DECODING THE IPO JOURNEY

A THREE-PHASE APPROACH TO
UNDERSTANDING THE LISTING PROCESS

BDO IN INDIA
2021
 BDO in India | DECODING THE IPO JOURNEY 01

OVERVIEW

As an owner or a part of the senior management of a

privately owned company, a question that is often a thought
of contemplation is “Is going public the right decision?”

Going public is the ambition of many growing

companies. It corroborates past achievements and
propels future growth by providing access to a larger
and more widely distributed capital. However, going
public is a paradigm shift for a private company.

Every founder of a privately owned business has

individual preferences and goals which motivated the
original investment of time, money, and energy in the
enterprise. However, over time business and personal
objectives often change, and a phase arises when the
need to raise capital to expand the business and
personal liquidity takes top priority.
Going public is a huge decision for any company.
Multiple questions arise before the final decision to go
public is taken. How does a company get there? How do
you determine if it's the right path for the company?

If you are seriously considering taking your business

public, first carefully weigh the pros and cons before
concluding on the final decision.
02 BDO in India | DECODING THE IPO JOURNEY

STAYING PRIVATE vs GOING PUBLIC

Going public is a critical decision for a business owner. A dilemma business owners are commonly caught in is ‘Why should a
company consider getting listed and going public rather than staying private with fewer regulations and restrictions?’ Hence
it is imperative for companies to carefully weigh both the advantages and drawbacks of staying private vis-à-vis going public.
The following brief distinction highlights key advantages and disadvantages that a business will encounter during the process
of going public:

Advantages Disadvantages

Stronger financial base Time-consuming tasks

Better financing prospects Loss of control over the company

Stronger position for acquisitions and increased market value Enhanced corporate governance

Ability to attract and retain talent Pressure to support earnings growth

Market visibility and goodwill creation Increase in compliances with regulations

Unlocking of shareholder wealth

Going public provides a strong financial base for the company,

as the company can raise a substantial amount of permanent
capital with no pressure of repayment (as in the case of debt
or other fund-raising alternatives). A public company holds a
stronger position in acquisition transactions as the target
company accepts publicly traded stocks. It provides a higher
ability to attract and retain talent, especially talent
acquisition at executive levels as the stock options or stock
plans of a publicly traded stock are quite appealing to talent at
such levels. Additionally, the status of being a public company
is generally recognised as an important credential by lenders,
investors, suppliers, and customers.

While there are many advantages, the process is not free from
drawbacks. There is unending pressure to maintain earnings,
growth, and the public company is also required to adhere to a
number of corporate as well as personal disclosures. The cost
of going public as well as maintaining the status of a public
company is higher as compared to a private company. A
significant investment is required for ensuring robust functions
of legal, accounting, auditing, and independent directors,
periodic filing, listing, etc. One of the biggest disadvantages of
being a public listed entity is the loss of control and being
accountable to shareholders, board of directors, regulatory
agencies, and financial analysts for all important business
decisions. Additionally, there is an enhanced corporate
governance responsibility and the CEO and CFO need to accept
the added responsibilities.
 BDO in India | DECODING THE IPO JOURNEY 03

What are the alternatives for finance?

Companies evaluate a variety of financing options prior to making the decision to go public such as: commercial bank loans,
asset-based financing, private placements, extended terms with suppliers, partnerships, private equity funding, public
deposit, lease finance, hire purchase finance etc.

An Initial Public Offering (IPO) in India may comprise

Raising Finance of a fresh issuance of securities, an offer for sale of
securities by the existing holders of securities or a
combination of both. Further, an issuer proposing to
list its securities on the stock exchanges in India can
Public Private opt to list on the Main Board, the SME Exchange, or
the Institutional Trading Platform.
The SME Exchange is a trading platform of a
recognised stock exchange having nationwide
Initial Public Offer Term Loan
terminals permitted by SEBI but does not include
the Main Board. The Institutional Trading Platform is
a trading platform for listing and trading of
Further Public Offer Working Capital Loans specified securities of entities that comply with the
eligibility criteria laid down by SEBI.
Kindly note: This Publication is limited to the
Institutional Placement listing of equity shares on the Main Board, as in
Right Issue
Programme India issuers predominantly opt to list on the Main
Board.
Venture Fund Or Private Any issuer proposing to undertake an IPO is required
Composite Issue
Equity to comply with certain independent requirements of
the relevant stock exchange on which it intends to
list its equity shares as well as the eligibility
Debentures Lease Finance requirements laid down by the SEBI (Issue of Capital
and Disclosure Requirements) Regulations, 2018
(ICDR Regulations), the SEBI (Listing Obligations and
Disclosure Requirements) Regulations, 2015 (LODR
Preferential Issue Hire Purchase Finance Regulation) each as occasionally amended, and the
foreign investment laws in India.

