Management Accounting.

Background of Business Coursework

Introduction
In coming 2012 the Olympic Games is going to be held in London. The Olympic Games is an ancient game and the worlds most
prosperous and popular sports events combined various sports in one event. Spectators from all over the world would come
eagerly to enjoy the events and it would carry vast opportunity for different business and opens the door of making quick profit.
Considering all these factors this report would discuss about a new business started to keep in mind these factors and to
subject of the Olympic Games.

The business is concentrating on the stationary and food items. People who likely to come to witness the events are expected
to do some kind of shopping and also they will buy food for consuming while enjoy the events. The business is about to supply
these food items along with he beverages and some stationary items. In London there are many food stores, restaurants and
stationary shops. But in the time of Olympic Games the demand will be so high that there will increase the possibility that the
good profit margin would be generated by doing this business. The food products may be Pizzas, Burger, Hot dogs, Pastries,
sandwiches and many more. The beverages may be of soft drinks like Pepsi, Coca-cola, 7-up and others, beer, fruit juices and
tea or coffee. Stationary items may be of sandals, umbrella or any other essential products.

The proposed name for the proposed store is “Café Olympia’. This name has chosen to keep in mind the ancient history of the
Olympic games and the critical customer association with the name “Olympia” as the first ever Olympic games was held on
ancient Greek city “Olympia’.

About Survey
To forecast about the demand of the potential customer, a market survey has done. The survey technique was used because it
is the most effective way to collect proper customer response. This survey has done with a questionnaire using as a survey tool.
The respondents were selected randomly and their attitude towards the questions has been collected in the data base. The
survey has done with many respondents and 20 of them were selected. They are selected from the street while passing away in
a random basis.

Survey technique gives some benefits in this case. Firstly, the respondent became aware of the arrival at new stores in the time
of Olympic and will find the store “Café Olympia” while they will come to enjoy the events. Secondly, the survey will bring out
the customer expectation along with what they think not perfect for the business. Thirdly, the survey will also help to find out
the possible demographics of the potential customers. If there any demographic patterns like preferences of a particular food
by an age range, the business can be designed according to that fact. Finally, the survey will help to assess the market, the
purchasing power of potential customers and the habit of the customers regarding consume of the products “Café Olympia’ is
going to offer.

Preparing Questionnaire
As the tool of survey, a well designed questionnaire has been used. The questionnaire contains some selective types of
questions from which the respondent select the most appropriate answers. There are some open ended questions also. At the
beginning of the questionnaire the demographic part was aligned. From this part the age specifications of the customers and
the other demographics which will affects the consumption pattern. There are three separate parts for food products,
beverages and stationary. Each part starts with the first question of interest is a common question aimed to find out the
preference that the respondents are willing to witness in the Olympic events. Then further two questions are related to find out
the pattern of amount and price spent in the events. The next two questions are related to the customer preferences about the
buy for home and the service delivery.

Survey Results from Public Opinion

From the survey using the questionnaire as a survey tool, various types of experience, information and opinion are collected.
The experiences were quite positive and the respondent’s attitude towards the questionnaire and the survey was friendly
enough. Many respondents were communicated and only 20 from those questionnaires were selected. Here the results of the
survey has displayed by table.

The second question of section- A was about to the age of the respondents. The results are:

Age range Number of the respondents

0-10 (Child) 0

11-19 (Teenage) 7

20-30 (Young) 4

31- 40 (Younger) 2

41-50 (Youngest) 7

51-60 (Aged) 0

60 years and above (Old) 0

Total 20

The next question is about to the gender of the respondents.

Male 10

Female 10

Then the first question of section B is about to know whether the respondent will come to enjoy the Olympic events or not. The
survey considers only the questionnaire who says yes to this answer.

The next question asks “how many days would you prefer to come?’

Day range Number of the respondents

a) 1-7 1
b) 8-14 2
c) 15 – 21 9
d) 22-28 6
e) 29-35 0
f) 36-42 2

Total 20

The next question was ‘In which week of the six weeks of Olympic Games you will possibly going to enjoy the events?”

