Example 1-1:

A simply supported 230 mm × 350 mm rectangular reinforced concrete beam is subjected to the
actions as shown in Figure 1-1. Assume the support at both ends are in 200 mm. Design the
reinforcement provided that the design life = 50 years, 1.5-hr of fire rating, concrete grade = C30/37
and fyk = 460MPa.

Figure 1-1

Answer:

Reference Calculation
Load analysis:
Ultimate design load, w = 1.35 × 11.5 + 1.5 × 6 = 24.5 kN/m
wl 2 24.5 × 6 2
Mmax = MEd = = = 110 kNm
8 8
wl 24.5 × 6
Vmax = VEd = = = 73.5 kN
2 2

Nominal concrete cover:

Try, Ømain = 25 mm, Ølink = 8 mm

EC2:Table 4.2 cmin,b = Ømain = 25 mm

EC2: Table 4.4N cmin,dur = 25 mm (exposure class XC3)
EC2-1-2: Table 5.5 For R90, a = 45 mm with bmin = 200 mm < 230 mm
Hence,
a cmin,fi + Ølink + Øbar/2
45 cmin,fi + 8 + 25/2
EC2: cl. 4.4.1.3 cmin,fi = 45 – 8 – 25/2 = 24.5 mm
EC2: cl. 4.4.1.1(2)
cdev = 10 mm
cnom = cmin + cdev = 25 + 10 = 35 mm

Longitudinal reinforcement bars:

Effective depth, d = h – cnom – Ølink – Ømain/2
= 350 – 35 – 8 – 25/2 = 294 mm
 Reference Calculation
M Ed 110 × 10 6
K= =
bd 2 f ck 230 × 2942 × 30
= 0.184 > Kmax = 0.167 doubly reinf.

d’ = cnom + Ølink + Ø’bar/2; try Ø’bar = 12 mm

= 35 + 8 + 12/2 = 49 mm
d'
/d = 49/294
= 0.167 < 0.43ku = 0.43 × 0.45 = 0.194
comp. steel will yielded! Use design comp. steel strength = 0.85fyk,l

We know that qmax = 0.204, therefore qs = qmax/0.87 = 0.234

f yk ,l As1
qs =
bdf ck
bdfck 230 × 294 × 30
As1 = qs = 0.234 = 1032 mm2
f yk ,l 460
K' 0.167
Mcap = × M Ed = × 110 = 99.84 kNM
K 0.184
Mexcess = MEd – Mcap = 110 – 99.84 = 10.16 kNm

M excess 10.16 × 10 6
Asc = = = 104 mm2
0.87 f yk ,l (d − d ') 0.87 × 460 × ( 294 − 49)
As = As1 + Asc = 1032 + 104 = 1136 mm2

EC2: cl. 9.2.1.2(1) Hogging moment on top of both end supports:

+ Table NA 2 1MEd = 0.25 × 110 = 27.5 kNm

27.5 × 106
K= = 0.046
230 × 2942 × 30
2 × 0.046
q = 0.567 1 − 1 − = 0.048 < 0.057; use z = 0.95d
0.567
27.5 × 10 6
Asl = = 246 mm2
0.87 × 460 × (0.95 × 294)

Min. longitudinal tension reinf.:

f
EC2: cl. 9.2.1.1(1) As,min = 0.26 ctm bt d but not smaller than 0.0013btd
f yk
 Reference Calculation
2.9
EC2: Table 3.1 0.26 × × 230 × 294 = 111mm2; 0.0013 btd = 88 mm2
460
Use As,min = 111 mm2

EC2: cl. 9.2.1.1(3) Max. reinf.:

As,max = 0.04Ac = 0.04 × 230 × 350 = 3220 mm2

Try to propose:
Top: 2T10 (Asc,prov = 157 mm2)
Bottom: 3T25 (As, prov = 1470 mm2)
Top of end supports: 2T16 (As, prov = 402 mm2)

Ductility Checking – mid span:

f yk ,l As1, prov 460 × 1470
qs = = = 0.33
bdfck 230 × 294 × 30
f yk ,l Asc, prov 460 × 157
q’s = = = 0.036
bdfck 230 × 294 × 30
q = 0.87(qs – q’s) = 0.87(0.33 – 0.036)
= 0.256 (0.204 ~ 0.057)
Insufficient ductility, increase Asc,prov! Or else, increase h!

0.87(qs – q’s) 0.204

460 × Asc , prov
0.87(0.33 – ) 0.204
230 × 294 × 30
Asc,prov 421 mm2

Final proposal:
Top and both supports: 2T16 + 1T10 (Asc,prov = 481 mm2)
Bottom: 3T25 (As, prov = 1470 mm2)

Shear reinforcement:

BS8110-1: cl. Uniform distributed load on the beam, hence use simplified curtailment rules.
3.12.10.2 & Figure 0.08L = 0.08 × 6000 = 480 mm from centre of the support, use 2T25 (As,prov =
3.24 982 mm2; 50% of the longitudinal tension reinf. bars)

Shear force diagram:

 Reference Calculation
Check for any web crushing:
VEd,f = 73.5 – 0.2/2 × 110 = 62.5 kN

