Polarisation and Intermecular Forces

Polarisation and intermolecular forces
P R E S E N T E R : S AV I YA M A S I H
Course: Access to HE- Radiography

ID Number: 637846
In this presentation, we’ll explore the
intriguing concept of polarisation and
intermolecular forces. These essential
concepts in chemistry govern various
physical and chemical properties of
substances.
Polar Molecules and Dipole Moments
• Polar molecules are asymmetrical molecules where the distribution of

charge is uneven, which leads to a positive and a negative pole.
• This occurs due to differences in electronegativity between atoms in a

molecule.
• A dipole moment measures the separation of positive and negative

charge in a molecule, indicated by the symbol µ (Greek letter Mu) and
measures in Debye units (D).
• The greater the difference in electronegativity, the larger the dipole

moment.
Examples
(Polar Molecules and Dipole Moments)
• Water(H2O) and Ammonia(NH3) are considered polar molecules.
• Water(H2O) - oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, a net

dipole moment is created. The water(H2O) molecule has a bond angle
of 104.5. The single bond moment of a hydrogen-oxygen bond within a
water molecule is 1.5 D. The total dipole moment in a water molecule is
1.84 D.
• Ammonia(NH3) - nitrogen’s higher electronegativity compared to

hydrogen results in a polar molecule. (NH3) retains a pyramidal shape,
containing 3 bonds between N and H, as well as a lone pair on the
nitrogen atom. The final dipole moment of ammonia(NH3) measures
1.49 D.
Types of Intermolecular Forces in Water
In water, intermolecular forces play a crucial role in determining its properties,
like boiling point and its ability to react with many other substances
• Hydrogen bonding: is the strongest intermolecular force in water, that occurs when hydrogen
atoms bond with extremely high electronegative atoms (which is oxygen in water) creating a
network of bonds.
• Dipole – Dipole forces: occurs between the positive end of one water molecule and the negative
end of another.
• London Dispersion forces: is quite a weak force, supposedly a temporary attraction due to
momentary changes in electron density. These are present in all molecules but are significant in
non-polar substances
Hydrogen bonding in water
Each water molecule can form up to four

hydrogen bonds due to its bent structure and
the electronegativity of oxygen. Oxygen has 2
lone pairs of electrons, that allow it to bond
with hydrogen atoms from two other water
molecules. These hydrogen bonds results in a
creation of a cohesive network, which notably
affects water’s properties.
Consequences of Hydrogen bonding in water
Water molecules at the surface form stronger
hydrogen bonds with each other, creating a skin-like
layer the resists external forces. Significant energy is
required to break the extensive hydrogen bonding
network, this results in a higher boiling and melting Water can also absorb and release a
points. larger amount of heat with minimal
temperature change, making it
important for maintaining stable
environments in nature. This is necessary
Anomalous density of water for all life, as oceans and lakes can
as solid- Ice as example, is absorb heat from the sun during the day
less dense than liquid water and slowly releasing it at night, which
because of the formation of a helps keep moderate temperature of the
stable hydrogen-bond lattice air around us. This is why coastal areas
structure, that causes it to often have milder climates than island
float. areas.
Conclusion
To conclude, polaristation and intermolecular
forces, especially hydrogen bonding is vital for
comprehending the behaviour and properties of
substances like water. These principles help explain
numerous natural phenomena and are foundational
to a wide range of chemical interactions, that
impact everything from stability of ecosystems to
the behaviour of biological molecules.
Understanding these concepts allow us to
appreciate the intricate and crucial role they play in
both nature and science.
Reference links for Images
Image 1: https://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FChemical_polarity&psig=AOvVaw3MgP9oviFZMclFf-
00chYi&ust=1717639604546000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBAQjRxqFwoTCIjmnKiww4YDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE
Image 2: https://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3AAmmonia-elpot-transparent-3D-
balls-
A.png&psig=AOvVaw2KSW04v5pUgsUgjkCdz7gn&ust=1717639520180000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBAQjRxqFwoTCLjGn42w
w4YDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAQ
Image 3: https://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fpngtree.com%2Ffreepng%2Fwater-
molecule_964234.html&psig=AOvVaw19KrLIjCUQfAC3qPTXisOl&ust=1717638851328000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBAQjRxqF
woTCJiIzMKtw4YDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAK
Image 4: https://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.hiclipart.com%2Ffree-transparent-background-png-clipart-
mpzwb&psig=AOvVaw19KrLIjCUQfAC3qPTXisOl&ust=1717638851328000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBAQjRxqFwoTCJiIzMKtw4
YDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAh
Image 5: https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.ck12.org%2Fchemistry%2Fhydrogen-bond%2Flesson%2FHydrogen-Bonding-
CHEM%2F%3Freferrer%3Dconcept_details&psig=AOvVaw2kKtbWPSHxEW6e_x3PIT52&ust=1717641698684000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978
449&ved=0CBAQjRxqFwoTCKDR1oy4w4YDFQAAAAAdAAAAABA2
Image 6:
https://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.pinterest.com%2Fpin%2F730498002050999875%2F&psig=AOvVaw2uAXAnDsNvavXY
wI5dFHsw&ust=1717643030202000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBAQjRxqFwoTCNj7hYi9w4YDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE
Bibliography
Anne Marie Helmenstine, P., 2024. Examples of Polar and Nonpolar Molecules. [Online]
Available at: https://www.thoughtco.com/examples-of-polar-and-nonpolar-molecules-608516
[Accessed May 2024].
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Polarisation and intermolecular forces

Course: Access to HE- Radiography

• Polar molecules are asymmetrical molecules where the distribution of

• This occurs due to differences in electronegativity between atoms in a

• A dipole moment measures the separation of positive and negative

• The greater the difference in electronegativity, the larger the dipole

• Water(H2O) and Ammonia(NH3) are considered polar molecules.

• Water(H2O) - oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, a net

• Ammonia(NH3) - nitrogen’s higher electronegativity compared to

Each water molecule can form up to four

CHEMISTRY, L., 2024. 10.3: Intermolecular Forces in Liquids. [Online]

ck-12, 2024. Hydrogen Bond. [Online]

Lower, S., 2024. 7.3: Hydrogen-Bonding and Water. [Online]

toppr, 2024. Dipole Moment. [Online]

toppr, 2024. Hydrogen Bond. [Online]

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