Advanced combustion technologies

- with low CO2 emission

Dr. Kawnish Kirtania

Department of Chemical Engineering, BUET

2023

1
 High ash containing char morphology

Raw

Algae
Char

*Kirtania K., Joshua J., Kassim M. A., and Bhattacharya S., 2013, Fuel Proc. Tech, pp. 0–8.
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 Revisiting activation energy

Channelling?

Happens in the space. Studied in Quantum Chemistry

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 Solve the equation for DAEM

∞ 𝑡
𝑥 = 1 − න exp − න 𝑘𝑑𝑡 𝑓 𝐸 𝑑𝐸
0 0

Can you solve this for given set of data?

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 Solve it for a set of data

Volumetric model:
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑘(1 − 𝑥)
𝑑𝑡

Shrinking core model:

𝑑𝑥 2
= 𝑘(1 − 𝑥)3
𝑑𝑡

You have a set of data at three different temperatures–

at 800 C -

Time (s) Percent converted

1 100
2 99

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 Types of combustors
• Fixed bed reactor
• Fluidized bed reactor
• Pulverized burners

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 Pulverized fuel boilers

Kawnish Kirtania Source: yokogawa 7

 Pulverized coal (PC) burner

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 Fluidized bed (bubbling)

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 Circulating fluidized bed (CFB)

Kawnish Kirtania Alstom-lurgi boiler 10

 IGCC plant

Kawnish Kirtania Source: netl, usa 11

 Oxy-fuel combustion

Air (O2+N2) is replaced with O2+CO2 --------- dry recirculation

Or by O2+CO2+H2O -- wet recirculation
Steam
cycle Electric power H2O

Flue gas
Boiler Condensation
cleaning

O2 Wet Dry

Air Air
N2
separation

Source: B. Leckner a, A. Gómez‐Barea, Oxy‐fuel combustion in circulating fluidized bed

Kawnish Kirtania boilers, Applied Energy 125 (2014) 308–318. 12
 Oxy-fuel combustion

One way is to have ‘CO2 capture ready’ conditions which resembles to

air-fired CFB boilers

Research is ongoing with higher oxygen cocentration

In all cases, acceptable CFB conditions are maintained –

900 C of bed temperature

5-6 m/s of fluidization velocity
Excess oxygen input 2-3%

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 Oxy-fuel combustion

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 Oxy-fuel combustion

Oxy boiler is smaller

in size due to high
Air fired boiler
heat generation.
Can be up to 300
MWe.
Heat needs to be
transferred by both
Heat is transferred
internal and external
through internal heat
heat transfer
transfer
surfaces to cool
down the particles

Cryogenic air separation is expensive

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 Chemical looping combustion

Kawnish Kirtania A. Lyngfelt, B. Leckner, T. Mattisson, Chem. Engn. Sci. 56 (2001) 3101–3113 16
 Chemical looping combustion of gaseous fuel

Kawnish Kirtania A. Lyngfelt, B. Leckner, T. Mattisson, Chem. Engn. Sci. 56 (2001) 3101–3113 17
 Chemical looping combustion of solid fuel

Source: B. Leckner, ZERO EMISSION COAL TECHNOLOGIES‐‐A SUMMARY,

Kawnish Kirtania Reunión del Grupo Español del Carbón, Teruel 2007 and Seminar by B. Leckner at Energy Engineering, LTU 18
 Chemical looping with Oxygen Uncoupling

Can reduce the amount of unreacted char in the recirculation –

Commonly used MeO – CuO/Cu2O, Mn2O3/Mn3O4, Co3O4/CoO

It releases the Oxygen for fuel also to react

Benefit:
Cryogenic air separation is not necessary and the basic technology is
well known for long time

Unreacted volatiles may escape from the reactor

The separation of ash and metal particles could be tricky

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 Revisiting heat transfer process
- conduction, convection

Dr. Kawnish Kirtania

Department of Chemical Engineering, BUET

20
 Heat transfer through a surface

T
Hot Cold
fluid hot cold
fluid
Heat
t

Hot 𝑑𝑇 Cold
−
fluid 𝑑𝑥 fluid

equilibrate

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 Heat transfer resistances

Hot Cold
fluid fluid

Roughness of surface

Hot Cold
fluid fluid

Dirt/ fouling resistance

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 Heat transfer resistances

Hot Cold
fluid fluid

Dirt/fouling

Hot Cold
fluid fluid

Fluid film

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 Everyone’s favourite analogy

Hot Cold
fluid fluid

Convection film Fouling Conduction Fouling Convection film

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 Everyone’s favourite analogy

Hot Cold
fluid fluid

Convection film Fouling Conduction Fouling Convection film

1 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 1
Ro=ℎ Rd1 Rc= 𝑘 Rd2 Rio=ℎ
0 𝑖0

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 Everyone’s favourite analogy

Hot Cold
fluid fluid

Convection film Fouling Conduction Fouling Convection film

1 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 1
Ro=ℎ Rd1 Rc= 𝑘 Rd2 Rio=ℎ
0 𝑖0

𝟏 𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒌𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝟏
Total resistance = + Rd1 + +Rd2+
𝒉𝟎 𝒌 𝒉𝒊𝟎

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 Everyone’s favourite analogy

Hot Cold
fluid fluid

𝟏 𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒌𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝟏
Total resistance = + Rd1 + +Rd2+
𝒉𝟎 𝒌 𝒉𝒊𝟎

Film coefficient Film coefficient

Thermal
conductivity

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 Everyone’s favourite analogy