Qualified Institutional
Placement
04 BDO in India | DECODING THE IPO JOURNEY

Who can opt for an IPO?

SEBI ICDR Regulations specify the eligibility requirements for an IPO:

Eligibility Norm I (Profitability Route) * Eligibility Norm II (QIB Route)

Net tangible assets of at least three crore rupees, in each of

the preceding three full years, of which not more than 50%
are held in monetary assets # @ SEBI has provided an alternative route for companies
not satisfying any of the Eligibility Norm I condition. As
An average operating profit of at least fifteen crore rupees per this route a company shall be eligible to make an
during the preceding three years, with operating profit in initial public offer only if –
each of these preceding three years 1. The issue is made through the book-building
process
Net worth of at least one crore rupees in each of the
2. The issuer undertakes to allot at least 75% of the
preceding three full years
net offer to Qualified Institutional Buyers (QIBs)
@@
If it has changed its name within the last one year, at least
50% of the revenue for the preceding one full year has been
earned by it from the activity indicated by its new name.

*Calculated on a restated and consolidated basis

# Provided that if more than 50% of the net tangible assets are held in monetary assets, the issuer has utilised or made firm commitments
to utilise such excess monetary assets in its business or project.
@Provided further that the limit of 50% on monetary assets shall not be applicable in case the initial public offer is made entirely through
an offer for sale.
@@ Company shall refund the subscription money if the minimum subscription of QIBs is not attained.

The final decision……

The decision to take a company public is one of the most

difficult choices as an owner/ leader. It is a complex decision,
requiring an exhaustive analysis of all relevant factors,
including the opportunities and drawbacks of a public offering
and whether the company can fulfil the responsibilities of a
public company and the expectations of the market.
 BDO in India | DECODING THE IPO JOURNEY 05

WHAT’S NEXT

At this stage it is critical to weigh all the factors, carefully and take an informed
decision. If the final decision indicates that going public will benefit the company, the
next major question to be addressed is: Will the offering succeed at the marketplace?

The climate for IPOs can fluctuate dramatically, both in the long and short-
term. Hence the climate must be carefully evaluated to project the stock
price and number of shares that can best be absorbed by the market at any
given time.
The stock market experiences cycles - it reacts to business and political news
and events, suffers technical corrections, or can run hot on certain issues or
industries and cold on others, the market for going public is influenced by
inflation, economic growth, interest rates, general stock market conditions.
Judging timing in a cyclical market is both a science as well as an art. It is
key to enter the market as it crests in your favour. Underwriters are familiar
with what determines the success or failure of an offering in the IPO market
and are best placed to advise on the appropriate time.

What are the stages for listing in India?

Planning, executing, and managing an IPO is a complex task for any company.
Better preparedness at the start often results in a more efficient and less
costly process and ensures sufficient time to build the capabilities to think,
act and perform as a public company. The preparation process can often be
lengthy, depending on the maturity of a company’s existing processes. It is
vital to understand and address the gaps in the processes before going public.
Based on our experience, an IPO journey can be categorised into three key
phases, that include distinct activities and requirements for the overall
success of an IPO:

During this phase a thorough IPO readiness assessment is conducted, where big picture issues are identified
Readiness early and realistic timetables are established based on the offering’s strategic objectives, the company’s
(Pre-IPO) specific business issues, the time needed to prepare the offer document and the time required to prepare
for operations as a public company.

During listing This phase entails the period during which the transaction is executed and involves a working group
(Execution) focused on the immediate process and requirements of going public.

