CLONING OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM

A
PROJECT
WORK PRESENTED

BY

FRIDAY JOSEPH UGBEDE

BASHIR ABUBAKAR

SANI IDRIS

MUSA SYLVANUS GEORGE

SUBMITTED TO: THE DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

NUHU BAMALLI POLYTECHNIC ZARIA KADUNA STATE NIGERIA.

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF

NATIONAL DIPLOMA (ND) IN COMPUTER ENGINEERING

MAY, 2024

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 00:00

CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that this project work was prepared by our group and submitted to the
Department of Computer engineering, Wuhu Banally Polytechnic Zaria, in partial
fulfillment for the award of National Diploma (ND) in Computer Engineering Technology
ENGR. MOHAMMED MUSTAPHA

______________________________ __________________________
Signature Date

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 DEDICATION

I dedicate my project to Almighty God, who has given me the grace to participate in the project.
I specially dedicate this work to my parents; and as many that have contributed greatly
to the success of my project.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would express our special thanks of gratitude to Almighty GOD, who kept us
alive to complete this project successfully
This project wouldn’t have been successful without the supportour
a b l e supervisor, ENGR.MOHAMMED MUSTAPHA for his full support and advice
in supervising this project A l s o , m y a p p r e c i a t i o n g o e s t o m y p a r e n t s a n d
s i b l i n g s , t h e y r e a l l y h a d g r e a t impacts on the success of this project.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
I
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BRANDED VERSUS CLONED COMPUTER SYSTEM
1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
1.3 MOTIVATION
1.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
1.5 METHODOLOGY
1.6 EXPECTED CONTRIBUTION TO KNOWLEDGE
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
2.2 APPLICATION AREA OF COMPUTERS
2.3 BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER
2.4 THE PROCESSOR
2.5 FUNCTIONS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM
2.6 FACTOR AFFECTING THE CHOICE OF ANY PART PRICE
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
3.1 TOOLS REQUIRED TO CLONE A COMPLETE COMPUTER
3.2 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
3.3 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE PC
3.4 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE PC
3.5 PROCEDURAL STEPS TO CLONE A SYSTEM
3.6 INSTALLING THE OPERATING SYSTEM
3.7 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE SHOWING LINK OF C
OMPUTER COMPONENT
CHAPTER FOUR
SOFTWARE

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CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSION
RECOMMENDATION
5.1 CONCLUSION
5.2 RECOMMENDATIONSREFERENCES

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 Abstract
Cloning of a computer system is very essential in a computing area. This project
focuses more on how computer system could be coupled and
m a i n t a i n e d effectively and efficiently over the years. The main reason why people go for
assembling of system instead of buying a new system is to allow them to have good and
satisfactory quality of what they want buying a new computer system might not meet the
need of some people except in situation where you go for configuration option from the
manufacturer website or related outfit. But coupling it themselves will ensure performance and
satisfaction. The main importance of coupling a computer system is to have access to all those
components and to know how to couple and disassemble it when the system is faulty.
In this project, we shall procure computer components and couple them together to make a
computer system that could rival the performance of the branded version.

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 CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Cloning of a personal computer components refers to collection Computer hardware,
which is the collection of physical components that constitutes a
computer system.
Computer hardware is the physical parts or components of a computer,
s u c h a s t h e monitor, keyboard, computer data storage, hard disk drive (HDD), graphic cards,
soundc a r d s , m e m o r y ( R A M ) , m o t h e r b o a r d , a n d s o o n , a l l o f w h i c h a r e
t a n g i b l e p h y s i c a l objects. By contrast, software is instructions that can be stored and run by
hardware.
Hardware is directed by the software to execute any command or i
n s t r u c t i o n . A combination of hardware and software forms a usable computing system. The
use of computers has touched every part of our everyday lives, the way we work,
learn or even play, it is almost impossible to go through a s
i n g l e d a y w i t h o u t encountering a computer. Modern computer system is electronic
devices that obey IPO cycles based on predefine instructions. A desktop computer is a personal
computer designed for regular use at a single location on or near a desk or table due to its size
and power requirements. Figure 1 illustrates a desktop computer. The most commonconfigurati
on has a case that houses the power supply, motherboard (a printed
circuit board with a microprocessor as the central processing unit (CPU), memory, bus, andothe
r electronic components), disk storage The case may be oriented horizontally
or v e r t i c a l l y a n d p l a c e d e i t h e r u n d e r n e a t h , b e s i d e , o r o n t o p o f a d e s k . B u i
lding andassembling a computer system, gives maximum satisfaction to
t h e u s e r a n d a v e r y rewarding experience. To Assembles Desktop PC (Personal Computer)
the users/builders of such systems are probably contemplating building or assembling a
computer instead of purchasing one pre-built or pre-assembled. This project is to enlighten us on
how a computer student can build a computer and peer t o p e e r n e t w o r k w i t h l e s s s t r e s s
a n d l e s s a m o u n t o f m o n e y , a n d h o w a n a s s e m b l i n g system and upgrading a
branded can meet up with the processing requirement of the school Laboratory. This
project has managed to purchase a branded computer free

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dosO . S , s o m e u p g r a d a b l e c o m p o n e n t s t h a t c o u l d s u i t e t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f d
e s k t o p P C expected in a modern Lab Facility.
1.1 BRANDED VERSUS CLONED COMPUTER SYSTEM
Branded computers are perhaps the best computers in the market to buy but there are still some
people who go for the cloned ones since they are cheaper and can be fabricated in the way of
choosing the computer peripherals to use. Of the two, we can single out the choice as
dependent on the end user. For the typical computer user who simply wants to use
software and do business or anything that a computer will allow them to perform, most of
them would vouch for the branded ones as offered by big name players in the computer
industry such as IBM, Compaq and Dell. Although price may be an issue, at least they are
assured of quality parts and service to which will be needed should they find themselves
distraught for sudden problems with their computer. Cloned computers or something
referred to as chop-chop, are normally preferred by the technical savvy people who can take
them apart and assemble them as they wish, using various computer hardware stuff available in
the market. Normally, the typical computer geek would have their CPU case opened since
they often want to upgrade and change parts as often as they can depends on the one
owning or using the computer. T h e r e a r e p e o p l e w h o h a v e a h i g h l e v e l o f
satisfaction when it comes to computer requirements while others are
s i m p l y s a t i s f i e d w i t h u s i n g t h e m a s l o n g a s t h e y c a n provide the needs of their
software to get their job done. It may seem obvious but depending on the nature of the person
who owns and uses these c o m p u t e r s , c h a n c e s a r e i t w i l l d i v i d e w h i c h i s f o r
b r a n d e d a n d w h i c h i s f o r c l o n e d computers.
1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
Building and upgrading the computer system on this project embarks on ga
thering different components/devices of computer system together in other
t o m a k e a w e l l - functioning computer system available to the computer laboratory
(NUHU BAMALLI POLYTECHNIC
ZARIA) a n d t o e n a b l e s t u d e n t s t o b e m o r e f a m i l i a r t o e a c h components of
the computer system. Thus, this project will cover all the process
of purchasing components, coupling/upgrading and the process of installing the OS

