11.

]-c-¼-cm-K-Xk-Zm-Nmc t_m-[-¯n-\-¸p-dw \n¶p-sIm-t­ C-sX-gp-Xm-hq F-¶ [m-

c-Wbm-Wv F-¶n-Â B-[n-]Xyw sN-ep-¯n-bXvþ {K-Ù-Imcsâ Cu {]-kv-Xmhw
‘N-§¼p-g Ir-jv-W-]n-Å: \-£-{X-§-fp-sS kv-t\-l-`m-P-\w’ F-¶ Ir-Xn-¡v F-
{X-am{Xw D-]-]-¶-am-Wv? (2002)
12. \ncq-]-Isâ hne-s¸« kn²nI-fn kp{]-[m-\-amb H¶v kXyw ]dbm\pÅ
[oc-X-bm-Wv. Fw.sI.-km-\p-hnsâ \ncq-]-W-§-fn sXfnªp ImWp¶
kXyZÀi\ hy{KX At±-l-sa-gp-Xnb N§-¼p-g-bpsS PohNcn-{X-amb ‘\£-
{X-§-fpsS kvt\l-`m-P-\’¯n F{X-t¯mfw {]I-S-amWv? (2001)

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t]¸À c­v sk-£³þF
a-e-bmfw
bq-Wn-äv þ Bdv (3)
I-®ocpw In-\mhpw
I. Bß-IY
H-cm-fp-sS Po-h-N-cn{Xw A-bmÄ X-s¶ F-gp-Xp-¶-Xn-s\ Bß-I-Y F-¶p ]-d-
bp¶p. cq]-s¯ A-Sn-Øm-\-am-¡nbpw D-Å-S¡-s¯ A-Sn-Øm-\-am-¡nbpw B-ß-I-
YI-sf hn-`-Pn-¡m-dp­v. cq-]-]-c-am-bn hn-`-Pn-¡p-t¼mÄ ‘kv-a-c-WIÄ' F-¶ hn-`m-K-
¯nepw `m-h-]-c-am-bn hn-`-Pn-¡p-t¼mÄ ‘kmaqln-I B-ß-I-YIÄ' F-¶ hn-`m-K-
¯nepw ‘km-lnXo-b B-ß-IYIÄ’ F-¶ hn-`m-K-¯n-epw ‘I-®ocpw In-\mhpw' DÄ-
s¸-Sp¶p. I-®ocpw In-\mhpw F-¶ Ir-Xn-sb hn-P-bme-bw P-b-Ip-amÀ Bß-I-Y-I-fp-
sS Iq-«-¯nepw \-Sph-«w tKm-]m-e-Ir-jv-W³ kv-a-c-W-I-fp-sS Iq-«-¯n-epw DÄ-s¸-Sp-¯n-
¡m-Wp¶p. tUm.sI.Fw.tPmÀ-Öv I-®ocpw In-\m-hn-s\ B-ß-I-Y-bm-bn¯-s¶ I-W-
¡p-Iq-«p¶p. B-ß-I-Y-bp-sS hn-`-P-\hpw ‘I-®ocpw In-\mhpw' F-¶ B-ß-I-Y-bv-¡v
\Â-I-s¸-Sp-¶ Øm\hpw Xm-sg ]-dbpw {]-Im-cw Nn-{Xo-I-cn-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.
BßI-Y

cq-]-]-cw `m-h]-cw
1. kv-a-c-W-IÄ 1. km-aqln-I B-ß-I-Y-IÄ
(I-®ocpw In-\mhpw þ hn.Sn. `-«-Xn-cn-¸m-Sv) (I-®ocpw In-\mhpwþhn.Sn. `-«-Xn-cn-¸mSv)
2. I-¯p-IÄ 2. cm-{ão-b B-ß-I-YIÄ
(h-Å-t¯mÄ I-¯p-IÄ þ k-am-l-c-Ww) (Po-hn-X¸mX þ sN-dp-ImSv)
3. ]qÀ-WB-ß-I-Y-IÄ 3. km-lnXo-b B-ß-I-YIÄ
(Po-hn-X¸mX þ sN-dp-Im-Sv) (sIm-gn-ª C-e-IÄ þ ap-­-tÈcn)
4. U-b-dn-¡p-dn-¸p-IÄ 4. I-em-]-cam-b B-ß-I-YIÄ
(Kp-cphpw in-jy\pw þ \nXy-ssN-X-\y-b-Xn) (Rm³ þ F³.F³. ]nÅ)

II. I-®ocpw In-\m-hpw

C-cp-]Xmw \q-äm-­n-sâ Xp-S-¡-¯n A-hÀ-®þk-hÀ-® k-ap-Zm-b-§-fn A-k-
a-Xz-P-Sn-eamb Nn-´m-K-Xn-Ifpw A-Ô-hn-izm-k-§fpw A-\m-Nm-c-§fpw \n-e-\n-¶n-
cp¶p. \-¼q-Xn-cn k-ap-Zm-b-¯n-se AÔ-hn-izm-k-§-sfbpw A-\m-Nm-c-§-sfbpw Ip-dn-
¨v B-th-i-]qÀ-Æw Nn-´n-¡p-Ibpw {]-hÀ-¯n-¡p-I-bpw F-gp-Xp-Ibpw sNbv-X H-cp hn-
¹-h-Im-cn-bm-bn-cp-¶p hn.Sn. `-«-Xn-cn-¸mSv. hn.Sn-bp-sS Nn-´m-Kuc-hw \nd-ªp Xp-fp-¼p-
¶ B-ß-I-Y-bm-Wv ‘I-®ocpw In-\mhpw'. [m-cm-fw B-ß-I-Y-IÄ \-ap¡v e-`y-amWv. an-
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¡-hmdpw FÃmw kz-´w hy-ànXzw ad-¨p h-bv-¡p-¶Xpw hf-sc {]-k-à-sa-¶v
tXm¶p¶ Po-hn-X-kw-`-h-§fpw Xym-K-§fpw hn-i-Z-am-¡p-¶-Xp-amWv. F-¶m B-
ßmw-i-¯n-sâ \n-gepw \n-emhpw ]qÀ-®-am-bp-]-tbm-Kn-¨v A-\p-`-h-¯n-sâ Xo-¨q-f-bnÂ
D-cp-¡n ip-²o-I-cn-¨v hn.Sn. X-sâ Po-hn-Xw Im-gv-N-h-¡p¶p. C-¡m-c-W-¯m a-ebm-f
B-ß-I-Y-I-fp-sS Iq-«-¯n “I-®ocpw In-\m-hpw” {]-Y-a-Øm-\w I-c-Ø-am-¡p¶p.
hn.Sn.bp-sS B-ß-I-Ym-]-cam-b Ir-Xn-IÄ aq-s¶-®-am-Wp-ÅXv. A-h,
1. I-®ocpw In-\m-hpw (1972)
2. hn.Sn-.bp-sS Po-hn-X-kv-a-c-W-IÄ (1979)
3. IÀ-½-hn-]m-Iw (1986)
]mT-`m-K-amb ‘I-®ocpw In-\mhpw' b-YmÀ-°-¯n k-¼qÀ-®am-sbm-cp B-ß-I-
YbÃ. hn.Sn.bp-sS Po-hn-X-¯n-se G-I-tZ-iw B-Zy-s¯ ImÂ-\q-äm­p Ime-ta C-XnÂ
A-\p-kv-a-cn-¡p-¶pÅq. hn.Sn. X-sâ Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ B-Zy-L-«-am-b 1896 ap-XÂ 1916 h-
sc-bp-Å ]-¯n-cp-]-XphÀ-j-¡me-s¯ A-\p-`-h§-sf B-kv-]-Z-am-¡n-bp-Å G-Xm\pw
D]-\ym-k-§-fp-sS k-am-lm-cw F-¶ \ne-bn-emWv Cu ]p-kvX-Iw N-a-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv. H-ä-
bv-s¡m-ä-bv¡v Hmtcm te-J-\-¯n\pw ]qÀ-®-X-bp­v. A-Xn-\m D-]-\ym-kw F-¶-Xn-
\p ]I-cw sN-dp-I-Y-sbt¶m Nn-{Xo-I-c-W-sat¶m ]-d-ªmepw an-¡ A-[ym-b-
§Ä¡pw tbm-Pn-¡pw. ‘Xn-cn-ªp t\m-¡p-t¼mÄ' F-¶ B-ap-Jhpw Xp-SÀ-¶v ]-¯p
A²ym-b-§-fp-amWv ‘I-®ocpw In-\m-hn-ep’ap-ÅXv.
1. H-c-]v-^³ P-\n-¡p-¶p
\-¼q-Xn-cn k-ap-Zm-b-¯n-se PoÀ-®-X-IÄ F-Sp-¯p-Im-«n-s¡m-­m-Wv H-¶m-a-²ym-
bw B-cw-`n-¡p-¶Xv. ‘kw-`-h-hn-c-f-am-b' H-c-]v-^³ \-¼q-Xn-cn-bp-sS Po-h-N-cn-{X-hpw, H-
cp \-¼q-Xn-cn kv-{Xo-bp-sS Po-hn-Xhpw hn-i-Z-am-¡n-s¡m-­v \q-dp-\q-dp Zp-cm-Nm-c-§-fp-
sSbpw Zp-c-´-Zp-cn-X-§-fp-sSbpw Cu-änÃ-am-bn-¯oÀ-¶n-«p-Å Cç-sf hn.Sn.`-«-Xn-cn-¸m-
Sv s]m-Xp P-\-ka-£w Xp-d-¶p-Im-Wn-¡p¶p. ]-Xn-¶mep XnIª kv{XoIÄ hr²sc
th-«v, Pohn-X-¯nsâ kpc-`ne thfbn Xs¶ ssh[hyZp:Jw A\p-`-hn-t¡­n h-
cp¶ \nÊlmb-h-Øsb, hn.-Sn. hnaÀin¨n-cn-¡p--¶p. i¦cm-NmcyÀ, taev]-¯qÀ, -
]q´m-\w Xp-S§nb al-Zvhy-ànXz§Ä¡v P·w \ÂInb kap-Zm-b-amWv \¼q-Xn-cn-
k-ap-Zmbw. A§-s\bpÅ kap-Zm-bs¯ hnaÀin¡pt¼mÄ GÂt¡­n h-cp¶
hnaÀi ic-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨pÅ t_m-[y-w hn.Sn.¡p-­v. al¯p¡Ä¡v am{X-a-Ã, ‘Ipdn-
tb-S¯p Xm{Xn'¡pw P·w \ÂIn-b-Xv CtX kap-Zm-b-am-sW¶ Imcyw IqSn \mw ad-
¡-cp-sX¶v At±lw \s½ HmÀ½n¸n-¡p-¶p. ]mc-¼-cy-¯nsâ Ncn-{X¯n A`n-c-an-
¨v I¬-ap¶n Im-Wp¶ A\o-Xn¡v t\sc I®-S¨v ‘hn[n' F¶v kam-[m-\n-¡p¶
‘arKob a\p-jyXz hyànXzw' ]peÀ-¯p¶ \cm-[-a·mÀs¡Xn-sc-bmWv hn.-Sn.-bpsS
IÀ¡ikzcw h¶v ]-Xn-¡p¶--Xv.

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 {_mÒW-ta-[m-hn-Xz-¯n-s\-Xn-sc-bpw, \¼q-Xncn kv{XoI-f-\p-`-hn-¡p¶ ssZ\y-X-
s¡-Xn-scbpw i_vZn¨ hn.-Sn., ]mc-¼cy\ncm-k-¯nsâ Bh-iy-I-Xsb “ico-c-¯nÂ
apg¨p \nÂ-¡p¶ ]mep-®n-sb-t¸mse hr¯n-sI-« H¶mWv Cu hnizm-k-sa-¦nepw
AXns\ \pÅn-s¸m«n-¡m³ an\-s¡-Sp-¶hÀ {]mtbW hnc-f-am-Wv” F-¶n§-s\ A-
e-¦m-c-cq-]-¯n ]-d-ªn-cn-¡p¶p. km-¼-¯n-I-ambpw kmw-kv-Im-cn-I-ambpw tI-c-f-
¯n-sâ t\-XrXzw ssI-sIm-­n-cp-¶ H-cp \o-­ \Ã-Im-ew \¼q-Xn-cn amÀ-¡v D-­m-bn-
cp-¶-Xmbpw Im-ew am-dn-b-tXm-sS ]-Xp-s¡ kw-`-hn-¨ \-¼q-Xn-cn-am-cp-sS A[x-]-X-\hpw
C-¡r-Xn-bn hy-à-am-¡p-¶p­v. Xp-SÀ-¶v \-¼q-Xn-cn-am-cn X-s¶-bp-Å D-Å-h\pw
CÃm-¯-h\pw X-½n-ep-Å hÀ-¤-hn-`m-K-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v hy-à-am-¡p¶p. {]-kv-Xp-X-k-µÀ-`-
¯n ‘Z-b-\o-b\m-b tZh-sâ Z-cn-{Z\m-b Du-cmf-sâ CÃ-s¯'¡p-dn-¨pw ]-d-bp-¶p-­v.
“Cu a-\-¡mcpw aq¡äw D-®pw. ]t£, Du-¡p-­m-hnÃ. D-Sp-¡pw, \-á-X a-d-bnÃ. Ip-
fn-¡pw, a-en-\X t]m-hnÃ. ]´o-cm-­p ]-Sn-ªn-cp-¶p ]Tn-¡pw, ]t£, ^-e-anÃ. C-Xm-
Wv Ip-tN-e-{_m-Ò-W-Kr-l-§-fp-sS a-«v”. C{]-Im-cw h-tc-Wy-am-bn-cp-¶-t¸mgpw CÃm-bv-
a-IÄ A-\p-`-hn-¨n-cp-¶ kz-k-ap-Zmb-s¯ Nn-{Xo-I-cn-¡p-¶p­v ‘I-®ocpw In-\m-hpw'.
‘D-®p-I, D-d-§p-I, KÀ-`-ap-­m-¡pI'
‘h-bv-¡p-I, hn-f-¼p-I, {]-k-hn-¡pI'
\-¼q-Xn-cn k-ap-Zm-b-¯n-se PoÀ-®-XI-sf Ip-dp-¡n c-­p hm-N-I-§fn-sem-Xp-¡n-bn-cn-
¡p¶p. ChnsS XpS-sc XpS-sc {In-bm-]-Z-§Ä {]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xp-sIm-­v \-¼q-Xn-
cn k-ap-Zm-bw \q-äm-­p-I-fm-bn sN-¿p-¶ {]-hr-¯n-sb kq-Nn-¸n-¡m³ {K-Ù-IÀ-¯m-hn-
\v I-gn-bp¶p. Cu {]-hr-¯n-kq-N-\-IÄ EPp-hm-bpw, {l-kz-am-bpw, hn-aÀ-i-\m-ß-I-am-
bpw, hn-¹-hm-ß-I-hp-am-bpsaÃmw A-h-X-cn-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. {_m-Ò-Wyw sIm­pw P-
·nXzw sIm­pw tI-cfo-b P\-Xm a-[y-¯n \n-¶p hy-Xykv-X \n-e-bn I-gn-ªp-Iq-
Sp-¶ H-cp Im-e-L-«-¯nÂ, “H-cp \n-Êm-c-\-¼q-Xn-cn-Kr-l-¯n-se H-c-]v^-\m-bn sImÃ-hÀ-
jw 1071 Â Rm\pw P-\n-¨p” F-¶n§-s\ ]-dªp-sIm-­v H-¶m-a-²ym-bw A-h-km-\n-
¡p¶p.
2. I-®ocpw In-\mhpw
‘hy-à-§fpw th-Z-\m-P-\-I-§-fpam-b A-\p-`-h-]-c-¼-c-I-fp-sS I-Sp-¶Â-¡p-
t¯äp- s\m-´p-\o-dp-¶' ssi-ih-kv-a-cW-I-tfm-sS-bm-Wv c-­mw-`m-Kw Xp-S-§p-¶Xv. a-
Sn-bn-en-cp-¯n em-fn-¡p-¶ A½tbm, A-¯mgw Du-«n A-¼-fn-b-½ma-s\ Im-«p-¶ A-Ñ-
\½am-tcm, cp-Nn-I-c-am-b `£-W-tam, at\m-l-cam-b B-`-cW-§-tfm, I-fn-t¡m-¸p-
Itfm e-`n-¨n-«nÃm-¯ th-Z-\m-P-\-Iam-b _m-ey-am-Wv hn.Sn.bv-¡p-­m-bn-cp-¶Xv.
hn.Sn.sb Øn-cam-bn- A-e-«n-bn-cp-¶ c-­v Im-cy-§-fmWv. H¶v, Ip-«n-¡mes¯ hn-«p-am-
dm-¯ {Kl-Wn tcmKw. c­v, km-¼-¯n-Iam-b A-[x-]X-\-timIw. {Kl-Wn \nan¯w.
“Ip-S-h-bdpw IqÀ-¯ ap-Jhpw Ip-gª ssI-Im-ep-Ifpw IqSn-b H-cp hn-Ir-Xm-Ir-Xnbpw
a-µ-{]-Ir-Xn-bp-am-bn-cp¶p” hn.Sn.bv-¡p-­m-bn-cp-¶Xv. km-¼-¯n-I-am-b A-[x-]X-\w

