W5

Model
Basic Networking
Drawbacks .
E
Focus
message passing only
·
on -
.

·
Often unneeded or unwanted
Functionality
-

violates
-

access
transparency
·

Low-Level
Layers
Cit S 13333)
,
,
.

Physical layer : Defines how individual bits are sent and

received between devices.

·
Data link layer :
Organizes bits into frames ,
providing error

detection and flow control .

Network Determines the

layer routing of packets network of computers
· : across a .

·
Transport layer : Is crucial for communication in most distributed systems . .
It encompasses standard Internet

protocols :

·
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) : Offers reliable ,
connection-oriented , steam-oriented .

communication.

·
User
Datagram Protocol CVDP) : Provides unreliable (best-effort) datagram
communication
Middleware
Layer
.

· Middleware developed to offer common services and protocols usable across various applications:
is

E
Diverse communication protocols.
(Un)marshaling of data for integrated systems. What's left are specialized application highly protocols .

Naming protocols enabling resource

sharing
Security protocols ensuring secure communication.
Scaling mechanisms like replication and caching.
ESBET Types of Communication
:

place for synchronization .

HTTP ITP
Distinguish
.
.

TCP/IP

Itosy nchronous VS Synchronous . .

T
Asynchronous Communication: messages are sent and received
Transient Persistent
·

Vs
. .

independently of each other, allowing the sender to continue its tasks

Transient communication: messages are discarded if they cannot without waiting for a response. It is used when immediate response isn't
required, enabling parallel processing and non-blocking operations.
be delivered immediately to the intended recipient or next server ·
↳
Synchronous Communication the sender waits for a response before proceeding (blocked
:

in the chain. This mode prioritizes real-time delivery. ensuring that communication occurs in lockstep This ensures that both parties
are synchronked In their communication but it
.

may lead to delays if the

,

receiver's response time slow

Persistent communication : involves
storing at the server
is .

messages
.

reliable delivery even

until they are
successfully . This
delivered ensures

in cases of network distruption or

recipient unavailability.
 Client/server
Client/server Transient Synchronous communication
computing typically relles
· on :

Both client and must be active

during
>
-

server communication
.

The Further actions until then

client sends request and waits
reply blocking
>
for
-

a a ,
.

The for and processes them

>
-
server
primarily waits
incoming requests in turn
.

Drawbacks of synchronous comunication

> clients are idle while

waiting for replies limiting multitasking
-

, .

>
-
Failures must be addressed immediately as clients wait for responses.

> The model not suit certain applications like email systems.
may
-

or news

Messaging.
Message - oriented middleware .

IEEERID .

FX .
#
Message-oriented middleware (MOM) enables high-level, persistent, asynchronous communication between processes:
Processes send messages to each other, which are queued. AX3h3] ,

senders don't wait for immediate them to

perform other taskss.
an
reply ,
allowing
Middleware often ensures fault tolerance, enhancing system reliability.
Basic RPC Operation .
(Remote Procedure Call EEUEBH ?

Observation :

⑨
Application developers typically work with a simple procedure model where well-engineered procedures operate independently (black box).
There's inherent limitation to
executing procedures separate machines .
·

no on

Communication between the caller and called be hidden

using procedure mechanism
·
can a -
call

process .

RPC :
ParameterPassing
&
Parameter passing in RPC involves more than simply wrapping parameters into a message.
>
-
Client and server machines
may have diffrent data representations (think of byte ordering).
>
-

Wrapping a
parameter means
transforming a value into a
sequence of bytes.

>
- Client and Server have to
agree on same encoding E. :

&
How are basic data values represented (integers, floats, characters).
↓
How are complex data values represented (arrays, unions).
Conclusion . i
Client and server must properly interpret messages by transforming them into machine-dependent representations..
Assumptions : ·
Copy in/copy out semantics: During procedure execution, no assumptions can be made about parameter values.
&

All data to be operated on is passed by parameters, excluding passing references to global data.
Conclusion :
Full access
transparency cannot be achieved
.

A remote reference mechanism enhances access transparency.

& Remote references provide unified access to remote data.
Remote references can be passed as parameters in RPCs.
Asynchronous RPCS .
Essence :
Asynchronous RPCs aim to eliminate strict request-reply behavior, allowing the client to proceed without waiting for a
response from the server.

Sending Out Mutiple RPCs

Essence :
Sending an RPC request to a group of servers. Sometimes the middleware handles this task without the client's
awareness of the additional servers required to complete the task.
RPC in Practice
.

D) CE'RPC stands for Distributed Computing Environment Remote Procedure Call developed by Open Software Foundation COSF)

Al : DCE RPC provides a standardized

way for programs to call procedures or functions on remote
systems as if they were local ,
abstracting
the complexities of network communication .

make it easier .
1 Developer could focus on .
If insted of IEEE
·
Unidgen :
generates universally unique identifiers (UUIDs) for identifying interfaces

and objects within a distributed

computing .
environment

·
Interface Definition Language (IDL) :
defines the interface between the client and server . IDL

the procedures be called

specifies that can
remotely,
with their and data
along parameters types.

Client-to-server Blinding (DCE).

Issues ,
i Client must locate (1) server machine and (2) locate the server.

Berkeley socket interface .

Es
Transient Messaging :
Sockets
. >
-

Operation .

Description .
Socket Create a new communication end point
bind Attach a local address to a socket
listen .
Tell OS what the maximum number of pending connections request should be
accept Block caller until a connection request arrives
.
connect Actively attempt to establish a connection
send .

Send some data over the connection

receive .

Receive some data over the connection .

close
. Release the connection .
 to work with
Making Sockets Easier

Observation .

a
Sockets, while versatile, are prone to programming errors due to their low-level nature. Yet, their usage patterns
remain consistent, particularly in client-server setups.
Alternative
: Zero MQ

·
offers a higher-level approach by pairing sockets
.

Each pair consists of socket for sending Lat and another for receiving them (at process Q)
messages. p)
·
one process

All communication operates asynchronously Message Passing Interface)

·
. C -
.

MP1 When Lots of Flexibility

E
Three Request-reply. is Needed
patterns: :

Publish-subscribe.
·

Pipeline. Sockets .
deemed insufficient ·
BARE
&
They were at wrong level of abstraction by supporting only simple send
and receive operations.
&
They were not considered suitable for proprietary protocols developed
for high-speed interconnection networks.
So z E ..

Message -

Passing Interface (MPI) ·

#
A standard for message passing that is hardware and platform independent.
&
Is deigned for parallel applications and tailored to transient communication.
&
Makes direct use of the underlying network.

Message -
Orented Middleware.
:
Essence : ·

Asynchronous persistent communication

through support of middleware-level quenes . Queues

correspond to buffers at communication servers.

Operations .

opv
.
Description .

Put Append a message to a specified queue.

get Block until the specified queue is nonempty and remove the first message.
poll Check a specified queue for messages and remove the first. Never block.
notify Install a handler to be called when a message is put into the specified queue.

General Arch . of Queuing system

.

Queue managers :
Queues are
managed by queue managers .
· An application can put messages only into a

local queue
.
Getting a
message is
possible by extracting it from a local quee only ->
Queue managers need : to route
messages.

Routing :

Message Broker :

Broker .

Observation :
&
Handles application heterogeneity in a message queuing (MQ) system.
Message queuing systems assume a common messaging protocol: all
6
Transforms incoming messages to the target format.
&
Very often acts as an application gateway.
applications agree on message format (i.e., structure and data *
May provide subject-based routing capabilities (i.e., public-subscribe capabilities).
representation).