VYSYA COLLEGE

SUBJECT: UNDERSTANDING INTERNET

SUBJECT CODE:

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UNIT-I: THE EMERGENCE OF INTERNET AS A MASS MEDIUM-THE WORLD OF

WORLD WIDE WEB

Define Media (Part B)

Media:

 In communication, media are the outlets or tools used to store and deliver content;

 In the late 20th century, mass media could be classified into eight mass media
industries: books, the Internet, magazines, movies, newspapers, radio, recordings
and television.

In the early 2000s, a classification called the "seven mass media" came into use. They are,
 Print (books, pamphlets, newspapers, magazines, posters, etc.) from the late 15th
century
 Recordings (gramophone records, magnetic
tapes, cassettes, cartridges, CDs and DVDs) from the late 19th century
 Cinema from about 1900
 Radio from about 1910
 Television from about 1950
 The Internet from about 1990
 Mobile phones from about 2000

The Internet carries many applications and services, most prominently the World Wide
Web, including social media, electronic mail, mobile applications, multiplayer online
games, Internet telephony, file sharing, and streaming media services.

Describe WWW (Part B)

WWW (World Wide Web)

 WWW stands for World Wide Web and is commonly known as the Web.
The WWW was started by CERN in 1989. WWW is defined as the
collection of different websites around the world, containing different
information shared via local servers (or computers).
 World Wide Web is a collection of websites or web pages stored in web
servers and connected to local computers through the internet. These
websites contain text pages, digital images, audios, videos, etc.
  Users can access the content of these sites from any part of the world over
the internet using their devices such as computers, laptops, cell phones, etc.
 A web page is given an online address called a Uniform Resource Locator
(URL). A particular collection of web pages that belong to a specific URL is
called a website, e.g., www.facebook.com, www.google.com, etc.
 The basic idea of the WWW was to merge the evolving technologies of
computers, data networks and hypertext into a powerful and easy to use
global information system.

Explain about basic terminologies of WWW?

Basic Terminologies of World Wide Web:

Web: The World Wide Web (WWW or simply the Web) is an information system that
enables content sharing over the Internet through user-friendly ways meant to appeal to
users beyond

Web Page: A web page is a document that is suitable for the World Wide Web and web
browsers. A web browser displays a web page on a monitor or mobile device.

 A static web page is delivered exactly as stored, as web content in the web
server's file system.

 A dynamic web page is generated by a web application, usually driven

by server-side software. Dynamic web pages are used when each user may
require completely different information, for example, bank websites, web
email etc.

Website: A website is a collection of related web resources including web

pages, multimedia content, typically identified with a common domain name, and published
on at least one web server. Notable examples are wikipedia.org, google.com,
and amazon.com.

Web Browser: A web browser is a software user agent for accessing information on the
World Wide Web. To connect to a website's server and display its pages, a user needs to
have a web browser program. This is the program that the user runs to download, format,
and display a web page on the user's computer.

Explain about the history of World Wide Web (Part C)

History of World Wide Web:

Tim Berners-Lee, a British scientist, invented the World Wide Web (WWW) in
1989, while working at CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research). The Web
was originally conceived and developed to meet the demand for automated information-
sharing between scientists in universities and institutes around the world.

CERN is not an isolated laboratory, but rather the central point for an extensive
community that includes more than 17 000 scientists from over 100 countries. Although
they typically spend some time on the CERN site, the scientists usually work at universities
and national laboratories in their home countries. Reliable communication tools are
therefore essential.

Tim Berners-Lee wrote the first proposal for the World Wide Web in March 1989
and his second proposal in May 1990. Together with Belgian systems engineer Robert
Cailliau, this was formalised as a management proposal in November 1990. This outlined
the principal concepts and it defined important terms behind the Web. The document
described a "hypertext project" called "Worldwide Web" in which a "web" of "hypertext
documents" could be viewed by “browsers”.

In 1991, Berners-Lee released his WWW software. It included the ‘line-mode’

browser, Web server software and a library for developers. In March 1991, the software
became available to colleagues using CERN computers. A few months later, in August
1991, he announced the WWW software on Internet newsgroups and interest in the project
spread around the world.

The WWW design allowed easy access to existing information and an early web
page linked to information useful to CERN scientists. A search facility relied on keywords -
there were no search engines in the early years.

Explain about development history of WWW (Part C)

Developmental history of WWW:

 Tim Berners Lee invented websites in 1989 that the internet of today was truly born.
The World Wide Web has been evolving ever since.

1989-1993: Tim Berners-Lee Invents the World Wide Web:

 Tim Berners-Lee was a scientist working at CERN in the late 1980s and early ‘90s.
CERN’s need to share data prompted Tim Berners-Lee to submit a draft proposal for
a new kind of distributed information system.

 By the end of 1990, Tim had laid the foundations of the modern-day World Wide
Web. He developed the first web browser, which was called WorldWideWeb.

1992-1995: The First Graphical Browsers

 The Worldwide Web browser Tim developed was little more than a text editor. It
wasn’t until 1992 the first graphical browsers that could handle images emerged.

 NCSA released Mosaic in 1993, the first graphical browser that popularized
browsing. Mosaic could display images alongside text. Users could now view
websites that incorporated text, images, videos, and sound for the first time within
Mosaic. Mosaic soon became the biggest browser, with a user base eclipsing the
one-million mark.

1995: JavaScript Shakes Up the Web

  Websites during the World Wide Web’s early years were rather basic. However, that
started to change in 1995 when the programmer Brandan Eich developed the
JavaScript scripting language for webpages.

1995-2000: The Dot.com Boom

It didn’t take long for the first entrepreneurs to recognize the commercial potential of
websites during the dot.com boom. Jeff Bezos founded the Amazon site in 1995. Though
Bezos originally called it Cadabara , he later chose Amazon, one of the world’s longest
rivers, to be the name. Amazon started as a website selling books but expanded to sell much,
much more as it became the world’s largest online retailer.

1999-2003: The First Blogging Platforms Were Established

Blogs (online web diaries and journals) became the new big thing on the World Wide Web
during 1999-2003. Blogger was one of the first notable blogging platforms established in
1999 that enabled users to set up online journals from templates. Users could now establish
an online presence without needing to design and upload websites with software.

2004-2006: The Rise of Social Media

In 2004, Mark Zuckerberg founded Facebook. Facebook was among the first websites to
popularize social media. Zuckerberg designed Facebook to be a blue site because of his red-
green color-blinded vision. The sharing of content, opinions, and information via online
communities and networks Facebook facilitated became known as social media.

2006: Google Unleashes Docs, Sheets, and Slides

Cloud computing became the buzzword of the World Wide Web when Google launched the
online Docs, Sheets, and Slides productivity apps in 2006.

2008-2012: Google Chrome Becomes the World’s Favorite Web Browser

Internet Explorer was still the world’s foremost web browser by 2008. It might have
remained the king of browsers had Larry Page and Sergey Brin listened to the then Google
CEO Eric Schmidt in 2008.

2015: Microsoft Launches Edge

Microsoft could only watch in horror as Internet Explorer’s user share plummeted in the
years after. As Internet Explorer struggled to compete with Chrome, the big M released the
Edge browser in 2015.

2020: HTML 5 Replaces Adobe Flash

Adobe Flash was once the dominant multimedia content format on the World Wide Web. It
was used for adding multimedia content, such as animations and videos, to websites. Many
website games were also based on Adobe Flash.

2022-2023: The Web 3.0 Boom and the Coming of AI

Web 3.0 is the next iteration of the World Wide Web, which Tim Berners-Lee has spoken
about with news channels in recent years.

The Web Changed the World

The World Wide Web is 34 years old as of March 2023. It was undoubtedly one of the
greatest inventions of the 20th century alongside cars, airplanes, PCs, and televisions.

