Chapter – 7

TRIGONOMETRY
Trigonometry is a branch of Mathematics that deals with Given a right-angled triangle ABC, and ACB =  the
the relation between the sides and angles in any triangle. trigonometric ratios are defined as follows:
Trigonometry literally means three angle measure.
A
Measurement of angles
The angle between two lines can be measured in various hypotenuse
systems. We consider two of these systems, opposite
(a) Sexagesimal System and side
(b) Circular System.

(a) Sexagesimal System: A right angle is taken as the 

unit of measurement. B adjacent side C
1
/90th of a right angle is termed as a degree (1°).
1
/60th of a degree is termed as a minute (1').
opp AB
1
/60th of a minute is termed as a second (1''). sin  = 
hyp AC
Basic Conversions adj BC
cos  = 
60'' = 1'. hyp AC
60' = 1°.
opp AB
and 90° = 1 right angle. tan  = 
adj BC
(b) Circular System: A radian (1°) is taken as the basic adj BC
unit of this measure. cot  = 
opp AB
A radian (1°) is defined as the angle subtended at
hyp AC
the centre of a circle by an arc whose length (ℓ) sec  = 
equals the radius (r). adj BC
i.e., ℓ = r hyp AC
If arc PQ = r, cosec  = 
opp AB
then POQ = 1 radian. O R
r From the ratios, we can easily observe the following
1° relations:
Q
P r (a) Reciprocal Relations:
1 1
Note: cosec = ; sin =
s in cos ec
(i) Radian is a real constant.
(ii) The circular and sexagesimal measures are related 1 1
sec = ; cos =
by c or  radians = 180°. cos  s ec 
2 radians = 360°. 1 1
tan = ; cot =
(iii) 1 revolution = 2 radians. cot  tan 

Important Conversions s in  cos 

(b) tan = ; cot = .
cos  s in 
Sexagesimal Circular
Measure Measure
30° /6
45° /4
60° /3
90° /2
270° 3/2

Signs of Trigonometric Ratios

(i) If  lies in the first quadrant (0 <  < /2), all the trigonometric ratios are positive.
(ii) If  lies in the second quadrant (/2 <  < ), only sin  and cosec  are positive and the rest of the ratios are
negative.
(iii) In the third quadrant ( <  < 3/2), only tan  and cot  are positive and the rest of the ratios are negative.
(iv) In the fourth quadrant (3/2 <  < 2), only cos  and sec  are positive and the rest of the ratios are negative.

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The signs of the trigonometric ratios can be remembered with the help of the diagram given below.

Y
sine and cosec (+ve)
All (+ve)
Rest, (ve)
I Quadrant
II Quadrant
0° to 90°
90° to 180°
X O X
tan and cot (+ve) cos and sec (+ve)
Rest, (ve) Rest, (ve)
III Quadrant IV Quadrant
180° to 270° 270° to 360°
Y

(i) The absolute value of the ratio is to be arrived at as per the following table

Ratio when n is even when n is odd

sin (n / 2 ± ) sin  cos 

cos (n / 2 ± ) cos  sin 

tan (n / 2 ± ) tan  cot 

(ii) Values of Trigonometric functions of some standard angles

 0 /6 /4 /3 /2  3/2 2

1 3
sin 0 1/2 1 0 1 0
2 2
3 1
cos 1 1/2 0 1 0 1
2 2
1 3
tan 0 1  0  0
3

Maximum and Minimum values of Trigonometric Ratios

(i) The sine and cosine of an angle can never be less than 1 and cannot be greater than +1.
(ii) The secant and cosecant of an angle will not have any value between 1 and +1.
(iii) The tangent and co-tangent of an angle can take any real value.

Graphs of sine, cosine and tangent functions

sine function: y = sin x

1–

–2
         x
3 –  0   3 2
 
2 2 2 2
– –1

Range = [–1, 1]

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cosine function: y = cos x
y

– 
          x
 0 3 2 5
2 2 2 2

–1 Range = [–1, 1]

tangent function: y = tan x

y

x
–/2 0 /2  3/2

Range = R or (–, )

