Topic 2:Communications Process

Communications is a continuous process which mainly involves three elements viz. sender,
message, and receiver. The elements involved in the communication process are explained
below in detail:

1. Sender

The sender or the communicator generates the message and conveys it to the receiver. He is the
source and the one who starts the communication

2. Message

It is the idea, information, view, fact, feeling, etc. that is generated by the sender and is then
intended to be communicated further.

3. Encoding

The message generated by the sender is encoded symbolically such as in the form of words,
pictures, gestures, etc. before it is being conveyed.

4. Media

It is the manner in which the encoded message is transmitted. The message may be transmitted
orally or in writing. The medium of communication includes telephone, internet, post, fax, e-
mail, etc. The choice of medium is decided by the sender.

5. Decoding

It is the process of converting the symbols encoded by the sender. After decoding the message is
received by the receiver.

6. Receiver

He is the person who is last in the chain and for whom the message was sent by the sender. Once
the receiver receives the message and understands it in proper perspective and acts according to
the message, only then the purpose of communication is successful.

7. Feedback

Once the receiver confirms to the sender that he has received the message and understood it, the
process of communication is complete.

8. Noise
It refers to any obstruction that is caused by the sender, message or receiver during the process
of communication. For example, bad telephone connection, faulty encoding, faulty decoding,
inattentive receiver, poor understanding of message due to prejudice or inappropriate gestures,
etc.

(Source: businessjargons)

Importance of Communication

1. The Basis of Co-ordination

The manager explains to the employees the organizational goals, modes of their achievement
and also the interpersonal relationships amongst them. This provides coordination between
various employees and also departments. Thus, communications act as a basis for coordination
in the organization.

2. Fluent Working

A manager coordinates the human and physical elements of an organization to run it smoothly
and efficiently. This coordination is not possible without proper communication.

3. The Basis of Decision Making

Proper communication provides information to the manager that is useful for decision making.
No decisions could be taken in the absence of information. Thus, communication is the basis for
taking the right decisions.

4. Increases Managerial Efficiency

The manager conveys the targets and issues instructions and allocates jobs to the subordinates.
All of these aspects involve communication. Thus, communication is essential for the quick and
effective performance of the managers and the entire organization.

5. Increases Cooperation and Organizational Peace

The two-way communication process promotes co-operation and mutual understanding amongst
the workers and also between them and the management. This leads to less friction and thus
leads to industrial peace in the factory and efficient operations.

6. Boosts Morale of the Employees

Good communication helps the workers to adjust to the physical and social aspect of work. It
also improves good human relations in the industry. An efficient system of communication
enables the management to motivate, influence and satisfy the subordinates which in turn boosts
their morale and keeps them motivated.

Types of Communication

1. Formal Communication

Formal communications are the one which flows through the official channels designed in the
organizational chart. It may take place between a superior and a subordinate, a subordinate and a
superior or among the same cadre employees or managers. These communications can be oral or
in writing and are generally recorded and filed in the office.

Formal communication may be further classified as Vertical communication and Horizontal

communication.

Vertical Communication

Vertical Communications as the name suggests flows vertically upwards or downwards through
formal channels. Upward communication refers to the flow of communication from a
subordinate to a superior whereas downward communication flows from a superior to a
subordinate.

Application for grant of leave, submission of a progress report, request for loans etc. are some of
the examples of upward communication. Sending notice to employees to attend a meeting,
delegating work to the subordinates, informing them about the company policies, etc. are some
examples of downward communication.

Horizontal Communication

Horizontal or lateral communication takes place between one division and another. For example,
a production manager may contact the finance manager to discuss the delivery of raw material
or its purchase.
Types of communication networks in formal communication:

 Single chain: In this type of network communications flows from every superior to his
subordinate through a single chain.

 Wheel: In this network, all subordinates under one superior communicate through him
only. They are not allowed to talk among themselves.

 Circular: In this type of network, the communication moves in a circle. Each person is
able to communicate with his adjoining two persons only.

 Free flow: In this network, each person can communicate with any other person freely.
There is no restriction.

 Inverted V: In this type of network, a subordinate is allowed to communicate with his

immediate superior as well as his superior’s superior also. However, in the latter case,
only ordained communication takes place.

2. Informal Communication

Any communication that takes place without following the formal channels of communication is
said to be informal communication. The Informal communication is often referred to as the
‘grapevine’ as it spreads throughout the organization and in all directions without any regard to
the levels of authority.

The informal communication spreads rapidly, often gets distorted and it is very difficult to detect
the source of such communication. It also leads to rumors which are not true. People’s behavior
is often affected by the rumors and informal discussions which sometimes may hamper the work
environment.

However, sometimes these channels may be helpful as they carry information rapidly and,
therefore, may be useful to the manager at times. Informal channels are also used by the
managers to transmit information in order to know the reactions of his/her subordinates.

Types of Grapevine network:

 Single strand: In this network, each person communicates with the other in a sequence.

 Gossip network: In this type of network, each person communicates with all other
persons on a non-selective basis.

 Probability network: In this network, the individual communicates randomly with other
individuals.

 Cluster Network: In this network, the individual communicates with only those people
whom he trusts. Out of these four types of networks, the Cluster network is the most
popular in organizations.

Barriers to Communication
The communication barriers may prevent communication or carry incorrect meaning due to
which misunderstandings may be created. Therefore, it is essential for a manager to identify
such barriers and take appropriate measures to overcome them. The barriers to communication
in organizations can be broadly grouped as follows:

1. Semantic Barriers

These are concerned with the problems and obstructions in the process of encoding and
decoding of a message into words or impressions. Normally, such barriers result due to use of
wrong words, faulty translations, different interpretations etc.

For example, a manager has to communicate with workers who have no knowledge of the
English language and on the other side, he is not well conversant with the Hindi language. Here,
language is a barrier to communication as the manager may not be able to communicate
properly with the workers.

2. Psychological Barriers

Emotional or psychological factors also act as barriers to communication. The state of mind of
both sender and receiver of communication reflects in effective communication. A worried
person cannot communicate properly and an angry recipient cannot understand the message
properly.

Thus, at the time of communication, both the sender and the receiver need to be psychologically
sound. Also, they should trust each other. If they do not believe each other, they cannot
understand each other’s message in its original sense.

3. Organizational Barriers

The factors related to organizational structure, rules and regulations authority relationships, etc.
may sometimes act as barriers to effective communication. In an organization with a highly
centralized pattern, people may not be encouraged to have free communication. Also, rigid rules
and regulations and cumbersome procedures may also become a hurdle to communication.

4. Personal Barriers

The personal factors of both sender and receiver may act as a barrier to effective
communication. If a superior thinks that a particular communication may adversely affect his
authority, he may suppress such communication.

Also, if the superiors do not have confidence in the competency of their subordinates, they may
not ask for their advice. The subordinates may not be willing to offer useful suggestions in the
absence of any reward or appreciation for a good suggestion.