HUMIDITY -is the amount of water vapor in the air.

WATER VAPOR - a dispersion, in air, of molecules of water, especially as produced by evaporation at

ambient temperatures rather than by boiling.

ABSOLUTE HUMIDITY - grams of water vapor per cubic meter volume of air

RELATIVE HUMIDITY - expressed as a percent) also measures water vapor, but RELATIVE to the
temperature of the air.

DEWPOINT - Temperature (above 0°C) at which the water vapor in a gas condenses to liquid water.

FROST POINT - Temperature (below 0°C) at which the vapor condenses to ice.

HUMIDITY SENSOR - is an electronic device that measures the humidity

CAPACITIVE HUMIDITY SENSOR - An air-filled capacitor may serve as a relative humidity sensor because
moisture in the atmosphere changes air’s electrical permittivity.

CONDUCTIVE HYGROMETRIC SENSOR - The sensor is fabricated on a ceramic (alumina) substrate. The
moisture-sensing material has relatively low resistivity, which changes significantly under varying
humidity conditions.

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY SENSOR - are devices that quantify gases such as methane, helium and
hydrogen, with percentage volume ranging from 0 to 100% and with varying thermal conductivities
corresponding to a reference gas such as air.

OPTICAL HYGROMETER - The basic idea behind the optical hygrometer is the use of a mirror whose
surface temperature is precisely regulated by a thermoelectric heat pump.

OSCILLATING HYGROMETER -s similar to that behind the optical chilled mirror sensor. The difference is
that the measurement of the dewpoint is made not by the optical reflectivity of the surface, but rather
by detecting the changing mass of the chilled plate.

DENSITY - is a physical parameter that provides information on the mass of a sample or body divided by
its volume

FACTORS THAT AFFECT DENSITY DETERMINATION

Temperature

Air Bubbles and Impurities

Air Pressure of a Fluid

Viscosity

DENSITY MEASUREMENT FLOAT- continuously measures the density of the fuel in the tank, providing a
measure of even the smallest changes in product quality within the API density range.
FORK DENSITY METER - use vibrating fork technology to measure density directly, and can be used in
process control where density is the primary

control parameter for the end product or as an indicator of another quality control parameter, such as
solids or concentration.

VISCOSITY - resistance of a fluid (liquid or gas) to a change in shape, or movement of neighbouring

portions relative to one another. Viscosity denotes opposition to flow. The reciprocal of the viscosity is
called the fluidity.

VISCOSITY METER - viscometer, viscosity meter or rheometer is a measuring instrument used to

determine a fluid's internal flow resistance or viscosity.

PH - is a measure of how acidic/basic water is. The range goes from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral. pHs of
less than 7 indicate acidity, whereas a pH of greater than 7 indicates a base.

Single Junction pH Sensor - these are for general purpose applications for samples that won’t block up
the junction

Double Junction pH Sensor - these electrodes have an additional salt bridge to prevent reactions
between the electrode fill solution and your sample which would otherwise cause damage to the
electrode junction. They are required to test samples that contain proteins, heavy metals or sulphides

PRESENTATION 7
POSITION SENSORS - Detect the position of something which means that they are referenced either to
or from some fixed point or position

TYPES OF POSITION SENSORS

Potentiometric Position Sensors (resistance-based) - are resistance-based sensors that use a resistive
track with a wiper that is attached to the object whose position is being monitored.

Inductive Position Sensors - detect the position of an object by changes in the characteristics of a
magnetic field that is induced in coils of the sensor.

Eddy Current-Based Position Sensors - work with electrically conductive objects. Most Eddy current
sensors function as proximity sensors, designed to establish that an object has approached the sensor
location.

Capacitive Position Sensors - rely on detecting a change in capacitance value to establish the position of
the object being measured. The method used to detect is by altering the dielectric constant of the
capacitor and by altering the overlapping area of the capacitor plates.

Magnetostrictive Position Sensors - A moveable position magnet is attached to the object being
measured. A waveguide, which consists of a wire through which a current pulse is transmitted, is
connected to a sensor that is located at the end of the waveguide.

Hall Effect-Based Magnetic Position Sensors - The Hall effect states that when a thin flat electrical
conductor has a current flowing through it and is placed in a magnetic field, the magnetic field impacts
the charge carriers, forcing them to accumulate on one side of the conductor relative to the other, to
balance the interference of the magnetic field. This unequal distribution of electrical charges results in
the creation of a potential difference between the two sides of the conductor, known as a Hall voltage.

Fiber-Optic Position Sensors - use an optical fiber with a set of photodetectors located at each end of
the fiber. A light source is attached to the object whose motion is being observed. Light energy that is
directed into the fluorescent fiber at the position of the object gets reflected in the fiber and is sent to
either end of the fiber where it is detected by the photodetectors

Optical Position Sensors - operate using one of two principles. In the first type, light is transmitted from
an emitter and sent over to a receiver at the other end of the sensor. In the second type, the emitted
light signal is reflected from the object being monitored returned towards the light source.

Ultrasonic Position Sensors - emit a high-frequency sound wave generated typically from a piezoelectric
crystal transducer. The ultrasonic waves generated from the transducer are reflected from the object
being measured, or target, back to the transducer where an output signal is generated.

ACCELERATION SENSORS - For inertial navigation systems, highly sensitive accelerometers are used.

To detect and monitor vibrations in rotating machinery.

To display images in an upright position on screens of digital cameras.

For flight stabilization in drones.

Accelerometers are used to sense orientation, coordinate acceleration, vibration, shock.

SMOKE, GAS, LIGHT SENSORS

LIGHT SENSORS

Brightness Control

Security

Planning

Agriculture

Line Detection