World's Vet. J.

1(1): 05-09, 2011

WVJ © 2011, Scienceline Publication
World's
Veterinary Journal

Effect of Firewood and Sawdust Smoke on Chemical and

Physical Properties of Clarias Fish Meat
H.M. Adam Sulieman1* and F.A. Mohammed Ahmed1

1
Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Animal Production For Science and Technology, Sudan University of
Science and Technology, P.O. BOX 204, Khartoum North, Sudan

*Corresponding author’s email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to determine chemical composition and sensory evaluation of dried and
fresh smoked of Clarias sp fish meat prepared using firewood and sawdust at traditional kilns.
Clarias sp. fish (20 kg) was collected from Elmorada fish Market Omdroman (Sudan), these fish
were in the range of 26 – 36 cm in length and 140 – 350 g in weight, the studied samples were
divided into two main groups; fresh and dried. Each group was divided into two subgroups and
treated with firewood and sawdust separately. The final products of the studied fish were analyzed
for proximate analysis (crude protein, fat, moisture, dry matter, ash and nitrogen free extract) in
addition to sensory evaluation. The study revealed that there were no significant differences in
moisture, protein, fat, ash and nitrogen free extract content among studied samples. In the case of
sensory evaluation of the smoked product, the fish smoked with firewood gave better overall
acceptability than those smoked with dust wood. It could be concluded that the sawdust can be
used practically as alternative to firewood to reduce the cost of smoking and waste of carpenter.
Keywords: Firewood, dust smoke, chemical physical attributes, Clarias sp.

INTRODUCTION
Shortage and deficiency of food supplies that the requirements of an increasing world population are major
problems which are likely to lead to malnutrition and poor health. The current world fish production amount to 116
million tons, almost 50 percent of total world landings are estimated to be from small-scale capture fisheries, and most of
the production is used for direct human consumption (FAO, 1997). However, aquaculture production is estimated at 16
million tons of fish which constitutes 23% of food fish supplies (FAO, 1997). In the Arab world, the fishery resources
are estimated at eight million and seven hundred metric tons, but until now only five million tons were located, and
economically four million and four hundred thousand tons are available for exploitation (Arab organization for
Agricultural Development Report (1996). The fisheries resources of the Sudan form only less than 3.5% of total world
estimates while they cover an overall area estimated at 100.000 km2 of land water and 700 km2 of Red sea coast (FAO,
1997).
Medani, (1972) showed that fish represent the source of animal protein for many Nilotic tribes in southern
Sudan and the characteristics of fish consumption pattern. Abu Gideiri, (1973) stated that in the Sudan the importance of
fish in the diet, seems to follow a markedly pattern regional pattern. Handling and post-harvest treatment of fish in Sudan
shows a wide spectrum as the choice, consumption and ways of utilization. People consume fresh fish or presented in
one away or other (salted, dried or smoked). Most recently fishes themselves have been used for other purposes as feeds
for other animals, e.g. fish meals for poultry, or fishes themselves, or even remains of fish as fertilizers in agriculture
(Abu Giddier et al., 1999).
One of the most important smoked fish in Sudan those formed an economical values are Clarias spp. fish,
which served as dried fish (local name: Kejeik) which traditionally produced by Nilotic tribes, of the south from the Nile
Sudd swamps. Fish may be re-dried after smoking, depending on the moisture content (Abu Giddier et al., 1999). Sun
drying and smoking are the final, yet an important step in traditional method of fish processing in many African
countries, with the exception of Fessiekh, Mindeshi and Terkin in the Sudan (Essuman, 1992). Smoking demands great
quantities of firewood and wood is becoming scarce and expensive eroding the profit of processors who often have to
purchase it, the situation is known to be critical in fishing villages and urban centers where fish processing takes place on
a daily basis. Most type of wood hard or soft can be used for smoking fish. Red mangrove wood which is available in