Some important trigonometric identities  tan A   tan A

(xi) tan (A + B + C) =
1   tan A tan B
1. (a) sin²  + cos²  = 1
(b) 1 + tan²  = sec²  2. Double angle formulae
(c) 1 + cot²  = cosec² 
2 tan 
2. (a) sin ( ) = sin  (i) sin 2 = 2sin  cos  =
1  tan2 
(b) cos () = cos 
(c) tan () = tan  (ii) cos 2 = cos²   sin²  = 2 cos²   1
1 tan 2 
= 1  2sin²  =
Note : (sin )² is represented as sin²  and so on. 1  tan 2 
(iii) From (ii) above,
Compound Angle: An angle formed by the sum or
difference of two or more angles is called a compound 1 cos 2 1 cos 2
cos   ; sin 
angle. 2 2
1. Addition and Subtraction formulae
2 tan 
(iv) tan 2 =
(i) sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B 1 tan2 
(ii) sin (A  B) = sin A cos B  cos A sin B
(iii) cos (A + B) = cos A cos B  sin A sin B cot 2   1
(iv) cos (A  B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B (v) cot 2 =
2 cot 
tan A  tan B
(v) tan (A + B) =
1  tan A tan B 3. Half-angle formulae
tan A  tan B
(vi) tan (A  B) = Replacing  by /2 in the formulae given in (2), we
1 tan A tan B get the following formulae.
cot A cot B  1
(vii) cot (A + B) = (i) sin  = 2sin /2 cos/2
cot A  cot B
2 tan  / 2
cot A cot B  1 =
(viii) cot (A  B) = 1 tan2  / 2
cot B  cot A
(ii) cos  = cos² /2  sin² /2
(ix) sin (A + B) sin (A  B) = sin² A  sin² B = cos²
= 2 cos² /2  1
B  cos² A
(x) cos (A + B) cos (A  B) = cos² A  sin² B = 1  tan 2  / 2
= 1  2sin² /2 =
cos² B  sin² A 1 tan 2  / 2

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 2 tan  / 2 O is the centre
(iii) tan  = PQ is the chord
1 tan  / 2
2

cot 2  / 2  1
(iv) cot  = A
2 cot  / 2 Chord PQ = 2rsin , r = radius of the circle.
2
4. Triple angle formulae:
Heights and Distances
(i) sin 3 = 3sin   4sin3 
(ii) cos 3 = 4cos3   3cos  B
O'
3 tan   tan3  
(iii) tan 3 =
1 3 tan 2 
cot 3   3 cot  3 cot   cot 3 
(iv) cot 3 = 
3 cot   1
2
1 3 cot 2 

5. Formulae for changing the Product into Sum O A
or Difference:
Let AB be a vertical line drawn from B to A to meet the
2 sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A  B) horizontal line drawn from O (which is at a lower level
2 cos A sin B = sin (A + B)  sin (A  B) than B) and let BO' be the horizontal drawn through B
2 cos A cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A  B) (i.e., BO' is parallel to OA)
2 sin A sin B = cos (A  B)  cos (A + B)
Then AOB is called the angle of elevation of point B as
6. Formulae for changing the Sum or Difference seen from point O and O' BO is the angle of
into Products: depression of point O as seen from point B. It can be
readily seen that  =  i.e.,
 C  D  cos  C  D 
sin C + sin D = 2sin    
 2   2  Angle of Elevation = Angle of Depression (since AO is
 C  D  sin C  D parallel to BO').
sin C  sin D = 2cos    
 2   2  Using the trigonometric ratios on angles of elevation and
C  D C  D depression, we can find out heights and distances as
cos C + cos D = 2cos   cos 
  seen in the examples given in the later part of this
 2   2 
chapter.
 C  D  sin  D  C 
cos C – cos D = 2sin    2 
 2    Examples

