SCIENCE QUESTIONS

Long Answer Questions.

Q1) Imagine you are hosting a chemistry quiz

competition. You present three questions to the
contestants related to the properties
and reactions of ethanol, methanol, and ethanoic
acid:
(i) Which alcohol consumption can lead to
blindness and which to mental confusion? Explain
why.
(ii) Identify the alcohol that produces ethene when
heated with concentrated sulfuric acid. Name the
process and provide the
reaction.
(iii) Define esterification and provide the complete
reaction involved in ester formation.(5)

Ans:- . (i) Consumption of methanol causes blindness

because it affects the optic nerves.

Ethanol causes mental confusion by depressing the

central nervous system.
(ii) Ethanol (ethyl alcohol) gives ethene on heating with
concentrated sulphuric acid.

This is called dehydration of ethanol.

The complete reaction is given as,
Hot Conc.

(iii) The reaction in which ester is formed by the reaction

of an acid and an alcohol is called esterification
reaction.
When ethanoic acid reacts with ethanol in the
presence of an acid catalyst, ester is formed. The
reaction is given as

Q2) When an alcohol and a carboxylic acid (C,H,0.)

react together in the presence of a few drops of
H,SO, (sulfuric acid), a compound Z is produced.
Upon oxidation of the alcohol with alkaline
potassium permanganate followed by acidification,
the same carboxylic acid used in the initial reaction
is obtained. Provide the names and structures of (a)
the carboxylic acid,(b) the alcohol, and (c) the
compound Z. Additionally, write the balanced
chemical reaction for the formation of compound Z.

Ans:- When an alcohol reacts with a carboxylic acid in

presence of an acid, the formation of an ester occurs.
The alcohol upon oxidation with alkaline KMnO4
followed by acidification, gives same carboxylic acid
(C₂H4O₂). Alcohol first gives aldehyde then followed by
an acid.
The reaction may given as follows,

Therefore, the alcohol must be CH₂CH₂OH.

If the carboxylic acid is C₂H₂O₂ i.e. CH₂COOH and the
alcohol is CH₂CH₂OH, then the formation of ethyl
ethanoate, ester occurs. Hence, the compound Z must
be CH3COOCH₂CH.
The reaction may given as,
Now, the structures of the carboxylic acid (C2H4O2)
alcohol (CH3CH2OH) and Z are as follows.
Structure of carboxylic acid ( CH3COOH) i.e acetic acid,
Q3)

(a) What is the process shown in the diagram?

(b) Label the whole process with suitable words?
(c) What happens to the undigested material in
Amoeba and how is it removed from the cell?

Ans:- (a ) the process is showing nutrition in Amoeba

(b)

(c) In Amoeba, undigested material is removed via

exocytosis. The process begins with endocytosis, where
the cell engulfs food particles in a vacuole. Digestive
enzymes break down the food into nutrients. If some
material remains undigested, it accumulates within the
vacuole. The cell then transports this vacuole to the cell
membrane and undergoes exocytosis, expelling the
waste material
outside the cell. This process ensures the removal of
indigestible waste while allowing the Amoeba to absorb
vital nutrients for energy and growth. (2 M)
Q4) (a) Compare the feeding mechanisms of
Amoeba and Paramoecium, highlighting their
differences and similarities.
(b) After digestion, how are the simpler substances
obtained from the food distributed within the
Amoeba cell?
(c) How does the specialized feeding process in
Paramoecium contribute to its overall survival and
functioning as a unicellula
organism?
Ans:- (a) Amoeba takes in food through pseudopodia,
which engulf the food particle, while Paramoecium uses
cilia to direct food to its oral groove for ingestion.
Both organisms undergo intracellular digestion.

(b) After digestion in Amoeba, simpler substances like

nutrients and molecules are distributed within the cell
through a process called cytoplasmic streaming or
cyclosis. This process involves the movement of the
cytoplasm, which carries the digested
substances, to various parts of the cell, ensuring that
nutrients reach where they are needed for energy
production and growth.