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CÃm-sX-bm-¡m³ ‘`m-Ky-kqàw' P-]n-¨p ]-W-ap-­m-¡m-sa-¶m-Wv hn.Sn-.bp-sS A-ѳ
A-`n-e-jn-¨n-cp-¶Xv. “D®m\pw D-Sp-¡m\pw D-­m-¡n-¯c-tW F-sâ s]-cpw-Xr-t¡m-
hne¸m!” F-¶n-§-s\-bp-Å A-½-bp-sS Z-b\o-b {]mÀ-°-\ hn.Sn-sb hÃm-sX hn-j-an-
¸n-¨n-cp¶p. hf-sc ar-Ko-bam-b im-k-\m-k-{¼-Zm-b-am-bn-cp-¶p hn.Sn.bp-sS A-Ñ-tâXv.
C-¡m-c-W-¯m AÑ-sâ im-k-\m-k-{¼-Zm-b-s¯bpw AXph-gn A-Ñ-s\bpw hn.Sn.sh-
dp-¯n-cp¶p. “A-ѳ C-\n H-cn-¡epw aS-§n h-c-cptX! hà ]nimNpw h-gn-bnÂ-sh-¨p
I-Sn-¨p-Xn-¶tW” F-¶n§-s\ Ip-«nbm-b hn.Sn.sb sIm­v {]mÀ-°n-¡m-\n-S-bm-¡n-bXv
AÑ-sâ im-k-\m-k-{¼-Zm-b-amWv.
\-¼q-Xn-cn k-ap-Zm-b-¯n-se kv-{Xo-IÄ A-\p-`-hn-¨n-cp-¶ kzm-X-{´y-anÃm-bv-a-bpw,
Zp-cm-Nm-c-§fpw B-ß-I-Y-bn ]-e-t¸m-gm-bn Nn-{Xo-I-cn-¡p-¶p­v. kv-v{Xo-IÄ H-ä-bv-¡v
bm-{X-sN-¿m³ ]mSnÃ, bm-{Xm-th-f-bn Ip-«n-bm-sW-¦nepw H-cp ]p-cp-j³ ap-¶n ‘bm-
tlbv' ]m-tS-­-XmWv, kv{Xo-IÄ-¡v A-¼-e-\-S-bv-¡Â a-Wn-b-Sn-¡m³ ]m-SnÃ, `À-¯m-
hn-sâ F¨n `m-cy-amÀ Xn-t¶-­-XmWv, F-¶n§-s\ Zp-cm-Nm-c-§Ä kv-{Xo-IÄ A-\p-
jvTn-¨n-cp¶p. “A-{_m-ÒtWm-Ñn-ãw {_m-Ò-W-\n-jn²w” F-¶ IÀ-i-\am-b \nb-aw A-
¡me-¯v \-S-¸n-ep-­m-bn-cp¶p. ‘D-cp-f-sIm-Sp-¡p-I' F-¶ A¶-Zm-\w hn.Sn.bp-sS CÃ-
¯v A-\p-ãn-¨n-cp¶p. Xo-sI-« H-cu-]m-k-\-Ip-Þw t]m-se-bp-Å henb ap-¯Èn, X-e-
\c-¨v A-e-¦m-c-km-[-\am-b c-­ma-s¯ ap-¯Èn, [m-cm-fw I-Y-IÄ ]-d-bp-¶ ‘Ip-«n-ap-
¯-Èy-½' F-¶ aq-¶ma-s¯ ap¯-Èn C-¯-c-¯n CÃ-¯p-­m-bn-cp-¶ aq-¶v ap-¯-Èn-
am-sc-¡p-dn¨v ]-d-ªp-sIm-­m-Wv c-­m-a-²ym-bw A-h-km-\n-¡p-¶Xv. Zpx-J-I-cam-b
_m-ey-s¯ Nn-{Xo-I-cn-¨m-cw-`n-¡p-¶ c-­mw-`m-Kw A-h-km-\n-¡p¶-Xv I-Y-I-fp-tSXmb
tem-I-t¯m-sS-bmWv. A-hn-sS `m-h-\-bn B-tem-Nn-¡m-\pw, kz-]v-\w Im-Wm\pw
hn.Sn.]Tn-¡p-¶p. C-¯-c-¯n I-®o-cn B-cw-`n-¨v In-\m-hn A-h-km-\n-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv
c-­m-a-²y-mbw.
3. _m-ey-kv-ar-Xn
]-d-bn-s]-ä ]-´n-cp-Ip-e-¯n-se I-Y-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv aq-¶m-a-²ym-bw Xp-S-§p-
¶Xv. X-sâ t]cpw CÃ-t¸cpw \mSp-sam-s¡ F-gp-¯p-Im-c³ {]-Xn-]m-Zn-¡p¶-Xv C-hn-
sS-bmWv. “Aán-tlm-{Xn-bp-sSbpw ]m-¡-\m-cp-sSbpw ]m-Z-]mw-kp-¡-fm ]p-f-Iw-]q-
­ km-£m ta-g-t¯mÄ tZ-i-a-Xm-sW-sâ CÃw” F-¶n§-s\ A-ssZz-X-ZÀ-i-\-t¯m-
sS ]d-ªp Xp-S-§p¶p. ‘sh-Ån-¯n-cp-¯n-¯m-g-¯pa-\' F-¶ ]-Zw sh-«n-¨p-cp-¡n-b-
Xm-Wv hn.Sn. F-¶ A-£-c§Ä. c-­m-a-²ym-b-¯n A-Ñ-s\-¡p-dn-¨v cq-]-tc-J- X-cp-
¶Xp-t]m-se aq¶mw A-²ym-b-¯n {]n-bw-h-Zbpw Zm-\-io-e-bp-am-bn-cp-¶, km-]-Xv-\y-
¯n km-aÀ°yw Im-«m-¯, hy-k-\n¡p-I F-¶-XÃm-sX tIm-]n-¡m-¯, Ip-Spw-_-
¯nsâ \-Sp-¡v {]-Im-in-¨n-cp-¶ `-{Z-Zo-]am-b A-½-sb-¡p-dn¨pw hn-i-Z-am-¡p¶p. CÃ-
§-fp-sS AI¯v tlm-an-¡-s¸-« A-´À-P-\-§-fp-sS G-sd k-t´m-j-ap-Å H-cp Im-cy-
am-Wv A-¼-e-¯nÂ-t¸m¡v. C-Xn-s\-¡p-dn-¨v hn.Sn. ]-d-bp¶-Xv C-{]-Im-c-amWv: “‘]-tcm-
fnÂ' sXÃn-S hn-{i-aw In-«p-¶ XS-hp-]p-Ån-bp-tSXm-b H-cm-lv-fm-Zw A-t¸mÄ A-h-cnÂ
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A-¦p-cn-¡pw” þ C-¯-c-¯n \-¼q-Xn-cn k-ap-Zm-b-¯n-se kv-{Xo-IÄ A-\p-`-hn-¨n-cp-¶
A-kzm-X-{´yw ‘I-®ocpw In-\m-hpw' B-ß-I-Y-bn C-S-bv-¡n-sS {]-Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶p­v.
hn-`-h-k-ar-²am-b hm-c-Ê-Zy-bp-sS a-Whpw _-l-fhpw Im-¯p-\n-¶v A-\p-`-hn-¨
hm-en-b-¡mcsâ “X-¼m³ F-{X ]m-b-k-a-a-td-¯p I-gn¨p? A-Sn-b-§Ä-¡pw C-¯n-cn-
X-cm³ A-cp-fn-s¨-¿mÀ-¶ntÃ?” F¶ tNm-Zyw, hm-c-Ê-Zy-bp-­v hm-en-b-¡mc-sâ tXm-
fn-en-cp-¶v Dd-¡w Xq-§n-bn-cp-¶ hn.Sn.bp-sS sN-In-«n C¶pw am-sämen-sIm-Åp-¶-Xm-
bn F-gp-¯p-Im-c³ ]-d-bp-¶p. “C¶pw P·nXzw A-²zm-\n-¡p-¶ P-\-hn-`m-K-¯n-sâ Np-
a-en C-cp-¶v Dd-¡w Xq-§p-I-bmWv. A-²zm-\-io-eÀ-¡p ]-«n-Wnbpw A-e-k-·mÀ-¡v
A-ar-tX¯pw H-cp-¡n-s¡m-Sp-¡p-¶ Cu km-aq-ly-hy-h-Ø amdn-tb Xo-cq”. F-¶n§-
s\ ^yq-U-en-k-¯n-sâ PoÀ-®X-sb B-t£-]n¨p-sIm-­v aq-¶m-a-²ym-bw Ah-km-\n-
¡p¶p.
4. ap-¯-]v-^³
CÃ-s¯ Im-c-W-hcpw ip-²m-ßm-hpam-b ap-¯-]v^-s\ A-h-X-cn-¸n¨p-sIm-­m-Wv
\m-em-a-²ym-bw B-cw-`n-¡p-¶Xv. “]-«n-bm-bn P-\n-¡mw, ]q-¨-bm-bn P-\n-¡mw, C\n-sbm-
cp P-·-ap-s­-¦n a-tä-Xp \n-Ir-ã-Po-hn-bmbpw P-\n-¡mw. ]-t£, H-cnÃ-s¯ A-]v-^-
\m-bn P-\n-¡p-hm³ km-²y-aÔ. hn.Sn.bp-sS {]-i-kv-X-\m-S-Iam-b ‘A-Sp-¡-f-bn \n-
¶v A-c-§-t¯¡v' F-¶ \m-S-I-¯n H-cp IYm-]m-{X-s¯-sIm-­v \m-S-I-Ir-¯v ]-d-
bn-¸n-¨ C-¡mcyw G-sd am-sämen-sIm-­ H-¶mWv. C-Xn \n¶pw hy-à-am-Ip¶-Xv \-
¼q-Xn-cn Kr-l-¯n-se A-]v-^-·m-cp-sS ZpÀ-K-Xn-bÃm-sXm-¶paÃ. P-\n-¨p-h-fÀ-¶ X-d-hm-
«n F¶pw H-c-{]-i-kv-X-\m-bn Po-hn-t¡-­ A-h-Ø-bm-Wv A-]v-^-·mÀ-¡p-ÅXv. A¼-
e-§-fnepw Ip-f-¸p-c-bn-epw, ]q-ap-J-¯pw, ]-¯m-b-¸p-c-bnepw am-{X-am-bn H-Xp-§n-¡-gn-
bp-¶ ChÀ¡v th-fn-I-gn-¡m³ ]m-SnÃm-¯-Xn-\m A-`n-em-j-§Ä-¡-\p-k-cn-¨v ]m-Iw-
sN-bvXp-sIm-Sp¸mt\m ]-cn-N-bn¡mt\m B-cp-ap-­m-InÃ. C§-s\ A-]v-^-·m-cp-sS I-
®o-cn-s\-¡p-dn-¨v ]-d-bp-t¼mÄ C-S-bv-¡v Nn-cn-¡p-¶ In-\m-hpI-sf AXn-t\m-sSm-¸w
tImÀ-¡m³ hn.Sn-.¡v I-gn-ªn-cp¶p. A-Xn-\v sX-fn-hm-Wv Iu-]o-\w tamj-Ww t]m-Ip-
¶-Xpw, {]-Xn-sb a-\-Ên-em-¡p-¶-Xpw, sX-fn-sh-Sp-¸v \-S¯
- p-¶-Xpw, sX-fn-hv lm-P-cm-¡p-
¶-Xpw, A-h-km-\-am-bn ‘BIm-i A-b-t¡mÂ' F-¶ k-hn-ti-j-kq{Xw ap-¯-]v-^³
I-­p-]n-Sn-¡p-¶-Xpw. Xp-SÀ-¶v A-]v-^³-·m-cp-sS A-´y-Im-e-am-Wv hn-kv-X-cn-¡p-¶Xv. am-
§m-sbm-Sp§n-b am-hn-s\-t¸m-se A-hÀ k-aq-l-¯n H-ä-s¸-Sp-¶-Xpw, hmÀ-²-Iy-k-l-
Pamb tcm-K-s¯-bpw, a-c-W-s¯bpw h-cn-¡p-¶-tXm-Sp-Iq-Sn \m-em-a-²ym-bw A-h-km-\n-
¡p¶p.
5. Úm-\-kv-\m-\w
]m-Ým-Xy-cpw, ap-kv-fn-an-§-fpw, B-cy-{_m-Ò-Wcpw sh-Sn-a-cp¶pw hmfpw ]-c-ip-hp-
am-bn h-¶v ss_-_n-fpw, JpÀ-B\pw ]pÃpw N-a-Xbpw A-h-ti-jn-¸n-¨ N-cn-{X-]-cam-b
B-[n-]-Xy-s¯ a-t\m-l-c-am-bn B-hn-jv-I-cn¨p-sIm-­v A-©mw A-²ym-bw B-cw-`n-
¡p¶p, B-dmw h-b-Ên hn.Sn. D-]-\-bn-¡-s¸-« Im-cy-amWv Cu A-[ym-b-¯n-se ap-
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Jy-hn-jbw. D-]-\b-\w h-¶-tXm-sS CÃ-s¯ {][m-\ {i-²m-tI{µw hn.Sn.bm-bn amdn.
C-¡mcyw hn.Sn. C-{]-Im-cw tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p: “A§-s\ H-gp¡pw Hm-fhpw Iq-Sm-sX
im-´-am-bn In-S-¶n-cp¶ B X-Sm-I-¯n s]-s«-¶p s]m-´n-h-¶ H-cp a-Õyw-t]mse
A-´x-]p-c-¯n Rm-s\m-cp hn-kv-a-b-h-kv-Xp-hm-bn D-bÀ-¶p”. A-]v-^-\m-bn P-\n-¡p-¶
HcmÄ-¡v CÃ-¯v B-Zy-ambpw A-h-km-\-am-bpw D-­m-Ip-¶ hn-e-bm-WnXv. Ip-fn-¸n¡m-
s\m-cmÄ, Ipdn-bn-Sp-hm³ a-säm-cmÄ, D-]-tZ-in-¡p-hm³ FÃm-h-cpw C{]-Im-cw D-]-\-b-
¯n-\m-bn Ip-Spw-_w apgp-h³ X-¿m-dm-bn-cn-¡p¶p. D-]-kv-X-cn-¡p-I, D-gn-ªp-I-fbp-I,
am-e-Nq-Sn¡p-I F-¶o ip-`m-Nm-c-§Ä-¡p-ti-jw hn-`-h-k-ar-²am-b `-£Ww. A-`o-ã-a-
\p-k-cn-¨v B-t¯½m-tcmÄ hn-f-¼n-s¡m-­n-cp¶p. hn-`-h-k-ar-²am-b `-£-Wm´-cw
FÃm Im-c-W-h-·m-cp-sSbpw Im-ep-I-fn A-`n-hm-Zyw AÀ-¸n¨p. A-½-bp-sS B-ioÀ-hm-
Z-t¯m-sS D-]-\-b-¯n-\m-bn ]n-Xr-k-¶n-[n-bn-se¯n. am-Xr-h-£-Ên \n-¶pw Kp-cp-k-
¶n-[n-bn-te-¡p-Å bm-{X-bm-Wv D-]-\-bw. e-l-f-]n-Sn¨ tlm-am-Nm-c-¯n-\n-S-bnÂ-¡qsS
Zzn-P-s\-¶ c­mw P-·-¯n-te-¡v I-S-¶p. G-eÊpw C-e-t¡m-W-Ihpw AI-¶v ]I-cw
I-ä-¡-bdn-s\m-¡p-¶ ]-cp-¯ ta-J-ebpw Xp-Wn-t¡m-W-Ihpw B Øm-\-¯p-h¶p. I-
gp-¯n tXmÂ-¸-«bpw ]q-Wqepw ssIbn-sem-cp N-a-X-t¡mepw A-ew-Ir-X-§-fm-bn
h¶p. D-]\-bw hn.Sn.bn BIr-Xn-bn am-{X-aà hn-Nm-c-K-Xn-bn-epw am-ä-ap-­m¡n. D-
]-\-b-t¯m-sS e-`yam-b Zzn-P-s\-¶ c­mw P·-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v A-Xo-h-e-fn-X-am-bn ‘F-
¶n a-säm-cp Rm³ P-\n¨p' F-¶v hn.Sn tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p.