Other Standard Results 5

7.01. Convert radians into degrees.
12
(1) Sine rule
a b c Sol:  radians = 180
  = 2R
sin A sinB sinC 5 5
(R is the circumradius) radians = (180) = 75
12 12
A
(2) Area of a triangle 7.02. An athlete ran 2000 m around a circular path of
ABC, () = (1/2) ab sin C c b circumference 200 m. Find the angle covered by him
(where C is the angle (in radians).
included between the
B C
sides of the lengths a a 2000
and b) Sol: The athlete makes = 10 rounds of the
200
Alternatively,  = 1/2 bc sin A and 1/2 ca sin B can
circular path.
also be taken.
1 round = 2 radians.
10 rounds = (10) (2 radians)
(3) Cosine Rule
= 20 radians.
b2  c 2  a2
cos A =
2bc 7.03. The angles of a triangle are in arithmetic
a2  c 2  b2 progression with a common difference of 20.
cos B = Find the measures of the angles in radians.
2ac
a2  b2  c 2 Sol: Let the measures of the angles be
cos C =
2ab P, Q and R
P  Q  R = 180
(4) P = Q  20 and R = Q  20
O
r
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  (Q  20)  Q  (Q  20) = 180
 Q = 60 Sol: (sec   tan ) (sec   tan ) = sec2   tan2  = 1
P = 40 and R = 80 (sin   cos )2 = sin2  cos2   2 sin  cos 
The measures of the angles (in radians) are = 1  sin 2
2  4  sin 2 – (sin   cos)2 = 1
, and .
9 3 9  (sec   tan ) (sec   tan )  sin 2 
(sin   cos )2 = 1  (1) = 0
7.04. Find the angle covered by the minutes hand in
7
36 minutes. 7.08. If cos  =  and  is not in second
2 2
Sol: The angle covered by the minute hand in quadrant, then find the value of
60 minutes = 360 cos ec   sec 
2 2
Angle covered by it in 36 minutes .
36 6 cos ec 2  sec2 
= (360) = 216 = radians.
60 5
7
1
Sol: Given cos  =  and   Q2    Q3
7.05. If tan  = and  lies in the IInd quadrant find
2 2 2
3
the values of sin  and cos .  cosec  =  2 2
2 2
1 1 and sec  =
Sol: tan  =  tan  = 
2
7
3 3
8  1
8 81  
cos ec 2  sec2   7 
Since  lies in the II quadrant, sin  > 0,
nd
  7 
cos   0 and tan  < 0. cos ec 2  sec2  8  8  1
7 81  
1  7
 tan  = 
3 8 7 4
=  
7 6 3
y

7.09. If  =  then find the value of sin6   cos6 .

6
2
1  
6
  
6 6
 3
6
 1
x Sol:  sin    cos  =     
0  6  6 2  2 
 
1  27 7
= 
64 16

7.10. Find the value of cos ( –1200°).

2
sec = 1 tan 2    Sol: We know that cos (– ) = cos .
3
 cos (–1200°) = cos 1200°
 cos  =  3 and sin  = tan  cos  = cos (3  360° + 120°)
2 = cos 120°
 1   3  1
 . = cos (180° – 60°)
= = – cos 60° = –1/2
3  2  2

4 5
cos  cos  7.11. If sin  = and cos  = , then find the
7.06. Show that  = 2sec  5 13
1  sin 1  sin
 
value of sin .
2
cos  cos 
Sol: 
1  sin 1  sin
Consider cos (  ) = cos  cos  + sin 
cos 1  sin  1  sin
Sol:
= sin 
1  sin 1  sin 3 5 4 12
2 cos  2 cos  = .  .
=  = 2sec  5 13 5 13
1  sin2  cos2  63
 cos ( – ) =
65
7.07. Show that (sec   tan ) (sec   tan )  sin 2
We know that
 (sin   cos )2 = 0
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    1  cos(  ) b2  c 2  a2 9 2  102  8 2
sin   = cos A = = = 0.65
 2  2 2bc (2) (9) (10)
A = cos1 (0.65)
63 7.15. From a point P on the ground the angles of
1
65 = 2 1 elevations of the tops of two buildings (B and A)
= 
2 2(65) 65 are 15 and 75 respectively. Each building
is 300 m high. Find the distance between the
7.12. Find the value of cos 20° cos 40° – sin 5° sin 25°. tops of both the buildings. (tan 15° = 2  3 and
tan 75 = 2  3)
1
Sol: Required value = [2cos 20° cos 40° – 2 sin
2 Sol:
5° sin 25°]
1 A B
= [cos 60° + cos 20° + cos 30° – cos 20°]
2
1 1 3 3 1
=    
2  2 2  4

300 m
3 1
7.13. Find the value of  .
sin 20 cos 20
75 15
 3  M P N
1
2 cos 20  sin20
3 cos 20  sin 20  2 2 
Sol:   Distance between the tops of the two buildings
sin 20 cos 20 1
2 sin20 cos 20 = AB = MP  PN
2 = 300 (cot 75  cot 15)
4(sin 60 cos 20  cos 60 sin 20) = 300 (tan 15  tan 75)
 
=
sin 40
= 300 2  3  2  3
 sin 40 
 4  4 = 1200 m.
 sin 40 

7.14. If the lengths of the sides of a triangle are 8, 9

and 10, find the cosine of the least angle in it.

Sol: Let a = 8, b = 9 and c = 10.

The least angle of the triangle will be opposite
to the least side in it.
 A is the least angle.

