COMP1116

Applications of ICT

Lecture # 07 Hardware Devices

Instructor: Dr. Aftab Akram (PhD CS)

Assistant Professor
 Types of Computer Components
• Based on the Dr. Von Neumann Architecture,
all today’s modern digital computers have two
main components:
– Hardware: physical components
– Software: Non- physical components
Comparison: Hardware & Software
Hardware Software
Type
Physical Component Non Physical Component
Tangible
Yes, can feel and touch No, cannot touch
How to build?
Hardware is constructed using physical parts Software is developed using some
programming language
Relationship/ Connection
Hardware work under the control of Software Software are written to use Hardware
If damaged??
Hardware is replaced by new one Software is re-installed.
Effect of Virus
No effect Virus damage Software, creating problems for
users
Comparison: Hardware & Software
Hardware Software
Electronic Transfer
Not possible to transfer electronically Can be transferred electronically
Making Copies
Cannot make copies Copies can be made
 Hardware
• The Physical Components of the computer
 Types of
Hardware

Central
Input Devices Output Devices Storage Devices Processing Unit
(CPU)
 Input Devices
• The Devices which are used to input Data and
Instructions into the Computer
• Forms of Data
o Numerical
o Alphabetic
o Pictures/Images
o Voice
Input Keyboard Alphabetic & Numeric
Data
Devices
Pointing Devices Commands

Optical Scanner Images

Source Data Entry Images

Devices
Digital Camera Images

Microphone Voice
 Keyboard
• Most Commonly used input device
• Numeric and Alphabetic Data can be input using Keyboard
• Also used to input commands and instructions
 Keyboard continue……

• Keyboard has buttons called as Keys, each key is labeled by an

alphabet, number or symbol
• Types of Keys:
• Alphabetic Keys: Keys are labeled by English Alphabets from
A-Z
• Numeric Keys: there is separate Numeric Keypad in the right
side of keyboard similar to keypad of Calculator. There is a row
of Numeric Keys above Alphabetic keys
• Function Keys: There is a row of 12 Function Keys located at
the top of Keyboard. Function keys are used to perform pre
programmed actions depending upon the nature of software
being used e.g. in Microsoft Word F7 key is used for spell
check, F1 for help menu etc.
 Keyboard Continue……

• Toggle Keys: there are three keys labeled CTRL, ALT, SHIFT.
These keys are not used alone. These are always used as the
combination of keys to give commands and to perform
different actions. For example, CTRL+S command is used to
save a file, SHIFT+ A to input upper case ‘A’, etc.
• Cursor Control keys: these keys are also known as Arrow Keys.
These are used to control movement of cursor on the screen.
• Typically used layout of keyboard is called QWERTY
• Normally a standard Keyboard has 102-107 keys
QWERTY Keyboard
 Projected Keyboard
• A projection keyboard is a virtual keyboard that can be
projected and touched on any surface
• The keyboard watches finger movements and translates them
into keystrokes in the device
• Working of Projected Keyboard
o A laser or beamer projects visible virtual keyboard onto level
surface
o A sensor or camera in the projector picks up finger movements
o detected co-ordinates determine actions or characters to be
generated
Projected(Virtual) Keyboard
 Evaluating Keyboard
• Number of Key
– Full Keyboard: 102-107 keys, extra numeric keypad on
right side, used with Desktop System
– Short Keyboard: 80-84 keys, no numeric keypad, used with
Laptops
• Types of keys
– Mechanical or soft keys
• Wired or Wireless Keyboards
• Microsoft or Apple Keyboards
• Simple and Ergonomic Keyboards
Ergonomic Keyboard
 Pointing Devices
• The devices that are used to control movement of pointer on the
screen
• Used in computers with graphical interface
• Pointing Devices are used to give commands and input data (in CAD
applications)
• Typically used pointing devices:
 Mouse
 Trackball
 Touchpad
 Touch Screen
 Mouse
• Most commonly used pointing device
• Also known as Mice, functions as a pointing device by detecting
two-dimensional motion relative to its supporting surface
• Physically, a mouse consists of a small case, held under one of the
user's hands, with one or more buttons.
• Normally a Mouse has two buttons known as Right and Left
Buttons.
• Some Mouse also have a Wheel between Right and Left Buttons
known as Scroll Wheel used to scroll multi page documents.
• Invented by Dougles Engelbart and his colleagues at Standford
Research Institute in late 1960s.
SRI Prototype Mouse
 Types of Mouse
• Mechanical Mouse
– A mouse having a ball-rolling mechanism
• Optical Mouse
– A mouse using light-sensor mechanism
 Working of Mouse
• A typical Mouse has a ball in a cavity located under side.
• The Ball-Roller Mechanism is used to transfer motion of Mouse to the
Computer.
• This Type of Moue is known as Mechanical Mouse.
 Since Mechanical Mouse works by the friction of
Ball, dust is easily adhered to it, which in turn affects
Mechanical Mouse functioning of Mouse
Drawbacks of