Price range Number of the respondents

a) 1st week 6
b) 2nd week 5
c) 3rd week 1
d) 4th week 1
e) 5th week 2
f) 6th week 5

Total 20
Then the question of interest section was started. The first part was for the food products. The first question was “Would you
consider purchasing Slice of pizza/Sandwich/Hot dogs/Burger/Pastry/Pop Corn/Chicken fries whilst enjoying London Olympics
2012? The 20 respondents in the street survey answered the question for various types of foods and the result was:

Name of foods Number of the respondents

a) Slice of pizza 5
b) Sandwich 3
c) Hot dogs 2
d) Burger 6
e) Pastry 1
f) Pop Corn 1
g) Chicken fry 2

Total 20

And with the addition to this question the supplementary question was asked that includes “How often/how many?” This
question was asked to know what amounts of these foods are required. The respondents replied:

Amount range Number of the respondents

a) 1- 5 7
b) 6-10 8
c) 11-15 3
d) 16-20 1
e) More than 20 1

Total 20

Then the question came which asked that “Where have you purchased prior to London Olympic?”

Price range Number of the respondents

a) From street shops 11

b) From restaurants 6
c) From famous food parlours 3

Total 20

As an additional question with this the respondent were asked “And what is the most expensive purchase of?”

Price range Number of the respondents

a) £ 1- 5 6
b) £ 6-10 8
c) £ 11-15 3
d) £ 16-20 2
e) More than £ 20 1

Total 20

The third question asked to the respondent was “Would you be likely to purchase for friends/ family during London Olympic?”

Answers Number of the respondents

 a) Yes 18
b) No 2

Total 20

The respondents who said yes are then asked “for children’s and adults and how many?”

Answers Number of the respondents

a) for children 16
b) for adult 2

Total 18

The answer for the question how many:

Amount range Number of the respondents

a) 1- 5 7
b) 6-10 6
c) 11-15 3
d) 16-20 2
e) More than 20 2

Total 20

Then the question number four was asked which stated “Describe your favourite (taste, colour, size etc).According to this
question the respondents were answered according to their preferences.

Preferences Number of the agreed respondents

a) Taste 8
b) Colour 5
c) Size 7

Total 20

Then the additional questions asked for some comments. The respondents comment on their selection and from their
comments the resultant table is:

In case of taste

Preferences Number of the agreed respondents

a) Sour 4
b) Spicy 2
c) Sweet 1

Total 8

In case of Colour

Preferences Number of the agreed respondent

a) Red 4
b) green 1
 Total 5

In case of size

Preferences Number of the agreed respondents

a) Big 4
b) Medium 2
c) Small 1

Total 7

The fifth question was about the importance of item which stated “What items are important to you when purchasing ?”

Preferences Number of the agreed respondents

a) Convenience 4
b) Availability 4
c) Hours of opening 3
d) Fast service 9

Total 20

Then the same questions were asked According to the sequence for the beverages.

The first question regarding beverages was “Would you consider purchasing whilst enjoying London Olympics 2012?

Beverages Number of the agreed respondents

a) Soft drinks 7
b) Coffee 1
c) Fruit juice 5
d) Beer 7

Total 20

The supplementary question was asked that includes “How often/how many?”

Amount range Number of the respondents

a) 1- 5 11
b) 6-10 3
c) 11-15 3
d) 16-20 2
e) More than 20 1

Total 20

The second question was that “Where have you purchased prior to London Olympic?”

Price range Number of the respondents

a) From street shops 16

b) From restaurants 2
c) From famous food parlours 2
 Total 20

Then the additional question with the respondent were asked “And what is the most Expensive purchase of ?”

Price range Number of the respondents

a) £ 1- 5 10
b) £ 6-10 8
c) £ 11-15 1
d) £ 16-20 1
e) More than £ 20 0

Total 20

The third question asked to the respondent was “Would you be likely to purchase for friends/ family during London Olympic?”

Answers Number of the respondents

a) Yes 17
b) No 3

Total 20

The respondents who said yes are then asked “for children’s and adults and how many?”