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 Concept Review Questions
Directions for questions 1 to 35: For the Multiple Choice Questions, select the correct alternative from the given
choices. For the Non-Multiple Choice Questions, write your answer in the box provided.

2 c 13. cot (180°  ) = _______.

1. Angle in sexagesimal measure is (A) tan  (B) cot  (C) cot  (D) tan 
3
degrees.
14. (1  sin)(sec2)(1  sin) = ______.
2. Angle 300 in radians (circular measure) is _______. (A) 0 (B) sec (C) sin (D) 1
4 c 5 c 5 c 
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 3 6 15. (a) cosec (330°) =

3. The angle covered by a wheel in making one

complete revolution at its centre is _______. (b) sec (1020°) =
(A) 180° (B) 90° (C) 360° (D) 300°
16. If the measures of the angles of a triangle are in the
4. The angle covered by the minute hand in 12 minutes ratio 1 : 2 : 3, then the ratio of the sides opposite to
is _______. the angles (in the same order) is ________.
 3 2 4
(A) (B) (C) (D) (A) 1 : 2 : 3 (B) 1 : 2:3
5 5 5 5
(C) 1 : 2 : 3 (D) 1 : 3 :2
5. The angle covered by the hour hand in 30 minutes
is ______.
17. Which of the following statements cannot be true?
  
(A) (B) (C) (D)  (A) sin  = 0.5 (B) cos  = 0.75
12 10 30 1
(C) tan  = 100 (D) cosec  =
6. In a right-angled triangle, if hypotenuse and one of 2
the sides are 17 and 8 respectively and the angle
between them is , then sin  and tan  are _______ 18. If tan   sec  = a and sec   tan  = b then the
respectively. relation between a and b is _______.
15 15 8 8 a
(A) , (B) , (A) =1 (B) ab = 1
12 17 17 15 b
15 15 8 17 (C) a  b = 1
2 2
(D) a2  b2 = 1
(C) , (D) ,
17 8 17 15
19. cosec4   cot4   2cosec2  cot2  =
7. Given that cos  is positive and tan  is negative
then  is in ______. 1
(A) Q1 (B) Q2 (C) Q3 (D) Q4 20. If sec  = 2 and cot  =  , then sin  =
3
8. Which of the following statements is false? _______.
(A) tan 500 ° < 0 (B) cosec (– 200°) > 0 1 3  3 1
(C) cot (– 500°) > 0 (D) sec (–400°) < 0 (A)  (B) (C) (D)
2 2 2 2
9. The number of points in which the graph of cos x 3
meets the x-axis is _______. 21. Find the value of cosec .
4
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) Infinite
(A) 2 (B) – 2 (C) –2 (D) 2
10. sin  expressed in terms of tan  is ________.
tan  tan  1
(A) (B) 22. If cosec  =  cot , then find sin .
1  tan  1  tan  2
tan  tan 2 
(C) (D)
1  tan2  1  tan 
59
23. If tan2  + 2sec2  = , then find tan .
16
17
11. If sec  = ;   Q1, then cot  = _______. 
8
15 8 8 15
(A) (B) (C) (D) 24. Which of the following is never possible?
8 15 15 8
(A) tan  = 4/3
12. If a = cos 10 – sin 10 and b = cos 70 – sin 70, (B) cosec  = 5/2
which of the following is true? (C) cot  = 3/4
(A) a < 0, b < 0 (B) a < 0, b > 0 (D) sec  = 2/5
(C) a > 0, b < 0 (D) a > 0, b > 0
25. sin 44° sec 46° + cos 44° cosec 46° =
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26. The value of tan 1° tan 2° tan 3° ……. tan 89° is 32. At an instant of time, if the length of the shadow of a
1
pole is times its height, find the angle of
3
27. If 180° <  < 270° and cos  = –4/5, then find cosec
elevation of the sun (in degrees).

+ cot .
(A) –1/3 (B) –1/2 (C) –2 (D) –3
33. At a point on the ground, the top of a flag pole
28. An angle ‘’ in sexagesimal measure is such that subtends an angle of 60°. If the height of the pole is
its complement is equal to 2/5 th of its supplement. 300 m, find the distance (in meters) between the
= point of observation and the foot of the pole.
(A) 75 3 (B) 90 3 (C) 100 3 (D) 50 3