D-]-\-b-t¯m-sS e-`yam-b c­mw P-·-¯n D-¨-\o-N-Xz-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨p-Å Nn-´
hn.Sn.bn D­mbn. “iq-{Z-a-£-c-kw-bp-àw Zqc-Xx ]-cn-hÀ-Ö-tb” F-¶ Pm-Xn hn-
`m-K-Nn-´bpw h-¶p-tNÀ¶p. C-¯-c-¯n ssh-Zn-I-a-Þ-e-¯n-te-¡v a\-Êv B-gv-¶-
tXm-sS _m-e-k-l-P-am-b B-lv-fm-Z-io-ew hn.Sn-bn \n-¶-I¶p. a-e-bm-fw t¾-Ñ-am-sW-
¶pw tZ-h-`m-jbm-b kw-kv-Ir-X-am-Wv {_m-Ò-WÀ-¡v A\p-tbm-Py-sa-¶p-ap-Å H-cp an-
Yym-[m-c-W D-]-\-b-t¯m-sS h-¶p-tNÀ¶p. ‘]-e-I F-hn-sS Im-«n-¯cq' F-¶ B-hiyw
H-cn-¡Â H-cp-®n sh-fn-s¸-Sp-¯nbXv ‘Ip-{X Bk-\w Z-ZÀ-i' F-¶mWv. A-{X-bv-¡v B-
`m-khpw B-t£-]-lm-k-hp-am-bn-cp-¶p A¶-s¯ Po-hn-Xm-\p-`-h§Ä. D-]-\-b-¯n\v
ti-j-ap-Å th-Zm-²ym-b-\-k-{¼-Zm-bw _p-²n-¡p hn-Im-khpw a-\-Ên-\pÃm-khpw \Â-
Im-\p-X-Im-¯ hn-Zym-`ym-k-am-b-Xn-\m C-fw In-Sm-§Ä-¡v {]m-tb-W, hn-c-k-am-bn-
cp¶p. Np-cp-¡-¯n “D-]\-bw D-®n-I-fp-sS Po-hn-X-bm-{Xn-bn-se H-cp h-­n-am-dnt¡-
dem-sW”-¶v hn.Sn. A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p.
6. a-d-¡m-¯ \n-an-j-§Ä
A-Ñ-t\m-sSm-¸w ]m-X-mbv-¡-c-a-\-bn-se¯n-b hn.Sn.¡v ‘N-hn-«ph-­n’ B-Zy-am-bn
I-­-t¸mgpw Xp-SÀ-¶v I-b-dn-b-t¸m-gp-ap-­mb A-\p-`-h-t¯m-sS-bmWv ‘a-d-¡m-¯ \n-an-
j§Ä' B-cw-`n-¡p-¶Xv. “ssk-¡nÄ Hm-Sn-s¡m-­n-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ H-cp Np-g-en-¡m-änÂ-
s¸-«p h-«w-I-d-§p-¶-t]mse-sbm-c-\p-`-h-am-sW-\n-¡p-­m-b-Xv” F-¶n-§-s\ B-Zy-ssk-
¡nÄ bm-{X hn.Sn.kv-a-cn-¡p¶p. ]n-©p-lr-Z-b-§-fn tIm-cn-¯-cn-¸p-­m-¡p-¶ sF-Xo-
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ly-§-fpw, A-´-co-£-hp-am-Wv ]m-Xm-bv-¡-c-a-\-bn-ep-­m-bn-cp-¶Xv. “Hm-¯p-sNmÃm³
tam-lw-t­m?” F-¶ ]m-Xm-bv-¡-c-a-\-bn-se ta-te-S-¯n-sâ tNm-Zy-¯n-\p adp-]-Sn-bmbn
“Hm-¯p-sNmÃm³ tam-lw-eym” F-¶ kXyw ]-d-ªm Im-c-W-h-·m-cp-sS tIm-]w D-
­m-Ipw. A-kXyw ]-dªmtem Cu-iz-c-tIm-]-ap-­m-Ipw. K-Xy-´-c-anÃm-sX H-cp hn-[w
ss[cyw ]q­v “D-­v tam-lw­v” F-¶n§-s\ hf-sc I-ã-s¸-«v Po-hn-X-Z-i-bn a-\x-
]qÀ-Æw ]-d-ª H-cp \pW hn.Sn. C¶pw kv-a-cn-¡p-¶p­v. \p-W]-d-ª-Xn-ep-Å hn-j-
ahpw `-bhpw A-¶p-cm-{Xn-bn-se `oI-cam-b kz-]v-\-¯n-te-¡m-Wv hn.Sn-sb F-¯n-¨Xv.
Po-hn-X-¯n k-Xyk-Ô-X ]m-en-t¡-­-Xn-s\-¡p-dn¨pw A-Xn-sâ {]m-[m-\y-s¯-¡p-dn-
¨p-am-Wv Xp-SÀ-¶v ]-d-bp-¶Xv. X-am-i-bv-¡m-bn ]-tcm-]-{Z-h-I-c-anÃm-¯ A-k-Xy-hm-¡p-
IÄ hn.Sn. Po-hn-X-¯n D-]-tbm-Kn-¨p-s­-¦nepw A-sXm-cp Zp-io-e-am-bn-cp-s¶-¶v a-\-
Ên-em-¡p-Ibpw A-Xn \n-¶v tamN-\w t\-Sm³ {i-an-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p-¶p­v. D-S-\o-fw
Po-hn-X-¯n kXyw ]m-en-¡m³ {i-an-¨n-cp-¶ hn.Sn. B-scbpw A-]-I-S-¯n-em-¡p-¶
bmsXmcp A-k-Xyhpw ]-d-ªn-«nÃ. Cu Zr-V-\nÝ-bw ]-e B-]-¯p-I-fn \n-¶pw A-
t±l-s¯ c£n-¨n-«p-Å-Xm-bn hn.Sn. ]-d-bp¶p. A-Xn-\m “kXyw kz-¯n-t\-¡mÄ hn-
e-]n-Sn-¨ aq-e-[-\-am-Wv Po-hn-X-bm-{X-bn ‘sN-¡p_p-¡n-t\'¡mÄ A-Xp-]-I-cn-¡pw;
XoÀ-¨” F-¶n§-s\ {K-Ù-Im-c³ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p.
km-ap-Zmbn-I hn-¹-h-¯n-sâXm-b A-e-b-Sn-IÄ ]m-Xm-bv-¡-c a-\-bnepw D-­m-bn-
cp¶p. C-¯-c-¯n hn-¹-h-t¯m-Sp I-S-¶p-h-¶ ]p-Xpa-sb kzo-I-cn-¡m³ Ah-sc {]m-
]v-X-am-¡nb-Xv ssk-¡n-fm-sW-¶v hn.Sn. \n-co-£n-¡p¶p. ]m-Xm-bv-¡-c a-\-bn-se NmÀ-¨-
¡m-cm-bn Xm-a-kn-¨n-cp-¶-h-cn C«n¨n-cn-bp-sS _p²n-ssh-`-h-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pw ]n-¶o-S-hÀ-
¡v FÃm A-´À-P-\-§Ä¡pw kw-`-hn-¡p-¶ ZpÀ-hn-[n h-¶-Xn-s\-¡p-dn¨pw hn.Sn. ]-d-
bp¶p. C-¯-c-¯n kz-k-ap-Zm-b-¯n-se {]-i-\-§Ä kapZm-tbm-²mc-Ww e-£y-am-
¡n C-S-bv-¡n-sS hn.Sn. Ir-Xn-bn ]-cm-aÀ-in-¡m-dp­v. ]-mXm-bv-¡-c-bn-se H-cp dp¸n-I
If-hv t]m-b-Xns\-sNmÃn FÃm-h-cpw hn.Sn.sb ]-gn-Nm-cp-¶Xpw ]n-¶o-Sv X-sâ \n-c-]-cm-
[nXzw s]m-Xp-P-\-ka-£w sX-fn-ªXpw X-sâ Po-hn-X-¯n-se aÀ-½-t`-Z-Iam-b kw-`-h-
am-bn hn.Sn. ]-d-bp¶p. hn.Sn.bp-sS Po-hn-X-¯n-se B-Zy {]-W-b-kv-]À-iam-b \-t§-a-
sb-¡p-dn-¨p-Å hÀ-®-\-Ifpw H-mÀ-½-Ifpw h-cp¶-Xv Bdmw A-²ym-b-¯n-emWv.
7. Kp-cp-Ip-e-hm-kw
ap-Xp-Ip-dp-Èn Ip-©p-®n \-¼q-Xn-cn-¸m-Sn-s\m-¸w a-\-Ên-Ãm-a-\-tÊm-sS ]m-Xmb-¡-c
hn-«v t]mIp¶ hn.Sn.bp-sS Zpx-J-hpw A-aÀ-jhpw “h-c-­ th-\Â-¡me-¯p ]-IÂ ]-
Xn-ä-Sn-¡p-ti-jw A-Sn-ap-Sn Np-«-p-s]m-Åp¶ s]m-cn-sh-bn-e¯p” F-¶p Xp-S-§p-¶ Kp-cp-
Ip-e-hm-kw F-¶ A-²ym-b-¯n-se B-Zy-hm-N-I-¯n X-s¶ Zr-iy-amWv. amÀ-¤-hÀ-®-
\-bpw, A-hn-I-kn-Xam-b DÄ-{]-tZ-iam-b ap-Xp-Ip-dp-Èn-tZ-i-¯n-sâ hn-h-c-Whpw CÃ-
¯n-sâ hÀ-®-\bpw X-d-hm-«p-\-S-¯n-¸n-s\-¸-änbp-sams¡ hn-h-cn-¡p-¶p­v. A-\-²ym-
b Zn-h-k-§-fn A-kv-X-a-\-¯n-\p-ti-jw A-¯m-gw h-sc tXhm-c-s¡-«n \m-\m-Im-
cy-§Ä Nn-´m-hn-j-b-am-Im-dp­v. hm-Z-{]-Xn-hm-Z-§-fpw \-S-¯m-dp-­v. CsXÃmw X-s¶
hn.Sn.bp-sS `m-hn-{]-hÀ-¯-\§-sf kzm-[o-\n-¡m³ ]-cym-]v-X-am-bn-cp¶p. Ip-©p-®n \-
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¼q-Xn-cn-¸m-Sn-sâ Io-gn-ep-Å im-k-\-bpw, in-£m-hn-[n-Ifpw ar-Ko-b-am-bn-cp¶p. k-Ôn
F-¶ H-¶p-­m-bn-cp-¶nÃ. H-cn-¡Â A-Im-c-Wam-b in-£m-\-S-]-Sn-bp-sS ]-I-ho-«-se-
t¶m-Ww Kp-cp-hns\ ‘N-¡-Im-«p-I-bpw' ‘sIm-ª-s\ Im-«p-Ibpw' sN-bvX-Xv Kp-cp-hn-s\
G-sd t{Im-[m-I-pe\pw Zpx-Jn-X-\p-am-¡n amän. “C-\n -ta-en B-scbpw Rm³ Hm¯p-
sNmÃn-¡m³ `m-hwey” F-¶ Xo-cp-am-\-¯n-te-¡v Kpcp F-¯n-b-tXm-sS th-Z-\m-P-\-
Iam-b a-t\m-cm-Py-¯n-te-¡v hn.Sn.bpw F-¯s¸«p.
8. im-kv-Xmw-Im-hn-se im-´n-¡m-c³
]-Xn-t\-gma-s¯ h-b-Ên ap-­ap-I A-¿-¸³-Im-hv t£-{X-¯n im-´n-¡m-c-
\m-bn tPm-en-sN-¿p-¶ hn.Sn.sb A-h-X-cn-¸n¨p-sIm-­v F-«m-a-²ym-bw B-cw-`n-¡p¶p.
A-]v-^-·m-cp-sS K-Xn-sI-« Po-hn-Xhpw CÃ-¯n-sâ X-IÀ-¨-bp-am-Wv C-¯-c-sam-cp hr-¯n-
bn-te-¡v hn.Sn.sb F-¯n-¨Xv. “hn-{K-l-§Ä A-Sp-¯p-Å H-cnÃ-¯p sN-¶p hn-cp-¶p-
­p ]mÀ¯p. A-Sp-¸n I-«p-dp-¼v A-cn¨p. X-«n³ ]pd-¯v F-enbpw A-®m\pw Iq-Sp-
sI-«n-¸mÀ-¯p...” F-¶n§-s\ G-sd em-fn-Xy-t¯m-sS CÃ-¯n-sâ km-¼-¯n-I-¯-IÀ-
¨ hn.Sn. A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p¶p. “\-pIw I-­m hn-f-dn-sb-Sp-¯p ]m-bp-¶ Im-f-Ip-«n-sb-
t¸m-se sX-­n-\-S-¡p-¶ Im-e-am-bn-cp¶p” hn.Sn.s¡-¦nepw taÂ-¸-d-ª ]-cn-X-Øn-Xn-
IÄ {KÙ-Imc-s\ ap-­ap-I im-kv-Xmw Im-hn-se im-´n-¡m-c-\m-¡n-¯oÀ¯p. A-¶-
s¯-¡me-¯v A-`n-Pm-X-·mÀ-¡p am-\yamb sXm-gn-em-bn im-´n-sb k-ap-Zm-bw Aw-Ko-
I-cn-¨n-«p-s­-¦nepw im-´n-¸-Wn-bn A-´À-eo-\-am-bn-cp-¶ A-Sn-a-¯-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v
hn.Sn. t_m-[-hm-\m-bn-cp¶p. CÃ-¯p-Å Zm-cn-{Zyam-Wv hn.Sn.sb im-´n-¸-Wn-bn-te-s¡-
¯n-¨Xv. ku-lmÀ-±w \n-d-ª Kp-cp-Kr-l-¯n-se Iq-«p-sI-«n \n-¶v A-]-cn-Nn-Xam-b _-
lp-P-\-a-²y-¯n-te-¡p-Å Po-hn-X-hy-Xn-bm\-s¯ ‘I-c-¡n-« a-Õy-t¯mSv' F-gp-¯p-Im-
c³ D-]-an-¨n-cn-¡p¶p.
9. h-fÀ-¶p-h-cp-¶ H-cm-ßm-hv
t£-{X-Im-cy-§Ä-¡p-Å sh-Åw ap-gp-h³ X-e-¨p-a-Sm-bn ]p-g-bn \n-¶v F-¯n-
¡-W-sa-¶ _p-²n-ap-«m-Wv t£-{X-hr-¯n-bn ]-d-b-¯-¡ t¢-i-am-bn-«p-­m-bn-cp-¶-Xv
F-¶n§-s\ t£-{X-hr-¯n-bp-sS _p-²n-ap-«-ep-I-tfm-sS H³-]Xmw A-²ym-bw Xp-S-
§p¶p. t£-{X-\-S-]-Sn-IÄ-s¡m-s¡ hn.Sn.sb k-lm-bn-¨n-cp¶-Xv A-½-hm-c-kym-cm-bn-
cp¶p. ]-Xp-s¡ ]-Xp-s¡ im-´n-hr-¯n-bn-eq-sS s]m-Xp-P-\-{]o-Xn-bpw ‘t]m-¡-äpa-
Wn'bpw s]-cp-In-h¶p. A-tXm-sS A¶-s¯ k-¼-¶-hpw kp-`-K-hpam-b th-j-hn-[m-\-
§-fn-seÃmw B-Ir-ã-\p-ambn. A-½-hm-c-kymÀ-¡p ]I-cw I-g-I {]-hr-¯n-¡mbn ‘A-
½p-¡p«n' F-¶ a-[p-c-¸-Xn-t\-gp-Im-cn I-S-¶p-h-cp-¶-Xpw, A-h-Ä hn.Sn. bp-sS {]-W-b-\m-
bn-I-bm-bn am-dp-¶Xpw ]n-¶o-SmWv. am-[p-cy-tadn-b `m-j-bn hn.Sn. X-sâ {]-Wbw A-
h-X-cn-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p¶p. A½p-¡p-«n-bp-am-bp-Å {]-W-bhpw {]-W-b-`w-Khpw hn.Sn.sb A-
h-i-\m-¡p-¶p.