Answers Number of the respondents

a) for children 16
b) for adult 1

Total 17

The fourth question was “Describe your favourite (taste, colour, size etc)?” the respondents who selected soft drinks answered:

Preferences Number of the agreed respondents

a) Cola 3
b) Lemon lime 2
c) Others 1

Total 7

The respondents who selected fruit juices answered:

Preferences Number of the agreed respondents

a) Orange 2
b) Mango 2
c) Others 1

Total 5

The last question for beverage section was “What items are important to you when purchasing ?”
 Preferences Number of the agreed respondents

a) Convenience 4
b) Availability 10
c) Hours of opening 3
d) Fast service 3

Total 20

Then the questions were for stationary items.

“Would you consider purchasing whilst enjoying London Olympics 2012?

Stationary items Number of the agreed respondents

a) Umbrella 3
b) Hats 5
c) Sandals 9
d) Other 3

Total 20

After that “How often/how many?” was asked:

Amount range Number of the respondents

a) 1- 5 16
b) 6-10 1
c) 11-15 1
d) 16-20 1
e) More than 20 1

Total 20

Then the question asked that “Where have you purchased prior to London Olympic?”

Price range Number of the respondents

a) From street shops 14

b) From hawkers 3
c) From famous stationary shops 3

Total 20

Then the respondents were asked “And what is the most expensive purchase of ?”

Price range Number of the respondents

a) £ 1- 5 5
b) £ 6-10 1
c) £ 11-15 12
d) £ 16-20 1
e) More than £ 20 1

Total 20

Then the question asked to the respondent was “Would you be likely to purchase for friends/ family during London Olympic?”
 Answers Number of the respondents

a) Yes 7
b) No 13

Total 20

The respondents who said yes are then asked “for children’s and adults and how many?”

Answers Number of the respondents

a) for children 6
b) for adult 1

Total 7

Finally the last question for stationary section was “What items are important to you when purchasing ?”

Preferences Number of the agreed respondents

a) Convenience 3
b) Availability 11
c) Hours of opening 3
d) Fast service 3

Total 20

Analysis of Survey Results

From the above results the analysis of the information collected can be done. The analysis is based on observation and natural
intuition to select some close and clear information about the customer preferences and to find out what the perception of the
customers about the products the “Café Olympia’ offers. Based on the analysis, the survey gets some assumptions which are:

The young and the teenage people are most likely to watch the Olympic events.

Customer will attended in the events for a medium range of days. That is they are not attended in a day range of 8 to 28
days.

The demand of the products will be high in the first two weeks and the last week.

The most preferred food items were the Piazzas, Burgers and sandwiches.

Most preferred beverage item is soft drinks and beer.

Sandals, hats and umbrella are preferred by most customers.

Most customers prefer beverages and stationary items to be available while enjoying Olympic events.

Most customers are willing to pay 6 to 10 pounds for food items, 1 to 5 pounds for beverages and 11 to 15 pounds for
stationeries.

Maximum customers are willing to pay these materials from street shops. Most of them prefer the availability of these
products.

Most of the customers are not only buying these products for instant consumption but also for home. Most of them are
willing to bring those things for the children.

These assumptions are helpful in such a way that these facts is indicating the possible customer segment, the possible product
and offer range which are most preferable to the customers and also the possible range of expense the customers are ready to
pay for the probable offerings.
Master Budget
Master budget is the total budget of a business including sales, purchase, labour, and other direct costs of business. For this
business, master budget is going to be prepared with the help of following table done in this report.

Table: Master Budget in Six weeks of Cafe Olympia

Description/ 1 2 3 4 5 6
Week

Total Sales £538000 £336000 £299700 £167000 £223000 £358400

Total Purchase £290500 £290500 £290500 £290500 £290500 £290500

Total Labour £30000 £30000 £30000 £30000 £30000 £30000

Costs

Total of Other £7500 £7500 £7500 £7500 £7500 £7500

Direct Costs

= Cash Flow £243750 £41750 £5450 £(127250) £(71250) £64150

(Total sales –
purchase+
labour+ other
direct costs)

Opening Cash £600000 £356250 £314500 £309050 £380300 £21225

Balance

Closing Cash £356250 £314500 £309050 £436300 £507550 £443400

Balance (Opening
cash balance-
Cash flow)

Note:

This is a business of purchase and sales, rather than manufacturing. So, overhead costs are not needed.