29. If sin  + sin  + sin  = 3, then the value of cot +
2 34. A ladder is placed against a wall of height 18 m. If
  the top of the ladder makes an angle of 60° with the
cot + cot is wall, then the length of the ladder is ________.
2 2
(A) 36 m (B) 12 3 m
30. (i) If the two sides of a triangle are 5 and 3 2 and (C) 18 3 m (D) 48 m
the angle included by them is 45 then the area
of the triangle is ________. 35. Mohit and Rohit stand on either side of a pole and
observe the top of the pole at an angle of elevation
(A) 15 sq. units. (B) 15 2 sq. units.
of 60° and 45° respectively. If the distance between
(C) 7.5 2 sq. units. (D) 7.5 sq. units. Mohit and Rohit is 100 m, then the height of the
pole is ________.
(ii) In the above problem, the length of the third (A) 100( 3 )( 3  1) m
 
side
is _______. (B) 75 ( 3 ) 3  1 m
(A) 13 (B) 13 (C) 2 13 (D) 13 2 (C) 50( 3 )( 3  1) m

31. A person standing 50 m away from the foot of a tower (D) 125( 3 )( 3  1) m
observes the top of a tower to be at an angle of
elevation of 60. Find the height of the tower in meters.
(A) 25 3 (B) 25 (C) 50 (D) 50 3

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 Exercise  7(a)
Directions for questions 1 to 30: For the Multiple Choice Questions, select the correct alternative from the given
choices. For the Non-Multiple Choice Questions, write your answer in the box provided.
1. If the angles of a triangle are in an arithmetic 1
progression and the measure of the least angle is 20°, (C) Sine of each angle is greater than .
then find the measure of the greatest angle in radians. 2
1
(D) Cosine of exactly two angles is greater than .
c 2
9
11. If x = cos 50° + cos 55° + cos 60° and
2. If sin  and cos  are the roots of the quadratic
y = sin 20° + sin 25° + sin 30°, then ______.
equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, then which of the
x x
following relations hold? (A) 1 (B) 1
(A) b2 = a2 + 2ac (B) b2 = a2  4ac y y
x
(C) a2 + b b2  4ac = 0 (D) a2 = b2 (b2  4ac) (C) 1 (D) x + y = 0
y

1  cos 2  
3. If tan  = , then tan  22 1  = _______. 12. If two sides of a triangle are 6 cm and 9 cm and the
1  cos 2  2  included angle is 45°, then the area of the triangle in

sq.cm is _______.
(A) 2  3 (B) 2 + 3
(A) 27 2 (B) 27/2 (C) 27 2 (D) 27
(C) 21 (D) 2+1
13. In a triangle ABC, if a = 4 cm, b = 7 cm and
4. If 3tan2   1 = 0 and  lies in rd quadrant, then C = 90°, then the length of the longest side
cosec  = _______. is _______.
3 (A) 63 cm (B) 65 cm
(A)  3 (B) 1 (C)  (D) 2 (C) 7 cm (D) 9 cm
2

5. If 13sin   12 = 0 and ‘’ is acute, then 14. (i) Which of the following relations best describes
the given graph?
cot   tan 
= ________. y
sec   cos ec
17 17 131 131 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
13 13 91 91

6. In a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD, the value of cos A +

cos B + cos C + cos D is  O
 

 x
2
2 2

7. If sin  and cosec  are the roots of the equation

cx2 + ax + b = 0, then ________. 1
(A) b – c = 0 (B) a + c = 0
(C) a + b = 0 (D) a  c = 0
(A) y = sin x (B) y = cos x
8. If sec  + tan  = p, then cos  = _______. (C) y = cos x (D) y = sin x
p2  1 p2  1 2p p
(A) (B) (C) 2 (D) 2 (ii) Which of the following relations best describes
2p p2  1 p 1 p 1 the given graph?

1
y
9. If sin  = x  for x > 0, then _______.
x
1
(A) 0x1
(B) no such value of x exists
(C) x  R+
(D) no such value of x exists

10. Which of the following can be true for an acute-      x

angled triangle? (0, 0)
1
(A) Sine of each angle is less than . x
2 (A) y = |sin 2x| (B) y = |cos 2x|
1 x x
(B) Sine of exactly two angles is less than . (C) y = cos (D) y = sin
2 2 2

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(iii) Which of the following relations best describes the 22. The angles of elevation of the tip ‘P’ of a pole PQ
given graph? from two points, A and B, lying on either sides of the
pole are found to be 30° and 60° respectively.
y A point ‘C’ lying on the line segment joining AB is
such that 2APC = APB. Find the length of AC if
  BC = 30 m.
(A) 30 3 m (B) 60 m
(0, 0) (C) 10 3 m (D) 45 m
   x
1 1
23. Find the angle of elevation of the sun at an instant
when the length of the shadow of a pole is 3 times
 – its height. (in degrees)