If = 22º,
EC2: cl. 6.2.3(2) VRd , max( 22) = 0.124bwd (1 − f ck / 250) f ck
Derived from Eq.
= 0.124 × 230 × 294(1 − 30 / 250)30 × 10−3
6.9
= 221.4 kN > VEd,f = 62.5 kN OK!
Hence, use = 22º

Shear stress capacity of concrete, vRd,c:

0.18
k (100 ρ1 f ck )1 / 3 ; but shall ≥ 0.035k 3 / 2 f ck
1/ 2
vRd ,c =
EC2: cl. 6.2.2 1.5

As l 982
ρ1 = = × 100
bw d 230 × 294
= 1.45% > 0.15% & < 2.0% OK!
200 200
k = 1+ = 1+ = 1.82 < 2.0 OK!
d 294
0.18 0.18
k (100 ρ1 f ck )1/ 3 = 1.82(1.45 × 30)1/ 3 = 0.77 MPa
1.5 1.5

1/ 2
EC2: Eq. 6.3N 0.035k 3 / 2 f ck = 0.035 × 1.823 / 2 × 301/ 2 = 0.47 MPa
Therefore, vRd,c = 0.77 MPa

VEd,d = 73.5 – (0.2/2 + 0.294) × 110 = 30.2 kN

V 30.2 × 10 3
vEd,d = Ed,d = ; where z = 0.9d
bw z 230 × (0.9 × 294)
= 0.5 MPa < vRd,c = 0.77 MPa

Although shear link is not required, yet we still need to provide minimum shear
link.

Nominal shear link: (a.k.a min. shear ductility steel)

0 .5
Derived from EC2: Asw,min 0.08 f ck bw 0.08 × 30 0.5 × 230
= =
Eq. 9.4 & 9.5N s f yk 250
= 0.4 mm2/m
Let say, also choose R8,
Asw,min
= 0.4
sreq
 Reference Calculation
sreq = 101/0.4 = 252.5 mm

EC2: cl. 9.2.2(6) max. spacing for shear link, sl,max = 0.75d(1 + cot )
= 0.75 × 294 (1 + cot 0º)
= 220.5 mm

Hence, use R8-200 as the minimum shear link throughout the whole span.

Additional tensile force:

EC2: cl. 6.2.3(7)) Ftd = 0.5VEd,dcot = 0.5 × 30.2 × cot 22º = 37.4 kN

Known that, q = 0.567 ku = 0.204

ku = 0.36
z = d - kud/2 = 0.36(294) = 241 mm

MEd/z = 110 × 106 /241 = 456.4 kN > Ftd = 37.4 kN

As, req = Ftd/0.87fyk = 37.4 × 103/(0.87 × 460)
= 93.5 mm2

This additional tensile force can be overcome by increasing the curtailing length
of the longitudinal tension bars by invoking “shift rule” as per EC2.

Deflection:
SLS’s Quasi-permanent comb.:
wquasi = Gk , j + P + ψ 2,i Qk ,i = 11.5 + 0.3 × 6 = 13.3 kN/m

Percentage of required tension reinforcement,

A 1136
EC2: Table 7.4N ρ = s , req = = 0.017
bw d 230 × 294
Reference reinforcement ratio,
ρ0 = 10 −3 f ck = 10−3 30 =0.0055 <
Factor for structural system, K = 1.0
Asc,req 104
EC2: Eq. 7.16a ρ' = = = 0.0015
bw d 230 × 294

l ρ0 1 ρ'
EC2: cl. 7.4.2 = K 11 + 1.5 f ck + f ck
d basic ρ − ρ ' 12 ρ0

0.0055 1 0.0015
= 1.0 11 + 1.5 30 + 30
0.017 − 0.0015 12 0.0055
= 14.15
 Reference Calculation
f yk As ,req SLS quasi − permanent combination
s = × ×
γs As , prov ULS fundamental combination
460 1136 13.3
= × × = 167.8 MPa
1.15 1470 24.5
M.F.tension steel = 310/ s = 310 / 167.8 = 1.85
EC2: Eq. 7.17

beff/bw = 1.0 < 3, therefore use:

EC2: cl. 7.4.2
M.F.beff/bw = 0.8 + 0.1(3 – 1) = 1.0

EC2: cl. 5.3.2.2(1) leff = 6000 mm

M.F.span length = 7/leff = 7/6 = 1.17 > 1.0 Use 1.0

EC2: cl. 7.4.2 (l/d)limit = (l/d)basic × modification factors

= 14.15 × 1.85 × 1.0 × 1.0
= 26.18

(l/d)actual = 6000/294 = 20.4 < (l/d)limit OK!

Spacing:
EC2: cl. 8.2(2) k1.max bar diameter = 1 × 25 = 25 mm
dg + 5 = 20 + 5 = 25 mm
Hence, min. bar spacing = 25 mm

EC2: Table 7.3N s = 167.8 MPa; therefore max. bar spacing = 150 mm

Actual spacing between bars = (bw – 2cnom – 2Ø link – nØ bar ) / (n – 1)

= (230 – 2 × 35 – 2 × 8 – 3 × 25) / (3 – 1)
= 34.5 mm > min. spacing OK!
< max. spacing OK!

Detailing: