufacturer makes two types of dolls: A & B. Each doll of type A takes twice as long to produce
as one doll of type B and he can make 200 dolls of type B per week. A person who makes dresses for the
dolls can prepare dresses for either 120 dolls of type A or 180 dolls of type B. The plastic is available to
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produce 160 dolls ( type A and type B combined) per week. Using matrix algebra, determine how many
dolls of each type can be prepared per week to utilize all resources completely.
34. The prices of three commodities P, Q and R are Rs. X, y and z per unit respectively. A purchases 4 units of R
and sells 3 units of P and 5 units of Q. B purchases 3 units of Q and sells 2 units of P and 1 units or R. C
purchases 1 unit of P and sells 4 units of Q and 6 units of R. I the process A, B and C earn Rs.6,000, Rs.5000
and Rs.13,000 respectively. If selling the units is positive earning and buying the units is negative earnings,
find the price per unit of three commodities by using matrix method.  x  3000, y  1000,z  2000
35. The management committee of a residential colony decided to award some of its members (say x) for
honesty, some (say y) for helping others (say z) for supervising the workers to keep the colony neat and
clean. The sum of all the awardees is 12. Three times the sum of awardees for cooperation and supervision
added to two times the number of awardees for honesty is 33. If the sum of the number of awardees for
honesty and supervision is twice the number of awardees for helping others. Using matrix method, find the
number of awardees of each category. Apart from these values, namely, honesty, cooperation and
supervision suggest one more value which the management must include for awards.  x  3, y  4, z  5
36. A school wants to award its students for the values of Honesty, Regularity and Hard work with a total
cash award of Rs.6,000. Three times the award money for Hard work added to that given for honesty
amounts to Rs.11,000. The award money given for Honesty and Hard work together is double the one
given for Regularity. Represent the above situation algebraically and find the award for each value,
using matrix method. Apart from these values, namely, Honesty, Regularity and Hard work, suggest one
more value which the school must include for awards. 500, 2000,3500
37. Two institutions decided to award their employees for the three values of resourcefulness, competence and
determination in the form of prizes at the rate of Rs.x, Rs.y and Rs.z respectively per person. The first
institution decided to award respectively 4, 3 and 2 employees with a total prize money of Rs.37,000 and the
second institution decided to award respectively 5, 3 and 4 employees with a total prize money of Rs.47,000.
If all the three prizes per person together amount to Rs.12,000, then using matrix method find the value of x,
y and z. What values are described in this question?  4000,5000,3000
38. Two factories decided to award their employees for three values (a) adaptable to new techniques,
(b) careful and alert in difficult situations and (c) keeping calm in tense situations, @ Rs.x, Rs.y amd Rs.z
per person respectively. The first factory decided to honor respectively 2, 4 and 3 employees with a
total prize money of Rs.29,000. The second factory decided to honor respectively 5, 2 and 3 employees
with the prize money of Rs.30,500. If the three prizes per person together cost Rs.9,500, then
i. Represent the above situation by a matrix equation and form linear equations using matrix
multiplication.
ii. Solve these equations using matrices.  2500,3000, 4000
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Answers
 2 3 13   2 0 2
1 
3 6 9 
1
1
4. A  19. 0 1 1
21   2 
 5 3 1  6 3 1 

i  In co nsistent , No solution
2k
 ii  Consistent ; x  1  ,yk
 2 19 27  3
5.  2 18 25  70.  iii  Consistent ; x  2k  1, y  3  2k , z  k
 
 3 29 42   iv  Inconsistent , No solution
v Consistent ; x  k  2, y  8  2k , z  k

i  x  1, y  1, z  2
 1 2 
9. A1    21.  ii  x  1 , y  3 , z  1
 2 3 2 2
 iii  x4 ,y 1 ,z4
3 3 9

2 3   6 17 13 
1 
10. A   5 8 , x  3, y  2, z  1
7 7 1
1
22. A  14
 1 5  67  
 7 7  15 9 1

 3 2 2  5 7 1
1
3 2 
1 
7 , x  , y  , z 
1 1 11 11 11
11. A  2 23. A  1 5
5  18   6 6 6
 2 2 3  7 1 5

3 1 1
1
1
12. A  1 3 1 24. x  1, y  2, z  1
4 
 1 1 3 

4 0 0
 118 93 
13. A  
5
25. AB   0 4 0  , x  2, y  1, z  1
 3 118  
 0 0 4 

3 4 5
 3 14  1 
16.   26. A1  9 1 4  ,x  1, y  3, z  2
 4 13 11  
 5 3 1 

4 2 2
 4 2 1 
5  , x  ,y  , z 
1 9 2 7
17.   27. A  5 0
 1 1  10   5 5 5
 1 2 3 

1 1  1
18.   28. x  2, y  3, z 
1 0  10
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Area of Triangle:

A  x1 , y1 

B  x2 , y2  C  x3 , y3 

x1 y1 1
1
Area of ABC  the absolute value of x2 y2 1
2
x3 y3 1

x1 y1 1
Note: Three points A  x1 , y1  , B  x2 , y2  & C  x3 , y3  are collinear if x2 y2 1  0
x3 y3 1

1. Find the value(s) of x if the area of triangle with vertices (x,4), (2,-6) and (5,4) is 35 sq.units. (-2,12)
2. Prove that the points (a,b+c), (b,c+a) and (c,a+b) are collinear.
3. If the points  p1 , q1  ,  p2 , q2  and  p1  p2 , q1  q2  are collinear, show that p1q2  q1 p2 .
4. If A  x1 , y1  , B  x2 , y2  and C  x3 , y3  are the vertices of an equilateral triangle with each side equal
to ‘a’ units, then prove that:
2
x1 y1 2
x2 y2 2  3a 4
x3 y3 2
5. A triangle has its three sides equal to a, b andc. If the coordinates of its vertices are
A  x1 , y1  , B  x2 , y2  and C  x3 , y3  , show that:
2
x1 y1 2
x2 y2 2   a  b  c  b  c  a  c  a  b  a  b  c  .
x3 y3 2

