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AVAILABLE 12158
SPECIFICATION
First edition
2002-07-15

Road vehicles — Braking systems —

Temperature measuring methods
Véhicules routiers — Systèmes de freinage — Méthode de mesure des
températures

Reference number
ISO/PAS 12158:2002(E)

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Contents Page

Foreword.....................................................................................................................................................................iv
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................v
1 Scope .............................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Continuous temperature measuring methods — Dynamometer and vehicle ......................................... 1
3 Other temperature measuring methods ...................................................................................................... 2
Annex A (normative) Temperature measuring methods......................................................................................... 3
Annex B (normative) Installation examples ............................................................................................................. 5
Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................................. 11

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Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO
member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical
committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has
the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in
liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.

International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3.

The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted
by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International
Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.

In other circumstances, particularly when there is an urgent market requirement for such documents, a technical
committee may decide to publish other types of normative document:

— an ISO Publicly Available Specification (ISO/PAS) represents an agreement between technical experts in an

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ISO working group and is accepted for publication if it is approved by more than 50 % of the members of the
parent committee casting a vote;

— an ISO Technical Specification (ISO/TS) represents an agreement between the members of a technical
committee and is accepted for publication if it is approved by 2/3 of the members of the committee casting a
vote.

An ISO/PAS or ISO/TS is reviewed after three years with a view to deciding whether it should be confirmed for a
further three years, revised to become an International Standard, or withdrawn. In the case of a confirmed ISO/PAS
or ISO/TS, it is reviewed again after six years at which time it has to be either transposed into an International
Standard or withdrawn.

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this Publicly Available Specification may be the
subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.

ISO/PAS 12158 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 22, Road vehicles, Subcommittee SC 2, Braking
systems and equipment.

Annexes A and B form a normative part of this Publicly Available Specification.

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Introduction
The current European regulations for the type-approval of road vehicle braking systems (ECE Regulation No. 13 [1]
and ECE Regulation No. 90 [2]) specify that “the brakes must be cold; a brake is deemed to be cold when the
temperature measured on the disc or on the outside of the drum is below 100 °C”.

The proposed harmonized braking regulations (Draft ECE Regulation 13-H and US FMVSS 135 [3]) for application
in Europe, USA and Japan specify that “the brakes must be cold; the brakes are deemed to be cold when the
temperature measured on the braking path of the disc or drum or inside the brake linings is between 65 °C and
100 °C on the hottest brake under test”.

Vehicle, brake and brake lining manufacturers, as well as independent test institutes, are conscious of the need for
a means of measuring and recording brake temperature data during the whole test run.

This Publicly Available Specification is aimed at meeting that need, the temperature measuring methods given in its
clause 2 having been proven over many years of practical use. It also provides a review of possible temperature
measuring methods, which can be used to meet the limited demands of the current European regulations, in
Tables A.1 and A.2 of annex A.

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 PUBLICLY AVAILABLE SPECIFICATION ISO/PAS 12158:2002(E)
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Road vehicles — Braking systems — Temperature measuring

methods

1 Scope
This Publicly Available Specification presents methods for measuring the temperature of braking systems in road
vehicles. It is applicable to both disc and drum brakes fitted on passenger cars and commercial vehicles, and its
methods are suitable for either dynamometer tests in the laboratory or vehicle tests on road and track.

2 Continuous temperature measuring methods — Dynamometer and vehicle

2.1 General

Two different, common methods may be used for measuring the temperature of brake discs and drums.

The first is the use of embedded thermocouples in the braking surface of the disc and drum (see Figure B.1). This
method generates a need to transfer the signal from rotating to stationary parts by means of slip rings or a power
supply (battery) and telemetry. It is used on dynamometers and in vehicles. The signal transfer from rotating to
stationary parts is not necessary if the sensors are embedded in the brake linings (see Figures B.2 and B.3).

The second method is the use of rubbing thermocouples (see Figures B.4 to B.7). A rubbing thermocouple consists
of a thermo-junction loaded by a low-rate spring against the braking surface of the brake disc or drum and therefore
not needing slip ring contacts. The load on the sensor may be up to 1 N but the temperature rise due to self-
heating should be less than 15 °C at 50 km/h.

A third method, gaining in popularity, uses an infrared emission sensor operating without any contact between the
rotating parts, and measures drum/disc temperatures without resort to slipping contacts or wearing parts.

2.2 Installation

Depending on the measuring task, thermocouples may be installed in each brake to establish the hottest brake
temperature and reveal any temperature differentials.

In order that the temperature indicator (nowadays, typically a digital meter) can be placed in a convenient position
inside the vehicle, special extension or compensating leads should be used for connecting the measuring
thermocouple to this meter.

It is also customary to transfer the cold junction to the meter end. However, modern meters/measuring systems
include solid-state cold junction compensation for ambient temperatures between 0 °C and 40 °C — adequate for
the vehicle testing required by regulations.

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2.3 Calibration

Calibration is effected by adjustment of the circuit resistance (given a constant load), using an external variable
resistor. Various proprietary calibrators are available to suit particular thermocouples. These calibrators insert into
the circuit a voltage which is the same as that produced by the measuring junction at a specified temperature,
thereby allowing the external resistor to be adjusted to give a corresponding temperature reading on the meter.

A typical, practical temperature-measuring installation in which automatic cold-junction compensation is employed

has a range of 0 °C to 1 000 °C. Multi-channel recording/logging equipment may be added to the circuits (before
calibration) so as to provide a permanent record of the vehicle brake temperatures during subsequent test stages.