(c) The specialized feeding process in Paramoecium

contributes to its survival as a unicellular organism by
efficiently directing food to a specific location,optimizing
nutrient intake, and ensuring effective intracellular
digestion, which supports its overall growth and
metabolism.
Q5) Rakhi placed an object O in front of the lens and
its image I. Without actually drawing the ray
diagram, Rakhi has to explain the following;

(i) Type of lens (Converging / Diverging)

(ii) Two optical instruments where such an image is
obtained.
(iii) Three characteristics of the image formed if this
lens is replaced by a concave mirror of focal length
'f' and an placed at a distance f/2 in front of the
mirror.

Ans:- (i) the given lens is a converging lens

(ii) (a) simple microscope
(b) telescope
(iii) for the given case , the object is placed between
focus and pole of the mirror
Three characteristics of image formed are :-
Virtual , erect, enlarged
Q6) In a chemical laboratory, two students
performed experiments with elements X and Y. They
conducted various tests to determine
the nature of these elements. Read the case
carefully and answer the following questions:
Experiment 1: Both elements X and Y were tested for
electrical conductivity. Element X conducted electricity,
whereas
element Y did not.
Experiment 2: Element X was placed in water. It
formed a basic solution and released hydrogen gas.
Element Y was also placed in water but showed no
visible reaction.
Experiment 3: When heated, element X forms an oxide
that is basic in nature. Element Y formed an oxide that
was acidic in nature
(a) Based on the properties observed in Experiment 1,
explain the fundamental reason behind the difference in
electrical conductivity between elements X and Y.

(b) Propose a hypothesis on how elements X and Y

might behave when exposed to concentrated
hydrochloric acid.
(c) Using chemical equations, illustrate the reactions of
both elements X and Y with water and the
corresponding nature of
solutions formed.

Ans:- -. (a) Element X conducts electricity due to the

presence of free electrons that can move and carry
electric current. Element Y, being a non-metal, lacks
these free electrons
and therefore does not conduct electricity.
(b) The hypothesis could be that element X reacts with
concentrated hydrochloric acid to form a salt and
hydrogen gas, while element Y remains unreactive.

(c) 2X + 2H₂O → 2XOH + H₂ (for element X) and no

reaction for element Y.

Solutions of XOH are basic in nature, while Y does not

form any significant solution.
Q7) Imagine that element X and Y were combined to
form a compound. Predict the type of bond that
would form between them and explain your
reasoning.

Ans:- Elements X and Y would likely form an ionic bond.

Element X, being a metal, would lose electrons to form
positive ions, while element Y, as a non-metal, would
gain electrons to form negative ions. The attraction
between the oppositely charged ions
would result in the formation of an ionic compound
between the two.
Q8) . Aastha has a female labrador pet dog called
Christie. Christie is a brown color labrador which is
a recessive trait.
labrador black color fur is dominant to brown color.
Aastha took Christie to the breeder. The breeder
assures Aastha that
Bruno will be the father of Christie's pups. After few
months, Christie gives birth to 8 pups out of which
4 are black are brown furred. Based on this
information, answer the following questions:
(a) What color was Bruno?
(6) What is the genotype of Bruno ? State the
reason for the answer.
(c) Write all the possible genotypes of Christie's
pups.
(d) What is the ratio of phenotype of Christie's
pup?

Ans:- (a) Bruno was black colour dog. Since black

colour is the dominant trait it showed in most of the
pups.
(b) the genotype of Bruno is Bb (heterozygous)
If it was homozygous all the pups would have been
black colour.
(c )the possible genotype of Christie's pups are - Bb and
bb

(d) the ratio of phenotype of Christie's pups is 1: 1

Q9 ) Ramya has connected three parallel resistors ,

an ammeter and a battery ina circuit below:-
(a) For the circuit shown in the diagram, calculate:
(i) value of current through the 30 S2 resistor.
(ii) total resistance of the circuit.
(b) Give two advantages of connecting electrical
devices in parallel with battery.
OR
(b) Should the resistance of an ammeter be low or
high? Give reason.