Describe the working procedure of WWW (Part B)

How World Wide Web works?

WWW is a collection of websites connected to the internet so that people can search and
share information.

The Web works as per the internet's basic client-server format as shown in the
following image. The servers store and transfer web pages or information to user's
computers on the network when requested by the users.

A web server is a software program which serves the web pages requested by web
users using a browser. The computer of a user who requests documents from a server is
known as a client. Browser, which is installed on the user' computer, allows users to view
the retrieved documents.

All the websites are stored in web servers. Just as someone lives on rent in a house, a
website occupies a space in a server and remains stored in it. The server hosts the website
whenever a user requests its Webpages, and the website owner has to pay the hosting price
for the same.

Web pages are linked together using hyperlinks which are Hyper Text Markup
Language (HTML)-formatted and, also referred to as hypertext, these are the fundamental
units of the Internet and are accessed through Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Such
digital connections, or links, allow users to easily access desired information by connecting
relevant pieces of information. The benefit of hypertext is it allows you to pick a word or
phrase from the text and click on other sites that have more information about it.

Explain about features of WWW (Part B)

Features of WWW:
 WWW is open source.
 It is a distributed system spread across various websites.
 It is a Hypertext Information System.
 It is Cross-Platform.
 Uses Web Browsers to provide a single interface for many services.
 Dynamic, Interactive and Evolving.

What are the components of Web? (Part B)

Components of the Web:
There are 3 components of the web:
 Uniform Resource Locator (URL): serves as a system for resources on the web.
 Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP): specifies communication of browser and
server.
 Hyper Text Mark-up Language (HTML): defines the structure, organisation and
content of a web page.

Benefits of World Wide Web

 Availability of information that is you are able to access information from anywhere
and also makes friends from across the globe.
 Reduces the cost of divulgation.
 Rapid interactive communication which can be used for different services.
 Exchange of huge volumes of as well as establishment of professional contact.
 Low cost of initial connection.
 Facilitates the establishment of professional contact.
 No barriers to divulgation.
 Facilitates access to different sources of information, which is continuously
updated.
 It has become the global media.

Some disadvantages are:

 Danger of overload and excess information.

 Efficient information search strategy is required.
 The search can be slow.
 It may be difficult to filter and prioritise the information.
 Net also becomes overloaded because large number of users.
 No quality control over the available data etc.
 Questions and Answers

