Digital Design

COM 131
L-1
BINARY STORAGE AND REGISTERS

Prof. Dr. Tarek Haweel

 Course Specifications

Program Title Computers Engineering and Systems

Course Title Numerical Design

Course Code ECO 131
Course Level Level 1
Department Offering the Program Mechanical engineering
Authorization Date of Course Specifications Spring 2019
 Course Specifications
Contact Hours

Credits Prerequisites
Lecture Tutorial Practical Total

BAS 022
3 2 2 - 4
Course Record BAS 113
Content Description

Transfer of information among registers, binary information processing, Hardware

Description Language (HDL), Verilog HDL (VHDL), Design of combinational circuits, HDL
Models of Combinational Circuits, Sequential Circuits, HDL Models of Sequential Circuits,
Registers and Counters, Introduction to FPGA, Introduction to microprocessors.
 Assessments/Books
Assessment
• Tests
• Reports
• Assignments
• Examinations
• Projects

Text book
Digital Design, 5th Ed, M. Morris Mano & Michael
D. Ciletti, 2013, Pearson, Prentice Hall.
Electronics Devices and Circuit Theory 10th Edition - Boylestad
Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition - Floyd/Buchla
 BINARY STORAGE AND REGISTERS

• The binary information in a digital computer must haves physical

existence in some medium for storing individual bits.

• A binary cell is a device that possesses two stable states and is

capable of storing one bit (0 or I) of information.

• The input to the cell receives excitation signals that set it to one
of the two states.

• The output of the cell is a physical quantity that distinguishes

between the two states.

• The information stored in a cell is 1 when the cell is in one stable

state and 0 when the cell is in the other stable state.
Electronics Devices and Circuit Theory 10th Edition - Boylestad
Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition - Floyd/Buchla
 REGISTERS
• A register is a group of binary cells.

• A register with n cells can store any discrete quantity

of information that contains n bits.

• The state of a register is an n-tuple of 1's and O's, with

each bit designating the state of one cell in the
register.

• The content of a register is a function of the

interpretation given to the information stored in it.

Electronics Devices and Circuit Theory 10th Edition - Boylestad

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition - Floyd/Buchla
 REGISTERS
• Consider, for example, a 16-bit register with the
following binary content:

• A register with 16 cells can be in one of 216 possible

states.

• If one assumes that the content of he register

represents a binary integer, then the register can store
any binary number from 0 to 216 – 1.

• For the particular example shown, the content of the

register is the binary equivalent of the decimal number
Electronics Devices and Circuit Theory 10th Edition - Boylestad
50121. th
Electronics Fundamentals 8 edition - Floyd/Buchla
 REGISTERS
• If one assumes instead that the register stores
alphanumeric characters of an eight-bit code, then the
content of the register is any two meaningful
characters.

• For the ASClI code with an even parity placed in the

eighth most significant bit position, the register
contains the two characters C (the left eight bits) and I
(the rightmost eight bits).

• If, however, one interprets the content of the register

to be four decimal digits represented by a four-bit
code, then the content of the register is a four-digit
decimal
Electronics number.
Devices and Circuit Theory 10th Edition - Boylestad
Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition - Floyd/Buchla
 REGISTERS
• In the excess-3 code, the register holds the decimal
number 9,096.

• The content of the register is meaningless in BCD,

because the bit combination 1100 is not assigned to
any decimal digit.

• From this example, it is clear that a register can store

discrete elements of information and that the same bit
configuration may be interpreted differently for
different types of data.

Electronics Devices and Circuit Theory 10th Edition - Boylestad

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition - Floyd/Buchla
 REGISTER TRANSFER
• A digital system is characterized by its registers and
the components that perform data processing.

• In digital systems, a register transfer operation is a

basic operation that consists of a transfer of binary
information from one set of registers into another set
of registers.

• Figure 1.1 illustrates the transfer of information

among registers and demonstrates pictorially the
transfer of binary information from a keyboard into a
register in the memory unit.

Electronics Devices and Circuit Theory 10th Edition - Boylestad

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition - Floyd/Buchla
REGISTER TRANSFER
 REGISTER TRANSFER
• The input unit is assumed to have a keyboard, a
control circuit. and an input register.

• Each time a key is struck, the control circuit enters an

equivalent eight-bit alphanumeric character code into
the input register.

• We shall assume that the code used is the ASCII code

with an odd-parity bit.

• The information from the input register is transferred

into the eight least significant ce1Is of a processor
register.
Electronics Devices and Circuit Theory 10th Edition - Boylestad
Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition - Floyd/Buchla
 REGISTER TRANSFER
• After every transfer, the input register is cleared to enable the control to
insert a new eight-bit cade when the keyboard is struck again.

• Each time a key is struck, the control circuit enters an equivalent eight-
bit alphanumeric character code into the input register.

• Each eight-bit character transferred to the processor register is

preceded by a shift of the previous character to the next eight cells on
its left.

• When a transfer of four characters is completed, the processor register

is full, and its contents are transferred into a memory register.

• The content stored in the memory register shown in Fig. 1.1 came from
the transfer of the characters "J," "0 " , " H " and “ N " after the fan
appropriate keys were struck

Electronics Devices and Circuit Theory 10th Edition - Boylestad

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition - Floyd/Buchla
 Binary Information Processing
• To process discrete quantities of information in binary form, a computer
must be provided with devices that hold the data to be processed and
with circuit elements that manipulate individual bits of information.

• The device most commonly used for holding data is a register. Binary
variables are manipulated by means of digital logic circuits.

• Figure 1.2 illustrates the process of adding two 10-bit binary numbers.

• The memory unit. which normally consists of millions of registers, is

shown with only three of its registers.

• Memory registers store information and are incapable of processing the

two operands.

• However, the information stored in memory can be transferred to

processor registers, and the result obtained from processor registers
can be Devices
Electronics transferred back
and Circuit Theoryinto a memory
10th Edition register for storage.
- Boylestad
Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition - Floyd/Buchla
Binary Information Processing