Ans:- (a)

(b) (i) Voltage across each appliance remains

(ii) If any appliance fails to work other appliances
continue to work.

OR

(b) An ammeter is like a tool to measure how much

electricity is flowing in a wire. It's important that this tool
doesn't block the electricity too much. If it does, it can
give us the wrong information. Imagine it's like trying to
pour water through a pipe. If the pipe is too narrow or
has lots of things blocking it, the water can't flow
properly. Similarly, if an ammeter slows down the
electricity too much, it won't give us the right
measurement. We
can't completely remove this slowing effect in the
ammeter because everything has a bit of it. But we try
to make it as small as possible so that it doesn't mess
up our measurements.

Q10) Explain the extraction of metals from their

ores with suitable examples. Discuss the reduction
processes involved in obtaining
metals from their oxides.
Ans:- The extraction of metals from their ores involves
several processes like concentration, reduction, and
purification.
Example: Extraction of zinc from its ore, ZnS
Concentration: First, the ore is crushed and
concentrated by magnetic separation which helps to
remove impurities.
Roasting: The concentrated ore is then heated in the
presence of air to convert ZnS to ZnO.
2ZnS(s) + 30₂(g)--->2ZnO(s) +2SO₂(g)
Reduction: The metal oxide is then reduced to
corresponding metal by using suitable reducing agents
like C.
ZnO(s) + C(s) → Zn(s) + CO(g)
Reduction is the process of removing oxygen from a
compound.
Metals are obtained from their oxides through various
reduction processes:
. Reduction by Carbon: As seen in the extraction of iron,
carbon is used as a reducing agent which converts
metal oxides into pure metals. This process is
applicable to metals which lie below carbon in the
reactivity series.
Reduction by Hydrogen: Some metals like iron
and copper can be reduced by hydrogen gas at high
temperatures to obtain pure metals.
Electrolytic Reduction: For metals lying above
hydrogen in the reactivity series (e.g., aluminum),
electrolytic reduction is employed. In this process, metal
ions are reduced at the cathode during electrolysis.
Q11)(a) Write electron dot structures of Ca (Atomic
no. 20) and O (Atomic no. 8).
Ans:- Ca( atomic number 20)= 2,8,8,2
:C

(b) Name the ions present in this compound.

Ans:- Calcium ion ( Ca²+) , Oxide ion ( O²-)

(c ) List four important characteristics of this

compound.
Ans:- calcium oxide is an ionic compound and its
characteristics are:-
●Soluble in water
●Conducts electricity in molten state
●High melting point and boiling point
●Solid

Q12) A couple with a newborn baby is troubled that

the child does not resemble either of them.
Suspecting that a mixup occurred
at the hospital, they check the blood type of the
infant. It is type O. Because the father is type A and
the mother type B, they conclude that a mixup has
definitely occurred. Are they correct? Give reason
for your answer.

Ans:- . No, the parents are not correct. The father is

type A and the mother is type B; the possible genotypes
the baby could have are IAIB, IA IO, IBIO and IOIO
This means that any of the blood types AB, A, B, and O
can be inherited by the child. If the child inherits any of
the one blood type, which is occurring here in this case
that the child is inheriting type O blood group, no error
has occurred.
Possible Blood Groups of Parents
Q13) In a bustling school laboratory, a curious
incident unfolds. A diligent student accidentally
knocks over a small container, spilling
its contents onto the lab table. Instantly, a distinct
aroma fills the air - a pungent yet strangely fruity
smell that captures everyone's
attention. The teacher quickly approaches, intrigued
by the unusual scent. Suspecting that the spilled
liquid might be an organic
compound due to the odor, the teacher decides to
investigate further.
(a) What is the term used to describe compounds
that contain carbon?
(b) How can you test whether the liquid is an
organic compound or not?