Part-A

1. The World Wide Web was publicly introduced for the first time by computer scientist,
named

(a) Gerald Pearson (b) Daryl Chaplin

(c) Calvin Fuller (d) Tim Berners Lee

2. The World Wide Web is publicly introduced in

(a) 1949 (b) 1989 (c) 1995 (d) 1980

3. The acronym of HTML is

(a) Hyper Target Markup Language (b) Hyper Text Markup Language

(c) Hyper Text Making Language (d) High Text Markup Language

4. Which is serves as a system for resources on the web?

(a) HTTP (b) HTML (c) URL (d) WWW

5. The Acronym of CERN is,

(a) An institution (b) An University

(c) A Laboratory (d) A College

6. Which one of the following is an example for search engine?

(a) Instagram (b) Google (c) Face Book (d) Twitter

7. What is web page?

(a) A document written in HTML (b) A website written in HTML

(c) Collection of documents (d) Directory

8. Which of the following is not a web browser?

(a) Internet Explorer (b) Microsoft Edge

(c) Mozilla Firefox (d) Twitter

9. WWW Stands for

 (a) World Wide Web (b) World Web Wide

(c) Wide Web World (d) Webpage Wide web

10. Which is used to link the web pages together?

(a) Hypertext (b) Hyperlink

(c) Website (d) HTTP

11. The acronym of HTTP is,

(a) Hypertext Transfer Protocol (b) Hyperlink Transfer Protocol

(c) Hypertext Markup Protocol (d) Hypertext translate protocol

12. Which is not a component of web?

(a) Uniform Resource Locator (b) Hypertext transfer protocol

(c) Hypertext markup language (d) Dynamic Link Protocol

13. What is generated by web application usually driven by server-side software?

(a) Static Web Page (b) Web Page (c) dynamic Web Page (d) Web
Servers

14. What is delivered exactly as stored as web content in the web server file system?

(a)Dynamic web page (b) web page (c) static web page (d) web server

15. A software user agent for accessing information on the World Wide Web is,

(a)Dynamic web page (b) web page (c) static web page (d) web server

Part B (5 Marks)
1. Define Media
2. Explain the working procedure for WWW.
3. Describe the features of WWW.
4. Explain the Components of WWW.
5. What is web page and explain about the types of web pages?

Part C (10 Marks)

1. Explain about the history of WWW.

2. Explain about developmental history of WWW.
3. Explain the basic terminologies of World Wide Web in detail.
UNIT-II: FEATURES OF INTERNET AS A TECHNOLOGY

Internet:

The Internet is the foremost important tool and the prominent resource that is being used
by almost every person across the globe. It connects millions of computers, webpages,
websites, and servers. Using the internet we can send emails, photos, videos, and
messages to others.

 Internet, a system architecture that has revolutionized mass communication, mass

media, and commerce by allowing various computer networks around the world to
interconnect.
 Sometimes referred to as a “network of networks,” the Internet emerged in
the United States in the 1970s but did not become visible to the general public until
the early 1990s.
 Internet supports human communication via social media, electronic mail (e-mail),
“chat rooms,” newsgroups, and audio and video transmission and allows people to
work collaboratively at many different locations.
 Internet supports access to digital information by many applications, including
the World Wide Web. The Internet has proved to be a producing ground for a large
and growing number of “e-businesses” that carry out most of their sales and services
over the Internet.

History of the Internet

The Internet came in the year 1960 with the creation of the first working model
called ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency). It allowed multiple computers to
work on a single network which was their biggest achievement at that time. ARPANET uses
packet switching to communicate multiple computer systems under a single network. In
October 1969, using ARPANET first message was transferred from one computer to
another. After that technology continues to grow.
How Does the Internet Work?
The actual working of the internet takes place with the help of clients and servers.
Here the client is a laptop that is directly connected to the internet and servers are the
computers connected indirectly to the Internet and they are having all the websites stored in
those large computers. These servers are connected to the internet with the help of ISP
(Internet Service Providers) and will be identified with the IP address.
 An Internet Service Provider is also known as an Internet Access Provider or
an online service provider. An Internet Service Provider is a must if one
wants to connect to the internet.
  The customers have to pay the internet service provider a nominal fee which
varies according to the amount of data they actually use or the data plan
which they purchase.
 IP Address stands for Internet Protocol Address. Every PC/Local machine is
having an IP address and that IP address is provided by the Internet Service
Providers (ISPs).
 Every laptop and desktop has its own unique IP address for identification.
It’s an important part of Internet technology. An IP address is displayed as a
set of four-digit like 192.154.3.29. Here each number on the set ranges from
0 to 255. Hence, the totals IP address range from 0.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255.

Uses of Internet

Online Booking & Orders : The Internet has made it a lot easier for people to book tickets
for buses, trains, flights (domestic and international) directly using their devices from
anywhere. Besides, people can order a wide variety of products at home using the Internet
and devices.

Cashless Transactions: Most countries are promoting cashless transactions and digital
payments. This helps people not carry much cash. People can pay their bills through debit or
credit cards using POS devices. These devices are connected to the payment gateway on the
Internet. Besides, People can also use their smartphone and the Internet for processing
transactions on UPI (Unified Payment Interface).

Education: Most of the devices nowadays are connected through the Internet. The Internet
has the availability of broad educational content on any topic with different types.

Online Banking & Trading: The way of banking has changed after the introduction of the
Internet. The Internet has made banking online where people can manage their bank
accounts while sitting at home or traveling abroad.