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(operating system) into the computer system. Building/ upgrading compute
r b r i n g s significant benefits which are identified below.
Know about computer components, and how they fit and work together.
Understanding the internal and hardware workings of a computer.
Learning computer hardware terminology
Ability to customize a computer according to specialized specifications.
Building and assembling computer system from components.
The satisfaction of a job well-done.
Technical problem-solving ability.
1.3 MOTIVATION
Considering the rates at which the previous cloned installations in the school laboratory are often
damaged as a result of component issued, the passion to know the functions of each and every
components of the computer, building/upgrading a functioning computer SFF (small form factor)
systems for use in any of the school laboratory.
1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
The objectives of this project are:
To identify small form factor (SFF) computer that will be suitable for laboratory use and stand
test of time.
To upgrade the above to meet expected performance requirement.
To install OS and necessary software.
To setup necessary configuration setting on the PC
1.5 METHODOLOGY
To achieve this system, the component that enhance their performance of c
ompletecomputer system such as; motherboard, Hard disk (size), processor
( s i z e ) e t c . a r e specified and strictly adhere to. After the procurement of necessary
components, the coupling /upgrading the system shall be carried out. Finally the operating
system (O.S) and other software are installed.
1.6 EXPECTED CONTRIBUTION TO KNOWLEDGE
This project when completed, will ensure component configuration of assembled
and branded upgrade system are to meet with the performance expectation of the computer syste
m.

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 CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
Assembling of computer system primarily specifics the ability of a computer
science s t u d e n t t o h a v e t h e t e c h n i c a l k n o w h o w a b o u t a n d h o w t o c h o o s e
b e t w e e n b u y i n g a whole or sub assembly computer system. Assembling of a
computer system regards as step by step procedure for coupling computer components for
the purpose of achieving a set of configurations required by the users.
2.1 THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
A computer is an electronic device that can be programmed to accept data
( i n p u t ) , process it and generate result (output). A computer along with additional hardware and
software together is called a computer
system.A c o m p u t e r s y s t e m p r i m a r i l y c o m p r i s e s a c e n t r a l p r o c e s s i n g u n i t ( C
P U ) , m e m o r y , input/output devices and storage devices. All these components
function together as a single unit to deliver the desired output. A computer system comes in
various forms and sizes. It can vary from a high-end server to personal desktop, laptop, tablet
computer, or a Smartphone. Computer like any other thing in the world begin from a point. In the
early days, people who performed arithmetic operation were referred to as computers, as the
innovation of computerization began, a machine that could perform these operations was
developed. This was how computer was developed. The evolution of computer could be divided
into five generations:
2.2.1 GENERATION OF COMPUTER
2.2.1.1 First Generation Computer 1940-1956 Vacuum Tubes
The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory. Their
characteristics are:
Very big, taking up entire rooms
Very expensive to operate
Using a great deal of electricity
Generated a lot of heat problem at a time.
2.1.2 Second Generation Computer 1956-1963 Transistors
Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers.

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Their characteristics are:
 The computers become smaller
 They are faster, cheaper and are more energy-efficiently
 They are more reliable than the first-generation computers.
 They used assembly language to perform operations
 Generated lesser heat
 Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and printout for
output.
2.1.3 Third Generation Computer 1964-1971 Integrated Circuit
The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation
of c o m p u t e r s . T r a n s i s t o r s w e r e m i n i a t u r i z e d a n d p l a c e d o n s i
l i c o n c h i p s c a l l e d semiconductors. Characteristics of computers in this generation are:
 They were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors.
Drastic increase in speed.
 The computers are highly efficient.
 Keyboard is used as input device.
 Monitor and printouts are used for output. Users interacted with the third generation
computers through an operating system which allowed the device to run many different
applications at one time with a central program that monitored the memory. Computers
for the first time became accessible to a mass audience
2.2.1.4 Fourth Generation 1971-Present Microprocessor
The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousa
n d s o f integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. What in the first generation fill
dean entire room could now fit in the palm of the
handI n 1 9 8 1 I B M i n t r o d u c e d i t s f i r s t c o m p u t e r f o r t h e h o m e u s e r , a
n d i n 1 9 8 4 A p p l e introduced the Macintosh. Microprocessors also moved out of the realm
of desktop more everyday products began to use microprocessors computers and into many areas
of life as more and As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked
together t o f o r m n e t w o r k s w h i c h e v e n t u a l l y l e d t o t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e I n

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 t e r n e t . F o u r t h generation computers also saw the development of GUI, the mouse and
handheld devices.

2.2.1.5 Fifth Generation (present and Beyond) - Artificial Intelligence

Fifth generation computing devices are based on artificial intelligence. They are still in
development. Applications that have been developed so far in this generation are:
 Voice recognition that is being used today.
 Parallel
p r o c e s s i n g a n d s u p e r c o n d u c t o r s w h i c h i s h e l p i n g t o m a k e a r t i f i c i a l intelligenc
e a reality.
 Quantum computation, molecular and nanotechnology will radically change the face
of computers in years to come. The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop
devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-
organization.
2.2 APPLICATION AREA OF COMPUTERS
It is a binding fact that are computers are very productive, efficient and
make
o u r personal and professional lives more rewarding. These 'magical' machines can do justabout
anything imaginable. Moreover they really excel in certain areas. Below are some of the
principal applications of the computer systems:
1. Businesses: Businessmen make bar graphs and pie charts from tedious figures to
convey information with far more impact than numbers alone can covey. Furthermore,
computers help businesses to predict their future sales, profits, cosset. Making companies more
accurate in their accounts. Computers may also play a vital role in aiding thousands of
organizations to make judgmental and hard provoking decisions concerning financial
problems and prospective trends.
2. Education: Most good schools in the world have computers available for use
in the classroom. It has been proved that learning with computers has been more
successful and this is why numerous forms of new teaching methods have been
introduced. This enhances the knowledge of the student at a much faster space than
the old traditional methods. Likewise, colleges and various universities have extended the use