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“Cu I-W-s¡m-¶p ]-d-ªp-Xcm-tam? \m-sf sN-bvXp-sIm-­p sNÃm-ªm am-kv-äÀ
F-s¶ ]pd-¯p \nÀ-¯pw”
F-¶n§s\ Cu-W-¡t¯m-sS sI©n-b Xn-¿m-Sn-s¸¬-Ip-«n-bp-sS hm-¡p-IÄ
s]-s«-¶v kw`-h-hn-Im-k-§-fp-sS K-Xn a-säm-cp-h-gn-¡m-¡p-\\p. Cu A-²ym-b-¯n-se
G-ähpw {][m-\ kw-`-h-am-WnXv. “F-\n-¡£-cw t]mepw hm-bn-¡m-\-dn-bnÃ-tÃm” F-¶v
C-Xn-\p a-dp]-Sn a-\Ên-temÀ-¯-t¸mÄ e-Ö-sIm-­v CÃm-­m-bn t]m-Ip-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p
A-t±lw. “hn-Úm]-\w t\-Sn-tb A-S§q” F-¶v A-t¶-Znh-kw cm-{Xn-bn tLm-cm-
Ô-Im-c-¯n hn.Sn. i]-Yw sN-bv-Xp. ]n-tä-Znh-kw ]-¯p-h-b-Ên-te-sd {]m-b-am-Im-¯
Xn-¿m-Sn-s¸¬-Ip-«n-bp-sS in-jyXzw ssI-sIm­pw B-Zy-ambn “am³-amÀ-¡v Ip-S” F-¶
hmIyw ]-Wn-s]-«p-Iq-«n hm-bn-s¨-Sp-¯-t¸mÄ a-\-Ên \n¶pw B-Ëm-Z-[z-\n hn-\nÀ-¤-
fn-¨p A-£-cm-`ym-k-¯n-\p-tijw ‘tI-c-f-]-{Xn-I'bpw ‘tbm-K-t£-ahpw' hn.Sn. ]-Xn-hm-
bn hm-bn-¡p-I-bpw tZ-io-b-{]-Øm-\hpw km-ap-Zm-bn-I-{]-Øm-\hpw hn.Sn-bp-sS hn-Nm-
c-§-fpsS DuSpw ]m-hp-am-bn-am-dp-Ibpw sN-bvXp. “B-ep-hm-¸p-g-bp-sS k-ao]-¯v ssh-
Zn-Im-{i-a-¯n s]-äp­mb tbm-K-t£a-k-`”sb-¡p-dn-¨p-Å ]-cm-aÀ-ihpw {]-hÀ-¯-
\-§-fpw, hn.Sn. A-Xn ]-¦m-fn-bm-Ip-¶Xpw, hnZym-`ym-kw A-bm-sf A-Xn-te-s¡-¯n-
¨Xpw, km-aq-lnI-\-thm°m-\ {]-hÀ-¯-\-§fpw ‘h-fÀ-¶p-h-cp-¶ H-cm-ßm-hnÂ' `w-Kn-
bm-bn B-hn-jv-I-cn-¨n-cn-¡p¶p. C-¯-c-¯n hn-Zym-`ym-k-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v Nn-´n-¡m-\pw,
hn-Zy-bp-sS ^-ew Po-hn-X-¯n A-\p-`-hn-¡m-\pw, km-aq-lnI-\-thm-°m-\wþkm-ap-Zmbn-
I ]-cn-jv-Ic-Ww F-¶o \n-e-I-fn-se-¯n-t¨-cp-¶-Xn-\pw, ]-{X-{]-hÀ-¯-I-\m-Ip-¶-Xn-\pw,
km-ln-Xy-Im-c-\m-Ip-¶-Xn-\p-saÃmw Xn-cn-sX-fn-bn¨-Xv A-¿-¸³-Im-hn-se A-´-co-£-
¯n ]-¯p h-b-Êp-{]m-b-am-b Xn-¿m-Sn-s¸¬-Ip-«n-bmWv. Cu-W¡-t¯m-sS Xn-¿m-Sn-
s¸¬-Ip-«n tNm-Zn¨ tNm-Zy-hpw, Kpcp-hm-b-Xn-\p-ti-jw tÉ-än F-gp-Xn-s¡m-Sp-¯
A³-]-s¯m-¶-£-chpw X-sâ ]nÂ-¡m-e-Po-hn-X-¯n amÀ-¤ \nÀ-t±-iw \ÂIn-b a-
lm-tPym-Xn-Êm-bn {K-Ù-IÀ-¯m-hn-\v A-\p-`-h-s¸-Sp¶p. “B A-¿-¸³-Im-hn-se A-´-
co-£-¯n B Xn-¿m-Sn-s¸¬-Ip-«n sIm-fp-¯n-¯-¶ sI-Sm-hn-f-¡m-Wv ]nÂ-¡m-e-Po-
hn-X-¯n F-\n-¡p amÀ-¤-\nÀ-t±-iw \ÂIn-b a-lm-tPym-Xn-sÊ-\t¶mÀ-¡p-t¼mÄ
IrXÚ-X-sIm-­v F-sâ I-®p-IÄ \n-d-ªp t]m-Ip¶p” F-¶n§-s\ C-¡mcyw
hn.Sn. sh-fn-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p. ‘sI-Sm-hn-f-¡mbn' hn-Zy-sb ]-d-ªn-cn-¡p¶-Xv G-sd B-tem-
N-\m-ar-X-amWv.
10. sI-Sm-¯ Xo-\m-f-§Ä
A-h-km-\-s¯ c-­v A-²ym-b-§-fn-em-bn Im-W-s¸-Sp-¶ I-Ym-]m-{X-am-Wv A-½p-
¡p-«n hm-c-kymÀ. h-f-sc-Np-cp¡-ta A-½p-¡p-«n {]-Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶p-Åq F-¦nepw B-ß-
I-Y-bn A-{X-tb-sd {]m-[m-\y-t¯m-sS-bm-Wv hn.Sn. C-¡-Ym-]m-{X-s¯ Nn-{Xo-I-cn-¨n-cn-
¡p-¶Xv. {]-W-b-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v hn.Sn. I-­n-cp-¶ In-\m-hp-I-fp-sS \-ã-am-Wv C-hn-sS Im-
Wp-¶Xv. A-½p-¡p-«n-bp-sS hn-hm-lhpw AXn\p A-\p-{K-lw sIm-Sp-t¡-­n h-cp-¶
hn.Sn.bpsS K-Xn-tISpw I-®p-\o-cn Nm-en-¨v A-h-X-cn-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p¶p. H-c-]v-^³ \-¼q-Xn-
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cn-bv-¡v hn-hm-l-sa-s¶m-cm-i-bv¡p-t]mepw A-h-Im-i-anÃ. “AbÂ-ho-«n-se X-«n³-]pd-
¯v A-´n-a-b-§p-¶ s]¬-In-Sm-§Ä-¡p t]-Sn-kz-]v-\w h-cp-¯p¶ `o-I-c-P-´p-hmbn a-
\-h-f-¸n-se s]m-´-¡m-Sp-I-fn a-Z-\mÀ-¯n-bp-sS F-cn-I-®p-am-bn A-e-dn-\-S”¡p-¶
A]v-^³-am-sc-¡p-dn¨m-tem-Nn-¨v hn.Sn.\-Sp-§p¶p. Cu k-µ-À-`-¯n-em-Wv A-\p-cm-K-¯n-
sâ s]m³-Nn-d-Ip-am-bn A-½p-¡p-«n- F-¯p-¶-Xv. Xp-SÀ-¶v A-½p-¡p-«n-bp-am-bp-Å aq-¶p
kw-h-Õ-c-t¯m-fw \o­p-\n-¶ {]-Wb-s¯ A-\p-kv-a-cn-¡p¶p. A-½p-¡p-«n-bp-am-bp-
Å t{]-a-ss\-cmiyw ssh-hm-ln-I-Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ ssh-j-ay-§-fn-te¡pw ssh-Ir-X-§-
fnt-e¡pw hn.Sn.bp-sS {i-²-Xn-cn-¡m³ k-lm-b-I-ambn. “k-aq-l-kw-hn-[m-\-¯n-sâ A-
¨p-X­m-b ]p-cp-jm-[n-]-Xy-¯n-sâ _-en-bm-Sp-I-fm-Wv A-_-eIÄ” F¶pw “Ip-e-a-ln-
a, tKm-{X-{]-`mhw, kv-{Xo-[-\-¯p-I FÃmw hy-àn-Xz-s¯ tX-tPmh-[w sN-¿m-\-\p-Å
Zn-hym-bp-[-§-fm-sW”-¶pw, “_-lp-`m-cy-Xzw, _-lp-`À-¯r-Xzw, ]p-\-À-hn-hm-l-\n-tj[w,
a-¡-¯mbw, a-cp-a-¡-¯m-bw FÃmw ]u-tcm-ln-Xy tkz-Ñm-[n-]-Xy-¯n-sâ I-fn-¸m-«-§-
fm-sW¶pw” hn.Sn.a-\-Ên-em-¡p¶-Xv {]-kvXp-X {]W-b-ss\-cm-iy-¯n-eq-sS-bmWv.