Post listing The ‘Post Listing’ phase comes with its own set of challenges such as listing requirements, adhering to
ongoing compliances of a publicly listed company, meeting stakeholder expectations etc.
06 BDO in India | DECODING THE IPO JOURNEY

Readiness (Pre-IPO) During listing (Execution) Post Listing

▪ Perform a thorough readiness ▪ Kick-off meeting between senior ▪ Monitor utilisation of IPO
review of the company management, lead managers, lawyers, proceeds by a public
▪ Assemble the team: internal and statutory auditors to provide an overview of financial institution or by
external company’s business & discuss timelines one of the scheduled
▪ Develop a timeline and framework ▪ Prepare data room and commencement of commercial banks named in
for project management the due diligence exercise the offer document as the
▪ Commence drafting of Draft Red Herring banker of the issuer
▪ Prepare a marketable business
plan and communicate it with the Prospectus including preparation of ▪ Submit quarterly and annual
senior management Restated Consolidated Financial Information financial results with
▪ Execute the certificates and the comfort designated stock exchanges
▪ Revisit the corporate and
ownership structure to maximise letter by statutory auditors/ accountants to ▪ Comply with SEBI (Listing
valuation support the due diligence exercise Obligations and Disclosure
▪ File the draft Red Herring Prospectus with Requirements) Regulations,
SEBI & Stock Exchanges 2015, as amended from time
to time and various other
▪ File applications with the stock exchanges
applicable regulations
for the in-principle listing approval
▪ Investor relationship
▪ Receipt of the observation from SEBI
management and continuous
▪ Launch the investor road show to attract liaison with market
the right investors in main pools of capital participants
with the right market timing
▪ Receipt of the SEBI approval for the Draft
Red Herring Prospectus
▪ File the Red Herring Prospectus
▪ File the Prospectus
▪ Launch of Issue
 BDO in India | DECODING THE IPO JOURNEY 07

IS YOUR COMPANY READY FOR THE JOURNEY?

Process of going public can be daunting. It is important to set up and follow a

strategy to anticipate issues and prepare solutions. Preparing for the transition
should begin early since responsibilities, financial structures, and management
policies are fundamentally different before and after an IPO.
Listed below are certain issues that would need to be addressed during the
planning stage:
Equity Growth Story:
The more compelling the success story of an organisation, the greater the
enthusiasm among intermediaries and investors. The key is to appropriately
articulate the achievements and potential and comprehensively document the
performance and create positive publicity. The story should reflect the long-term
vision and direction the company wishes to take forward. This exercise should
begin even before the company approaches a book-running lead manager. The right
story will help attract the best advisors who are key to the overall success
Financial Statements & Re- alignment of the accounting policies:
As per the SEBI ICDR Regulations, the company is required to prepare the restated
consolidated financial information in accordance with Schedule III of
the Companies Act, 2013 for a period of three financials years and stub (interim)
period (if applicable) in a tabular format. The restated consolidated financial
information should be based on audited financial statements and certified by a
statutory auditor who holds a valid Peer Review Certificate issued by the Peer
Review Board of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI). Considering
the time and challenges involved, the restatement process is one of the most
critical milestones for a company preparing for an IPO as it requires adjustment for
any errors/qualification and uniform accounting policy for all periods presented.
Also, the company should be mindful that the road map on Ind AS is applicable to
all listed companies or any company which is in the process of listing.
Corporate Governance:
Compliance must be adhered to corporate governance requirements as prescribed
under the listing regulations issued by SEBI.
Management Team:
Management teams should appeal to the investing public. Offer documents are
required to identify senior executives of the company. Capital markets seek a
strong management team, one that can maximise a company’s potential, as a
major selling point
Advance Preparation:
Consult with accountants and attorneys to identify any information needed for
disclosure that is not readily available. Planning in advance to obtain this
information, may avoid costly delays in the IPO process or even a possible
termination of the offering.
08 BDO in India | DECODING THE IPO JOURNEY

WHAT’S NEXT

Public and Investor Relations:

A public and investor relations program for your company should
begin at an early stage. For a successful IPO and continued market
strength, it is important to build a positive image with the financial
community and business press. The public relations program should
consider that name recognition takes time to develop and thus
should begin at an early stage.
Assemble the right team of external advisors:
Assembling the right team of key advisors is of paramount
importance for successful listing in India. Some key advisors are:
▪ Book Running Lead Managers
▪ Legal Counsel (Domestic & International)
▪ Registrar to the issue
▪ Underwriter
▪ Monitoring agency
▪ Auditors
Internal Financial Control:
In addition to preparing financial statements and complying with
appropriate accounting standards, a company must also assess the
strength of their existing system of Internal Controls over Financial
Reporting (ICFR). Section 134(5) (e) of the Companies Act 2013
requires companies to review their ICFR and declare whether they
are “effective” or “ineffective”. Essentially, companies must
determine if their ICFR are adequate to produce financial
statements that are complete and accurate.
For the process of establishing and evaluating internal controls,
companies are required to use a framework, the predominant of
which is the Guidance Note on Audit of Internal Financial Controls
Over Financial Reporting issued by the ICAI. This guidance note
provides the foundation for defining internal controls and
underlying principles and provides direction for all levels of
management regarding designing and implementing internal
controls and assessing effectiveness.
Tax consideration:
Prior to the IPO, key shareholders should assess their tax situation
and the potential tax consequences of the IPO. This is where it is
critical to realign ownership structure well in advance to optimise
the tax outgo.