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of computers as many educators prefer the 'learning by doing ‘method - an approach
uniquely suited to the computer.
3. Law Enforcement: Recent innovation in computerized law enforcement include
national fingerprint files, a national file on the mode of operation of serial killers, a n d
computer modeling of DNA, which can be used to match traces from an
alleged criminal's body, such as blood at a crime scene. In addition, computers also
contain a completed database of all the names, pictures and information of such
people who choose to break the law.
4. Transportation: Computers are used in cars to monitor fluid levels, temperatures and
electrical systems. Computers are also used to help run rapid transit systems, load
containerships and track railroads cars across the country. An important parties the air control
traffic systems, where computers are used to control the flow of traffic between airplanes which
needs a lot of precision and accuracy to be deal with.
5. Banking: Computers speed up record keeping and allow banks to offer same-day
services and even do-it yourself banking over the phone and internet. Computer shave helped
fuel the cashless economy, enabling the widespread use of credit cards, debit cards
and instantaneous credit checks by banks and retailers. There is also a level of greater security
when computers are involved in money transactions
As there is a better chance of detecting forged cheese and using credit/debit cards illegally
etc.
6. Agriculture: Farmers use small computers to help with billing, crop information, and
cost per acre, feed combinations, and market price checks. Cattle rancher’s canals use
computers for information about livestock breeding and performance.
7. Government:
A m o n g o t h e r t a s k s , t h e f e d e r a l g o v e r n m e n t u s e s c o m p u t e r s t o forecast the
weather, to manage parks and historical sites, to process immigrants, to produce social security
checks and to collect taxes. The most important use of the computer system in this field
is perhaps the Army, the Air Force and the Navy. The computers have to be very powerful
and in order to be run they have to be v e r y a c c u r a t e a n d p r e c i s e . E . g . i n t h e
use of missiles and other
likes, everyn a n o s e c o n d c o u n t s , w h i c h m a y s a v e t r i l l i o n s o f l i v e s o n

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 this planet. Thegovernment also uses computers in various simula
t i o n s l i k e t h e s p r e a d o f influenza in a particular locality.
Health and Medicine:
C o m p u t e r s a r e h e l p i n g i m m e n s e l y t o m o n i t o r t h e e extremely ill in the intensive
care unit and provide cross-sectional views of
the body. This eliminates the need for hired nurses to watch the patient twenty-four hours a day, which
is greatly tiring and error prone. Doctors use computers to assist them in diagnosing certain diseases of
the sort. This type of computer is called the Expert System, which is basically a collection of accumulated
expertise in a specific area of field. Computers are now able to map, in exquisite detail, the s t r u c t u r e
o f t h e h u m a n c o l d v i r u s - t h e f i r s t s t e p t o w a r d s t h e c o m m o n c o l d . Furthermore,
computers are used greatly in managing patients, doctors, wards and medicine records, as well as deal
with making appointments, scheduling surgeries and other likes.

8. Manufacturing Industries: Computers have made their way towards jobs

that were unpleasant or too dangerous for humans to do, such as working hundreds of feet
below the earth or opening a package that might contain an explosive device. In other industries,
computers are used to control the production of resources
very precisely. All robots and machinery are now controlled by various computers, making the
production process faster and cheaper. All the stages of manufacturing, from designing to
production, can be done with the use of computer technology with greater diversity.
9. Scientific Research:
This is very important for mankind and with the
development of computers; scientific research has propelled towards the better great deal.
Because of high-speed characteristics of computer systems, systems, researchers can simulate
environments, emulate physical characteristics and allow scientists to proof of their theories in a
cost-effective manner. Also, many test
laba n i m a l s a r e s p a r e d s i n c e c o m p u t e r s h a v e t a k e n o v e r t h e i r r o l e s i n e x t e n
s i v e research.
2.3 BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER
The first step to building a computer is acquiring the parts. This project work will
start with a quick explanation of essential parts and elaborate on them further on. A computer is
made up of a case (or chassis) which houses several important internal components,
and provides places to connect the external components, including non-
peripherals.Inside the case go the following internal parts:
Motherboard

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The motherboard is the computer's main circuit board. It's a thin plate that holds the CPU,
memory, connectors for the hard drive and optical drives, expansion cards to control the video
and audio, and connections to your computer's ports (such as USB ports). The
motherboard connects directly or indirectly to every part of the computer.
CPU/Processor
The central processing unit (CPU), also called a processor, is located inside the computer case on
the motherboard. It is sometimes called the brain of the computer, and its job is to carry out
commands. Whenever you press a key, click the mouse, or start an application, you’re sending
instructions to the CPU.The CPU is usually a two-inch ceramic square with a silicon chip
located inside. The chip is usually processor's speed is measured in megahertz (MHz), or
millions of instructions per second; and gigahertz (GHz), or billions of instructions
per second. A faster
processor c a n e x e c u t e i n s t r u c t i o n s m o r e q u i c k l y . H o w e v e r , t h e a c t u a l s p e e d
o f t h e c o m p u t e r depends on the speed of many different components—not just the
processor.
RAM (Random Access Memory)
RAM is your system's shortterm memory. Whenever your computer
p e r f o r m s calculations, it temporarily stores the data in the RAM until it is needed. This short-
term memory disappears when the computer is turned off. If you're working on a document,
spreadsheet, or other type of file, you'll need to save it to avoid losing it. W h e n
you save a file, the data is written to the hard drive, which acts as long-
t e r m s t o r a g e .RAM is measured in megabytes (MB) or gigabytes (GB). The more RAM you
have, the more things your computer can do at the same time. If you don't have enough
RAM,you M a y n o t i c e t h a t y o u r c o m p u t e r i s s l u g g i s h w h e n y o u h a v e s e v e r a l
p r o g r a m s o p e n . Because of this, many people add extra RAM to their computers to improve
performance?
Hard Drive
The hard drive is where your software, documents, and other files are stored. The
hard d r i v e i s l o n g - t e r m s t o r a g e , w h i c h m e a n s t h e d a t a i s s t i l l s a v e d e v e n i f
y o u t u r n t h e computer off or unplug it. When you run a program or open a file, the
computer copies some of the data from the hard drive onto the RAM. When you save a

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file, the data is copied back to the hard drive. The faster the hard drive, the faster your computer
can start up and load programs.

Power Supply Unit

The power supply unit in a computer converts the power from the wall outlet to the type of
power needed by the computer. It sends power through cables to the motherboard another
components. I f y o u d e c i d e t o o p e n t h e c o m p u t e r c a s e a n d t a k e a l o o k , m a k e
s u r e t o u n p l u g t h e computer first. Before touching the inside of the computer, you should
touch a grounded metal object—or a metal part of the computer casing—to discharge any static
buildup. Static electricity can be transmitted through the computer circuits, which can seriously
damage your machine.
Expansion cards
Most computers have expansion slots on the motherboard that allow you to add
varioust y p e s o f e x p a n s i o n c a r d s . T h e s e a r e s o m e t i m e s c a l l e d P C I ( p e r i p h e r a
l componenti n t e r c o n n e c t ) c a r d s . Y o u m a y n e v e r n e e d t o a d d a n
y P C I c a r d s b e c a u s e m o s t motherboards have built-in video, sound, network,
and other
capabilities.H o w e v e r , i f y o u w a n t t o b o o s t t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f y o u r c o
m p u t e r o r u p d a t e t h e capabilities of an older computer, you can always add one or more
cards. Below are some of the most common types of expansion cards.
Video Card
The video card is responsible for what you see on the monitor. Most computers have
gap (graphics processing unit) built into the motherboard instead of having a separate video card.
If you like playing graphics-intensive games, you can add a faster video card to one of the
expansion slots to get better performance.
Sound Card
The sound card—also called an audio card—is responsible for what you hear in the
speakers or headphones. Most motherboards have integrated sound, but you can upgrade to a
dedicated sound card for higher-quality sound.
Network Card

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The network card allows your computer to communicate over a network and access the
Internet. It can either connect with an Ethernet cable or through a wireless
connection (often called Wi-Fi). Many motherboards have built-
i n n e t w o r k c o n n e c t i o n s , a n d a network card can also be added to an expansion slot.
Bluetooth card (or adapter)
Bluetooth is a technology for wireless communication over short distances. It's often used in
computers to communicate with wireless keyboards, mice, and printers. It's
commonly built into the motherboard or included in a wireless network card. For computers that
don't have Bluetooth, you can purchase a USB adapter, often called a dongle.
2.4 THE PROCESSOR
Figure 2.
A processor (CPU) is the logic circuitry that responds to and
processes the basic instructions that drive a computer. The CPU is seen as
t h e m a i n a n d m o s t c r u c i a l integrated circuitry (IC) chip in a computer, as it is responsible
for interpreting most
of c o m p u t e r s c o m m a n d s . C P U s w i l l p e r f o r m m o s t b a s i c a r i t h m e t i c , l
o g i c a n d I / O operations, as well as allocate commands for other chips and
components running in computer. The term processor is used interchangeably with the term
central processing unit (CPU), although strictly speaking, the CPU is not the only
processor in a computer. The GPU (graphics processing unit) is the most notable
example, but the hard drive and other devices within a computer also perform some
processing independently. Nevertheless, the term processor is generally understood
to mean the CPU.
Processors can be found in PCs, smartphones, tablets and other computers. The two main
competitors in the processor market are Intel and Amite basic elements of a processor the basic
elements of a processor include:
* The arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which carries out arithmetic and logic operations on the
operands in instructions.
* The floating point unit (FPU), also known as a math coprocessor or
n u m e r i c coprocessor, a specialized co-processor that manipulates numbers more
quickly than the basic microprocessor circuitry can.

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* Registers, which hold instructions and other data. Registers supply operands to teal and store
the results of operations.
* L1 and L2cache memory. Their inclusion in the CPU saves time compared to
having to get data from random access memory (RAM).CPU Operations The four primary
functions of a processor are fetch, decode, execute and write back.
* Fetch- is the operation which receives instructions from program memory from systems RAM.
* Decode- is where the instruction is converted to understand which other parts of the CPU are
needed to continue the operation. This is performed by the instruction decoder
* Execute- is where the operation is performed. Each part of the CPU that is needed is activated
to carry out the instructions.
2.5 FUNCTIONS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM
Taking data and instructions from a user, processing the data as per instructions,
and displaying or storing the processed data, are the four major functions of a
computer. These functions are also known as the input function, process function, output
function, and storage
function, respectively.T o p r o v i d e t h e s e f u n c t i o n s , a c o m p u t e r u s e s i t s c o m p o n e
n t s o r d e v i c e s . U s u a l l y , components of a computer are designed to perform only one
of these four functions. But some specialized components or devices are designed to
perform two, three or all four functions. For example, a hard disk can perform three
functions: input (when files are read), storage (when files are saved), and output (when files
are written).
Components or devices of a computer, based on the function in which they are used, can be
classified into four major types: the input devices, output devices, storage devices,
and processing devices. For example, if a component processes the given instructions, thecompo
nent is known as the
Processing device
. Or if a device displays the processed data, the device is known as the
Output device
1. DATA INPUT
As we know that computers cannot work on their own. According to this, data is required in the
form of input by the users for the computer to perform certain tasks. Thus data input

19
is considered to be the initial or first function of a computer system. The computer does nothing
until data is inputted by the user (or a script or a program) to be processed as per given
instructions. Data can be supplied to the computer system manually, automatically, or both.
Manual data is supplied using input devices whenever the computer requires it or whenever users
want to accomplish certain tasks. In addition, automated data input can be done
using automated scripts, applications, and robotics. It can intelligently feed predefined data into
the computer or execute any task or program at a particular time, on start-up, based
on user’s action, click-activity, etc. Even with the data being automated, the instructions
are configured indirectly by the u s e r s t o s o m e e x t e n t . D a t a c a n b e s u p p l i e d i n
c o m p u t e r w o r d p r o c e s s i n g p r o g r a m s , spreadsheets, online forms, databases, etc.
The data is given in raw form only. The mouse and keyboard are one of the primary
input devices of a computer system, which enables users to input data into the computer.
However, there are many more input devices that help users to input data in various
forms, such as text, numbers, images, audio, video, etc. For example, webcams can
be used to input data in image or video form, a microphone can help input voice data, etc.•
Mouse: A mouse is an input device that acts as a point-and-click device and helps to
move the cursor and select specific objects on a computer's screen (also called a monitor).It can
be connected to the computer both by wire and wirelessly.• Keyboard: The keyboard
consists of several keys that help to input alphabet letters, numbers, signs, and other
information. Like a mouse, it can also be wired and wireless.
2. DATA PROCESSING
Data processing is the main function of the computer system. CPU (Central Processing U n i t )
plays a major role in the data processing. Once the raw data is given to
t h e computer, the processing part comes into play, according to which the supplied (or raw)data
is manipulated according to instructions to turn it into meaningful
information.T h e r e i s a l w a y s a c o n s t a n t d e v e l o p m e n t i n t e c h n o l o g y t o m a k e m
o d e r n c o m p u t i n g devices better than their predecessors. There has also been a big
improvement in
the processing chip or CPU of the computer. Many modern computers nowadays use theCPU in
conjunction with a graphics processing unit (GPU), making it an
accelerated processing unit (APU). This combination of CPU and GPU integrates

20
powerful graphics processing capabilities with the CPU's traditional arithmetic and local calculat
ions, making computers faster, smoother, and more powerful. The CPU of a computer is
called the ‘brain’ of the computer because it controls all the functions. It processes user
instructions, executes system scripts and commands to boot the OS (Operating System),
runs programs, etc. It is also responsible for performing arithmetic and logical
operations in computer systems. It can also store temporary data, instructions, and results with
the help of a memory unit. Each instruction is sequentially processed by the CPU and goes
through the following units:
• Control Unit: The Control Unit (CU) of the CPU controls all the
a c t i v i t i e s a n d operations of the computer. It is also responsible for controlling input/output,
memory, and other devices connected to the computer. In short, the control unit
determines the sequence of operations and decodes the instructions into commands.
• Arithmetic Logic Unit: The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) of the CPU
p e r f o r m s arithmetic and logical operations. The arithmetic unit performs mathematical
operations such as addition, subtraction, division, and multiplication. The logical unit
performs logical and decision operations such as AND, OR, equal, greater, and less
than, etc. In addition, the logic unit is also responsible for performing many other operations
such as comparison, selection, matching, data merging, and so on.• Memory Unit: The
memory unit allows the CPU to temporarily store the data, program, intermediate and final
results of the processed data. This is a temporary storage area but is vital to the functioning
of the computer. All the inputs/outputs are first stored in the memory unit and
then transferred to other units of the computer wherever necessary as
3. INFORMATION OUTPUT
After the raw data supplied by the users is processed by the computer's processor,
the processed data is sent from the primary memory to the output device by the CPU. This
result is used for a meaningful purpose. The processed data or output is referred to
as information. Information output or information retrieval is another basic function
of a computer. Output devices are typically used to present the final result of the processed data.
Monitor and printer are the primary output devices of a computer system. By default, the
monitor is the default output device for computers these days. However, there are a
variety of other output devices and users can connect one or more output devices

21
together. For example, speakers and headphones can be used for the retrieval of sound output.
The output received from the computer can also be stored in the form of soft copy or
hardc o p y . S o f t c o p y o u t p u t r e f e r s t o t h e i n f o r m a t i o n s t o r e d i n t h e c o m p u t e r
' s s t o r a g e mediums, while hard copy output is the information printed on paper, cloth, etc.•
Monitor: A monitor, also called a visual display unit, is one of the
p r i m a r y o u t p u t devices of a computer. It is made of glass, circuitry, adjustment buttons,
power supply, etc., all enclosed within a casing. It is connected to a computer to
digitally view the output contents (such as text, image, video, etc.) on the screen. • Printer: A
printer is another output device that can be connected to a computer system to make a hard copy
of the desired document, image, or information on paper. The printer takes electronic data from
the computer and creates an exact copy of it in monochrome (in this context, black and
white) or colors, depending on the type of printer. There are mainly two types
of printers, impact, and non-impact printers. Note: The process of transferring data between
the computer system and its internal
ande x t e r n a l c o m p o n e n t s i s t e r m e d I / O ( I n p u t / O u t p u t ) p r o c e s s a n d i s
d o n e u s i n g I / O (Input/Output) devices.

4. DATA AND INFORMATION STORAGE

The fourth basic function of the computer system is data and information storage.
Computer can store data temporarily, while information can be stored permanently, both
internally and externally. Data is kept in memory until it is processed into a
meaningful piece of information that can be permanently saved for future use or additionalmanip
ulation.After the input (raw data) is given, it is first stored in the primary memory for temporary
use. It is then sent for processing and the current or ongoing data is still saved on
the
Primary memory. After the data is processed, the results of the processed data are again placed
on the primary memory, which is then sent as a meaningful
piece of informationt o t h e o u t p u t u n i t s f r o m t h e p r i m a r y m e m o r y . T h e i n
f o r m a t i o n i s t h e n s t o r e d i n permanent
storage.M u l t i p l e s t o r a g e d e v i c e s a r e u s e d o n t h e c o m p u t e r ; h o w e v e r ,
R A M , R O M , a n d SSD/HDD play an important role in the functioning of the computer

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system. RAM is the primary memory and stores data temporarily, while ROM and HDD/
SSD stores data permanently. Unlike HDD/SSD, data stored on ROM cannot be modified by use
rs.B e s i d e s , u s e r s c a n t a k e a d v a n t a g e o f c l o u d s t o r a g e t o s t o r e t h e i r
p r o c e s s e d d a t a permanently, which can be accessed from anywhere on various computing
devices. • RAM: RAM or Random Access Memory is the main memory (or primary memory)
of t h e c o m p u t e r a n d t e m p o r a r i l y s t o r e s t h e c u r r e n t d a t a ( o r o n g o i n g d a t a ) .
I t h a s f a s t read/write speeds and can be accessed quickly by the computer's processor (CPU).
It is volatile memory and the data stored in it is lost when the power supply is turned off.• ROM:
ROM or Read-Only Memory is a non-volatile storage medium that permanently stores essential
computer data such as firmware. As the name suggests, the data stored income is read-only data
and is not accessible to the user for modification. It is primarily read by the computer's
processor to write/load boot-up data and system files into the primary memory.•
SSD/HDD: SSD stands for Solid State Drive, while HDD stands for Hard Disk Drive. These
are two different permanent storage devices used on a computer. Both can be
connected internally and externally. Normally, a computer uses at least one of these
storage devices internally to store the operating system. Unlike ROM,
d a t a i n t h e s e storage devices can be erased and written by the users as per their wishes

2.6 FACTOR AFFECTING THE CHOICE COMPONENT PARTS

1. Form factor
Form factor refers to the shape and size of a device. For instance, Apple have a reputation for
designing and creating extremely slim laptops. The choice of an extremely slim form factor
places restrictions on what sort of hardware can be used. For instance, you won’t find a
mechanical hard drive in any Apple laptop, as they are physically too thick to fit. L i k e w i s e ,
the size of the enclosure places limitations on the capacity of the cooling
System, and therefore components are selected with a performance level ensuring that the
cooling is not overwhelmed.
2. Power efficiency requirements
Mobile devices clearly require lower-power components than PCs and servers: a typical may
require:
 CPU – 65W

23
  RAM/Motherboard – 30W
 GPU – 200W
Storage/peripherals – 50W+that’s around 350W for a “basic” PC. The biggest laptop
batteries are found in Apple MacBook Pros, and are 100Wh – the FAA limit on battery size
for carrying on to a plane. That means it can provide 100W for one hour before it is exhausted.
But laptops can last up to ten hours on a single charge, meaning that power
consumption must be closer to10W. This obviously therefore impacts the choice of
component.
3 . P r i c e
Hardware is available at many price points; whilst generally it’d be nice to have the best of
everything, even if there were no other constraints, it is entirely possible that budget could be a
factor in choice.
4. Performance
The required performance of a system will directly dictate the choice of components
used – for instance, a server that must service thousands of clients will be configureddifferently
to a server that supports twenty clients.
5. Compatibility
Not all hardware is compatible with all software – whilst Windows is extremely good in terms
of compatibility, other Oases are more particular about the hardware. For example, Marcos no
longer supports NVidia GPUs.

