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Questions Part2

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37 views

Questions Part2

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hobamphab2000
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Part 2 -Questions

1. What is the difference between network architecture and application architecture?

Network architecture refers to the organization of the communication process into layers (e.g., the five-
layer Internet architecture).

Application architecture, on the other hand, is designed by an application developer and dictates the
broad structure of the application (e.g., client-server or P2P).

2. What is the main benefit creating a network app?


write programs that:
• run on (different) end systems
• communicate over network
• e.g., web server software communicates with browser software

3. Why do we don’t need to write software for network-core devices


• network-core devices do not run user applications
• applications on end systems allows for rapid app development, propagation

4. For a communication session between a pair of processes, which process is the client
and which is the server?
The process which initiates the communication is the client; the process that waits to be
contacted is the server.

5. What information is used by a process running on one host to identify a process


running on another host? Support your answer with examples of port numbers.

The IP address of the destination host and the port number of the socket in the destination
process.
• example port numbers:
o HTTP server: 80
o mail server: 25
• to send HTTP message to gaia.cs.umass.edu web server:
o IP address: 128.119.245.12
o port number: 80

6. List the four broad classes of services that a transport protocol can provide. For each of
the service classes, indicate if either UDP or TCP (or both) provides such a service.

Answer:

a) Reliable data transfer


TCP provides a reliable byte-stream between client and server but UDP does not.
b) A guarantee that a certain value for throughput will be maintained
Neither
c) A guarantee that data will be delivered within a specified amount of time
Neither
d) Confidentiality (via encryption)
Neither

7. What are Internet transport protocols services. List main differences between them

8. Why do HTTP, SMTP, and POP3 run on top of TCP rather than on UDP?

The applications associated with those protocols require that all application data be received in the correct
order and without gaps. TCP provides this service whereas UDP does not.

9. Consider an e-commerce site that wants to keep a purchase record for each of its
customers. Describe how this can be done with cookies. Support your answer with a
graph of how cookies can be used fo maintaining state

When the user first visits the site, the server creates a unique identification number, creates an entry in its
back-end database, and returns this identification number as a cookie number. This cookie number is
stored on the user’s host and is managed by the browser. During each subsequent visit (and purchase), the
browser sends the cookie number back to the site. Thus the site knows when this user (more precisely,
this browser) is visiting the site.
10. Describe how Web caching can reduce the delay in receiving a requested object. Will
Web caching reduce the delay for all objects requested by a user or for only some of the
objects? Why? Support you answer with graph.

Web caching can bring the desired content “closer” to the user, possibly to the same LAN to which the
user’s host is connected. Web caching can reduce the delay for all objects, even objects that are not
cached, since caching reduces the traffic on links.
11. Suppose Alice, with a Web-based e-mail account (such as Hotmail or Gmail), sends a
message to Bob, who accesses his mail from his mail server using POP3. Discuss how
the message gets from Alice’s host to Bob’s host. Be sure to list the series of application-
layer protocols that are used to move the message between the two hosts.

The message is first sent from Alice’s host to her mail server over HTTP. Alice’s mail server then sends
the message to Bob’s mail server over SMTP. Bob then transfers the message from his mail server to his
host over POP3.

12. List HTTP request messages types and clarify their functions.
1- POST method:
▪ web page often includes form input
▪ user input sent from client to server in entity body of HTTP POST request message
2- GET method (for sending data to server):
▪ include user data in URL field of HTTP GET request message (following a ‘?’):
www.somesite.com/animalsearch?monkeys&banana
3- HEAD method:
▪ requests headers (only) that would be returned if specified URL were requested with an HTTP
GET method.
4- PUT method:
▪ uploads new file (object) to server
▪ completely replaces file that exists at specified URL with content in entity body of POST HTTP
request message
13. List HTTP response status codes
▪ 200 OK
request succeeded, requested object later in this message
▪ 301 Moved Permanently
requested object moved, new location specified later in this message (in Location: field)
▪ 400 Bad Request
request msg not understood by server
▪ 404 Not Found
requested document not found on this server
▪ 505 HTTP Version Not Supported
14. Why Web caching?
▪ reduce response time for client request (cache is closer to client)
▪ reduce traffic on an institution’s access link
▪ Internet is dense with caches - enables “poor” content providers to more effectively deliver
content

15. What are the three email components?


▪ user agents
▪ mail servers
▪ simple mail transfer protocol: SMTP
16. Compare HTTP & SMTP?
▪ HTTP: pull
▪ SMTP: push
▪ both have ASCII command/response interaction, status codes
▪ HTTP: each object encapsulated in its own response message
▪ SMTP: multiple objects sent in multipart message
17. List the Mail access protocols, how they are used between sender and receiver. Support
your answer with graph.

▪ SMTP: delivery/storage of e-mail messages to receiver’s server


▪ mail access protocol: retrieval from server
o IMAP: Internet Mail Access Protocol: messages stored on server, IMAP provides retrieval,
deletion, folders of stored messages on server
▪ HTTP: gmail, Hotmail, Yahoo!Mail, etc. provides web-based interface on top of STMP
(to send), IMAP (or POP) to retrieve e-mail messages
18. how to map between IP address and name, and vice versa ?
▪ Domain Name System:
▪ distributed database implemented in hierarchy of many name servers
▪ application-layer protocol: hosts, name servers communicate to resolve names
(address/name translation)
19. Why not centralize DNS?
▪ single point of failure
▪ traffic volume
▪ distant centralized database
▪ maintenance

20. Sketch DNS: as a distributed, hierarchical database and show its levels

Top-Level Domain (TLD) servers:


▪ responsible for .com, .org, .net, .edu, .aero, .jobs, .museums, and all top-level
country domains, e.g.: .cn, .uk, .fr, .ca, .jp
▪ Network Solutions: authoritative registry for .com, .net TLD
▪ Educause: .edu TLD
Authoritative DNS servers:
▪ organization’s own DNS server(s), providing authoritative hostname to IP
mappings for organization’s named hosts
▪ can be maintained by organization or service provider

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