5
To cite this paper: Adam Sulieman H.M. and Mohammed Ahmed F.A. 2012. Effect of Firewood and Sawdust Smoke on Chemical and Physical
Properties of Clarias Fish Meat. World's Vet. J. 1(1): 05-09.
Journal homepage: http://wvj.science-line.com/
tropical countries burns well even immediately after cutting but hardwood being the best burns slowly and produces
more smoke than soft wood. The use of firewood though a traditional energy resource in fish smoking is an increasing
environmental concern (Akande et al., 1998). Research and development work on development of fuels for use in
smoking has been minimal thus far and should now be seriously looked into as part of future trends in area of fish
processing, some alternatives presently in use either separately or in combination with firewood include such materials
as palm nut, coconut husk, sugar cane trash and etc.
The main objectives of this study:
1- to develop an alternative use and efficiency of local fuels, (wood and its sawdust; Teak wood Cordia
africana), in smoking of fish using traditional kilns.
2- and to determine the effect of firewood and sawdust smoke on the chemical and physical attributes of
Clarias Sp. meat.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Locality
This study was conducted at Sudan University of Science and Technology (sustech.edu), College of Science
and Technology of Animal production, department of fisheries and Wildlife Science.
Experimental Trials
Fresh Clarias sp fish (20 kg) was purchased from Elmawarda Fish Market (Sudan). These fish were in the range
of 26 – 36 cm in length and 240 – 350 g in weight. Fish were thoroughly washed with tap water and weighed, and then
gutted using clean knives and washed again with tap water to remove all traces of viscera and blood. The fish were then
immersed into a salt solution (NaCl 10%), and divided into two batches; one batch was dried in the sun and open air for
one day and other batch was kept fresh. The products were prepared and introduced into steel kiln smoker which was
consisted of two parts as follows: 1. the smoking chamber with dimension 86 x 87 x 93 cm 3. 2.The chimney of two parts,
the marginal part of 75 cm, height of 80 cm and diameter of 25 cm whose fuel was composed of Teak wood (Cordia
Africana) at rate of 4 kg and kept at an average temperature of 45◦C throughout the period of exposure for continuous
two hours.
Smoking process
The studied fish were divided into two fresh and dried groups while each of them was further divided into
subgroups that smoked with sawdust and firewood separately using traditional kiln. The time taken to smoke of dried
fish samples with firewood was 5 hours, while it took 12 hours in the case of sawdust, also the time taken to smoke fresh
fish with firewood was 6 hours while it took 14 hours when using sawdust. The smoked products were taken to
laboratory for analysis.
Chemical analysis
The gross chemicals of samples were determined according to standard methods of Association of Official
Analytical Chemists (AOAC, 1984) for moisture, fat, protein, ash and nitrogen- free extract.
Sensory evaluation
The sensory evaluation was undertaken to determine the taste, odour, texture and general acceptability of the
smoked products. The panelists of ten members who already have experience with scoring smoked fish in addition to
staff members and some students of college of Science and Animal production Sudan University of Science and
Technology. An overall acceptability score was given to smoked product using scale of 8-excellent, 7-very good, 6-good,
5-fairy good, 4-fair, 3-poor, 2-very poor and 1-extremely poor.
Statistical analysis
Data of biochemical constituents of studied fish were analyzed by one - way ANOVA procedures and SPSS
version 10.

Results and Discussion

The results of this study shed a light on fish meat (Clarias sp.) somking, in view of its high preference by and
its availability in dry and wet seasons for consumers. The studied fish product parameters were analyzed, investigated
chemically, organoleptically and recorded in Tables 1,2,3,4 and 5.
The result of investigation on Clarias sp. meat indicated that the chemical composition resulting from smoking
by firewood and sawdust on studied fish no significant difference (P > 0.05) was found to be in moisture, protein, fat,
and ash values. These findings were in the line of Ali et al., (1996) who studied the chemical composition of some of
Nile fish species in addition to its body characteristics, yield indices and chemical composition. Also these results were
in agreement with the finding of Akande et al. (1998) who found that no significant difference in the gross chemical
composition of Clarias garpeninus smoked using firewood and sawdust in an improved Chorkor oven. The ash contents
were shown in this study a lowest mean value in the fresh and dried smoked products; this might be resulted from the
analysis which carried out on the edible portion of fish not incisive of the bones. Also the results revealed that a
combined smoking with drying (open – air), obtained a highest level of gross chemical composition particularly in the
case of protein and fat content, while the ash content recorded the lowest level as previously reported (Akande et
al.,1998).
In the case of dried fish smoked with firewood, the moisture content (14.9%) , dry matter (85.2%), crude
protein (21.3 %), fat (5.7%) , ash (3.9%) , NFE (65.2 %) were obtained in comparison to smoked with sawdust with