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 CHAPTER THREE
3.0 SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
The various part/components and the required tools which will be used to assemble the system
and their related specification. These will be needed to assemble the components in other to
make it a complete computer system.
3.1 TOOLS REQUIRED TO CLONE A COMPLETE COMPUTER
Plier Anti-static equipment
A clean workspace
Zip ties
Rubbing alcohol
A CPU installation tool
Human effort and composure
3.2 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
System architecture is a specification detailing how a set of software and
h a r d w a r e technology standards interact to form a computer system or platform. In short,
computer architecture refers to how a computer system is designed and what
technologies it is compatible with. As with other contexts and meanings of the word
architecture, computer architecture is likened to the art of determining the needs of the
user/system/technology, and creating logical design and standards based on those
requirements.T h e p r o c e s s o r a l o n e i s i n c a p a b l e o f s u c c e s s f u l l y p e r f o r m i n g a n y
t a s k s . I t r e q u i r e s memory (for program and data storage), support logic, and at least one I/O
device (“input/output device”) used to transfer data between the computer and the outside world.
There are three categories of computer architecture:
Instruction Set Architecture: The architecture holds a collection of instructions that the
processor renders and surmises. It consists of two instruction sets: RISC (Reduced Instruction
Set Computer) and CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer). It enables versatile
implementations of an ISA; commonly differ in features such as performance, physical size, and
monetary price. It empowers the evolution of the micro-architectures, implementing ISA as an

25
exclusive, higher- performance system that can run software on preceding generations of
execution.
Micro Architecture: Micro-architecture is the structural design of microprocessor. This
computer organization leverages a method where the instruction set architecture holds a built-in
processor. Engineers and hardware scientists implement instruction set architecture (ISA) with
various micro-architectures that vary because of changing technology. It includes the
technologies used, resources, and methods. Using this, the processors physically devised to
administer a particular instruction set. Simply, it is a logical form of all electronic elements and
data pathways present in the microprocessor, designed in specific way. It allows for the optimal
completion of instructions. In academe, it is called computer organization.
System Design: System design itself defines a design that can serve user requirements like
system architecture, computer modules having various interfaces, and data management within a
system. The term product developments connective to the system design. It is the process by
which we can take marketing information to create a product design...
3.3 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE PC
The following are the component for building a pc:1 . C e n t r a l processing unit
(CPU)2.Graphics processing unit
(GPU)3 . M o t h e r b o a r d 4 . M e m o r y ( R A M ) 5.Storage Device(SSD,
NVME, HDD)6 . P o w e r s u p p l y u n i t ( P S U ) 7.System cooling(chassis).
3.4 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE PC
Software requirements d e a l w i t h d e f i n i n g s o f t w a r e r e s o u r c e r e q u i r e m e n
t s a n d prerequisites that need to be installed on a computer to provide optimal functioning of
ana p p l i c a t i o n . T h e s e r e q u i r e m e n t s o r p r e r e q u i s i t e s a r e g e n e r a l l y n o t i n c l u d
e d i n t h e software installation package and need to be installed separately before the software
is installed.
 Windows 10, 64 bits.
 Hard disk: SSD.
 Small projects (under 100 images at 14 MP): 8 GB RAM, 15 GB SSD Free Space.
 OS: Windows 10
 CPU: Intel or AMD processor with 64-bit support; Recommended: 2.8 GHz or faster
processor

26
  GPU: Recommended: NVidia GeForce GTX 1660 or Quadra T1000
 Disk Storage: 4 GB of free disk space
 Monitor Resolution: 1280x800; Recommended: 1920x1080
 Internet: Internet connection required for software activation.

3.5 PROCEDURAL STEPS TO CLONE A SYSTEM

Availability of workshop or a big table which you will put everything accordingly
must be considered first. Then next step is to un-wrap all the components/devices from their sach
ets staring from the motherboard, processor, memory etc. make sure the manuals of all the
components are intact and you follow as stipulated in other not to damage some
components. The tool/kits needed for the completion of the processes should be made available.
After this must have been done then the procedure begins;
Step 1: Mount the Processor
The first step for assembling the computer system starts with mounting the processor on the
processor socket of the motherboard. To mount the process, you don't need to apply any force.
The special ZIF (zero insertion force) sockets are usually used to prevent any damage to the
processor pins. Once the processor is mounted, the heat sink will be attached on top of the
processor. The CPU fan is also attached on top of the heat sink.
Step 2: Fix the Motherboard in the Tower Case
After fixing all the necessary components/devices on the motherboard and making sure that they
all intact then installing of the motherboard to the system case follows, it should be noted that the
power pack comes with casing bought that’s why the step is sipped here. Slide the motherboard
gently towards the back of the Case. The system board standoffs side it the keyhole slots.
Now the motherboard is to be fixed vertically in the tower case and the screws are fixed from
behind of the motherboard.
Step 3: Connect the Power Supply
Now line up the power supply at the top back end of the cabinet and screw it. The power
connectors for motherboard power supply and CPU fan power supply are to be connected. If the
cabinet cooling FAN is required then it is to be screwed at the back end grill of the cabinet and
its power connector is to be connected from SMPS.
Step 4: Install the Drives

27
Install the CD/DVD drives at the top front end of the cabinet and screw it. Install
the Hard disk drive and floppy disk drive below CD/DVD drive and screw it. Make sure once
screwed there is no vibration in either of the CD/DVD, hard disk or floppy disk drives. Readily
the space for the Hard disk and theory-ROM drives in the computer case are easy to know. The
HARD DISK and thud-ROM drive should be placed in to the casing in the form that will allow
cables to be connected. Connect power cables to your physical hard and CD-ROM drives.
Step 5: Connect Cables
Now select the appropriate data cable and connect one end of the cable to its drive socket and
another end at its appropriate connector on the motherboard. For SATA hard disk drive or
CD/DVD drives use SATA cable and its power cable, else use IDE data cable. Do the
proper jumper settings as per the usage requirement.
Step 6: Mount the Memory Modules
It is time now to mount the memory modules on the motherboard by aligning the RAM touts
socket on the motherboard and press it downward. Make sure the side tab are fixed
into the RAM notch. If not, you may still have to press a bit. Find the memory
module bank on your system board. They should look similar to what you see below. There may
only be two slots instead of four as you see. Align the notches on the memory module with the
notches on the memory module bank, and then press the module firmly into the bank. The tabs
on the sides of the module bank should secure the memory module automatically. When the
module is secure, you hear a click.
Step 7: Install the Internal Cards
Install the internal cards to its socket and attach the cables or power cable to it. The selection of
right socket or slot is required as per the type of socket.
Step 8: Cover the Tower
Cover the tower by placing it and pressing towards front side and screw it.
Step 9: Connect the External Devices and Power
Connect the external devices with CPU at its appropriate socket. It includes mouse and keyboard
at PS2 or USB connectors. Monitor at the video output socket. Connect the power cable to
the back of tower in SMPS. Plug in the power cable to the electric board.
3.6 INSTALLING THE OPERATING SYSTEM