This business is start up with £600000 cash balance.

Annual costs of cash flow are determined by total sales deducted purchase, labour and other direct costs.

Sales Budget
Sales budget is the starting point of Master Budget, which is used to forecast the sales multiplying by unit. In this business of
Olympic Event of 2012, it is assumed that, the following goods would be selling in London, which is:

Food Items:

Slice of pizza

Sandwich

Hot dogs

Burger

Pastry

Pop Corn

Chicken fry

Beverages:

Soft drinks
 Cola

Lemon lime

Orange Flavoured

Coffee

Cappuccino

Black

Fruit juice

Orange

Mango

Lemon

Seasonal Fruit

Beer

Stationary items:

Umbrella

Hats

Sandals

Magazines

Table: Sales Budget of Six weeks of Cafe Olympia

Sales 1 2 3 4 5 6
Description/
Week

Budgeted Sales in Units

Slice of pizza(Per 10000 10000 8000 5000 4000 8000

Piece)

Sandwich 6000 6000 5500 4500 2700 5500

Hot dogs 4000 3500 3000 2500 1200 3800

Burger 12000 7000 7500 4000 5500 9000

Pastry 2000 1500 1800 2400 1500 2000

Pop Corn (Per 2000 1500 1600 2700 1400 1500

Packet)

Chicken fry (Per 4000 4000 3500 3000 2300 3500

Piece)

Soft drinks (Per 14000 10000 8000 5000 4000 8000

Can)

Coffee (Per 2000 1500 1500 1300 1200 1500

Glass)

Fruit juice (Per 10000 7000 7000 5000 5000 7000

Bottle)

Beer (Per Can) 14000 6000 5000 3000 5000 8000

Umbrella (Per 6000 3000 4700 2600 4500 4900

piece)
Hats(Per piece) 10000 5000 5500 1000 3100 2500

Sandals(Per pair) 18000 12000 1500 1100 2500 15000

Magazines 6000 5000 5000 2000 3500 5000

Budgeted Sales Per £/ Units

Slice of pizza(Per £2 £2 £2 £2 £2 £2
Piece)

Sandwich 3 3 3 3 3 3

Hot dogs 3 3 3 3 3 3

Burger 4 4 4 4 4 4

Pastry 3 3 3 3 3 3

Pop Corn (Per 1 1 1 1 1 1

Packet)

Chicken fry (Per 5 5 5 5 5 5

Piece)

Soft drinks (Per 2 2 2 2 2 2

Can)

Coffee (Per 3 3 3 3 3 3
Glass)

Fruit juice (Per 2 2 2 2 2 2

Bottle)

Beer (Per Can) 5 5 5 5 5 5

Umbrella (Per 15 15 15 15 15 15
piece)

Hats(Per piece) 8 8 8 8 8 8

Sandals(Per pair) 12 12 12 12 12 12

Magazines 5 5 5 5 5 5

Total Sales (Sales Per Unit * Sales Per £)

Slice of pizza(Per £20000 £20000 £16000 £10000 £8000 £16000

Piece)

Sandwich 18000 18000 16500 13500 8100 16500

Hot dogs 12000 10500 9000 7500 3600 11400

Burger 36000 28000 30000 16000 22000 36000

Pastry 6000 4500 5400 7200 4500 6000

Pop Corn (Per 2000 1500 1800 2400 1500 2000

Packet)

Chicken fry (Per 20000 20000 17500 15000 11500 17500

Piece)

Soft drinks (Per 28000 20000 16000 10000 8000 16000

Can)

Coffee (Per 6000 4500 4500 3900 3600 4500

Glass)
 Fruit juice (Per 20000 14000 14000 10000 10000 14000
Bottle)

Beer (Per Can) 70000 30000 25000 15000 25000 40000

Umbrella (Per 90000 45000 70500 39000 67500 73500

piece)

Hats(Per piece) 120000 60000 66000 12000 37200 30000

Sandals(Per par) 90000 60000 7500 5500 12500 75000

Total Sales £5380000 £336000 £299700 £167000 £223000 £358400

Note: Assume that, the budget sales per unit would be happen as customers’ preferences of choosing products from different
items. It is also assume that, the number of customers would be not more than 2000 per week.

Purchase Budget
This budget is prepared after sales budget, to lists the number of units that must be produced during each budget week to
meet sales needs. In this budget, total inventory of all products are purchased in equal volume of units. This purchase budget is
shown below:

Table: Purchase Budget in Six weeks of Cafe Olympia

Purchase 1 2 3 4 5 6
Description/
Week

Budgeted Purchase in Units

Slice of pizza(Per 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000

Piece)

Sandwich 6000 6000 6000 6000 6000 6000

Hot dogs 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000

Burger 12000 12000 12000 12000 12000 12000

Pastry 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000

Pop Corn (Per 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000

Packet)

Chicken fry (Per 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000

Piece)

Soft drinks (Per 14000 14000 14000 14000 14000 14000

Can)

Coffee (Per 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000

Glass)

Fruit juice (Per 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000

Bottle)

Beer (Per Can) 14000 14000 14000 14000 14000 14000

Umbrella (Per 6000 6000 6000 6000 6000 6000

piece)

Hats(Per piece) 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000

Sandals(Per pair) 18000 18000 18000 18000 18000 18000

Magazines 6000 6000 6000 6000 6000 6000

Budgeted Purchase Per £/ Units

Slice of pizza(Per £ 0.5 £ 0.5 £ 0.5 £ 0.5 £ 0.5 £ 0.5

Piece)

Sandwich 1 1 1 1 1 1

Hot dogs 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50

Burger 2 2 2 2 2 2

Pastry 1 1 1 1 1 1

Pop Corn (Per 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25

Packet)

Chicken fry (Per 2 2 2 2 2 2

Piece)

Soft drinks (Per 1 1 1 1 1 1

Can)

Coffee (Per 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50

Glass)

Fruit juice (Per 1 1 1 1 1 1

Bottle)

Beer (Per Can) 2 2 2 2 2 2

Umbrella (Per 7 7 7 7 7 7
piece)

Hats(Per piece) 4 4 4 4 4 4

Sandals(Per pair) 5 5 5 5 5 5

Magazines 2 2 2 2 2 2

Total Purchase (Purchase Per Unit * Purchase Per £)

Slice of pizza £5000 £5000 £5000 £5000 £5000 £5000

Sandwich 6000 6000 6000 6000 6000 6000

Hot dogs 6000 6000 6000 6000 6000 6000

Burger 24000 24000 24000 24000 24000 24000

Pastry 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000

Pop Corn 500 500 500 500 500 500

Chicken fry 8000 8000 8000 8000 8000 8000

Soft drinks 14000 14000 14000 14000 14000 14000

Coffee 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000

Fruit juice 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000

Beer 28000 28000 28000 28000 28000 28000

Umbrella 42000 42000 42000 42000 42000 42000

Hats 40000 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200

Sandals 90000 90000 90000 90000 90000 90000

Magazines 12000 12000 12000 12000 12000 12000

 Total Purchase £290500 £290500 £290500 £290500 £290500 £290500

Note: Assume that, the budget purchase per unit would be happen with the optimum level of purchase according to customers’
preferences of choosing products from different items, is calculated It is also assume that, the number of customers would be
not more than 2000 per week.

Wages Budget
Wages budget or labour budget has developed including all requirements of labour with sufficient labour hours have prepared
to know their costs in these six weeks. If it is considered that, all labours would be working for 12 hours a day, for purchasing
products from different sources, and sell it to customers in those events. So, per labour works in a day:

=Time of a day/ Labour hours working in a day

= 24/ 12

= 0.5 labour hour per production purchase and sales

Table: Wages Budget in Six weeks of Cafe Olympia

Purchase 1 2 3 4 5 6
Description/
Week

Budgeted Purchase in Units

Slice of pizza(Per 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000

Piece)

