E.g.

Flux of  
F  x  y 2 i  2 x j  2 yz k
over the surface 2 x  y  2 z  6 in the first octant.

n
1
2i  j  2k  Projection on the Oxy plane
3
( 0, 0, 3 ) ( 0, 6 )
( 0, 6, 0 )

( 3, 0, 0 )

S S
( 3, 0 )
 F . ds  F . n ds
    
dA
F . ds  2
x  y i  2 x j  2 yz k .n
S A n.k 
Here we consider the rojection on the plane Oxy. So, we have to
replace terms in z, in terms of x and y.

2 1
n.k  and z  6  2 x  y 
3 2


 F . ds 
A
  
x  y i  2 x j  y 6  2 x  y k .n
2 3dA
2
S

 2x  y   2 x  2 y6  2 x  y 
1 3dA
 2

3 A 2
 
1
3 A    
2 x  y  2 x  2 y 6  2 x  y 
2 3dA
2

3 y 6 2 x
( 0, 6 ) 
x0 y0 y 6  2 x dy dx

y 6 2 x


3
y 6  2 x 
1 2
 dx
( 3, 0 ) x 0
2 y 0


3

1
6  2 x  6  2 x  dx
2

x 0
2


3

1
6  2 x 3
dx
2 x 0
 
3

1
6  2 x 3 dx
2 x 0
3
  6  2 x  
1 1 4 1
2 4 2 x 0

1 1 1
    0  64
2 4 2
 
   2  3
1 1 1 4
2 4 2

= 81.
Case Two Suppose S is any surface.
We solve the equation of the surface as z  f  x, y 
Choose   f x, y   z

n
then the given surface is a level
S surface of the above scalar field.

 
  f x, y  i  f x, y  j  k
x y
 1  f f 
n  i j k
 x y 
2
 f    f   1
2

   
 x   y 
1  f f  1
  i j k  n.k   
N  x y  N


S F . ds 
S F . n ds


dA
 F. n
S n.k 
 
dA
 F. n
S n.k 
1  f f 
 F.  i 
A N  x y
j  k   N  dA

 f f 
 
F . i 
A  x y
j  k  dA

Here we have to apply z  f  x, y.
Eg.
Flux of F  yz i  zx j  xy k

over the surface x 2  y 2  z 2  a 2 in the first octant.

 x2  y2  a2
S
Projection on the Oxy plane

z  f x, y  f x, y   a 2  x2  y 2
 x x  y
f  2 2  
f  2
x a x y 2
z  y a  x 2
 y 2

y

  
f
2
 f 
2
x 2
 y 2
 a 
2
 
    1  1    z

   
x  y z 2
 z
 z x y 
So n    i  j  k 
a z z 
   xi  y j  z k 
1
a
1 z
 A.n    yz .x  zx. y  xy .z  k .n  
a a
3
  xyz
a

 
 A.d s   3  dA
  xyz .
A a   z 
S
 
 a
3
A
xy.dA
Use plane polar cdts.
 


a
2
3 r cos  r sin  r dr d
r 0  0


 
a
2
 3 r dr cos  sin  d
3

r 0  0
a 
r 4  cos 2  2
 3  
4  4  0
o

a4
 3   1  1
4
3 3
 a .
2
Eg. Find the flux of the vector field A  r
Over the surface x  y  z  a
2 2 2 2
z0

S ( curved surface)

A( plane surface)
Here projection on the Oxy plane is the disc
x2  y2  a2 , z  0

S 
ds
r.d s  r.n  n   xi  y j  z k 
1
S k .n  a
 x y z
2 2 2 z
 r .n  k .n 
a a
a

 
adA
 r .ds  a
S A z

When x  r cos  , y  r sin 

z  a2  x2  y2  a2  r 2


dA
Above integral becomes a
2
rdrd
r 0
a r
2 2
 0
 
dA
The flux is a 2
rdrd
r 0
a r
2 2
 0
a


 
r
a 2
dr d
a r
2 2
 0
r 0

2a
 2a 2
a r
2
0

 2a 3 .
Divergence Theorem
• Let S be a closed surface and V be the volume enclosed
by S. Then outward flux of continuously differential
Vector Field F over S is same as the volume integral of
div F .

