Quality Inspection Laboratory

QUALITY INSPECTION LABORATORY
REPORT
SREEKAANTH P
(23MY02)
Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
MASTER OF ENGINEERING
Branch: METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING

Specialization: INDUSTRIAL METALLURGY
of Anna University
May 2024
DEPARTMENT OF METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING PSG

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Autonomous Institution)
PSG COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

COIMBATORE -641 004
Title: Advances and Researches on Non-Destructive Testing
Authors: Sandeep Kumar Dwivedi, Manish Vishwakarma, Akhilesh Soni
Research Paper Review
By
SREEKAANTH P
23MY02
Abstract
This paper provides a comprehensive review of recent advances in Non-Destructive Testing
(NDT) methods for defect characterization in engineering materials and composites.
It explores various NDT applications, including Visual Testing (VT), Ultrasonic Testing (UT),
Thermography, Radiographic Testing (RT), Electromagnetic Testing (ET), Acoustic Emission
(AE), and shearography testing, detailing their advantages and disadvantages.
These methods are classified based on their intrinsic characteristics and applications, with an
emphasis on the importance of combining multiple methods for a thorough evaluation of
material integrity. A significant focus is placed on the application of NDT techniques for
composite materials, which are extensively used in industries such as aerospace, nuclear, and
defense.
Introduction
Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) methods are crucial for evaluating material integrity without
causing damage, essential for quality control and safety in various industries like aerospace,
nuclear, and defense.
Challenges include selecting the most appropriate NDT method or combination to accurately
detect and characterize defects, especially in composite materials.
Techniques Reviewed
1. Visual Inspection (VI):
• Capabilities: Detects macroscopic surface flaws such as poor welds, large
cracks, cavities, and improper surface finish.
• Limitations: Ineffective for small or subsurface flaws.
2. Radiography:
• Capabilities: Identifies subsurface flaws using X-rays or Gamma rays,
providing a permanent reference for internal defects.
• Limitations: Detects flaws no smaller than 2% of material thickness; requires
radiation protection and multiple angle views for thorough examination.
3. Dye Penetrant Testing (DPT):

• Capabilities: Detects surface defects using liquid dye to reveal cracks, porosity,
and leaks.
• Limitations: Not suitable for detecting subsurface flaws; not effective on
porous materials.
4. Ultrasonic Testing (UT):

• Capabilities: Identifies internal defects using sound waves, effective for a range
of materials, especially metals.
• Limitations: Requires materials to be good conductors of sound; interpretation
can be complex.
5. Magnetic Particle Inspection (MPI):

• Capabilities: Detects surface and near-surface defects using magnetic fields and
particles.
• Limitations: Only applicable to ferromagnetic materials like iron and steel.
6. Eddy Current Testing (ET):
• Capabilities: Detects surface and near-surface flaws using electromagnetic
induction; useful for crack detection, material thickness measurements, and
conductivity tests.
• Limitations: Only effective on conductive materials, primarily metals;
interpretation can be challenging.
7. Acoustic Emission Testing (AE):

• Capabilities: Monitors sound waves produced by material stress, effective for
continuous surveillance of structures.
• Limitations: Equipment is expensive and data interpretation is complex.
Findings
No single NDT method is sufficient for all defect types in composite materials.
Combining multiple NDT methods often yields a more comprehensive evaluation.
Ultrasonic Testing and Acoustic Emission Testing are particularly effective for composites, with
UT providing accurate results and AE useful for ongoing monitoring.
Conclusions
NDT methods are essential for the integrity and safety of materials in various industries.
Selecting appropriate NDT methods, either individually or in combination, is crucial for
thorough material evaluation.
Further research is necessary to improve the effectiveness and applicability of NDT methods for
composite materials.
Keywords & Reference
Non-destructive testing, Composite materials, Ultrasonic testing, Acoustic emission testing,

Material integrity, Defect characterization.
Reference
Dwivedi, S.K., Soni, A., "Advances and Researches on Non Destructive Testing: A Review",
Materials Today Proceedings, 2018.
Stabik, J., Makselon, M., "Nondestructive Investigation of Properties of Glass-Epoxy
Laminates", Journal of Materials: Design and Applications, 2014.
Kaushal, I.V., Kiran, A.S., "A Review of Non Destructive Testing Methods for Composite
Materials", International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 2014.

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QUALITY INSPECTION LABORATORY

Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Branch: METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING PSG

PSG COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

3. Dye Penetrant Testing (DPT):

4. Ultrasonic Testing (UT):

5. Magnetic Particle Inspection (MPI):

7. Acoustic Emission Testing (AE):

Non-destructive testing, Composite materials, Ultrasonic testing, Acoustic emission testing,

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