If the lid of cavity containing Ball is opened, Ball can

be misplaced very easily and the Mouse becomes
useless
Dealing with Mechanical Mouse
Problems
Optical Mouse: Working
• An Optical Mouse has
Light-Sensor instead of
Ball-Roller
• Light Source emits light
which is reflected back
from the surface and
Sensor detects direction
of light
• Since it does not has any
ball no problem in
working or danger of lost
 Evaluating Mouse
• Speed of Mouse: measured in Mickey, in a computing context,
is a unit for the smallest detectable movement of a mouse.
• A typical mickey would be about 0.1 mm (about 0.0039
inches).
• Sensor Resolution: measured in Dots Per Inch(DPI)
• Wired or Wireless Mouse
• Simple and Ergonomic Mouse
• Normal vs Gaming Mouse
Ergonomic Mouse
 Wireless Keyboard/Mouse
• Wires are messy,
– Do not need wire to connect to the computer
• A wireless keyboard is a computer keyboard that allows the user to
communicate with computers, tablets, or laptops with the help of
radio frequency (RF), such as WiFi and Bluetooth or with infrared
(IR) technology.
• It is common for wireless keyboards available these days to be
accompanied by a wireless mouse.
• In case of radio frequency technology, a wireless keyboard
communicates using signals which range from 27 MHz to up to
2.4 GHz.
• Most wireless keyboards today work on 2.4 GHz radio frequency.
 Wireless Keyboard/Mouse
• Bluetooth is another technology that is being widely used by
wireless keyboards. These devices connect and communicate
to their parent device via the Bluetooth protocol.
• A wireless keyboard can be connected using RF technology
with the help of two parts, a transmitter and a receiver.
• The radio transmitter is inside the wireless keyboard. The
radio receiver plugs into a keyboard port or USB port.
• Once the receiver and transmitter are plugged in, the
computer recognizes the keyboard and mouse as if they were
connected via a cable.
Wireless Keyboard/Mouse
 Track Ball
• It is similar device as Mouse, but it has ball on its upper surface
instead of under side
• A trackball is a pointing device consisting of a ball housed in a
socket containing sensors to detect rotation of the ball about two
axes—like an upside-down mouse with an exposed protruding ball
• The user rolls the ball with the thumb, fingers, or the palm of the
hand to move a cursor.
• Requires very small just of its own size to operate, unlike Mouse
which requires lot of space as compared to its size
• Track Ball were used in early Potable Computers
Track Ball
 Touch Pad
• A touchpad or trackpad is a pointing device featuring a tactile
sensor, a specialized surface that can translate the motion and
position of a user's fingers to a relative position on the
operating system that is made output to the screen.
• Touchpads are a common feature of laptop computers as
opposed to using a mouse on a desktop,
• Touch pads are also used as a substitute for a mouse where
desk space is limited.
• Because they vary in size, they can also be found on personal
digital assistants (PDAs) and some portable media players.
• Wireless touchpads are also available as detached
accessories.
Touch Pad
 Working of Touch Pad
Touch Pads operate by sensing the capacitance
of a finger, or the capacitance between sensors

Capacitive sensors are laid out along the

horizontal and vertical axes of the touchpad

The location of the finger is determined from

the pattern of capacitance from these sensors

This is why they will not sense the tip of a

pencil or other similar implement
 Touch Screen
• Touch Screens, touch panels
or touch Screen Panels are
display overlays (placed on
top of display) which have
the ability to display and
receive information on the
same screen.
• These overlays allow a
display to be used as an
input device, removing the
keyboard and/or the mouse
as the primary input device
for interacting with the
display's content
Touch Screen System Components
• A touch screen system consists of following
components:
– Touch Screen Overlay: which is actually placed on
top of display to receive user input.
– Touch Screen Controller: a hardware system that
collects input from touch screen overlay
– Touch Screen Software: a software that interprets
signals received from touch screen controller and
helps Operating System to execute appropriate
command
 Working of Touch Screen
• Resistive Touch Screen Panel
o A Resistive Touch Screen Panel is coated with a thin metallic
electrically conductive and resistive layer that causes a change in the
electrical current which is registered as a touch event and sent to the
controller for processing
o These two layers are held apart by spacers, and a scratch-resistant
layer is placed on top of the whole setup
o An electrical current runs through the two layers while the monitor is
operational
o When a user touches the screen, the two layers make contact in that
exact spot
o The change in the electrical field is noted and the coordinates of the
point of contact are calculated by the computer
o Once the coordinates are known, a special driver translates the touch
into something that the operating system can understand
o Example: Nokia 5800
Resistive Touch Screen: Working
 Capacitive Touch Screen
o In the Capacitive System,
a layer that stores
electrical charge is placed
on the glass panel of the
monitor
o When a user touches the
monitor with his or her
finger, some of the charge
is transferred to the user,
so the charge on the
capacitive layer decreases
o Example: Apple iPhone
 Surface Acoustic Wave System

o Two transducers (one

receiving and one sending) are
placed along the x and y axes
of the monitor's glass plate
o Also placed on the glass
are reflectors -- they reflect an
electrical signal sent from one
transducer to the other
o The receiving transducer is
able to tell if the wave has
been disturbed by a touch
event at any instant, and can
locate it accordingly
o Example: Touch Screen used
in ATM and Kiosk
 Gesture Recognition
• In Computer usage perspective, a gesture is way of interacting with
computer in a natural way
• Gesture recognition is technology that uses sensors to read and
interpret hand movements as commands.
• Gesture recognition enables humans to communicate with the
machine and interact naturally without any mechanical devices
• Using the concept of gesture recognition, it is possible to point a finger
at the computer screen so that the cursor will move accordingly
• Gesture recognition is an alternative user interface for providing real-
time data to a computer.
• This could potentially make conventional input devices such as mouse,
keyboards and even touch-screens redundant
 Gesture Recognition- How it
works?
• Step 1: A camera feeds image data into a sensing device that
is connected to a computer.
• Step 2: Specially designed software identifies meaningful
gestures from a predetermined gesture library where each
gesture is matched to a computer command.
• Step 3: The software then correlates each registered real-time
gesture, interprets the gesture and uses the library to identify
meaningful gestures that match the library.
• Step 4: Once the gesture has been interpreted, the computer
executes the command correlated to that specific gesture.
Gesture Recognition- Example