(A) y = sin x (B) y = cos x

(C) x = sin y (D) x = cos y 24. A pole EP is erected vertically at the midpoint of the
diagonal E of a square ABCD in such a way that the
cos 20  sin50 side AB subtends an angle of 60 at P. If the side of
15. Value of is _______. the square is 5 m, find the height of the tower in
sin20  cos 50 meters.
(A) 3 (B) 3 (C) 1/3 (D) 1/ 3 2

16. The maximum value of sin6 x + cos6 x is 25. A flag staff EP is situated at the midpoint E of side
AB of a square ABCD. If the side DC subtends an
17. If h(y) = 3  sin y  cos y , then which of the
angle of 30 at P, then find the height of the flag
staff, given side of the square is 6m.
following represents the range of h(y)? 3 )m 3 )m
(A) 18(4 + (B) 9(3 +
(A) 3  h(y)  3 2 (B) 0  h(y)  3 2
(C) 18(3 + 3)m (D) 9(3 + 4 3 )m
(C) 3  h(y)  4 (D) None of these

18. If the angles of elevation of the top of a tower from 26. If x2 + y2  9 and tan2 x  cos2 y = 0, then the
the top and the foot of a pole of height 20 m are
30° and 60° respectively, then the height of the number of possible values of (x, y) is
tower is (in m)

27. If  < 45°, then find the value of

19. At a point halfway between the line joining the foot of 2  2  2  2 cos 2 .
the towers X and Y, the angles of elevations of the (A) 4cos2 /4 (B) 4sin2 /4
tops of the towers are found to be 30° and 45°
(C) 2cos /4 (D) 2 sin /4
respectively. If the towers are separated by a
horizontal distance of 600 m, find the ratio of their 28. In triangle ABC, 4 sin A + 6 cos B = 8 and 4 cos A +
heights. 6 sin B = 6. C equals _______.
(A) 3 : 1 (B) 1 : 3 (C) 2 : 1 (D) 1 : 2 (A) 60° (B) 120°
(C) 90° (D) cannot be determined
20. Vinod observes an airplane flying exactly 15 km
above the ground at an angle of elevation of 45°. If, 29. PQR is a triangle with integral sides and
after 9 seconds, the plane has moved away from 5 sin Q  4 sin R 33
= . PQ + PR is at least 
him and is making an angle of elevation of 30° at the 5 sin Q  4 sin R 13
same height, then the average speed of the plane in
km/sec is _______. 30. E = 10 sin x cos x (5 + sin x cos x). Which of the
3 1 3 1 1 6 following cannot be the value of E?
(A) (B) (C) (D)
6 6 2 25 55
(A)
2
21. From a steamer moving towards a lighthouse at 45
a constant velocity, the angle of elevation of the top (B) 
of the lighthouse is observed to be 30°. 10 minutes 2
from that instant, the angle of elevation changes to 57
(C)
60°. If the steamer reaches the light house at noon, 2
then find the time at which the first observation was (D) More than one of the previous choices
made.
: a.m.

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 Exercise  7(b)
Directions for questions 1 to 40: For the Multiple Choice Questions, select the correct alternative from the given
choices. For the Non-Multiple Choice Questions, write your answer in the box provided.

Very Easy / Easy… … ……… …

1. Which of the following is not possible? (C) x = siny (D) y= sin x
1 4
(A) cot  = (B) cosec  =
3 3 12. Which of the following relations best describes the
3 graph?
(C) sec  = 2 (D) sin  =
2 y
5
2. If cosec  = ( lies in the first quadrant), then find 1
3
the value of cot.
x
4 7 –3/2 –/2 0 /2 3/2
(A) (B) (C) 2 (D) 3
3 3

3. If PQR is a right angled isosceles triangle, then (A) y = cos2 x (B) y = cos x
cos P + cos Q + cos R = _______. (C) x = cos y (D) y = |cos x|
(A) 2 (B) 2  1 (C) 2  2 (D) 0 Moderate… … …
……..........
4. If tan ( – 45°) + tan ( + 45°) = 0, then a possible
5
value of  is ________. 13. If sin  + cosec  = , find the value of sec2  +
(A) 0° (B) 90° 2
(C) 30° (D) Either (A) or (B) cot2.