S V
• i. e
F.n dA  div F dv

Eg. Let A  xi  x 2 y j  yz k .
Find the divergence of A at  ( x, y, z).
 ( 2, 1, 3).
 A  xi  x 2 y j  yz k

  2 
div F  x  x y  yz
x y z
 1  x 2  y divergence of F at ( x, y, z).

divergence of F at( 2, 1, 3) is 1  2 2  1
 6.
Eg.
Show that
 r.n dA  3V , where V is the
A volume enclosed by A.
Eg. Show that
 r.n dA  3V , where V is the
A volume enclosed by A.
Use Divergence Theorem

S F.n dA 
V div F dv
  
F  r  xi  y j  z k  div F  x y z
x y z
3

 r.n dA  V 3 dv
A
3
V dv  3V .
Eg. Verify the Gauss’ theorem
for F  xyi  yz j  zx k
over the region bounded by 0  x, y, z  1.
z
A2
S F.n dA 
V div F dv
i

i A1
y

x
LHS 
S F.n dA


A1
F .n dA 
A F .n dA  ...
2
A F .n dA
6
 F  xyi  yz j  zx k z

A 1
F .n dA A2
i

1
y0 z 0
1 i A1
 y dy dz y


1
y0 z 0
y dy
1
dz x
LHS 
S F.n dA

1

2
A 2
F .n dA 
A 2
0 dA  0
 F  xyi  yz j  zx k
z k

A 5
F .n dA
A5
1 1

x0 y0 x dx dz
A6 y
1 1

z 0 x0
dz x dx
x
k

1

2
A 6
F .n dA 
A
6
0 dA  0
 
3
LHS  F.n dA  .
S 2 F  xy i  yz j  zx k

RHS 
V div F dv div F  y  z  x

1 1 1

x0 y 0 z 0  x  y  z dx dy dz

1 1  1 

x0   
y 0  z 0
 x  y  z dz  dx dy

1 1 1
 x  y z  1 z 2 

x0  
y 0  2 
 z 0
dx dy
 1 1 1
 x  y z  1 z 2 

x0  y 0 
 2 
 z 0
dx dy

1 1
 x  y   1  dx dy

x0  y 0 
 2
1
1
 1 2 1 


x 0 


xy 
2
y   y
 2   y 0
dx

1

x0  x  1 dx
1
 1 2 
  x  x  .
3 So, L H S = R H S
2  x 0 2 Gauss’ Theorem is verified.
 Note : The Divergence Theorem connects a volume integral and an integral
over a closed surface.
E.g. verify the Divergence Theorem for Ar
S x y z
2 2 2
a ,z0
2

So ( curve surface)

 r .d s 
S  So
r .d s 

A
r .d s

A( plane surface)
 1
For the curved surface So n   xi  y j  z k 
a
x2  y2  z 2 z
 r .n    a k .n  
a a

   
dA
r .d s  r .n 
dA   a  a 2 dA
So A k .n  A  z 
  A z
 a
 2a 3 .

A
r .d A 
A
 xi  y j . k dA  0

Hence,
S
r .d s  2a .
3
 Further, div r  3 gives  V
div A dv 
 V
3dv

3
 dv
V

2a 3
 3
3

 S
r .d s  2a 3 . Hence, the Divergence Theorem is verified.

E.g.

Evaluate
 xi  y j  z 2 k .d s , S is the closed surface bounded by
S

0  x, y, z  1.
 Solution.
z
S xi  y j  z 2 k .d s


V  
div xi  y j  z 2 k dv

y

 V
2  2 z dv

x
2
Vdv  2V z dv
 2V  2V .OG
z

 2V  2V .OG

 2V 1  OG 
y
 2
1
 1  
 2 

 3
Cylindrical Polar Cdts

x  r cos 

y  r sin 

zz
Cylindrical Polar Cdts

Volume Element
dv  r dr d dz
Spherical Polar Cdts
Volume Element
dv  r 2 sin  dr d d

d

rd  r sin  d

 d
x  r sin  cos 

y  r sin  sin 
d
r sin  d
z  r cos
Volume of a sphere
v

a
V

dv
2



r 0  0  0
r 2 sin  dr d d

a  2



r 0
r 2 dr

 0
sin  d

 0
d

1 3 a
 
 r r 0  cos   0  2
3
4 3
 a .
3
Moment of inertia of a solid uniform sphere about an axis through the centre