III. ‘I-®ocpw In-\m-hpw' F-¶ Ir-Xn-bp-sS {]-tXy-I-XIÄ

cq-]-]-c-ambpw `m-h-]-c-ambpw G-sd {]-tXy-I-X-IÄ DÄ-s¡m-Åp-¶ B-ß-I-Y-bm-
Wv hn.Sn.bpsS ‘I-®ocpw In-\mhpw'. B-ßI-Y, kv-a-c-WIÄ, km-aqln-I B-ß-I-Y-,
km-lnXo-b Bß-I-Y F-¶o hn-`m-K-§-fnÂ-s¸-Sp-¶ I-®o-cpw In-\m-hpw, `m-jm-]-c-
ambpw C-Xn-hr-¯]-c-ambpw Gsd k-hn-ti-j-X-IÄ DÄ-s¡m-Åp-¶-XmWv.

 `m-jm-]-cam-b {]-tXy-I-X-IÄ
A-Xy´w hm-b-\-¡m-sc B-IÀ-jn-¡p-¶ `m-jm-co-Xn-bmWv ‘I-®ocpw In-\m-hpw'
F-¶ Ir-Xn-bn Zr-iy-am-Ip-¶Xv. hn-Im-c-X-c-fn-X-am-Ip-¶ k-µÀ-`-¯n A-Xn-\\p-tbm-
Pyam-b Im-hym-ß-I `mj-bpw, I-Ym-]m-{X hn-h-c-W-§-fn A-Xy-´w e-fn-X-ambpw
hn.Sn.bp-sS `m-j- am-dp¶p.
Im-hym-ß-Iam-b `mj:þ \-t§-a-sb-¡p-dn¨pw A-½p-¡p-«n-sb-¡p-dn-¨pw B-ß-I-Y-bn-ep-
Å HmÀ-½-I-sfÃmw hn-Im-c-X-c-fn-X-am-b-Xm-Wv. AXp-sIm-­p X-s¶ A-Xn-\\p-tbm-Pyam-
b Im-hym-ß-I-`m-j-bmWv hn.Sn.kzo-I-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv. “B a-[p-c-¸-Xn-t\-gp-Im-cn-bp-sS
Iq¼nb ssI¯-ew hn-S-cm³ sh¼p-¶ ]q-sam«p-t]m-se F-sâ t\À-¡p- Nmªp. apÃ-
a-e-cn³ a-W-tam-ep-¶ A-h-fp-sS Nn-Ip-c-`mcw F-sâ ap-¼n Ip-\n-ªp. C-Xfn-X-fp-I-
fm-bn hn-c-ep-IÄ hn-cn-ªp. Xp-Sp-\n-dw Xn-c-­ I-e-X-e-¯n-se sh-än-e-¯-fn-cn H-cp
sh-Ån-\mW-bw B A-c-­ sh-fn-¨-¯n sX-fn-ªp an-¶n”. A½p-¡p-«n-sb-¡p-dn-¨v
kv-a-cn-¡p-¶ {]-kv-Xp-X-`m-K-¯n Im-hym-ß-I-`m-j-bp-sS ku-µcyw I-s­-¯m³
Ignbpw.
]-g-s©mÃp-Ifpw ssi-en-I-fpw:þ Xm³-]-d-bm³ D-t±-in-¡p-¶ Imcyw k-aÀ-°n-¡m-\p-
Å D-]m-[n-I-fm-Wv A-e-¦m-c§Ä, ]-g-s©mÃpIÄ, ssi-en-IÄ F-¶n-h. CXv c­pw

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\Ã-co-Xn-bn km-ln-Xy-¯n D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶ hy-àn-bm-Wv hn.Sn.`-«-Xn-cn-¸mSv. ‘Xn-cp-
a-\Êpw Xn-cn-sh-Åhpw Xn-cn-¨m Xncn-bpw', ‘sh-fp-¡m³-tX-¨v ]m-­p-]n-Sn-¡pw-
t]mse’ ‘Im-Sm-dp-am-kw \m-Sm-dp-am-kw', ‘{_-Ò-Nm-co i-X aÀ¡-Sx' (\q-dv hm-\-c-tN-ã-I-
fp-sS k-am-lm-c-am-Wv H-cp {_-Ò-Nmcn) Zm-cn-{Z-yt¯m-fw im-´n im´n-tbm-fw Zm-cn-{Zyw,
a-¡w I-­ lm-Pn F¶ t]mse, C-¯-c-¯n G-sd ]-g-s©mÃp-Ifpw ssi-en-Ifpw
I-®ocpw In-\mhpw F-¶ Ir-Xn-bn-ep­v. hn.Sn.bp-sS ap-¯-]v-^-s\-¡p-dn-¨v ]-d-bp-¶ k-
µÀ-`-¯n-em-Wv Xn-cp-a-\Êpw Xn-cn-sh-Åhpw Xncn-¨m Xn-cnbpw F-¶v ]-d-bp-¶-Xv. sh-
Åw G-Xp Zn-¡n-te¡mtWm Xn-cn-¡p¶-Xv B Zn-¡n-te¡v Xn-cn-bpw. sh-Å-¯n-sâ X-
\-Xp-kz-`m-h-am-WnXv. ap-¯-]v^-sâ ZpÀ-º-e-X-bn ssI-bn-«v em-`-a-Sn-¡p¶ B-fp-IÄ
D-­m-bn-cp¶p. B-cmtWm Nqj-Ww sN-¿p¶-Xv A-hÀ-¡v h-g§p-I F-¶ ap-¯-]v-^-
sâ kz-`m-h-Kp-Ww Iq-Sp-XÂ hy-à-am-¡m³ {]-kv-Xp-X- sNmÃp-sIm-­p km-[n¨p.
hm-Mv-a-b-Zr-iym-h-X-c-Ww:þ ‘I-®ocpw In-\m-hpw' F-¶ Ir-Xn-bn D-S-\o-fw Im-Wp-¶
{]-tXy-I-X-bmWv hm-Mv-a-b-Nn-{X§Ä. `m-j-sIm-­v Nn{Xw h-c-bv-¡p-¶ Cu co-Xn G-
ähpw \-¶m-bn Im-W-¶-Xv I-Ym-]m-{X§-sf hÀ-®n-¡p-t¼m-gmWv. ap-¯-]v^³, ta-
teSw, A-½p-¡p-«n XpS-§n FÃm I-Ym-]m-{X-§-fp-sS hÀ-®-\-bpw C-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å-
XmWv, ‘_m-ey-kv-arXn' F-¶ `m-K-¯p-Å A-½-bp-sS hÀ-®-\bpw ‘a-d-¡m-¯ \n-an-j-
§Ä' F-¶ `m-K-¯p-Å \-t§-a-bp-sS hÀ-®bpw hm-Mv-a-b-Zr-iy-¯n-\v D-Zm-l-c-W-am-
Wv. “Im-Xn sX-¨n-¸q-h-Wn-s¡m-cSv, I-gp-¯n kzÀ-®m-`-cWw, sX-fp-sX-sf Xn-f-
§p¶ tXmf-¯p Nn-¶n-b-ng-bp-¶ Ip-\p-Ip-´-f-§-Ä, Xq-an-¶-se-¶-t]m-se No-sf-¶n-S-
bv-¡n-sS ]mdp¶ Im-sdm-fn-¡-®pIÄ, an-\p-¸pä ssa-em-©n-t¨m-¸-Wn-ª ssI-¯-
e§Ä Cu a-«n ]p-Xp-hÀ-j-¯n X-fnÀ-¯p-h-cp-¶ ]q-s¨-Sn-bpsS Hm-a\-¯w Xp-fp-
¼p-¶ i-co-c-{]-Ir-Xn-bm-Wv A-h-fp-tSXv” F-¶n§-s\ \-t§-a-sb-¡p-dn-¨p-Å hn-hc-Ww
hm-Mv-a-b-Nn-{Xo-I-c-W-s¯m-sSm¸w, Im-hym-ß-Ihpw A-Xy-´w lr-Zy-hp-amWv.
\-¼q-Xn-cn-`m-jm kzo-Ic-Ww:þ \-¼q-Xn-cn-`m-jm-]-Z-§-fp-sS kzo-Ic-Ww hn.Sn.bp-sS Ir-
Xn-I-fn [mcm-f-am-bn Im-Wp-¶ `m-jm-]-cam-b {]-tXy-I-X-bmWv. hn.Sn.bp-sS B-ß-I-
Y-bn D-S-\o-fw ImWp¶ {]-Xn-]mZ-\-ssi-en-bp-sS {]-tXy-I-X B-IÀ-j-I-am-sW-¦nepw
\-¼q-Xn-cn-am-cp-sS C-S-bn {]-Nm-c-ap-Å G-sd ]-Z-§Ä {]-tbm-Kn-¨n-«p-ÅXp-sIm-­v A-
Xn A-´À-`-hn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶ [z-\ymß-IX km[m-c-W-¡mÀ-¡v F-fp-¸w a-\-Ên-em-hp-I-
bnÃ. _nw-_-I-ev-]-\, A-e-¦m-c{]-tbmKw, \À-½-krãn Xp-S§n-b FÃm Ø-e¯pw \-
¼q-Xn-cn-]-Z-§Ä \n-d-ªp-\nÂ-¡p-¶-Xm-bn Im-Wm³ I-gn-bpw. k-Xy-¯n Cu h-I ]-
Z{]-tbm-K-§Ä sIm-­v hn.Sn. ssi-en-sb Po-h-Êp-Å-Xm-¡n-¯oÀ-¡p-I-bmWv sN-¿p-
¶Xv. D-Zm-l-c-W-¯n-\v,
“A-´-]p-c-¯n A-kq-cyw-]-iy-bm-bn A-hn-hm-ln-X-bm-bn B Ip-«n-¡m-hn\pw I-gn-¨p
Iq-t«-­n-h¶p” F-¶ hm-N-I-¯n ‘A-kqcyw]iy' F-¶ hm-¡v B-Nm-c-kq-N-I-am-Wv.
kq-cy-sh-fn-¨w X«msX I-gn-¨p-Iq-t«-­n-h-¶ \-¼q-Xn-cn kv-{Xo-I-fp-sS ssZ\y-X Cu hm-
¡p-I-fn-eq-sS hn.Sn. B-hm-ln-¡p-¶p. ap-Xp-¡p-dpÈn Hm-¯p-sNmÃm³ sN-¶-t¸mÄ X-
s¶ t\m-¡n-\n-¶ s]¬-In-Sm§-sf hn.Sn. Im-Wn-¨p-X-cp¶p. “Nnäv, sN-dp-Xm-en a-c-s¡m-
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cSv, aq-t¡m-e-¡Ãv, Hm-«p-h-f F-¶o hnhn-[ `q-j-I-fm A-e-¦r-X-§fm-b hn-hn-[-cq-]-
§Ä A-hn-sS A-Wn-\n-c¶p” F-¶v B s]¬-In-Sm-§-fp-sS B-`-c-W-§-fp-sS ]-cm-
aÀiw-sIm-­v \-ho-\-bp-K-¯n-sâ sh-fn-¨w A-hn-sS I-S-¶p-sN-¶n-«n-sÃ-¶v hm-b-\-¡mc-
s\ t_m-[y-s¸-Sp-¯p-hm³-Iq-Sn hn.Sn-¡v I-gnªp. hm-b-\-¡mc-s\ ]-g-b A-´-co-£-
¯n-te¡pw Im-e-¯n-te¡pw F-¯n-¡m³ B ]-cm-aÀ-iw D-X-Ip¶p. “ZÀ-`-¸pÃp-sIm-
­v ]-hn-{Xhpw IqÀ-¨hpw sI-«n ]-cn-kv-X-cn-¨p tlm-a-cqt]-W \-¼q-Xn-cn-amÀ \-S-¯n-h-
¶ e-Lp-hy-h-km-b-¯n-sâ Zb-\o-bam-b \n-cÀ°-I-X F-sâ ap-¶n F-gp-t¶-äp-
\n¶p” F-¶ v ]-gb tlm-am-Zn-IÀ-½-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨v hn.Sn.]-d-bp¶p. B-Nm-c§-sf B-
Nm-c-]-Z-§-fn-eq-sS F-Sp-¯p-]-d-ªm-Wv B Z-b-\o-b-X hn.Sn. hmb-\-¡m-sc t_m-[y-s¸-
Sp-¯p-¶Xv. ]-g-b B-Nm-c-§-fp-sS Z-b-\o-b-X F-¶p am{Xw ]-d-ªm D­m-Im-¯
AÀ-°w B B-Nm-c-]-Z-§Ä kr-ãn-¡p¶p.

 B-t£-]-lm-ky-]-cam-b A-h-Xc-Ww
hy-ànsbtbm kw-`-h-§sf-tbm {]-Øm-\-§sftbm ]-cn-lm-k-cqt]-W hn-aÀ-
in-¡p-¶ coXn-bm-Wv B-t£-]-lm-kyw. B-t£-]-lm-ky-¯n-eq-sS hn-aÀ-i-\-§fpw B-
t£-]-§fpw A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡m\pw A-tX ka-bw A-\p-hm-NI-sc Nn-cn-¸n-¡m-\pw km-[n-
¡p-¶p. I-®ocpw In-\mhpw F-¶ Ir-Xn-bn hn.Sn. X-sâ kz-´w Po-hn-X-s¯ Ip-d-
s¨m-¶p am-dn-\n-¶v IÀ-i-\-ambpw ^-en-X-t_m-[-t¯m-sSbpw ho-£n-¡p-¶p­v. D-Zm-l-
c-W-¯n-\v kz-´w k-ap-Zm-b-¯n-se H-cp kv-{Xo-bp-sS Po-hn-Xw hÀ-®n-¡p-t¼mÄ A-hÀ
A-\p-`-hn-t¡-­n h-¶ A-\o-Xnbpw A-im-kv-{Xo-b-am-b km-aq-ly-hn-e-¡p-Ifpw B-t£-
]-lm-ky-t¯m-sS-bm-Wv hn.Sn. hc-¨p Im-«p-¶Xv. “]-Xn-\m-en A-_-²-¯n-\m s]¬-
In-Sm-hv Xn-c­p. B A-]I-Sw ]-än-¨-Xn-sâ i-àn-sb-¶ a-«n ]-¯p sImÃw A-´x-]p-
c-¯n Akq-cyw-]-in-bmbn, A-hn-hm-ln-X-bm-bn B Ip-«n-¡m-hn-¶p I-gn-¨p-Iq-t«-­n
h-¶p”. AXp-t]m-se \-¼q-Xn-cn Xn-cp-ta-\n-am-sc-¡p-dn-¨v ]-d-bp-t¼mgpw B-ß-I-Y-bn-ep-
S-\o-fw B-t£-]-lmkyw Im-Wm³ I-gn-bpw. A-Ú-X-bpw h-¦-¯hpw ssI-ap-X-em-bp-
Å \-¼q-Xn-cn-am-sc hn.Sn. I-W-¡n-\v ]-cn-l-kn-¡p-¶p­v. “Cu \-¼q-Xn-cn Xn-cp-ta-\n-
amÀ-s¡m-s¡ F-´m {]-hr¯n?” “D-®p-I, D-d-§p-I, KÀ-`-ap-­m-¡p-I” F-¶m \-
¼q-Xn-cn kv-{Xo-IÄ-t¡m? “h-bv-¡p-I, hn-f-¼p-I, {]-k-hn¡pI”. C-¯-c-¯n B-t£-
]-lm-ky-¯nepw Im-hymß-I-X tNmÀ¶p-t]m-Im-Xn-cn-¡m³ hn.Sn. {i-²n-¡p¶p.

 hm-b-\-¡m-sc B-IÀ-jn-¡p-¶ XpS-¡w

‘I-®ocpw In-\m-hpw' F-¶ B-ß-I-Y-bn hy-Xykv-X co-Xn-I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv
Hmtcm `m-Khpw B-cw-`n-¡p-¶Xv. ‘Xn-cªp-t\m-¡p-t¼mÄ' F-¶ B-ap-Jhpw ‘sI-Sm-
¯ Xo-\m-f§Ä' F-¶ A-h-km\-s¯ A-[ym-bhpw “bm-tl-bv!”, “i-c-W-a-¿¸!” F-
¶n-§-s\-bm-Wv B-cw-`n-¡p-¶Xv. Xn-I¨pw \m-S-Io-bam-b A-h-X-c-W-am-WnXv. “A-em-dw
tI-«p Rm³ sR-«n-bp-WÀ¶p” F-¶m-Wv ‘h-fÀ-¶p-h-cp-¶ H-cm-ßmhv' B-cw-`n-¡p-¶Xv.
hm-b-\-¡mc-sâ {i²-sb ]n-Sn-¨p-\nÀ-¯p-¶ co-Xn-bm-Wn-Xn ImWp-¶Xv. {]-kv-Xmh-\,
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A-`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S\w, D-]-I-YIÄ, kw-`m-j-W§Ä, tÇmIw, F-¶n§-s\ hy-Xy-kv-Xam-
b co-Xn-IÄ ]-co-£n-¡p-¶p-­v hn.Sn. `-«-Xn-cn-¸mSv. Hmtcm A-²ym-b-¯n-sâbpw Xp-S-¡-
¯n C-{X ssh-Nn-{Xyw sIm-­p-h-cp-¶-Xn-eq-sS hm-b-\-¡mc-sâ {i-² B-IÀ-jn-
¡m³ I-gn-bp¶p.