The Execution phase of an IPO requires various working groups to come together to prepare the offer document which is
prepared by merchant bankers registered with SEBI as Lead Managers. Information for the offer document is primarily
governed by the ICDR Regulations & Companies Act, 2013 and among other information it mainly includes - Background of
the Business and Industry, Composition of Board/ Management and Promoters, Objects of the Issue, Total Issue Size,
Shareholding/ Capital Structure, Restated Consolidated financial, Proforma Consolidated Financial Statements (if
applicable), Risk Factors, Statement of Special Tax Benefits, General Information about the Company, etc.
 BDO in India | DECODING THE IPO JOURNEY 09

KEY CONSIDERATIONS OF FINANCIAL

STATEMENT REQUIREMENTS

1. The issuer will have to prepare the restated consolidated financial statements for each of the three financial years
immediately preceding the filing of the offer document and stub period (if applicable).
2. Where the company has been in existence for a period less than three years, the financial statements are to be given for
the actual period of existence.
3. The restated financial information in the offer document should not be more than six months old from the date of filing
the DRHP/RHP/Prospectus, as applicable.
4. As per the ICDR Regulations, the financial statements are required to be restated for the following stipulated areas:
▪ Change in Accounting Policy:
To be restated for all the years presented unless retrospective application is not allowed
▪ Prior Period Errors:
Incorrect computation of tax/ recognition of ESOP expense/ error in inventory valuation/ wrong classification of
expense etc
▪ Non-provisioning, regrouping, other adjustments:
Non provisioning for post-retirement benefits/ not accounted for mark-to-mark adjustments etc.
▪ Audit Qualifications:
If they can be quantified then it must be restated, if not, then showing the appropriate disclosures in notes is
suitable
▪ Change in Estimates:
A change in estimate need not to be restated as they are events of that corresponding year, thus carefully
differentiating between change in estimate and accounting policy is important
10 BDO in India | DECODING THE IPO JOURNEY

KEY CONSIDERATIONS OF FINANCIAL

STATEMENT REQUIREMENTS

5. If the issuer has made any material acquisition or divestment, including deemed disposal, after the latest period for
which the financial information is disclosed in the offer document but before the date of filing of the offer document,
then the issuer is required to prepare Proforma Financial Statements (PFS).
6. The acquired/divested business or a subsidiary is considered material if in aggregate it contributes 20% or more to the
pre-acquisition/pre-divestment total income or total assets on consolidated basis PFS should be prepared for the period
covering the last completed financial year and stub period (if any), using consistent accounting policies and should
include Proforma Balance Sheet, Proforma Statement of Profit and Loss and Notes to PFS covering - Basis of Preparation,
Explanation of basis, nature, and effect of each proforma adjustments made to the Proforma Balance Sheet and
Proforma Statement of Profit and Loss and Assumptions involved in calculations.
The role of the merchant banker is to take care of the legal compliance issues and ensure that prospective investors are
aware and kept in the loop of the public issue. SEBI reviews the draft document and checks if adequate disclosures are
made. It gives its observations to the merchant bankers, who make the required changes and file the final offer document,
the Red Hearing Prospectus (RHP), with SEBI, the ROC and stock exchanges. The RHP is the document that the issuer and the
underwriters use to market the IPO with. It is the most important tool that a retail investor has access to and can use to
evaluate the offer.

Once the issue is launched and shares are listed, the company commences its journey as a listed entity.
However, the launch of the IPO is not the end of the story, but in fact marks the beginning of the journey in the public
spotlight. Once listed, a company will be under greater public scrutiny and will have a range of continuing obligations. Any
weakness in systems or failures to comply with regulations could publicly embarrass the management, damage the
company’s reputation, and potentially result in criminal and civil liabilities. The benefits of careful preparation and
planning are realised within the first year of the IPO.
 BDO in India | DECODING THE IPO JOURNEY 11

UNDERSTAND YOUR RESPONSIBILITIES AS A

LISTED ENTITY

As a public company, a business is required to comply with securities legislations and the rules of applicable stock
exchanges. Regulators focus on the governance of public companies and their expectations of boards of directors as well as
board committees continue to evolve. Communication is critical as the corporate performance and behaviour are now in the
public spotlight and regularly highlighted. Globally, regulators are getting stringent on the compliance and disclosure
requirements of public listed entities. Public companies must meet extensive continuous disclosure requirements, including
filing of annual and quarterly financial statements, MD&A, CEO and CFO certifications, and the information circular.

Keeping regulatory compliances under check

As a publicly listed company, it is important to keep shareholders, regulators and the capital market informed of corporate
developments in a variety of specific disclosures. To ensure consistency in communications and ensure timely compliance, it
is imperative to develop a compliance calendar with various quarter, annual and event-based compliances.

S.no Quarterly Compliances Annual Compliances Event based Compliances

Disclose to stock exchange(s) all events, as specified in
Financial results along
Statement of Grievance Part A of Schedule III, or information as soon as
1 with Auditor’s Report
Redressal Mechanism reasonably possible and not later than twenty-four
hours from the occurrence of event or information
Submission of Annual Disclosure with respect to events specified in sub-para
Reconciliation of Share
2 Report 4 of Para A of Part A of Schedule III shall be made
Capital Audit Report
within 30 minutes of conclusion of the board meeting
Submission of Shareholding Submission of Voting
3 Shareholding pattern in case of capital restructuring
Pattern Results
Financial Results along with Submission of Annual Prior intimation of Board meeting for buyback,
4 Limited Review Report/ Secretarial Compliance dividend, raising of funds, voluntary delisting, bonus,
Auditor’s Report Report etc.

Corporate Governance Payment of listing fees Prior intimation of Board meeting for alteration in
5
Report and other charges nature of securities etc.

Statement of deviation(s)/ Affirmation for

Prior approval before change in name
6 variation(s) in utilisation of compliance with code of
IPO Proceed conduct
Disclosure by large Prior approval for scheme of arrangement
Newspaper publication of
7 corporates about Disclosure of aggregate shareholding and voting rights
Financial Results
incremental borrowings in target company

Additionally, listed companies are required to comply with the requirement of disclosure of related party transactions on a
half yearly basis and are expected to maintain a functional website containing the basic information about the listed entity,
ensure compliance with insider trading regulations, formulate a vigil mechanism/whistle blower policy for directors and
employees to report genuine concerns, etc.
To ensure success as a publicly listed company, it is imperative that a company has a focused plan, supplemented with
consistency and a commitment to succeed.
12 BDO in India | DECODING THE IPO JOURNEY

HOW WE CAN HELP

Planning and initiating an IPO requires exhaustive and meticulous planning and adherence to
procedures and regulations relating to its issuance. For businesses considering whether they
should embark on the IPO journey, it is imperative that managements evaluate and address
financial reporting, governance, regulatory and accounting considerations amongst the many
other items on the IPO checklist.
At BDO in India, our team of cross-functional experts handhold businesses through this significant
journey, right from the initial planning stage to the final filing of the offer document and even
thereafter, providing complete assistance and guidance through each phase of the process.
Click Here, to know more about our services and how we can assist you through each phase of
the going public journey.
 BDO in India | DECODING THE IPO JOURNEY 13

ABOUT BDO GLOBAL

BDO is a leading professional services organisation ▪ We offer practical, actionable advice grounded in local expertise
with presence in 167 countries, and over 91,000 and backed by global experience
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DELIVERING VALUE
CLIENT NEEDS COMMUNICATION COMMITMENTS PEOPLE
14 BDO in India | DECODING THE IPO JOURNEY

ABOUT BDO IN INDIA

BDO in India offers Strategic, Operational, Accounting and Tax & Regulatory advisory & assistance for both domestic and
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InSync with BDO India
Season 2 of InSync with BDO India focused on Going Public, discussing in detail each phase in the IPO journey. The season
brought together views and insights from industry experts on decisions that prompted going public and experiences of
launching IPOs.

In case you missed out on the season or an episode, you can watch the recordings of the sessions by clicking on the blocks
below.

CAPITAL MARKETS TEAM

For any content related queries, you may get in touch with

ANITA SOMANI SAMIR SHETH

Partner Partner & Head
Assurance Services Deal Advisory Services
[email protected] [email protected]

For any other queries, kindly write to us at [email protected]

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