5. If 270° <  < 360° and sin  = –3/5, then find sec  + 3
tan .
(A) 1/2 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 1/3
14. If sin  + cosec  + sin2  + cosec2  = 0, find the
cot α  cos ecα value of cot .
6. If sin  = 7/25 and  is acute, find .
tan α  sec α 1 1
(A) () 2 (C) (D) 0
4 2 4 2 2 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
21 21 21 21
15. If  = 60, then find the value of
7. The angle covered by the minute hand of a clock in sin 2 sec 3 – cosec 2 cot .
18 minutes is ________.
 3 2  3 2
(A) 120 (B) 108 (C) 136 (D) 126 (A)  (B) 
2 3 2 3
8. If the angles of a triangle ABC are in A.P. with a
3 2 3 2
common difference of 30°, then the value of cos A (C)  (D) 
cos B cos C is _______. 2 3 2 3
2 3 1
(A) 0 (B) (C) (D) 1  cos 2
3 4 2 16. If cot = , then find cot 221/2°
1  cos 2
9. If PQRS is a cyclic quadrilateral,
cot P + cot R – (cot Q + cot S) = (A) 2 +1 (B) 2 1
(C) 2 +3 (D) 2 2 + 1
10. Two sides of a triangle are 4 units and 6 units
respectively. The angle between them is 30°. Find 17. If 1 + cosec  + cot  = x, then cos  = _______.
the area of the triangle (in sq. units.)
x 2  2x  1 x 2  2x  1
(A) (B)
x  2x  2
2
x 2  2x  1
11. Which of the following relations best describes the
graph? x 2  2x x 2  2x  2
y (C) (D)
x  2x  2
2
x 2  2x

18. If 13 sin  – 12 = 0 and  is acute, then find the

1 2 cos   3 tan 
value of .
x cos ec  cot 
0  2 3 4
(A) x = sin y (B) y = sin x

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 (C) 10(2 + 3 ) (D) 20(2 + 3 )
19. If PQRS is a cyclic quadrilateral, 29. From the top of a hill of 90 m height, the angles of
sin P + sin Q + sin R + sin S = _______. depressions of the top and foot of a tower are
(A) –2 (B) 1 observed as 15o and 60o respectively. Find the
(C) 2 (D) Cannot be determined height of the tower. (in m)
( )
(A) 30 3 - 1 ( )
(B) 60 3 - 3
20. cot6  – cosec6  + 3cot2  cosec2  =
(C) 90( 3 - 1) (D) 30(3 - 3 )
3 1 1
21. If cos (x + y) = and sin y = , which of the
2 2 2 30. The value of sec6  – tan6  – 3sec2  tan2  is
following can be the respective values of y and x?
(A) 30°, 45° (B) 30°, 135° 31. In a triangle if the length of one of the sides is 3 3
(C) 60°, 45° (D) 60°, 135° and the angle opposite to that side is 60 then the
circumradius of the triangle is ______.
22. log sin 30° + log cos 45° + log cos 30° = _______. (A) 1
(B) 2
 3 
(A) log   (B) 0 (C) 3
 32  (D) Cannot be determined
 32  1  3 
(C) log   (D) log  32. Due to the influence of wind, the upper part of a pole
 3  2  32  is broken and it made an angle of 30° with the
ground. The distance from the foot of the pole to the
23. If a = cosec , b = cot  and  lies in the first point where the top of the pole touches the ground is
a 1 a 1 20 m. Find the length of the upper part of the pole.
quadrant, then  = ________.
a 1 a 1
2 2 m
(A) (B) (C) –2b (D) 2b
b b 3

24. The minimum value of sin4 x + cos4 x is 33. Two buildings of equal heights stand on either side of
a road. At a point on the road in between the buildings,
the angles of elevation of their tops were observed
25. If cosec and cosec  are the roots of px2 + qx + r = 0 to be 30° and 45°. If the distance between the
where  and  are supplementary angles, which of buildings is 90 m, then find the height of each building.
the following is true?
(A) p2 = 4qr ( 3  1) m
(B) r2 = 4pq
(C) q2 = 4pr 34. If 5cos  + 12sin  = 13 (  Q1), then find the value
(D) More than one of the previous choices. of tan .
(A) 5/12 B) 12/5 (C) 5/6 (D) 6/5
26. The sides of a triangle are 4, 6 3 and 8. Find the
35. If ,  are complementary angles, then the
  maximum value of cos2  + sin2  is
 
least angle of the triangle. cos–1  
 3 
Difficult / Very Difficult … …… .. .