 A-e-¦m-c-§-fp-sS D-]-tbm-Kw
km-Zriy-aq-e-I-§fm-b A-e-¦m-c-§-fm-Wv hn.Sn.bn A-[n-Ihpw Im-Wp-¶-X.v B-
ib-s¯ hy-à-am-¡m-\pw, A-´-co-£w kr-ãn-¡m-\pw, a-t\m-`m-hw hy-à-am-¡m\pw
A-e-¦m-cw {]-tbm-Kn-¨-Xm-bn Im-Wmw. A-e-¦m-c-§-fn X-s¶ \-¼q-Xn-cn-am-cp-sS B-Nm-
cm-\p-jvTm-\-§-fp-am-bn _-Ô-s¸-« A-e-¦m-c-§Ä hn.Sn. Ir-Xn-I-fn [m-cm-fw Im-Wmw.
“B-h-em-Xn-bnÃ, A-IÂ-¨-bnÃ, Np-cp-¡-¯n Xo-s¡-« H-cu-]m-k-\-Ip-Þw t]m-se
A-h-c§-s\ \n-e-sIm-Åp-I-bm-bn-cp¶p” C-hn-sS kz-´w ap¯-Èn-sb D-]-an-¨n-cn-¡p¶-
Xv H-cm-Nm-c-kw-_-Ônbm-b h-kv-Xphn-t\m-SmWv. H-¶n-epw B-k-ànbpw B-h-em-Xn-bpw,
A-IÂ-¨-bp-anÃm-¯ \nÀ-Æn-Im-cam-b ap-¯-Èn-sb kq-Nn-¸n-¡m³ XobnÃmsX Hu-]mk-
\-tlm-aw \-S-¯p-¶ Ip-Þ¯n-t\m-Sv D-]-an-¨n-cn-¡p¶p.
]p-cm-W-I-Ym-k-µÀ`-§-tfmSpw I-Ym-]m-{X-§-tfmSpw km-Zr-iy-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶ k-{¼-
Zm-bhpw IrXn-I-fn ]-e Ø-e¯pw Im-Wp¶p. “Im-«m-fm-Ir-Xn ssI-sIm­ ssI-em-
k-\m-Y³ AÀ-Öp\s\ F-¶-t]m-se A-t±-lw F-s¶ ]n-Sn-s¨-gp-t¶-ev-]n¨p” ap-Xp-¡p-
dn-Èn-bn sh-¨v Kp-cphn-t\m-Sv sX-tä-äp ]d-ªv ImÂ-¡Â ho-W Im-cy-am-Wn-hn-sS ]-
cm-aÀiw. “hn-{I-am-Zn-Xy³ IY-bn-se Im-Sm-dp-am-khpw \m-Sm-dp-am-khpw t]m-se sImÃ-
¯n ]m-Xn ]n-d-¶ Kr-l-¯nepw ]m-Xn CÃ-¯p-am-bn-«m-bn-cp-¶p A-h-cp-sS Po-hnXw”
ap-¯-Èn-sb-¡p-dn-¨v ]-d-bp-¶ k-µÀ-`-¯n-em-Wv hn-{I-am-Zn-Xy³ I-Y-bp-sS ]-cm-aÀ-iw I-
S-¶p-h-cp-¶Xv.

 _nw-_-§-fp-sS [m-cm-fn-¯w
‘I-®ocpw In-\m-hpw' F-¶ B-ß-I-Y-bn ]-IÀ-¶p In-S-¡p-¶ _nw-_m-h-en-I-fp-
sS [m-cm-fn¯w Im-Wmw. hn.Sn.bp-sS KZy-ssi-en-bp-sS G-ähpw {][m-\ k-hn-ti-j-X-
I-fn H-¶m-WnXv. “Hcp ip-`-ap-lqÀ-¯-¯n- ]u-tcm-ln-Xyw - Abm-sf \m-bm-Sn-¸n-Sn-
¨v hm-bv ]n-fÀ-¯n \mhn³-ta ]-g-b ]-hn{X-tam-Xncw sIm-­v A-¼-s¯m-¶-£-c-§Ä
Ip-¯n-¡pdn-¨p”. ]u-tcm-ln-Xy-¯n-sâ A-[o-im-[n-Imc-s¯ hy-à-am-¡p¶ ss[-j-Wn-
I-_nw-_w H-cm-Nm-c-{I-a-¯n-eq-sS Nn-{Xo-I-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-I-bmWv Cu _nw-_-I-ev-]-\-bnÂ.
“F-sâ lrZ-bw hy-à-§fpw th-Z-\m-P-\-I-§-fpamb A-\p-`-h-]-c-¼-cI-fp-sS
ISp¶Â-Ip-t¯-äp sh-´p-\o-dp-I-bm-Wv”. A-\p-`-h ]-c-¼-cI-sf I-S-¶-em-bn k-¦-ev-]n-
¨m-Wv A-XnÂ-\n-¶p-f-hm-Ip-¶ th-Z\sb Cu ssh-Im-cn-I-_nw-_-¯n-eq-sS {]-Xy-£-
s¸-Sp-¯p-¶Xv. C-{]-Im-c-ap-Å _nw-_-I-ev-]-\-IÄ sIm-­v B-Zym-´w a-t\m-l-c-am¡n-
b Im-hy-`m-j-bm-Wv I®ocpw In-\m-hnepw Im-Wp-¶Xv.

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 Ir-Xn-bn sX-fn-bp-¶ km-aq-ln-I-am-\-§Ä
I-e-bp-sS km-aq-ly-{]m-[m-\y-s¯ {]-[m-\-am-bn-¡-­ F-gp-¯p-Im-c-\m-Wv hn.Sn.
“\-¼q-Xn-cn ]-cn-hÀ¯-\w sXm-­-Im-dn {]-kw-Kn-¨-Xn-sâbpw D-d-¡-an-fn-¨n-cp-¶v km-
lnXyw kr-ãn-¨-Xn-sâbpw ]-cn-Wn-X-^-e-amWv” F-¶v ‘s]m-gn-ª ]q¡Ä' F-¶ D-]-
\ym-k-¯n hn.Sn. tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p­v. X-sâ km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fn-seÃmw X-s¶ km-
aqln-I {]-Xn_-²-X ]p-eÀ-¯p-hm³ hn.Sn. {ian-¨n-cp¶p. sN-dps¸-sXm-t« X-sâ A-\p-
`-h-a-Þ-e-¯nÂ-s¸-« Po-hn-X-co-Xn-bp-sS k-a-{Khpw k-Po-h-hpam-b Nn{Xw B-ß-I-Y-
bn Im-Wmw. Xm³ P-\n-¨p-ho-W-Xv G-Xv km-aq-ly-]-cn-Xx-Øn-Xn-bn-em-sW¶v Im-Wn-
¨p-X-cn-I-bmWv ‘I-fn-hn-f-¡n-sâ I-cn-´ncn' F-¶ B-Zy-`m-K¯v. B-Nm-cy-a-cym-ZIÄ, km-
aq-ly-ØnXn, km-¼-¯n-I-Øn-Xn F-¶o aq-¶p X-e-§-fnepw \-¼q-Xn-cn-am-cp-sS Øn-Xn
F-´m-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¶-Xn-sâ Nn{Xw hn.Sn. Ir-Xn-I-fn k-Po-h-am-bn Im-Wmw.
kv-{Xo-I-fp-sS B-Nm-c-§fpw A-kzm-X-{´yhpw:þ A-t\-Iw k-hnti-j B-Nm-c-§Ä \-
¼q-Xn-cn k-ap-Zm-b-¯n-\p­v. kv-{Xo-IÄ A-\p-jvTn-¨n-cp-¶ hn-Nn-{Xam-b B-Nm-cm-§-fpw,
A-\p-`-hn-¨n-cp-¶ A-kzm-X-{´yhpw ‘I-®ocpw In-\m-hpw' F-¶ Ir-Xn-bn C-S-bv-¡n-S-bv-
¡v hn.Sn. A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p-­v. t£{X-ZÀ-i-\-¯n-\v t]m-Ip-t¼mÄ t]mepw \-¼q-Xn-cn
kv-{Xo-IÄ X-\n¨p-t]m-Im-dnÃ. H-cm¬-Ip-«n-sb-¦nepw ap-¶n H-¨-bm-«n-s¡m-­v \-S-
¡m³ th-Ww. A-bn-¯-¡mcm-b A-\y-Pm-Xn-¡mÀ-¡v am-dn-\nÂ-¡m-\p-Å A-dn-bn-¸mWv
Cu H-¨-bm«Â. Xr-¡¬-]mÀ-¡m³ F-gp-¶-Åo-«p-t­ F-¶v A-¼-e-\-S-bn \n-¶p Ip-
«n hn-fn-¨p ]-dbWw. tX-hm-c-¯n-s\-¯m-dp-Å \-¼q-Xn-cn-amcpw im-´n-¡m-c\pw AI-
¯pt­m F-¶-dn-bm-\m-WnXv. D-s­-¦n A-hÀ am-dn-\n-¶-Xn-\p-ti-jw sXm-gmw. A-¼-
e-¯nse {io-tIm-hn-en-\p ap-¶n sI-«n-¯q-¡nbn-cn-¡p-¶ a-Wn-b-Sn-¡m³ kv-{Xo-IÄ-
¡v A-\p-hm-Z-anÃ. {_mÒW kv-{Xo-bp-sS t£-{X-ZÀ-i-\ co-Xn-bm-Wn-Xv.
`£-Ww I-gn-¡p-¶-Xnepw B-Nm-c-§fp­v. aq-Êv D-®p-¶ C-e-tbm-Sv sXm-Sp-hn-¨v
sIm-­v \o-«n C-e-sh-¨n-cn-¡pw. {]-[m-\-`m-cy-Iq-Sm-sX F-{X `m-cy-am-cpt­m A-{X-bpw C-
e D-­m-Ipw. aq-Ên-sâ DÑn-ã-¯nÂ-\n-¶v sNdn-sbm-cp `m-Kw a-än-e-I-fn-te-¡v hm-cn-bn-
Spw. aq¯ B-t¯-½mÀ-¡v `À-¯m-hv D­ C-ebpw a-äp-Å-hÀ-¡v Iq«n-sXm-Sp-hn-¨v sh-
¨ C-e-bpw. C-Xm-Wv N«w. `À-¯m-hv H-Sp-¡-s¯ Ip-Sn-¡p-\oÀ ho-gv-¯n F-gp-t¶-ämÂ
`m-cy-amÀ X-§-fp-sS C-e-IÄ h-en-¨p-\o-¡n `-£n-¡pw.
A¶-s¯ km-aq-ly-kw-hn-[m-\-¯n-Â hyàn, {]-tXy-In-¨p kv-{Xo, A-{]-[m-\-
amWv. “‘B-b-\n-bq-Wn\p’ a-eÀ h-d-¡p-¶Xp-t]mepw A-hÄ A-dn-b-W-sa-¶nÃ. h-c³
BÀ-¸pw-tIm-¸p-am-bn h-¶-W-bp-t¼mg-tà I\y-I X-sâ hn-hm-l-Imcyw {K-ln-¡p-¶Xv?
k-aq-l-kw-hn-[m-\-¯n-sâ A-¨p-X­mb ]p-cp-jm-[n-]-Xy-¯n-sâ _-en-bm-Sp-I-fm-Wv A-
¼-eIÄ” F-¶n§-s\ cq-£am-b hn-aÀ-i-\-¯n-eq-sS kv-{Xo-IÄ A-\p-`-hn-¨n-cp-¶ A-
kzm-X-{´yw hy-à-am-bn hn.Sn. B-hn-jv-I-cn-¡p¶p.
D-Å-h\pw CÃm-¯-h\pw X-½n-ep-Å hÀ-¤-hy-Xym-k-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ \n-co-£-Ww:þ kz-
k-ap-Zm-b-¯n-se km-¼-¯n-I-am-bn D-bÀ-¶-h\pw Xm-gv-¶-h\pw X-½n-ep-Å hy-Xymkw,

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PmXn-]-c-am-bn D-bÀ-¶h\pw Xm-gv-¶h\pw X-½n-ep-Å hy-Xym-kw F¶n-h ‘I-®o-cpw In-
\m-hn'epw Im-Wm³ I-gn-bpw. hn-`-h-k-ar-²am-b hm-c-Ê-Zy-bp-sS a-Whpw _-l-fhpw
am{Xw A-\p-`-hn-¡m³ hn-[n-¡-s¸-« hm-en-b-¡mc-s\ Nn-{Xo-I-cn-¡p-¶ A-h-k-c-¯n-
epw, “Cu a-\-¡mcpw aq¡-äw D-®pw. ]-t£, Du-¡p-­m-hnÃ. D-Sp-¡pw, \-á-X a-d-bnÃ.
I-pfn-¡pw, a-en-\X t]m-hnÃ. ]-´o-cm-­p ]-Sn-ªn-cp-¶p ]Tn-¡pw, ]t£, ^-e-anÃ. C-
Xm-Wv Ip-tN-e-{_m-Ò-W Kr-l-§-fp-sS a«v” F-¶n§-s\ Z-cn-{Zy-{_m-ÒW-sc hnh-cn-¡p-
t¼mgpw D-¨-\o-N-Xz§-sf A-S-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯m³ hn.Sn.¡v I-gn-ªn-«p­v.
A-]v-^-·m-cp-sS Po-hn-Xm-h-Ø-IÄ:þ CÃ-s¯ A-{]-[m-\-I-Ym-]m-{Xam-b A-]v-^-·m-sc-
¡p-dn-¨v H-cp `m-Kw X-s¶ B-ß-I-Y-bn-ep­v. A-Xp-Iq-Sm-sX C-S-bv-¡n-sS ]-cm-aÀ-i-hp-
ap­v. A-´y-Ime-¯v \nÀ-²-\\pw \n-cm-{i-b-\pam-b A-]v-^-·m-sc am-§-sbm-Sp§n-b
am-hn-s\-sb-¶-t]m-se Np-äp-\n-¶-h-scÃmw ssI-sbm-gn-bp¶p. “]-«n-bm-bn P-\n-¡mw, ]q-
¨-bm-bn P-\n-¡mw, C\n-sbm-cp P-·-ap-s­-¦n a-tä-Xp \n-Ir-ã-Po-hn-bmbpw P-\n-¡mw.
]t£, H-cnÃ-s¯ A-]v-^-\m-bn P-\n-¡p-hm³ km-[y-aÔ F-¶n§s\ ‘A-Sp-¡-f-bnÂ
\n-¶v A-c-§-t¯¡v' F-¶ \m-S-I-¯n H-cp I-Ym-]m-{X-¯ns\-sIm­v Xm³ kw-km-
cn-¸n-¨n-«p-s­-¶v hn.Sn. ]-d-bp-¶p­v. km-aq-lnI-\-thm-°m-\-hpw, km-ap-Zm-bn-I-]-cn-jv-
I-c-W-hpw e-£y-am-¡n-bm-Wn¯-cw kw-`m-j-W-§-fp-sS cN-\. A-]v-^·m-cp-sS Po-hn-X-
t¢iw, km-l-Ncyw F¶n-h ]-cn-]qÀ-®-ambpw hy-à-am-¡m³ ]-än-b D-²-c-Wn-bm-Wv ap-
I-fn \Â-In-bn-«p-ÅXv.
tbm-Kt£-a {]-Øm-\-s¯-¡p-dn-¨p-Å ]-cm-aÀ-i-§Ä:þ X-§-f-p-sS bm-Ym-Øn-Xn-IX-
sb ]qÀ-®-bmbn ssI-sh-Sn-bm-sX k-aq-l-a-²y-¯n Po-hn-¡m-\p-Å {i-a-am-Wv tbm-
K-t£a-k` ssI-sIm-­n-cp-¶-Xv. A-Xn X-s¶ sN-dp-¸-¡m-cp-sS kw-L-S-\-bm-b bp-h-
P-\-kw-L-amI-s« FÃm ]p-tcm-K-Xn-I-sfbpw kzmK-Xw sN-¿p-¶ a-t\m-`m-h-am-Wv ssI-
sIm-­Xv. bp-h-P-\-kw-Lw {]-hÀ-¯-I-cn-em-Wv hn.Sn. DÄ-s¸-«n-cp-¶Xv. km-ap-Zmbn-I ]-
cn-jv-I-c-W-hp-am-bn _-Ô-s¸-«v hy-Xykv-X A-`n-{]m-b-§-fmWv C-h-cn D-­m-bn-cp-¶Xv.
Cw-¥o-jv hn-Zym-`ym-kw kmÀ-Æ-{Xn-I-am-¡-W-sa-¶v H-cp Iq-«À hm-Zn-¨-t¸mÄ k-ap-Zm-b-
¯n-sâ A-[x-]-X-\¯n-\p Imc-Ww \ho-\ hn-Zym-`ym-k-am-sW-¶v a-dp-Iq-«À hm-Zn-
¡p¶p. k-aq-l-¯n A-Xn-hym-]v-Xamb tbm-K-t£-a-{]-Øm-\-t¯m-Sv hn.Sn.¡v B-`n-
apJyw tXm-¶p-¶-Xpw, ]-{X-am-kn-I-IÄ hm-bn-¡m³ Xp-S-§p-¶-Xpw, Cw-¥o-jp hn-Zym-`ym-
k-¯n-te-¡p-Å A-`n-\n-th-ihpw FÃmw hn.Sn.bn C-Xp-am-bn _-Ô-s¸-«p­m-b am-ä-
§-fmWv. I-®ocpw In-\mhpw F-¶ Ir-Xn-bn ‘h-fÀ-¶p-h-cp-¶ H-cm-ßmhv' F-¶ `m-K-
¯m-Wv tbm-K-t£-a-{]-Øm-\-hp-am-bn _-Ô-s¸-« Nn-´-IÄ h-cp-¶Xv. hn.Sn.bp-sS Po-
hn-X-¯n-se ImÂ-\q-äm-­p am{Xw Nn-{Xo-I-cn-¡p-¶ Ir-Xn-bm-b-Xn-\m hf-sc-Ipd-¨p am-
{X-ta km-aqln-I \-thm-°m-\w {]-kv-Xp-X-Ir-Xn-bn Im-Wp-¶p-Åq.