3 Other temperature measuring methods

The tables of Annex A summarize a number of different methods that may be used for measuring brake
temperatures in order to meet the requirements of the braking regulations mentioned in the introduction.

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Annex A
(normative)

Temperature measuring methods

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A.1 Temperature measurement on stationary vehicle
See Table A.1.

Table A.1

Method Valuation criteria

Touch method:  subjective;

 by finger;  small measuring range;
 by hand.  poor resolution (cold/warm decision);
 applicable mainly to drum brakes,
 decision: “brakes deemed to be cold”.
Colour changing method:  maximum value indicator;
 measuring strip;  single measurement;
 chalk.  restricted measuring range per measuring strip;
 knowledge of temperature range for selection of the
suitable measuring strip required;
 restricted resolution.
Melting cone  remaining height is the value for temperature;
 temperature at the moment;
 single measurement;
 application area plain/horizontal;
 restricted resolution.
Contact thermometer  continuous measurement;
(thermocouple etc.)
 measuring accuracy dependent on handling;
 high resolution;
 simple handling;
 highly practical.

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A.2 Temperature measurement on dynamometer or moving vehicle

See Table A.2.

Table A.2

Method Valuation criteria

Thermocouples installed in brake lining:

 contact with rotating surface;
 non-contact with rotating surface  brake lining temperature measurement;
(recess under lining surface).
 no slip ring required;
See documents: US FMVSS 135 [3]  conforms with ECE Regulation No 13, Annex 15 a b;
US FMVSS 105 [4]
 simple installation in drum brakes;
US FMVSS 121 [5]
Japan JASO C 402 [6]  installation on disc brakes depending on design;
 high resolution.
(See Figures B.6 and B.7.)
Thermocouples installed in/on disc or drum:
 contact with rotating surface;  signal transfer from rotating to stationary parts
necessary;
 non-contact with rotating surface (recess under disc/drum
surface).  much installation required;
 high accuracy of measurement;
 prior damage of the parts caused by thermocouples
possible;
 high resolution.
Measurement between rotating and stationary parts:  mainly useful on dynamometers;
(infrared pyrometer etc.)
 easy installation (no signal transfer from rotating to
stationary parts);
 little experience in vehicle tests.
a ECE Regulation No. 13 requires disc/drum temperature.
b All methods covered in this Publicly Available Specification are suitable for verifying compliance with the requirements of ECE Regulation
No. 13 for temperatures t < 100 °C for cold brakes.

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Annex B
(normative)

Installation examples

Figures B.1 to B.7 show typical test set-ups, which may be used for the test methods given in clause 2.

Dimensions in millimetres

Key
1 Brake disc
2 Embedded thermocouple
3 Brake drum

Figure B.1 — Typical embedded thermocouple installation

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Dimensions in millimetres

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Key
1 Copper tube [outer diameter (OD) = 3,18 mm; inner diameter (ID) = 2,18 mm; initial length = 4,76 mm]
2 Core bore (CB) (diameter = 2,54 mm) in brake lining
3 Silver solder on twisted ends of thermocouple
4 Through hole (diameter = 2,79 mm)
5 Thermocouple table with insulation (duplex wire; inner core diameter = 0,81 mm; resistance = 0,115 Ω/m)
6 Brake lining material
7 Shoe
8 Drum

a Recessed 1,02 mm below ground surface, produced by further grinding.

b Placed on the deinsulated and twisted thermocouple wires before soldering.

Figure B.2 — Typical plug thermocouple installation — Drum brake

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Dimensions in millimetres
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Key
1 Copper tube (see, also, Figure B.2)
2 Core bore CB in lining material (CB diameter = 2,54 mm)
3 Silver solder on twisted end of thermocouple
4 Through hole (diameter = 2,79 mm)
5 Thermocouple cable with insulation
6 Brake lining material
7 Backing plate
8 Disc
9 Disc brake pad
10 Calliper

a Recessed 2,04 mm below ground surface.

b Ground to a length of 3,18 mm after soldering.

Figure B.3 — Typical plug thermocouple installation — Disc brake

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Key
1 Shrinkable tubing
2 Bushing
3 Cap
4 Spring
5 Adapter
6 Insulator
7 Tip plate
8 Spring
9 Thermocouple wire

Figure B.4 — Typical rubbing thermocouple assembly

Dimensions in millimetres

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Key
1 Copper button

Figure B.5 — Alternative rubbing thermocouple assembly

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Dimensions in millimetres
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Key
1 General rotation

Figure B.6 — Thermocouple position — Disc brake

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Key
1 General rotation
2 Alternative position

Figure B.7 — Thermocouple position — Drum brake

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Bibliography

[1] ECE 1) Regulation No. 13, Uniform provisions concerning the approval of vehicles with regard to braking

[2] ECE Regulation No. 90, Uniform provisions concerning the approval of replacement brake lining assemblies
for power-driven vehicles and their trailers

[3] FMVSS 135, Light vehicle brake systems — Passenger Cars, multipurpose passenger vehicles, trucks and
buses

[4] FMVSS 105, Hydraulic and electric brake systems — Passenger cars 2)

[5] FMVSS 121, Air brake systems — Trucks, buses, and trailers

[6] JASO3) C 402, Passenger car — Service brake road test procedure

1) United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE).

2) US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS).
3) Japanese Automobile Standards Organization (JASO).
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