Sandwich 6000 6000 6000 6000 6000 6000

Hot dogs 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000

Burger 12000 12000 12000 12000 12000 12000

Pastry 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000

Pop Corn (Per 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000

Packet)

Chicken fry (Per 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000

Piece)

Soft drinks (Per 14000 14000 14000 14000 14000 14000

Can)

Coffee (Per 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000

Glass)

Fruit juice (Per 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000

Bottle)

Beer (Per Can) 14000 14000 14000 14000 14000 14000

Umbrella (Per 6000 6000 6000 6000 6000 6000

piece)

Hats(Per piece) 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000

Sandals(Per pair) 18000 18000 18000 18000 18000 18000

Magazines 6000 6000 6000 6000 6000 6000

 Direct Labour 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
Hour per
Purchase and
Distribution

Total Direct Labour Hours (Budgeted Purchase * Direct Labour Hour)

Slice of pizza(Per 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000

Piece)

Sandwich 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000

Hot dogs 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000

Burger 6000 6000 6000 6000 6000 6000

Pastry 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000

Pop Corn (Per 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000

Packet)

Chicken fry (Per 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000

Piece)

Soft drinks (Per 7000 7000 7000 7000 7000 7000

Can)

Coffee (Per 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000

Glass)

Fruit juice (Per 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000

Bottle)

Beer (Per Can) 7000 7000 7000 7000 7000 7000

Umbrella (Per 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000

piece)

Hats(Per piece) 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000

Sandals(Per pair) 9000 9000 9000 9000 9000 9000

Magazines 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000

Total Labour 60000 60000 60000 60000 60000 60000

Hours

Direct Labour 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50

Costs Per Hour

Total Labour £30000 £30000 £30000 £30000 £30000 £30000

Costs

Other Direct Costs

Other direct costs are relating with the purchase or sales directly of the business.

Table: Other direct costs in Six weeks of Cafe Olympia

Description/ 1 2 3 4 5 6
Week

Transportation £1000 £1000 £1000 £1000 £1000 £1000

Costs

Storing Costs 500 500 500 500 500 500

 Equipment Costs:

Fridge 2500 2500 2500 2500 2500 2500

Coffee Maker 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000

Pop Corn Maker 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000

Oven 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500

Total of Other £7500 £7500 £7500 £7500 £7500 £7500

Direct Costs

Overheads
As the business would be performed with purchase and sales of products in Olympic events, so it is not related to the
manufacturing costs. In overheads, the manufacturing costs of unit production are specified other than direct materials and
direct labours costs. So, it is not necessary to done for this business.

Recommendations
Based on the above survey and budget analysis, there are some recommendations:

There is a clear indication from he master budget is that, in the 1st two week of the operation the business will experience
good profit. In 3rd is going to be in loss and in 6th week there can be average profit. But the business will experience loss in
the 4th and 5th week. So, there must be some incentives to earn profit from 4th and 5th week also.

The sales unit should be maintained with purchase of units.

The experienced and well educated people must be hired for the works.

The store must be set up in a suitable place near to the all stadiums.

The environment must be customer friendly.

The direct costs can be reduced by using generators or other source of electricity.

Conclusion
As the Olympic Games are the most spectacular events in the world, it is termed as “The greatest show on the earth.” People of
the whole world have great attraction to this event and many people follow all the events physically not considering where it is
held. Thus people from many countries are expected to come to London in the time of Olympic Games and this is the main
strength of the business. The above budgets are showing a hopeful situation for the proposed store “Café Olympia”. The
budgets would be helping tool to anticipate the future demand and according to these the offerings of the store would be
designed in a manner which may help to maximizing the profit.

References
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Colin, D., 2009, Management Accounting for Business Decision, 4th edition, ISBN 978-1-4080 1771-5.

Atrill, P., & McLaney, E. J., 2005, Management Accounting for Non-Specialists, 4th edition, Prentice hall.

Stutely, R., 1999, The Definitive Business Plan, Pearson Education Limited, Great Britain, ISBN: 0273639307.

Pandey, I. M. (2007), Financial Management, 9th edition, Vikas publishing house Ltd: New Delhi, ISBN: 81-259-1658-X, pp-328-
377.