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Class 10 Practical File Work

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1K views

Class 10 Practical File Work

Uploaded by

aahanacharan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CLASS – X

TERM – 1 PHYSICS PRACTICALS


Instructions for writing experiment in the practical file
Ruled page Blank page
Aim Aim (with pen)
Material Required Diagram
Theory Observations (with pen)
Result Calculations (with pen)
Precautions Result (with pen)

EXPERIMENT – 1
Aim – To determine of the focal length of (i) Concave mirror and (ii) Convex lens by
obtaining the image of a distant object.
Material Required – A concave mirror, convex lens, meter scale, rectangular piece of wood
or white wall.
Theory –
• An object which is situated at a distance much greater than the focal length ‘f ‘ of the
mirror/lens, can be regarded as an object situated at infinity. For example, a tree
outside the school lab.
• Rays coming from an object at infinity form a set of parallel rays.
• When a beam of parallel rays is incident on a concave mirror/convex lens, it
converges at the focus.
• The distance between the pole of a mirror/ optical centre of the lens and focus gives
the focal length of a concave mirror/convex lens.

Observations –
Focal length of a concave mirror
(i) f1 = …..cm
(ii) f2 = …..cm
(iii) f3 = …..cm
Focal length of a convex lens
(i) f1 = …..cm
(ii) f2 = …..cm
(iii) f3 = …..cm

Calculations- Mean focal length of a concave mirror f = …….cm


Mean focal length of a convex lens f = ……cm
Result- The focal length of the given concave mirror = …….cm
The focal length of the given convex lens = …….cm
Precautions-
• The distant object should be clearly visible with the naked eye.
• A clear and well defined image of the distant object should be obtained on a
piece of wood or white wall.
• While measuring meter scale should be kept parallel to the ground.

EXPERIMENT – 2
Aim – To trace the path of a ray of light passing through a rectangular glass slab for different
angles of incidence. Measure the angle of incidence, angle of refraction, angle of emergence
and interpret the result.
Materials Required – A drawing board, rectangular glass slab, sheet of white paper,
protractor, ruler, thumb pins and all pins.
Theory-

• Refraction of Light: When light passes from one medium to other it


deviates/changes its path, this property of light is called refraction of light.
• Incident Ray: A ray of light that travels towards the refracting surface is called
incident ray.
• Refracted Ray: A ray of light that changes its path when passes through a
refracting surface is said to be refracted ray.
• Emergent Ray: A ray of light which emerges out into the original medium after
refraction is said to be an emergent ray.
• Lateral Displacement: The perpendicular shift in the path of light, seen when it
emerges out from the refracting medium is called lateral displacement.

Conclusion -

1. The angle of incidence is nearly equal to the angle of emergence.


2. The angle of refraction is less than angle of incidence because light is travelling
from rarer to denser optical medium.
3. When the light ray travels from optically rarer medium (air) to optically denser
medium (glass) the light bends towards the normal.

Precautions-
1. The glass slab should be perfectly rectangular with all its faces smooth.
2. The drawing board should be soft so that pins can be easily fixed on it.
3. The angle of incidence should lie between 30° and 60°.
4. All pins base should lie in straight line.
5. While fixing the pins, care should be taken to maintain a distance of about 5
cm between the two pins.

EXPERIMENT – 3
Aim –To trace the path of a ray of light passing through a glass prism.
Materials Required – A drawing board, glass prism, sheet of white paper, protractor, ruler,
thumb pins and all pins.

Theory-

• Prism: Prism is a transparent optical object with flat, polished surfaces that
refract light. At least two of the flat surfaces must have an angle between
them.
• Angle of incidence (i): It is the angle between the incident ray and the normal
at the point of incidence.
• Angle of emergence (e): It is the angle between the emergent ray and the
normal at the point of emergence.
• Angle of prism (A): It is the angle between the two refracting faces of the
prism.
• Angle of deviation (D): The amount of overall refraction caused by the passage
of a light ray through a prism is often expressed in terms of the angle of
deviation.
• Relation of all the four angles ∠A, ∠D, ∠i and ∠e.

∠A +∠D = ∠i + ∠e

Conclusion -

The light ray, i.e., the incident ray first bends towards the normal when it gets
refracted in the prism and while leaving the prism it bends away from the
normal.

Precautions-

1. The drawing board should be soft so that pins can be easily fixed on it.
2. The angle of incidence should lie between 30° and 60°.
3. All pins base should lie in straight line.
4. While fixing the pins , care should be taken to maintain a distance of about 5
cm between the two pins.

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