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Now that everything is put together, we have passed all the difficult stages the rest is a cakewalk.
Here’s how to install your operating system and get everything up and running. Installing
Windows on a custom machine can take a few extra steps than installing it on a pre-built
machine. For this project we are going to use Windows 10, but we can of course install Window
XP, Linux, or even Mac OS X, if we are building a Mackintosh.
Step One: SETTING THE BIOS
When we first start up our computer, it tells us to press a key to enter setup, because it is HP.
This takes us to the setup of your Basic Inputs/Outputs System, or BIOS, here; we
can configure some of the lowest-level aspects of your new machine. We may not
actually need to edit any of these settings, but it’s a good idea to go through, get acquainted
with them, and make sure everything’s in good order before moving on. BIOS will be a
little bit different on different brands of motherboard, so your screen may not look exactly like
the images here, but it should be close.
Step Two: INSTALLING THE WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM
Next, we grab your Windows installation
DVD (or flash drive, if that be the case) and pop it in and we start up your computer which auto
matically boot into the Windowsinstaller. Once the installer loads, we hit the “Install
Now” button, accept the terms of use, and choose “Custom (advanced)” when asked what
type of installation you want we Found our primary hard drive (if you have more than one), and
click on the “Unallocated Space” partition, and Hit Next. Windows should start installing
Step Three: ACTIVATING THE WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM
The last thing we did before we actually use your computer is to install our drivers. If the
Ethernet or Wi-Fi works out-of-the-box, Windows may find most or all of our drivers for us. If
not, we’ll need to pop in the CD that came with your motherboard to install the
Ethernet or Wi-Fi drivers we need to access the internet.
Once we have gotten the internet up and running, Windows install drivers for us. It might not
catch everything though, so we had to install some manually. The CDs that came without
motherboard, video card, and other hardware are probably already out of date, so we don’t
recommend using these to install those drivers.
Step Four: INSTALL WINDOWS UPDATES

29
This is the last thing we did is to make the Windows up to date. Chances are, we
have already gotten a notification from Windows Update at this point, so we, head
into your Start Menu, to Programs, and hit Windows Update. Install all the available updates it
gives us, and reboot our computer. Check for updates again and it’ll have a whole new slew of them. We
had to do this quite a few times, but eventually it stops serving you notifications and we were
able to make all up to date.

3.7 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE SHOWING LINK OF COMPUTER

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 CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION AND MAINTENANCE
Training
The personnel in the system must know in detail what their roles will be, how they can use the
system, and what the system will or will not do. The success or failure of well-designed and
technically elegant systems can depend on the way they are operated and used.
Training Systems
Operators Systems operators must be trained properly such that they can handle all possible
operations, both routine and extraordinary. The operators should be trained in what common
malfunctions may occur, how to recognize them, and what steps to take when they come.
Training involves creating troubleshooting lists to identify possible problems and remedies for
them, as well as the names and telephone numbers of individuals to contact when unexpected or
unusual problems arise.
Training also involves familiarization with run procedures, which involves working through the
sequence of activities needed to use a new system.
User Training
End-user training is an important part of the computer-based information system development,
which must be provided to employees to enable them to do their own problem solving.
User training involves how to operate the equipment, troubleshooting the system problem,
determining whether a problem that arose is caused by the equipment or software.
Most user training deals with the operation of the system itself. The training courses must be
designed to help the user with fast mobilization for the organization.
Training Guidelines
 Establishing measurable objectives

 Using appropriate training methods

 Selecting suitable training sites

 Employing understandable training materials

 Training Methods
31
  Instructor-led training

It involves both trainers and trainees, who have to meet at the same time, but not necessarily at
the same place. The training session could be one-on-one or collaborative. It is of two types −
Virtual Classroom
In this training, trainers must meet the trainees at the same time, but are not required to be at the
same place. The primary tools used here are: video conferencing, text based Internet relay chat
tools, or virtual reality packages, etc.
Normal Classroom
The trainers must meet the trainees at the same time and at the same place. They primary tools
used here are blackboard, overhead projectors, LCD projector, etc.
Self-Paced Training
It involves both trainers and trainees, who do not need to meet at the same place or at the same
time. The trainees learn the skills themselves by accessing the courses at their own convenience.
It is of two types −
Multimedia Training
In this training, courses are presented in multimedia format and stored on CD-ROM. It
minimizes the cost in developing an in-house training course without assistance from external
programmers.
Web-based Training
In this training, courses are often presented in hyper media format and developed to support
internet and intranet. It provides just–in-time training for end users and allow organization to
tailor training requirements.
Conversion
It is a process of migrating from the old system to the new one. It provides understandable and
structured approach to improve the communication between management and project team.
Conversion Plan
It contains description of all the activities that must occur during implementation of the new
system and put it into operation. It anticipates possible problems and solutions to deal with them.
 Name all files for conversions.

 Identifying the data requirements to develop new files during conversion.

 Listing all the new documents and procedures that are required.

 Identifying the controls to be used in each activity.

32
  Identifying the responsibility of person for each activity.

 Verifying conversion schedules.

 Conversion Methods

 Direct Cutover Conversion

 New system is implemented and old system is replaced completely.

 Forces users to make new system work

 Immediate benefit from new methods and control.

 No fall back if problems arise with new system

 Requires most careful planning

 Pilot Approach

 Supports phased approach that gradually implement system across all users

 Allows training and installation without unnecessary use of resources.

 Avoid large contingencies from risk management.

 A long term phase-in causes a problem of whether conversion goes well or not.

 Phase-In Method

File Conversion
It is a process of converting one file format into another. For example, file in WordPerfect format
can be converted into Microsoft Word.
For successful conversion, a conversion plan is required, which includes −
Knowledge of the target system and understanding of the present system
Teamwork
Automated methods, testing and parallel operations Continuous support for correcting problems
Updating systems/user documentation, etc many popular applications support opening and
saving to other file formats of the same type. For example, Microsoft Word can open and save
files in many other word processing formats.
Post-Implementation Evaluation Review (PIER)

33
PIER is a tool or standard approach for evaluating the outcome of the project and determine
whether the project is producing the expected benefits to the processes, products or services. It
enables the user to verify that the project or system has achieved its desired outcome within
specified time period and planned cost.
PIER ensures that the project has met its goals by evaluating the development and management
processes of the project.
Objectives of PIER
The objectives of having a PIER are as follows −
To determine the success of a project against the projected costs, benefits, and timelines.
To identify the opportunities to add additional value to the project.
To determine strengths and weaknesses of the project for future reference and appropriate action.
To make recommendations on the future of the project by refining cost estimating techniques.
The following staff members should be included in the review process −Project team and
Management
System Maintenance / Enhancement
Maintenance means restoring something to its original conditions. Enhancement means adding,
modifying the code to support the changes in the user specification. System maintenance
conforms the system to its original requirements and enhancement adds to system capability by
incorporating new requirements.
Thus, maintenance changes the existing system, enhancement adds features to the existing
system, and development replaces the existing system. It is an important part of system
development that includes the activities which corrects errors in system design and
implementation, updates the documents, and tests the data.
Maintenance Types
System maintenance can be classified into three types
Corrective Maintenance − Enables user to carry out the repairing and correcting leftover
problems.
Adaptive Maintenance − Enables user to replace the functions of the programs.
Perfective Maintenance − Enables user to modify or enhance the programs according to the
users’ requirements and changing needs.
4.1 SOFTWARE INSTALLATION
Installing software on your Windows PC