Research: The Internet is playing a significant role in the field of research. Before the use of
the Internet, it was quite hard to look for information about anything. People had to go
through hundreds of books for references to find the desired information.
Electronic Mail: Email or electronic mail is one of the first significant uses of the Internet.
The email has enabled faster communication between people on the Internet.

Job Search: Getting a job is a lot easier than before. Any person can view relevant job
information using the Internet. Earlier, people had to go through each company individually
to know if a position was vacant or not.

Social Networking: Social networking sites have connected people around the world. Social
networking is an essential part of the Internet. With the help of the Internet, people have got
the ability to form social groups where they can share information, thoughts and ideas about
anything.

Collaboration: Due to the Internet, communication has become easier and better. You can
easily connect with anyone on the Internet, texting, calling or video calling.

E-Commerce: The Internet is not just limited to ordering things; it can also be used to sell
products. Many e-commerce websites allow businesses and individuals to sell their
products.

Navigation: The navigation mechanism is one of the most beneficial uses of the Internet.
Once a user put the location in the online maps (such as Google maps), it provides all the
details about that location.
File Transfer: The Internet has made file transfer between systems or devices easier.
With FTP (File Transfer Protocol), data can be securely exchanged over the Internet.
Advantages of the Internet

 Online Banking and Transaction: The Internet allows us to transfer money online
through the net banking system. Money can be credited or debited from one account to
the other.
 Education, Online Jobs, Freelancing: Through the Internet, we are able to get more
jobs via online platforms like Linkedin and to reach more job providers. Freelancing
on the other hand has helped the youth to earn a side income and the best part is all
this can be done via the INTERNET.
 Entertainment: There are numerous options for entertainment online we can listen to
music, play games can watch movies, and web series, and listen to podcasts, youtube
itself is a hub of knowledge as well as entertainment.
 New Job Roles: The Internet has given us access to social media, and digital products
so we are having numerous new job opportunities like digital marketing and social
media marketing online businesses are earning huge amounts of money just because
the Internet is the medium to help us to do so.
 Best Communication Medium: The communication barrier has been removed from the
Internet. You can send messages via email, Whatsapp, and Facebook. Voice chatting
and video conferencing are also available to help you to do important meetings online.
 Comfort to humans: Without putting any physical effort you can do so many things
like shopping online it can be anything from stationeries to clothes, books to personal
items, etc. You can books train and plane tickets online.
 GPS Tracking and google maps: Yet another advantage of the internet is that you are
able to find any road in any direction, and areas with less traffic with the help of GPS
on your mobile.
Disadvantages of the Internet

 Time Wastage: Wasting too much time on the internet surfing social media apps and
doing nothing decreases your productivity rather than wasting time on scrolling social
media apps one should utilize that time in doing something skillful and even more
productive.
 Bad Impacts on Health: Spending too much time on the internet causes bad impacts on
your health physical body needs some outdoor games exercise and many more things.
Looking at the screen for a longer duration causes serious impacts on the eyes.
 Cyber Crimes: Cyber bullying, spam, viruses, hacking, and stealing data are some of
the crimes which are on the verge these days. Your system which contains all the
confidential data can be easily hacked by cybercriminals.
 Effects on Children: Small children are heavily addicted to the Internet watching
movies, and games all the time is not good for their overall personality as well as
social development.
 Bullying and Spreading Negativity: The Internet has given a free tool in the form of
social media apps to all those people who always try to spread negativity with very
revolting and shameful messages and try to bully each other which are wrong.

Difference between World Wide Web and internet:

WWW Internet

It is originated in 1989. It is originated in 1960.

WWW is an interconnected network of websites and Internet is used to connect a

documents that can be accessed via the Internet. computer with other computer.

Internet used protocols such

WWW used protocols such as HTTP
as TCP/IP

It is based on software. It is based on hardware.

There is an entire infrastructure

It is a service contained inside an infrastructure.
in internet.