6
To cite this paper: Adam Sulieman H.M. and Mohammed Ahmed F.A. 2012. Effect of Firewood and Sawdust Smoke on Chemical and Physical
Properties of Clarias Fish Meat. World's Vet. J. 1(1): 05-09.
Journal homepage: http://wvj.science-line.com/
moisture content (10.5%), dry matter (89.4%), crude protein (21.3%), fat (5.1%), ash (3.8%), N.F.E (65.2%) that showed
a considerable variations. These findings in agreement with Ikeme, (1991) who studied characterization of traditional
smoked dried fish in Nigeria. Chemical composition can vary widely, not only from fish of the same species, but also
within an individual fish, according to age, six, and environmental condition (FAO, 1997).
Sensory assessment as judged by taste panelists was presented in Table 5. Fresh Fish smoked using firewood
(5.6) were found to be better in terms of overall acceptability when compared with sawdust smoked products (4.5). Dried
fish smoked using firewood were also found to be better in terms of overall acceptability (5.0) fairly good when
compared with fish smoked with sawdust (4.5). Also these results were in agreement with Clifford et al. (1980), who
observed that the texture, toughness and dryness of smoked fish were greatly influenced by the panelist's preference.

Table1. Chemical composition of fresh and dried studied fish (Clarias sp).

Treatment Moisture Dry matter Crude Crude Ash Nitrogen free

protein fat extract
Fresh fish
(smoking with sawdust) 89.55±0.64 10.5±0.64 21.3±0.35 5.1±0.1 4.0±.14 51.5±2.1
Fresh fish
(smoking with fire wood) 91.35±0.49 8.65±0.49 21.3±0.39 5.2±0.1 3.70±0.14 59.7±0.63
Dried fish
(smoking with sawdust) 14.85±1.9 85.2±1.6 22.9±0.91 5.7±0.2 3.9±0.07 65.2±0.42
Dried Fish
(smoking with fire wood) 10.45±0.64 89.4±0.64 26.2±0.49 7.8±0.1 3.8±0.07 65.2±0.42
Values as mean of 10 fish species for each treatment. SD = Standard deviation.

The appearance of smoked fish is usually judged based on the black golden luster, which the heavy smoke of
the sawdust may have conferred on the product as opposed to the firewood. The panelists judged the sawdust smoked
fish slightly firmer in texture than the firewood smoked fish. This may also explained from the fact that the low fire
characteristic of burning sawdust as opposed to the initial high heat produced from firewood may have prevented case
hardening of the fish and thereby making the texture more acceptable to taste panelists. Skrede and Strobeken (1986)
observed that the color of smoked products depends on textural properties, chemical composition, and the liquid binding
ability of the muscle. The result of this study particularly in the case of smoking fish with sawdust was fair good
comparing with that results obtained by firewood. When the findings were analyzed statistically there was no significant
difference.

Table 2. Effect of firewood and sawdust smoke on dry matter and Crude protein of studied fish

Treatment
Dry matter Crude protein
Smoking
Firewood sawdust Firewood Sawdust
Fresh 8.7±0.49 10.5±0.2 21.3±0.31 21.3±0.35
Dried 89.4±0.64 85.5±0.49 22.9±0.95 26.2±0.49
Main effects:
Fresh 6.00±0.202 24.00±0.359

Samples Dried 9.55±0.202 22.05±0.359

Sig. level NS NS
Firewood 7.22±0.202 25.05±0.359

Smoked Sawdust 8.32±0.202 22.00±0.359

Sig. level NS NS
Interaction Sig. level NS
NS = Not significant. SD Standard deviation

Sawdust can be obtained at practically with no cost. Initially, a combination of sawdust and wood may be used
in fish smoking as used to the sawdust only. Sawdust can be made into briquettes, which will reduce waste and constant
replenishment. The duration of smoking using firewood (5 hrs) is less than sawdust (12 hrs) period, this could be a

7
To cite this paper: Adam Sulieman H.M. and Mohammed Ahmed F.A. 2012. Effect of Firewood and Sawdust Smoke on Chemical and Physical
Properties of Clarias Fish Meat. World's Vet. J. 1(1): 05-09.
Journal homepage: http://wvj.science-line.com/
disadvantage because it means that the labour cost may be increase. However, this problems was never might to fish
smokers in the villages are used to smoking overnight. It could be concluded that the sawdust can be used practically as
alternative of firewood to reduce the cost of smoking and waste of carpenter.
Table 3. Effect of firewood and sawdust smoke on fat and ash content of studied fish

Treatment
Fat Ash
Smoking
Firewood sawdust Firewood Sawdust
Fresh 5.2±0.1 5.1±0.1 3.70±0.14 4.0±0.14
Dried 7.8±0.1 5.7±0.2 3.8±0.07 3.9±0.07
Main effects:
Fresh 5.20±0.061 3.80±0.056
Samples Dried 5.40±0.061 3.85±0.056
Sig. level NS NS
Firewood 5.10±0.061 3.72±0.056
Smoked Sawdust 5.50±0.061 3.92±0.056
Sig. level NS NS
Interaction Sig. level NS
NS = Not significant. SD Standard deviation

Table 4. Effect of firewood and sawdust on nitrogen free extract and moisture content of studied fish

Treatment
Smoking Fat Ash

Firewood sawdust Firewood Sawdust

Fresh 59.7±0.63 51.5±2.1 91.35±0.49 89.55±0.64
Dried 65.2±0.42 65.2±0.42 10.45±0.64 14.85±1.9
Main effects:
Fresh 63.00±0.575 90.50±1.08
Samples Dried 55.55±0.575 12.65±1.08
Sig. level NS NS
Firewood 62.42±0.575 50.9±.1.08
Smoked Sawdust 56.12±0.575 52.2±1.08
Sig. level NS NS
Interaction Sig. level NS
NS = Not significant. SD Standard deviation

Table 5. The mean values of overall acceptability of organoleptic indices of smoked product

Parameters Color Odor Taste Texture Appearance Overall

acceptability
Treatment M±SD M±SD M±SD M±SD M±SD M±SD
Smoking with
4.1±2.02 4.7±1.15 4.8±1.9 4.6±1.8 4.0±1.3 4.5±1.6
sawdust
Fresh (n=10) Smoking with
4.6±1.42 5.9±1.52 5.30±1.4 6.6±1.8 5.7±1.3 5.6±1.5
firewood
Smoking with
5.0±.81 5.0±1.8 4.6±1.6 4.6±1.6 3.2±1.6 4.5±1.5
Dried (n=10) sawdust
Smoking with
5.4±1.42 5.5±1.50 4.6±1.6 5.4±1.4 4.3±2.1 5.0±1.6
firewood
Note: each result is mean ± standard deviation of ten panelist response on a scale of 8 = excellent, 7= very good, 6= good, 5= fairly good, 4= fair,
3=poor, 2= very poor and 1= extremely poor.

REFERENCES
Abu Gideiri, YB, 1973. Fisheries in Sudan. present and future: Food and Nutrition in Sudan. United Nation. Food
Seminar edited by Yousif Abu Gideiri, and N.C.R, Khartoum; pp.20-25.

8
To cite this paper: Adam Sulieman H.M. and Mohammed Ahmed F.A. 2012. Effect of Firewood and Sawdust Smoke on Chemical and Physical
Properties of Clarias Fish Meat. World's Vet. J. 1(1): 05-09.
Journal homepage: http://wvj.science-line.com/
Abu Gideriri YB; Ali, and Moammed, ZN, 1999. Post harvest Treatment of the Nile bulti, Orechromis niloticus.
Department of Zoology, University of Khartoum, Research Series.No.1.pp.25.
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fish species. J. Agric. Food Chem., (31) 1083-1090.
Ali, ME; Babiker, SA and Tibin, A, 1996. Body characteristics, yield indices and proximate chemical composition of
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AOAC, 1984.Official methods of analysis 3rd ed. Association of official analytical chemists, Washington, DC.
Clifford, MN, Tang, SL and Eyo, AA, 1980. Smoking of food process of biochemistry, 6/7, p.5.
Essuman, KM, 1992. Fermented Fish in Africa. A study on processing marketing and consumption. Technical Paper
series (329). Pp. 20. Rome.
Ikeme, AI, 1991. Studies on the fragmentation of smoked fish: FAO Export Consultation on Fish Technology in Africa.
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Medani, YF, 1972. Fish, man and the environmental development, pp.271 – 280.
Skrede, G, and Strobakken, T, 1986. Instrumental color analysis of farmed and wild Atlantic salmon when raw baked
and smoked. Aquaculture 53:279-86.

9
To cite this paper: Adam Sulieman H.M. and Mohammed Ahmed F.A. 2012. Effect of Firewood and Sawdust Smoke on Chemical and Physical
Properties of Clarias Fish Meat. World's Vet. J. 1(1): 05-09.
Journal homepage: http://wvj.science-line.com/