 ZmÀ-i-\n-I-t_m-[w
‘sI-Sm-¯ Xo-\m-f§Ä' F-¶ A-h-km\-s¯ A-²ym-b-¯n-se {]-Ir-Xn-\n-co£-
Ww C-{]-Im-c-am-Wv: “a-säm¶pw sN-¿m-\nÃm-Xn-cn-s¡ F-sâ {i-² i-_-fm-`am-b {]-Ir-

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Xn-bp-sS {]-Xn-`m-k-§-fn ]m-dn-¡-fn-¡pw E-Xp-t`-Z-§-fn {]-I-S-am-Ip-¶ `m-h-am-ä§-
sf A-Ûp-X-]qÀ-hw t\m-¡n-¡mWpw. F-S-h-¸m-Xn I-gn-sª-¯p-¶ hÀ-jIm-e ta-L-
]S-ew F-s¶ l-cw ]n-Sn-¸n-¡pw. B-Im-i-¯n tIm-S-¡mÀ D-b-cp-¶-Xpw N-{I-hm-f-s¨-
cp-hn C-Sn-hmÄ an-¶n-a-d-bp-¶Xpw F-¶n Pohn-X k-am-cw-`-¯nsâ B-th-iw h-fÀ-
¯pw. No-än-b-Sn-¡p¶ sIm-Sp-¦mäpw I-\-¯ t]-am-cn-bpw [qÀ-¯nsâ [n-¡mcw-t]m-se
t{Zm-lw h-cp-¯n-¯oÀ-¡p-t¼mÄ Rm³ hy-k-\n¡pw...” C-hn-sS {]-Ir-Xn kv-t\-lhpw
a-\p-jy-kv-t\-lhpw k-t½-fn-¡p-Ibpw H-¶m-bn-¯o-cp-Ibpw sN-¿p¶p.
“R-§Ä N-§m-Xn-I-fmWv. a-äp kp-lr-¯p-¡Ä CÃm-¯-Xn-\m Rm³ B ]q-
¨-¡p-«n-sb kv-t\-ln¨p. F-\n-¡p k-tlmZ-cn CÃm-¯Xp-sIm-­v Rm³ Ahsf ‘A-\n-
b¯n' F-¶p hn-fn¨p-t]m-¶p... B ]mb-kw A-½ R-§Ä-¡p ho-Xn-¨p Xcpw” F-¶
`mK-¯v k-l-Pohn-tbm-Sp tXm-¶p-¶ kv-t\-lw F-¶-Xn-ep]cn ‘N-§m-XnIÄ' ‘kp-lr-
¯p-¡Ä', ‘k-tlm-Zcn', ‘A-\n-b¯n' F-¶o ]Z-§-fn-eq-sS X-§Ä H-tc hÀ-¤-¡m-sc-
¶pw, ‘R-§Ä-¡p ho-Xn-¨p-X¶p' F-¶ {]-tbm-K-¯n-eq-sS X½n hy-Xym-k-anÃm-¯-
h-cm-sW-¶p kÀ-tÆm]-cn R-§Ä H-¶m-sW-¶p-ap-Å Nn-´-bm-Wv C-hn-sS Im-Wm³ I-
gn-bp-¶Xv. C-¯-c-¯n-seÃm-än-s\bpw H-¶m-bn-¡m-Wm-\p-Å ‘A-ssZz-X-Nn-´'bm-Wv
Bß-I-Y-bn ap-¶n-«p-\nÂ-¡p-¶-Xv. k-aq-l-¯n-se-bpw kz-k-ap-Zm-b-¯n-sebpw A-k-
a-Xz-s¯-¡p-dn¨v B-ß-I-Y-bn-ep-S-\o-fw ]-d-bp-¶p­v. A-k-a-Xz-s¯ Im-Wn-¡p-¶-Xn-eq-
sS k-a-Xz-¯n-te-¡p-Å amÀ-¤-am-Wv hn.Sn. e-£y-am-¡p-¶Xv. C-{]-Im-c-saÃmw ‘k-a-Xz-
ZÀi\w’ ‘I-®ocpw In-\m-hn'epw ImWm³ I-gn-bp¶p.

 Bß-I-Y F-¶ \n-e-bn k-ao-]n-¡p-t¼mÄ

‘I-®ocpw In-\m-hpw' F¶ Ir-Xnsb- Bß-I-Y F-¶ \n-e-bn k-ao-]n-¡p-
t¼mÄ G-sd {]-tXy-I-X-IÄ {]-kv-Xp-X-Ir-Xn DÄ-s¡m-Åp-¶-Xm-bn Im-Wmw. A-h Xm-
sg-¸-dbpw {]-Im-cw t{Im-Uo-I-cn¡mw:
1. C-ã-s¸-Sm-¯ kw-`-h§-sf a-\x-]qÀ-Æw A-h-K-Wn-¡p-I. a-\-Ên-sâ k-l-P-kz-`m-
h-amWv. F¶m C-{]-Im-c-sam-cp co-Xn hn.Sn.bn Im-Wp-¶nÃ. I-®ocpw In-
\mhpw B-Zy-´w k-Xy-k-Ô-X-bn hmÀ-s¯-Sp-¯n-«p-Å-XmWv. a-äp-Å B-ß-I-
Y-I-fn \n¶pw I-®ocpw In-\m-hn-s\ thÀ-Xn-cn-¡p-¶ {]-[m-\-LS-Iw k-Xyk-
Ô-X Xs¶. e-Ö-sIm-­v a-d-¨p-]n-Sn-¡p-¶ kw`-h-§Ä B-ß-I-Y-I-fn hn-c-
faÃ. a-ämÀ-¡p-a-dn-bm-¯ kz-´w Im-cy-§Ä a-d-¨p-]n-Sn¡p-I hgn B-ß-I-Ym-Im-
c³ b-YmÀ-°-¯n k-Xy-s¯ CÃm-sX-bm-¡p-I-bm-Wv sN-¿p-¶Xv. Cu A-]-hm-
Z-¯n \n-¶p ap-àn-t\Sn-b {K-Ù-Im-c-\m-Wv hn.Sn. X-sâ {]-Wbw, A-Ñ-s\-¡p-
dn-¨p-Å Im-gv-N-¸m-Sv F-¶n-h-sbÃmw k-Xy-k-Ô-am-bm-Wv Ir-Xn-bn B-hn-jv-I-cn-
¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.
X-sâ Po-hn-X-¯n kw-`-hn-¨n-«p-Å ta-·-I-sf-¡mÄ G-sd Po-hn-Xw X-s¶ ]Tn-
¸n-¨ Zp-c-´-]mT§-sf F-gp-Xn-t¨À-¯m³ {i-an-¨n-«p-Å Ir-Xn-bm-Wv I-®ocpw In-

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 \m-hpw. C-¡m-c-W-¯m B-ß-I-Y-bn hn.Sn.sb H-cp ]-¨-a-\p-jy-\m-bm-Wv Im-
Wm³ I-gn-bp-¶Xv. B-ß-I-Y-bn hn.Sn.sb am-{X-am-bn Im-Wm³ I-gn-bnÃ. k-ap-
Zm-b-hp-ambpw k-aq-l-hp-ambpw N-cn-{X-hp-ambp-sam-¡w _-Ô-s¸-«m-Wv {K-Ù-IÀ-
¯m-hv {]-Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. A-Xn-\m ‘Rm-s\-¶-`mhw' Ir-Xn-bn A-{]-Xy-£-
am-Ip¶p. {K-Ù-IÀ-¯m-hn-sâ ho-c-km-l-k-IY-I-tfm, Kp-W-IW-§tfm hm-gv-
¯p-¶ H-cp Ir-Xn-bÃm-¯-Xn-\m Ir-Xyam-b Po-hn-X-ho-£-W-ap-Å F-gp-¯p-Ic-
s\ Ir-Xn-bn-ep-S-\o-fw Im-Wp¶p.
2. lr-Zyam-b `m-j-bmWv ‘I-®ocpw In-\m-hpw' B-ß-I-Y-bp-sS a-säm-cp {]-tXyI-X.
B-ß-I-Y-sb-¶m kz-´w I-Y-bmWv. A-Xv X-\n-¡-\p-`-h-s¸-«n-cp¶ t]m-se X-
s¶ H«pw am-äp-Ip-d-bm-sX a-äp-Å-hÀ¡pw A-\p-`-h-s¸-S-W-sa-¦n A-Xn-\v B-i-
b-s¯bpw hn-Im-c-s¯bpw kw-thZ-\w sN-¿m³ ]-cym-]v-Xam-b lr-Zyam-b `m-j
B-h-iy-amWv. C-{]-Im-cw lr-Zyam-b `m-jm-hn-jv-I-c-W-amWv ‘I-®ocpw In-\m-
hpw'hnepw Im-Wp-¶Xv. \-t§-a-sb-¡p-dn-¨p-Å hn-Im-c-X-c-fn-Xam-b \n-an-j-§-
fn A-Xo-h-lr-Zyam-b `m-jm {]-tbm-Kw Im-Wm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.
3. km-aq-lnI-\-thm-°m-\hpw km-ap-Zm-bn-I-]-cn-jv-I-c-Whpw e-£y-am-¡n-bn-«p-Å
B-ß-I-Y-bm-Wv I-®ocpw In-\m-hpw. A-Xn-\m [À-½m-[À-½ kw-LÀ-j-§-fp-sS
aq-ey-\nÀ-²mc-Ww Iq-Sn-bm-bn am-dp¶p hn.Sn.bp-sS B-ßI-Y. C-cp-«n \n-¶v sh-
fn-¨-¯n-te-¡v k-aql-s¯ \-bn-¡m³ ]-cym-]v-X-am-Wv C¯-cw B-ß-I-YIÄ.
4. hn-aÀ-i-\m-ßI-X, lm-kym-ß-I-Y, Im-hymß-I-Y F¶n-h k-t½-fn-¡p-¶-Xn-eq-sS
B-ß-I-Ym-km-ln-Xy-¯n hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn \n-e-sIm-Åm³ km-[n-¡p¶p.
5. kz-´w I-Y-bm-Wv hn.Sn. ]-d-bm³ {i-an-¨-sX-¦nepw kz-k-ap-Zm-bhpw A-¡me-
s¯ k-aq-lhpw sX-fn-ªp \nÂ-¡p-¶-p­v hn.Sn.bp-sS B-ß-I-Y-I-fnÂ. C-{]-
Im-cw k-aq-l-¯nsâbpw H-cp Im-e-L-«-¯n-sâbpw N-cn-{Xam-b B-ß-I-Y-bm-Wv
I-®ocpw In-\m-hpw.
6. Im-en-I-{I-aw Zo-£n-¨v ]qÀ-Æm-]-c-_-Ô-t¯m-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv I-®ocpw In-\m-hn-sâ
LS-\.
7. I-YmI-Y-\ kz-`m-hw DÄ-s¡m-Åp-¶ \m-S-Io-b-X \n-d-ª B-ß-I-Y-bnse Hmtcm
A-²ym-bhpw kz-bw ]qÀ-®-amWv.
“H-cp \Ã B-ß-I-Ym-Im-c³ A-]-{K-Y-\m-ß-I kÀ-K-i-ànbpw Po-hn-X-ho-£-
Whpw a-\p-jy-hÀ-K-¯n-sâ G-I-Xz-¯n hn-izm-kw D-Å-h\pw \nÀ-hy-àn-Ihpw h-
kv-Xp-\n-jvT-hpam-b k-ao]-\w kz-´w Po-hn-X-Nn-{Xo-I-c-W-¯n ]p-eÀ-¯p-¶-h\pw B-
bn-cn-¡-W-sa-¶” B{tµ auÀ-hm-bp-sS A`n-{]mb-s¯ FÃm-X-c-¯nepw km-[q-I-cn-¡p-
¶ B-ß-I-Y-bm-Wv I-®ocpw In-\m-hpw.