34
Your computer allows you to do some really amazing things. Digital photo editing, sophisticated
computer gaming, video streaming—all of these things are possible because of different types of
software. Developers are always creating new software applications, which allow you to do even
more with your computer.
Installing from a CD-ROM
From the mid-1990s through the late 2000s, the most common way to get new software was to
purchase a CD-ROM. You could then insert the disc, and the computer would walk you through
the installation.
Now, almost all software has moved away from this model. Many new computers no longer
include a CD-ROM for this reason. However, if you do need to install software from a CD-
ROM, simply insert the disc into your computer, then follow the instructions.
Installing software from the Web
Today, the most common way to get new software is to download it from the Internet.
Applications like Microsoft Office and Adobe Photoshop can now be purchased and downloaded
right to your computer. You can also install free software this way. For example, if you wanted
to install the Google Chrome web browser, you can visit this page and click the Download
button.
The installation file will be saved to your computer in .exe format. Pronounced dot e-x-e, this is
the standard extension for installation files on Windows computers. You can follow the steps
below to install an application from an .exe file.
Locate and download an .exe file.
Installing the Application
The software will be installed. You can now open the application from the Start menu (Windows
7) or the Start Screen (Windows 8).
Opening the application
In our experience, the easiest way to find new software is to search the Web. For example, if you
were looking for a way to edit some personal photos on your computer, you could run a Google
search for free photo-editing software. If you're not exactly sure what kind of software you're
looking for, try describing the tasks you want to complete. For example, if you wanted a way to
create to-do lists and organize your appointments, you might search for something like free
calendar organizer software.
The Windows Store
If you're using Windows 8, you can download and install software from the Windows Store. The
Windows Store is meant to simplify the process of locating and installing software from third-
party developers—when you find an app in the Windows store, you won't have to do any extra
work to install it.

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4.2 OPERATING SYSTEM
An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware and software
resources, and provides common services for computer programs.
Time-sharing operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use of the system and may also
include accounting software for cost allocation of processor time, mass storage, peripherals, and
other resources.
For hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation, the operating system
acts as an intermediary between programs and the computer hardware [1][2] although the
application code is usually executed directly by the hardware and frequently makes system calls
to an OS function or is interrupted by it. Operating systems are found on many devices that
contain a computer – from cellular phones and video game consoles to web servers and
supercomputers.
In the personal computer market, as of September 2023, Microsoft Windows holds a dominant
market share of around 68%. macOS by Apple Inc. is in second place (20%), and the varieties of
Linux, including Chrome OS, are collectively in third place (7%) [3] In the mobile sector
(including smartphones and tablets), as of September 2023, Android's share is 68.92%, followed
by Apple's iOS and iPad OS with 30.42%, and other operating systems with .66%.[4] Linux
distributions are dominant in the server and supercomputing sectors. Other specialized classes of
operating systems (special-purpose operating systems) [5][6] such as embedded and real-time
systems, exist for many applications. Security-focused operating systems also exist. Some
operating systems have low system requirements (e.g. light-weight Linux distribution). Others
may have higher system requirements.
Some operating systems require installation or may come pre-installed with purchased computers
(OEM-installation), whereas others may run directly from media (i.e. live CD) or flash memory
(i.e. USB stick).
4.5 POWERING THE SYSTEM
An electric power system is a network of electrical components deployed to supply, transfer, and
use electric power. An example of a power system is the electrical grid that provides power to
homes and industries within an extended area. The electrical grid can be broadly divided into the
generators that supply the power, the transmission system that carries the power from the
generating centers to the load centers, and the distribution system that feeds the power to nearby
homes and industries.
A steam turbine used to provide electric power
Smaller power systems are also found in industry, hospitals, commercial buildings, and homes.
A single line diagram helps to represent this whole system. The majority of these systems rely
upon three-phase AC power—the standard for large-scale power transmission and distribution
across the modern world. Specialized power systems that do not always rely upon three-phase
AC power are found in aircraft, electric rail systems, ocean liners, submarines, and automobiles.

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4.6 INSTALLING OF SUPPORT DEVICES
A device setup tool is available for the Nureva HDL310 and HDL410 audio conferencing
system. Scanning a QR code from the bottom of the connect module with a smartphone or tablet
opens the tool. The device setup tool guides you through the installation and setup of your
system.
Device setup tool
Scan the QR code on the bottom of the connect module with a smartphone or tablet to open the
browser-based device setup tool.
Connect module enrollment code location
The device setup tool gives guidance on device installation and setup, including:
Each HDL310 and HDL410 device is paired to the specific QR code found on the connect
module. When QR code access is enabled, some device settings are adjustable through the device
setup tool. In some cases, an organization will choose to disable the QR code to prevent access to
the adjustable settings. Disabling the QR code does not limit access to the tool and the
installation tips remain available.
4.7 SYSTEM MAINTENANCE
System maintenance is the process of keeping a company's technology infrastructure, equipment
and software running smoothly and efficiently. It is a crucial aspect of running a business as it
ensures the smooth functioning of all the systems that the company depends on to carry out its
operations.

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 CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 SUMMARY

Each one of the components mentioned in the paragraphs above make up what is known as a PC
or personal computer. Personal computers have become a part of everyday life for this
generation. Without all of the hardware to store this data on communication would take a lot
longer and jobs would be more tedious. Although the computer serves to make our lives easier
they can also make us lazy and inefficient. Each piece of hardware works together to make
electronic works easier.

5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS

Computer users are to be more encouraged in cloning a computer system unit in other to increase
their knowledge based on hardware components and its functionalities.

Users should always look out for updates as regards to the latest computer hardware components.

Computer users should imbibe the habit of system implementation.

Users are to me more careful when it comes to computer system unit cloning, in other to avoid
mistake or total damage to any of the hardware components in the process of cloning.

Users are to always bear in mind the compatibility of hardware components.

Users are to be more consistence in hardware cloning.

5.3 CONCLUSION

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The computer you build will always mean a little bit more to you than one you buy, not least
because you designed it yourself and will no doubt be upgrading it from time to time for years to
come. Apart from the benefits that are attached to building your own computer to your own taste
and satisfaction, you also stand the chance to know every luck and corner of the computer
system which makes you more professional.

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