3m
I r sin   dv
2 2 
V 4 a 3

a  2



r 0  0  0
r 2 sin 2   r 2 sin  dr d d

a  2



r 0
r 4 dr

 0
sin 3  d

 0
d

  

 sin 3  d 
 
1  cos   sin  d   1  cos   d cos 
2
 2

 0  0  0
  


 sin 3  d  
 
1  cos   d cos 
2  1 3 
  cos  cos  
 3  0
 1  1
   1    1   
 3  3
4
3
 0  0
a  2

I 
 V
r 2 sin 2   dv  

r 0
r 4 dr

 0
sin 3  d

 0
d

1
5
 
5 a 4
  r r 0   2
3
1 3m 4
  a 5   2
5 4 a 3 3

2
 ma 2 .
5
 Ex
Find the volume of the region common to regions given by x 2  y 2  a 2 and x 2  z 2  a 2.
a
a2  x2

 
z
Volume v  8 z dy dx
y 0
x 0
a
8 z
 y 0
a 2  x 2 dx

a 
a


y
x 8 2
 x 2 dx
x 0
a
 2 1 3  1 3 16
 8 a x  x   81  a  a 3 .
 3  x 0  3 3
Ex
Find the volume of the region above Oxy plane, bounded by the paraboloid z  x2  y2
and the cylinder x  y  a .
2 2 2
z
z  x2  y2 use cylindrical polar cdts.
a 2 r 2
z  r2
volume 
  
r 0 0 z 0
r dr d dz

y a r2 2
x 
r 
r 0 z 0
dz dr
 d
0
x y a
2 2 2
a
same as r  a 

r 0
r r2
 z  z 0 dr  2
 a
volume 

r 0
r 3 dr  2

1 4 a
 
 2  r r 0
4
1 4
 a .
2

Ex
Let R be the region bounded by the parabolid z = x2 + y2 and the plane z = 1. Let S be
the boundary of R. Evaluate the integral

  y i  x j  z k . d s
2
.
S
 Ex
Let R be the region bounded by the parabolid z = x2 + y2 and
the plane z = 1. Let S be the boundary of R.

Evaluate the integral

  y i  x j  z k . d s
2
.
z
z  x2  y2
S z 1
divergence theorem

 y i  x j  z k . d s
2

 2 z dv
x
y

S V
Go with cylindrical polar cdts 2

  
1 z
 2 z dv
z 0 r 0
 0
 2

 y i  x j  z k . d s
  
1 z
2 z rdrdz
2

z 0 r 0
S  0

 
1 z
 4 z rdr dz
z 0 r 0

 
1
z
 2 z r 2
r 0 dz
z 0


1
 2 z z  0  dz
z 0
1
 3
1 2
 
 2  z 
 3  z 0 3
 Ex
Let R be the region bounded by the parabolid z = x2 + y2 and
the plane z = 1. Let S be the boundary of R.

Evaluate the integral

  y i  x j  z k . d s
2
.
z
z  x2  y2
S z 1
divergence theorem

 y i  x j  z k . d s
2

 2 z dv
x
y

S V
Go with cylindrical polar cdts 2

  
1 1
 2 z dv
r 0 z  r 2
 0
 2

 y i  x j  z k . d s 
  
1 1
2 z rdrdz
2

r 0 z  r 2
S  0

 
1 1
 4 r zdz dr
r 0 z r 2

 
1
2 1
 2 r z dr
r 0 z r 2

  
1
 2 r r  r 4 dz
r 0
1
 3
1 1 6   2  1  1  2
 2  r  r     
3 6  r 0 3 6 3
Ex
Let R be the spherical region bounded by x2 + y2 + z2 = 1. Let V be volume of R.

Evaluate the integral

 V
z 2 dv . z
x2  y2  z 2  1

divergence theorem
1 3
Observe that  . z k  z 2 y
3 x

 
1 3
 z dv 
2 z k .ds
3
V S

Go with spherical polar cdts

x  r sin  cos  y  r sin  sin  z  r cos

dv  r 2 sin  dr d d
  
1 3
 z dv 
2 z k .ds dv  r 2 sin  dr d d
3
V S
 2

  cos 3  k . r sin  d d
1

 0  0 3

 2

  cos 3  cos sin  d d

1

3  0  0

 2

 
1
 cos 4  sin  d d
3  0  0


2

3   0
cos 4  sin  d
 
2


V
z dv 
2
3   0
cos 4  sin  d


2

3   0
cos 4  d cos 


2  cos  
5
  
3  5  0

2   1 1 
   
3  5 5
4
 .
15