 I-®ocpw In-\mhpw t]-cnsâ Hu-NnXyw

hn.Sn.bp-sS Po-hn-X-¯n-se hf-sc Ipd-¨p `mK-s¯ am{Xw A-S-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶
B-ß-I-Y-bm-Wv I-®ocpw In-\m-hpw. ]m-c-¼-cy-h-gn-¡p th-Zm-`ym-kw am{Xw kn-²n-¨ H-
cp a-\p-jy³ kz-{]-b-Xv-\w sIm-­v a-e-bm-fhpw Cw-¥ojpw ]Tn-¨v A-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶ H-cp
km-ln-Xy-Im-c\pw hn-¹-h-Im-cnbpw Bbn ]-cn-W-an-¨-Xn-sâ G-Xm-\pw ]-Ým-¯-e-§-
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fmWv ‘I-®ocpw In-\m-hn'epw Nn-{Xo-I-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv. B-ß-I-Y-bp-sS B-cw-`w Xs¶
‘H-c-]v-^³ P-\n-¡p-¶p' F-¶ A-²ym-b-¯n A-]v-^³ \¼q-Xn-cn-bp-sS Z-b\o-b Po-
hn-X-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v ]-dªp-sIm-­m-Wv. A-Xmb-Xv I®o-tcm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv. ]Xn-s\-«ma-
s¯ h-b-Ên H-cp a-[p-c-¸-Xn-t\-gp-Im-cn-bp-sS Im-ap-I-\m-bn am-dp-¶-tXm-sS-bm-Wv
Bß-I-Y A-h-km-\n-¡p-¶Xv. A-Xmb-Xv In\m-thm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bp-Å A-´yw. A-t¸mÄ B-
ß-I-Y-bp-sS t]-cn-sâ B-Jym-\-am-Wv D-ÅS-¡w F-¶v AÀ-°w kn-²n-¡p¶p.
P\-\w ap-XÂ ]-Xn-s\-«p-h-b-Êp-h-sc-bp-Å Po-hn-X-Ime-s¯ Nn-{Xo-I-cn-¡p-¶ B-
ß-I-Y-bpsS B-Zy-`mK-¯v hn.Sn.bp-sS _m-ey-Im-e-Nn-{Xo-I-c-W-am-Wp-ÅXv. FÃm-
hÀ¡pw kp-hÀ-®-Im-e-L-«-am-bn-cn-¡p-¶ _m-ey-Im-ew hn.Sn.bv-¡v Zm-cn-{Zy-¯n-sâbpw
I-®o-cn-sâbpw Im-e-am-bn-cp¶p. CsXm-¶pw-t]m-cm-sX {K-lWn-tcm-Khpw D-®n-\-¼q-Xn-
cn-bm-b Po-hn-X-¯n-se k-t´mj-s¯ ImÀ-¶p-Xn-¶p-¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. Bdmw h-b-ÊnÂ
D-]-\-bn-¡-s¸-«-sXm-sS hn.Sn.bp-sS _meyw B-ßo-b-Xbpw ]m-c-¼-cyhpw ]n-Sn-¨-S¡n.
A-tXm-sS kzm-X-{´yhpw \-ã-ambn. AÑ-sâ in-jm-co-Xn-I-tf-¡mÄ {Iqcam-b in-£m-
hn-[n-I-fm-Wv Kp-cp-Ip-e-hm-k-¯n-e-\p-ãn-t¡-­n h-¶Xv. C-{]-Im-cw I-®o-cn \n¶v I-
®o-cn-te-¡p-Å bm-{X-bm-bn-cp-¶p _m-ey-Imew.
B-ß-I-Y-bp-sS ]-Ip-Xn I-gn-ªp ‘Kp-cp-Ip-e-hmkw' F-¯p-t¼m-tg¡pw I-®ocn-
t\m-sSm-¸w In-\m-hp-I-fp-sS a-säm-cp-Im-ew Iq-Sn A-\p-hm-N-IÀ-¡v e-`n-¡p¶p. \-t§-a-
bpw, A-½p-¡p-«nbp-sams¡ In-\m-hp-I-fp-sS hn-Im-c-X-c-fn-X-am-bXpw hÀ-®-i-_-f-
hpamb temI-s¯ Nn-{Xo-I-cn-¡p-¶ I-Ym-]m-{X-§-fmWv. C¯-cw In-\m-hp-I-fp-sS H-¸w
I-®ocpw Im-Wm³ I-gn-bp-¶p F¶-Xv \n-Xyamb kXy-s¯ HmÀ-½-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p. Xn-¿m-
Sn-s¸¬-Ip-«n-bn \n-¶v e-`y-am-Ip-¶ A-£-c-Úm-\w In\m-hp-I-fp-sS hen-sbm-cp tem-
I-¯n-te-¡m-Wv hn.Sn.sb F-¯n-¡p-¶Xv. Xp-SÀ-¶-t§m-Sp-Å hn.Sn.bpsS Po-hn-X-¯n-
se km-aq-lnI-\-thm°m-\ {]-hÀ-¯-\-§Ä-¡p-th-­ {]-Xo-£-IÄ A-¦p-cn-¡p-¶Xpw
\-S-¸n-em-¡n-¯p-S-§p-¶Xpw B-ß-I-Y-bp-sS A-h-km-\-`m-K-am-Ip-t¼mÄ Im-Wmw.
C-¯-c-¯n B-ß-I-Y-sb c-­m-bn `m-Kn-¨m H-¶n I-®ocpw a-ä-Xn In-
\mhpw ImWm³ I-gn-bpw. In-\m-hp-I-tfm-sSm-¸w I-®o-\ocpw Zr-iy-am-Ip-¶p F¶-Xv
hn.Sn.bpsS, B-ß-I-Y-bn-se k-Xy-k-ÔX-sb A-Sn-h-c-bn-Sp-¶ Im-cy-amWv. ‘I-®ocpw
In-\m-hpw' F-¶v k-ap-¨-b{]-tbm-K-¯n-eq-sS {]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xn \n¶pw D-¯-c-]-
Z-¯n-\pw ]qÀ-Æ-]-Z-¯n\pw Xp-ey-{]m-[m\yw hy-à-am-¡m³ I-gn-bp¶p. C-h c­pw
tNÀ-¶-Xm-Wv Po-hn-X-sa-¶ k-Xy-s¯ DÄ-s¡m-Åm³ ]-cym-]v-Xamb Ir-Xn-bm-Wv I-
®ocpw In-\m-hpw.
 km-aq-lnI-\-thm-°m-\hpw km-ap-Zmbn-I]-cn-jv-I-c-Whpw hn.Sn. `-«-Xn-cn-¸m-
SnÂ
km-ln-Xy-Im-c³ F-¶-Xn-ep]-cn km-aqln-I \-thm-°m-\-Imc³, km-apZmbn-I ]-cn-jv-
IÀ-¯mhv F-¶o \n-e-I-fn-em-Wv hn.Sn. Iq-Sp-XÂ {i-²n-¡-s¸-«n-«p-ÅXv. CXn-te-¡v A-
t±l-s¯ \-bn-¨ Im-cy-§-fn km-ln-Xy-¯n\pw G-sd {]m-[m-\y-ap-­v. B-ß-I-Y-I-
fnepw D-]-\ym-k-§-fn-epw, I-Y-I-fn-epw, \m-S-I-§-fn-ep-saÃmw km-aq-lnI-\-thm-°m-\-
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¯n-sâbpw km-ap-Zm-bn-I-]-cn-jv-I-c-W-¯n-sâbpw B-i-b-§fpw {]-hÀ-¯-\-§fpw Zr-
iy-am-Wv. kmaq-ln-I-amb PoÀ®Xsb D²-cn-¨p-sIm­v, kmln-Xy-¯n-eqsS ]cn-Wm-a-
t¯bpw, AXp hgn kÀÆXekv]Àinbmb hnI-k-\-t¯bpw Xzcn-X-s¸-Sp-¯p-I-
bmWv hn.Sn. sNbvX-Xv. kÀÆXekv]Àin-bmb At±-l-¯nsâ Pohn-Xs¯
sam¯¯n hne-bn-cp-¯pt¼mÄ At±-l-¯nsâ kw`m-h-\-I-sf¶v Icp-Xm-
hp¶hsb NphsS tNÀ¡p-¶p.
1. B\-µ-a-T-¯nsâ Iogn ‘hnZymÀ°n’ F¶ amknI kz´w ]{Xm-[n-]-Xy-¯nÂ
Ièn ASn-¨n-d-¡n.
2. tbmK-t£ak`-bpsS apJy-]-{X-amb “tbmK-t£aw” bph-P-\-kw-L-¯nsâ
apJ-]-{X-amb “D®n-\-¼q-Xncn” F¶o {]kn-²o-I-c-W-§-fnepÅ ]¦m-fn-¯w.
3. bmYm-Øn-Xn-IcpsS ‘kpZÀi\w’ F¶ ]{X-¯n-s\-Xn-cmbn “]mip-]Xw” F¶
]{Xw XpS§n. ]mip]X¯n ‘cP\ocwKw’ F¶ t]cn ]wàn ssIImcyw
sN-bvXp. AXnse IYIÄ ‘cP\ocwKw’ F¶ t]cn {]kn-²o-I-cn-¨p (1928).
4. BZys¯ kmaq-Zm-bnI {]l-k-\-amb “ASp-¡-fbn \n¶v Ac-§-t¯¡v”
tbmK-t£a k`-bpsS Ccp-]¯nc­mw hÀj¯n (1929 Unkw_À) Ac-t§-
dn. km-ln-Xy-¯n-\v {]m-[m-\yw \Â-Ip-¶ co-Xn-bn \n-¶p hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn km-aq-
ly-hn-j-b-¯n-\v {]m[m\yw \Â-Ip-¶ co-Xn a-ebm-f \m-S-I-th-Zn B-Zy-am-bn Im-
Wp-¶-Xv ‘A-Sp-¡-f-bn \n-¶v A-c-§-t¯-s¡'¶ \m-S-I-t¯m-sS-bmWv. \mS-Iw
k-aq-l-¯n D-­m-¡n-¯oÀ-¡p-¶ kzm-[o-\-¯n-sâ iàn F-s´-¶v hn.Sn. kz-
Ir-Xn-bn-eq-sS Im-Wn¨p-sIm-Sp¯p.
5. \mSI {]N-c-W-¯n\pw kmapZm-bnI {]hÀ¯\-¯n-\p-ambn sk{I-«dn Øm\w
Gsä-Sp-¡p-hm³ awK-tfm-Z-b-¯nse tPmen Dt]-£n-¨p.
6. \¼q-Xncn hnZym-e-b¯n hnZym`ym-k¯n\v Bfpw ]Whpw tiJ-cn-¡p-hm³
tI-cf¯nsâ hSt¡bäw hsc KmÔn-s¯m-¸nbpw Nm¡pw [cn¨ Hcp kwLw
\¼q-Xncn bphm-¡-sfbpw sIm­v bmN-\-bm{X (1931 amÀ¨vþ-sa-bv) kwL-Sn-¸n-
¨p.
7. Kpcp-hmbqÀ t£{X{]th-i\ {]N-c-W-¯n\v hSt¡ae-_m-dn \m\m-tbm-K-§-
fn {]kw-K¨paXe. s]m¶m\n Xmeq-¡nse t£{X{]th-i\ d^-d-­-¯n\v
t\Xr-Xzw.
8. Abn-t¯m-¨m-S-\-¯n\v “C\n \ap¡v A¼-e§Ä¡v XosImfp-¯pI” F¶
eLpteJ {]kn-²-s¸-Sp-¯n-b-Xn\v sIm¨n alm-cm-Pm-hnsâ AdÌv hmd-­v.
9. ]«m-¼n-¡-Sp¯v sImSp-ap-­bn 25 G¡À Øew hne-bvs¡-Sp¯v \¼q-Xncn
IpSpw-_-§fpw aäv PmXnaXØcpw Hcp-an¨v Xma-kn¨v sXmgn sN-¿p¶
tImf\n Øm]n-¨p.
10. ‘DZv_p² tIcfw’ F¶ ]{Xw {]kn-²-s¸-Sp-¯n.
11. tI-cfan{X hnhmlkwL-¯nsâ t\Xr-Xz¯n Imª-§m-«v \n¶v sN¼g´n
hsc kmaqly]cn-jvImc PmYmt\Xm-hv.
12. hn[-hm-hn-hmlw, an-{i-hn-hm-lw F-¶nh-sb t{]m-Õm-ln-¸n¨p.
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 ap³ImehÀj tNmZy§Ä
1. A-½p-¡p-«n-bp-am-bp-Å B-ß-_-Ô-¯n-sâ I-Y hn.Sn.`-«-Xn-cn-¸m-Sv sh-fn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-
sX-§s\? (2017-C)
2. hn.Sn.]-cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶ {_-Ò-Z-¯³ \-¼q-Xn-cn-¸m-Sn-sâ kz-`m-h-k-hn-ti-j-X-I-Ä
hn-h-cn-¡pI. (2017)
3. cm-a³ sN-bvX-Xp Kp-c-\n-µ-bm-Wv. D-an-¯o-bn Z-ln-¨mepw Xo-cm-¯ ]m-]-IÀ-½-am-

WXv. ‘I®ocpw In-\mhpw’ F-¶ Ir-Xn-bn ]-cm-ar-jv-S-am-Ip¶ B Kp-cp-\n-µ-

sb´v? (2016)
4. F-gp-Xp-¶-bm-fn-sâ hn-Im-c-§-fp-sSbpw A-\p-`q-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw k-Xy-k-Ôam-b B-hn-

jv-Im-c-am-Wv B-ßI-Y. ‘h-fÀ-¶p h-cp-¶ H-cm-ßmhv' F-¶ `m-Kw A-Sn-Øm-\-s¸-Sp-

¯n ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I. (2015-C)
5. B-ß-{]-iw-k Iq-Sm-sX H-cm-Ä-¡v A-h-\-h-s\-¡p-dn-¨v A-[n-I-t\-cw kw-km-cn-¡m-

\m-hnÃ. C-Xn-s¶m-c-]-hm-Z-amWv ‘I-®ocpw In-\mhpw'. Cu A-`n-{]m-b-t¯m-Sp tbm-

Pn-¡p-¶p-t­m? (2015)
6. Rm-s\-¶ `m-h-¯n-sâ A-`m-h-amWv ‘I-®ocpw In-\m-hp'sa-¶ B-ß-IY-sb hy-Xn-
cn-à-am-¡p-¶-sX-¶v \n-co-£n¡m-tam? (2014-C)
7. k-aqln-I \-thm-°m-\-¯n-sâbpw km-ap-Zmbn-I ]-cn-jv-I-c-W-¯n-sâbpw ]-Ým-¯-
e-¯n hn.Sn. `-«-Xn-cn-¸m-Sv \-bn-¨ {]-Øm\-s¯ hn-e-bn-cp-¯p-I. (2013-C)
8. ‘kXyw kz-¯n-t\-¡mÄ hn-e-]n-Sn-¨ aq-e-[-\-am-sW'¶ hm-¡p-IÄ A-\zÀ-°-am-¡p-

¶ B-ß-I-Y-bmWv ‘I-®ocpw In-\m-hpw'þ F-§-s\? (2013)

9. ‘I-®ocpw In-\m-hpw' F-¶ Ir-Xn¡v ‘In-\mhpw I-®o-cpw' F-¶ t]-cm-Wv Iq-Sp-XÂ
A\p-tbm-Pyw. NÀ-¨ sN-¿p-I. (2012)
10. ‘B A-¿-¸³ Im-hn-se A-´-co-£-¯n B Xn-¿-mSn-s¸¬-Ip-«n sIm-fp-¯n-¯-¶
sI-Sm hn-f-¡mWv. ]n-ev¡m-e Po-hn-X-¯n F-\n-¡p amÀ-¤-\nÀ-t±-iw \ÂIn-b a-
lm-tPym-XnÊv'!þ Cu hm-Iy-¯n-sâ s]m-cpÄ F-s´-¶v hn-i-Z-am-¡p-I. (2011)
11. X-sâ D-]\-b-\ IÀ-½-hp-am-bn _-Ô-s¸-«v hn.Sn.`-«-Xn-cn-¸m-Sn-sâ HmÀ-½-bn sX-fn-
bp-¶ A-\p-`-h-§Ä hn-h-cn-¡p-I. (2010)
12. ‘I-®ocpw In-\m-hpw' F-¶ {K-Ù-\ma-s¯ A-\zÀ-°-am-¡p-I-bm-Wv A-Xn-se {]-Xn-
]m-Zywþk-aÀ-°n-¡p-I. (2009)
13. ‘I-®ocpw In-\mhpw’ hm-bn-¨p-Xo-cp-t¼mÄ Ir-Xn-bp-sS t]cv ‘In-\mhpw I-®ocpw’
F-¶m-bn-cp-¶p-th­-Xv F¶ tXm-¶-ep-­m-Ip¶p. icntbm? (2008)
14. “i-co-c-¯n³-ta ap-g-¨p-\nÂ-¡p-¶ ]m-ep-®n-sb-t¸m-se hr-¯n-sI-« H-¶mWv Cu
hn-izm-k-sa-¦n-epw A-Xn-s\ \p-Ån-s¸m-«n-¡m³ an-\-s¡-Sp-¶-hÀ {]mtb-W hn-c-f-
amWv” þ G-Xp hn-izm-k-s¯-¸-än-bm-Wv hn.Sn.`-«-Xn-cn-¸m-Sn-sâ ]-cm-aÀ-iw? (2006)
15. ‘I-®ocpw In-\m-hpw’ Cu t]-cnsâ Hu-NnXyw NÀ-¨-sN-¿p-I. (2005)

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