Properties:
1. For any other matrix A of order n, we have
a. AT  A b. kA  k n A
2. For any two square matrices A & B of same order, we have AB  A B .
 NCC 1
3. For any invertible square matrix A of order n, we have A1  .
A
4. A square matrix A is said to be singular, if A  0.
x y 1
5. Equation of line passing through A  x1 , y1  & B  x2 , y2  is given by x1 y1 1  0.
x2 y2 1
6. For any square matrix A of order n, we have
a. A  adj A   adj A A  A I e. adj  kA  k n1  adj A , for any scalar k
adj  adj A   A
n 1 n2
b. adj A  A f. A
A  adj A  A adj  AT    adj A
n T
c. g.
 n 12
d. adj  adj A   A

For any two square matrices A & B (for which AB is defined), we have adj  AB    adj A adj B  .

One mark questions:

1. Write the number of all possible matrices of order 3x3 with entry 0 or 1. (512)
2. If A is a square matrix such that A  A, then find the value of  I  A   7 A. I 
2 3

 1 0
3. If A    , find the value of k , such that A2  8 A  kI  0.  k  7
 1 7 
 x 0   2 y  y   4 3
4. Find the values of x & y , if     x  2, y  3
3 x 4   0 o   6 4 
1 1 0 1 1 
 1 0 2  0 1 2  
5. Evaluate: 0 2     2 0 2
  2 0 1   1 0 2    
 2 3       5 2 3
0 a 3 
6. If the matrix  2 b 1 is skew symmetric, then find the values of a, b & c.  a  2, b  0, c  3
 
 c 1 0 
7. If a matrix has 24 elements, what are the possible order it can have.
(1x24, 2x12, 3x8, 4x6, 6x4, 8x3, 12x2, 24x1)
i  2 j if i  j
 1 3 5
8. Construct a 2x3 matrix A   aij  whose elements are  aij    i. j if i  j .  4 4 4
i  2 j if i  j  

 0 1  1 0  
9. Give an example of two non-zero matrices A&B such that AB=0 but BA  0.  A    ,B 
 0 0  0 0  
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10. If A and B are square matrices of same order and B is a skew symmetric matrix, then write
whether the matrix ABA’ is symmetric or skew symmetric.  skew symmetric 
11. If A, B and C are all non-zero square matrices of the same order, then write the condition on A
such that AB = AC  B=C. (A is non-singular)
0 0
12. Write a matrix which is both symmetric and skew-symmetric. 0 0
 
2sin x 1 3 0   
13. If x  R, 0  x   &  , find the value of x. x  , 
2 1 sin x 4 sin x  6 2
a1 b1 c1 2a1  3b1 b1 c1
14. If a2 b2 c2  10 , then evaluate 2a2  3b2 b2 c2  20
a3 b3 c3 2a3  3b3 b3 c3
15. If A   aij  is 3x3 matrix and Aij denotes the cofactors of the corresponding element aij , then
write the value of a21 A11  a22 A12  a23 A13 .  0

16. For what value of x , the following matrices are singular:

5  x x  1
I.  2  3
 4 
 2sin x 3   2 
II.  1 , 0 x   & 
 2sin x  3 3 
 2 0 0
17. If A   3 4 0 , find adj A . 576
 
10 7 3
2 3 5
18. Find the cofactor of a12 in 6 0 4  46
1 5 7
19. If A & B are non-singular square matrices of same order, then write the relationship between
(adj.Ab), (adj.A) and (adj.B). (adj.AB) = (adj.B)(adj.A)
20. If each element of I st row and 3rd row of a determinant of third order with value  is multiplied
by 2 & 5 respectively, then find the value of determinant. 10 
 2 1 5 
21. If A   3 0 2  , find A.  adj. A without finding (adj.A). 32I 
 
1 5 7 
a 0 0 
22. If A   0 a 0  , find A.  adj. A  .
  a  27

 0 0 a 
 NCC
1
23. If A is an invertible matrix of order 3 with, then find A1 .
A
24. If A is a square matrix such that A  3. Write the value of AAT 9
1
25. If A & B are square matrices of same order such that A  3 & AB  I then write the value of B .  
3
26. If A & B are square matrices of order 3 such that A  1, B  3, then find the value of 3 AB .  27 
22 23 24
27. Find the value of 23 24 25  0
24 25 26

a  ib c  id
28. Write the value of
c  id a  ib
a 2
 b2  c2  d 2 

29. If A is a square matrix of order 3 with determinant 4, then write the value of 3A  10
30. If A is a square matrix of order 3 such that A  5. Write the value of adj. A  25
31. If A is a square matrix of order 3 such that adj. A  100, find A .  10
32. If A is a square matrix of order 3, then find the3 value of adj.  adj. A  A 4

33. If A is a square matrix of order 3 such that adj.  2 A  k  adj.A , then write the value of k.  4
34. Let A be a 3x3 square matrix such that A  adj, A  2I where I is the identity matrix, write the
value of adj.A .  4
5 0 0 
35. If A is square matrix such that A.  adj. A   0 5 0  then write the value of adj. A . 125
 
0 0 5 

 
36. If A is square matrix, then write the value of adj AT   adj. A .
T
 0