Ans:- Compounds that contain carbon are referred to

as "organic compounds". These compounds are the
building blocks of life and exhibit a wide range of
properties and applications.

(b) To determine whether the spilled liquid is an organic

compound, a combustion test can be conducted.
Organic compounds typically contain carbon and
hydrogen, and they tend to burn in the presence of
oxygen. If the liquid ignites and produces carbon dioxide
(CO₂) and water vapor (H₂O) during combustion, it is
likely an organic compound.

Q14) Explain why some organic compounds have

distinct odours. What functional group might be
responsible for the fruity smell?

Ans:- The distinct odors associated with certain organic

compounds stem from specific functional groups within
their molecular structures. In this case, the fruity smell
could be attributed to the presence of an "ester"
functional group. Esters are commonly found
in fruits and flowers and are responsible for their
pleasant fragrances. They are formed through the
reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol.

Q15).what is fermentation?
Ans:- Fermentation involves the partial oxidation of
glucose in an anaerobic environment. This process
occurs through a series of reactions that convert pyruvic
acid into both carbon dioxide (CO₂) and ethanol. These
reactions are facilitated by specific enzymes: pyruvic
acid decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase. These
enzymes play a crucial role in driving the transformation
of pyruvic acid, ultimately leading to the production of
CO₂ and ethanol within the fermentation process.

(a) What does the given experimental set up

demonstrate?

(b) identify where ethyl alcohol fermentation occurs

(c ) describe the result of a molasses solution and
yeast test tube left overnight.

Ans:- (a) In the mercury-filled test tube (figure A),

absence of air prevents aerobic respiration for soaked
seeds. Yet, carbon dioxide release (figure B) signifies
anaerobic respiration capacity. This reveals seeds'
ability to respire
without oxygen and produce carbon dioxide.

(b) Ethyl alcohol fermentation takes place in the

cytoplasm of yeast cells.
(c) When a test tube containing yeast and molasses
solution is placed in a warm location overnight, the gas
collected (CO₂) from this mixture has two noticeable
effects: it extinguishes a flame and turns lime water
milky.
Q16) Explain the occurrence of anaerobic
respiration in vertebrate skeletal muscles during
heavy exercise. How does the
breakdown of glycogen contribute to this process,
and what is the consequence of lactic acid
accumulation?
Ans:- Anaerobic respiration in vertebrate skeletal
muscles occurs when oxygen supply is insufficient to
meet the energy demands during intense exercise. In
this
process, stored glycogen in muscle fibers is broken
down into glucose, which undergoes glycolysis to
generate energy without oxygen. Lactic acid is
produced as a by product. Accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles leads to decreased pH, causing muscle fatigue
and discomfort due to the accumulation of acidic
metabolites. This temporary anaerobic pathway helps
provide energy quickly but comes with the cost of lactic
acid buildup and reduced efficiency compared to
aerobic respiration.
Q17) a group of students is conducting a science
experiment, and they aim to increase the circuit
resistance using three resistors. Rohit inquired
whether they should connect the resistors in series.
Subsequently, they proceeded to draw a circuit
diagram as shown in the figure below.
(a) When the three resistors each of resistance 4
ohm, connected in series, then find the equivalent
resistance.
(b) There is a wire of length 20 cm and having
resistance 20Ω cut into 4 equal pieces and then
joined in series. Then find
the equivalent resistance.
(c) In the given circuit, then find the current in each
resistor when R1 = 2 Ω, R2 = 4Ω, R3 =4Ω, V= 20V.
(c) Find the current in each resistance.

Ans:- (a) Req= R1 + R2 + R3= 4+4+4+ 12Ω

(b) resistance of each section,
R= 20/4 = 5 Ω
When they are connected in series
R eq = 5+ 5+ 5+ 5= 20 Ω

( c ) given : - R1 = 2Ω, R2= 4Ω, R3= 4Ω, V= 20volt

Here, we have to use equivalent resistance, As we
know, in series combination Req= R1+R2+R3