Hot Cold
fluid fluid

𝟏 𝟏 𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒌𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝟏
= + Rd1 + +Rd2+
𝑼𝑫 𝒉𝟎 𝒌 𝒉𝒊𝟎

Overall heat transfer coefficient, UD with fouling consideration

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 Equation for heat exchange

T2 t1

Hot Cold
fluid fluid

T1 t2

𝟏 𝟏 𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒌𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝟏
= + Rd1 + +Rd2+
𝑼𝑫 𝒉𝟎 𝒌 𝒉𝒊𝟎

Overall heat transfer coefficient, UD with fouling consideration

𝑸 = 𝑼𝑫 𝑨 ∆𝑻𝒍𝒎

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 Equation for heat exchange
∆𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒅
T2 t1

Hot Cold
fluid fluid

T1 t2
∆𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒕
𝟏 𝟏 𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒌𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝟏
= + Rd1 + +Rd2+
𝑼𝑫 𝒉𝟎 𝒌 𝒉𝒊𝟎

Overall heat transfer coefficient, UD with fouling consideration

𝑸 = 𝑼𝑫 𝑨 ∆𝑻𝒍𝒎

∆𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒕 − ∆𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒅
∆𝑻𝒍𝒎 =
∆𝒕
𝒍𝒏(∆𝒕 𝒉𝒐𝒕 )
Kawnish Kirtania 𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒅 30
 Coefficients

Where do we get all these coefficients?

Especially, ho and hio?

There are so many parameters affecting them –

• Fluid viscosity
• Fluid density
• Fluid velocity
• Fluid momentum
• Pipe diameter etc.

How to deal with these altogether?

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 Coefficients

Where do we get all these coefficients?

Especially, ho and hio?

There are so many parameters affecting them –

• Fluid viscosity
• Fluid density
• Fluid velocity
• Fluid momentum
• Pipe diameter etc.

How to deal with these altogether?

Experimental data and empirical correlations among the parameters

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 Coefficients

−𝟎.𝟏𝟒

𝝁𝒘
𝝁
𝝁
𝝁𝒘
𝒉𝒊𝑫 𝒄𝝁 −𝟑 𝝁 −𝟎.𝟏𝟒
𝝁𝒘
𝟏

𝒌 𝒌
jH=

𝑫𝑮
𝑹𝒆 =
𝝁
Kawnish Kirtania Image courtesy: Kern, D., (1950). Process heat transfer 33
 Calculate simultaneously

Hot Inner Cold

Hot side fluid tube wall fluid Cold side

Diameter= D2 Diameter= D1

Equivalent diameter=

(D22-D12)/D1

Kawnish Kirtania Circular pipes/tubes 34

 Calculate simultaneously
T2 t1
Hot Inner Cold
Hot side calculation fluid tube wall fluid Cold side calculation

T1 Do D1 t2

• Calculate the Reynolds number • Calculate the Reynolds number

• Determine jH, and multiply with • Determine jH, and multiply with
𝟏 𝟏
𝒌 𝒄𝝁 𝟑 𝝁 𝟎.𝟏𝟒 𝒌 𝒄𝝁 𝟑 𝝁 𝟎.𝟏𝟒
to determine ho to determine hi
𝑫 𝒌 𝝁𝒘 𝑫 𝒌 𝝁𝒘

• Calculate hio=hi (D1/Do)

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 Calculate simultaneously
T2 t1
Hot Inner Cold
Hot side calculation fluid tube wall fluid Cold side calculation

T1 Do D1 t2

• Calculate the Reynolds number • Calculate the Reynolds number

• Determine jH, and multiply with • Determine jH, and multiply with
𝟏 𝟏
𝒌 𝒄𝝁 𝟑 𝝁 𝟎.𝟏𝟒 𝒌 𝒄𝝁 𝟑 𝝁 𝟎.𝟏𝟒
to determine ho to determine hi
𝑫 𝒌 𝝁𝒘 𝑫 𝒌 𝝁𝒘

• Calculate hio=hi (D1/Do)

Combine both sides

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 Assuming, conduction
= + resistance negligible,
𝑼𝑪 𝒉𝒐 𝒉𝒊𝒐
𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
= 𝑘 ≈0
𝟏 𝟏
= + 𝑹𝒅𝟏 + 𝑹𝒅𝟐
𝑼𝑫 𝑼𝑪

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 Calculate simultaneously
T2 t1
Hot Inner Cold
Hot side calculation fluid tube wall fluid Cold side calculation

T1 Do D1 t2

• Calculate the Reynolds number • Calculate the Reynolds number

• Determine jH, and multiply with • Determine jH, and multiply with
𝟏 𝟏
𝒌 𝒄𝝁 𝟑 𝝁 𝟎.𝟏𝟒 𝒌 𝒄𝝁 𝟑 𝝁 𝟎.𝟏𝟒
to determine ho to determine hi
𝑫 𝒌 𝝁𝒘 𝑫 𝒌 𝝁𝒘

• Calculate hio=hi (D1/Do)

Combine both sides

Calculate heat transfer area
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 Assuming, conduction
= +
𝑸 𝑼𝑪 𝒉𝒐 𝒉𝒊𝒐 resistance negligible,
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂, 𝑨 = 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝑼𝑫∆𝑻𝒍𝒎 = 𝑘 ≈0
𝟏 𝟏
= + 𝑹𝒅𝟏 + 𝑹𝒅𝟐
𝑼𝑫 𝑼𝑪

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 Questions?

End of Lecture

You can always ask by

e-mail: [email protected]

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