27. An airplane is flying at a uniform height of 2 km 36. The number of real roots of 2cos (x (x – 1)) =
above the ground. Rohit at a point P observed is _______.
the plane at an angle of elevation of 60°. After the (A) infinite (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 0
plane moved for half a minute towards him, he found
the angle of elevation to be 75°. Find its speed 37. If sec  and tan  are the roots of the equation
ax2 + bx + c = 0, then which of the following is true?
(in kmph). (tan 75° = 2 + 3) (A) b4 = 4ab2 c + a4 (B) b4 = 4ab2c – a4
4 4 4
(C) b = a – 4ab c (D) b4 + a4 + 4ab 2c = 0


3 2 3  38. In PQR, if p = 8 cm, q = 10 cm and cos R=
5 1
4
,
then find r.
28. A ladder was placed against a wall. It made an
angle of 15° with the ground. Its top was 10 m above (A) 2 41 10 5 (B) 2 36  10 5
the foot of the wall. Find the distance (in m) between
the foot of the wall and the foot of the ladder. Given (C) 2 31 10 5 (D) 2 26  10 5
that tan 15° = 2 – 3
39. In triangle ABC, BC = 4 2 , AC = 4 3 , A = 45°
(A) 5(2 + 3 ) (B) 15(2 + 3 )
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 and C is the largest angle. Find the length of AB. 41. Does  lie in 3rd quadrant?
(A) 2( 3 + 1) . cos  > 0.
. sin  < 0.
(B) 3( 2 + 1)
42. Find the value of (cos A + sin A)² – (cos A – sin A)².
(C) 2( 6 + 1)
. A = 0°.
(D) 2( 6 + 2 ) . cos² A + sin² A = 1.

43. Find the value of tan A + tan B + tan C.

sin 3 x cos 3 x cos 2 x sin 2 x
40. If f(x) =  and g(x) =  , . A, B, C are angles of a triangle.
cos 2 x sin 2 x sin 3 x cos 3 x . ABC is equilateral.
 
where  x  , then which of the following best
4 2 44. Which is taller, The Eiffel Tower or The Statue of
describes the relation between f(x) and g(x)? Liberty?
(A) f(x)  g(x) (B) f(x)  g(x) . The angle of elevation of the head of The
(C) f(x) > g(x) (D) f(x) < g(x) Statue of Liberty from a distance of 15 m is 60°.
. The angle of elevation of the middle of
Data Sufficiency … … …… . . . The Eiffel Tower from a distance of 15 m is 45°.

Directions for questions 41 to 45: Each question is 45. What is the height of the tower PQ?
followed by two statements,  and . Indicate your . A man standing on the ground at a point A,
responses based on the following directives: 30 m from the foot of the tower observes the top
of the tower at an angle of elevation of 60o.
Mark (A) if the question can be answered using . A man standing at a point B, 20 m from the fat
one of the statements alone, but cannot be of the tower observes the midpoint of the tower
answered using the other statement alone. at an angle of elevation of 30°.
Mark (B) if the question can be answered using
either statement alone.
Mark (C) if the question can be answered using
 and  together but not using  or  alone.
Mark (D ) if the question cannot be answered even
using  and  together.

Key
Concept Review Questions

1. 120 7. D 13. B 18. B 24. D 30. (i) D 35. C

2. B 8. D 14. D 19. 1 25. 2 (ii) B
3. C 9. D 15. (i) –2 20. B 26. 1 31. D
4. C 10. C (ii) 2 21. A 27. A 32. 60
5. A 11. B 16. D 22. 0.8 28. 30 33. C
6. C 12. C 17. D 23. 0.75 29. 3 34. A

Exercise – 7(a)

1. 5 6. 0 11. A (iii) C 19. B 24. 2.5 29. 71

2. A 7. A 12. C 15. B 20. A 25. D 30. C
3. C 8. C 13. B 16. 1 21. 11, 45 26. 26
4. D 9. B 14. (i) B 17. A 22. A 27. C
5. B 10. C (ii) B 18. 30 23. 30 28. C

Exercise – 7(b)

1. D 9. 0 17. C 25. C 33. 45 41. A

2. A 10. 6 18. 1036 26. 1.625 34. B 42. A
3. A 11. D 19. D 27. 480 35. 2 43. A
4. D 12. D 20. –1 28. C 36. C 44. C
5. A 13. 13 21. A 29. B 37. A 45. B
6. A 14. D 22. D 30. 1 38. C
7. B 15. B 23. A 31. C 39. D
8. A 16. A 24. 0.5 32. 40 40. C
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