CHAPTER-7 PERMUTATION, COMBINATION & PROBABILITY

Factorial Notation:
Let n be a positive integer. Then the product n  n  1 n  2 ...3.2.1 is called n factorial.
In above case n factorial is denoted by n! and it can also be
written as n .
Values to Remember: Caution
0!  1 by definition    a  b !  a ! b!
1!  1   a.b !  a !.b!
2!  2   2n !  2  n !
3!  6
4!  24
5!  120
6!  720
7!  5040
8!  40320
9!  362880
10!  3628800
Principles of Counting
(i) Fundamental Principle of Addition
If an operation can be performed in m ways and another operation (independent of first
operation) can be performed in n ways, then either of the two operations can be performed in
m + n ways. This is called fundamental principle of addition.
(ii) Fundamental Principle of Multiplication
If an operation can be performed in m ways and afterwards a second operation can be
performed in n ways then both these operations can be performed in m  n ways. This is called
fundamental principle of multiplication.
Remember:
These principles can be extended up to finite number of operations.
Permutations
The different arrangements which can be made out of given numbers, taken one or more
at a time, are called permutations.
OR Do you know?
An arrangement of a finite number of objects Permutation and Combination are
taken one or more at a time is called a special cases of fundamental
permutation of these objects (w.r.t. their order). principle of counting.

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Key Results of Permutation:

(i) The number of permutations of n-distinct objects taken all at a time is n!
(ii) The number of permutations of “n” distinct objects taken “r” at a time is given by:
n!
0r n
n
Pr 
 n  r !
(iii) n Pn  n !
(iv) n P0  1
(v) If out of “n” given objects “p” are alike of one kind, “q” are alike of second kind, “r” are
alike of third kind and so on then the number of permutations of these n-objects taken all
at a time is given by: n ! . The formula can also be written as,  n 
p! q! r !  p q r
(vi) The number of circular permutations of “n” different objects taken all at a time is  n 1!
if clockwise and anti-clockwise orders are different.
(vii) Number of arrangements of n-beads (keys) etc, can be arranged on a circular wire (key
(n  1)!
ring) is if clockwise and anti-clockwise orders are not different.
2
Combinations:
The different groups or selections which can be made out of a given number of objects,
taken one or more at a time (irrespective of their arrangements) are called combinations.
Key Results of Combinations:
(i) The number of combinations of “n” distinct objects, taken all at a time is n Cn  1
(ii) The number of combinations of “n” distinct objects taken “r” at a time is given
by: n Cr   n   n!
0r n
  r ! n  r  !
r
(iii) The number of combinations of “n” distinct objects taken “r” at a time when “p”
particular objects are always included is given by: n p Cr  p
(iv) The number of combinations of “n” distinct objects taken “r” at a time when “p”
particular objects are never included is given by: n  p Cr
(v) n
C0  n Cn  1
(vi) n Cr  n Cn  r Which is called Complementary Combination.
(vii) n Cr  n Cr 1  n 1 Cr
(viii) If n Cr  n Cs , then either r = s or r + s = n
n
Cr n  r 1
(ix) n

Cr 1 r
(x) n
Cr .r !  n Pr
(xi) n
C0  n C1  n C2  ...  n Cn  2n
(xii) The number of ways of selecting one or more objects out of “n” objects is 2n  1

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Note:
In most cases, given problem cannot be determined whether it belongs to permutation or
combination. On the basis of few words or on the assumption in expression of language
given in the problem, we can identify that problem according to the following table.
PERMUTATION COMBINATION
Arrangements, Selection,Choice,Draw ,etc
Standing or sitting in a row or in a circle Distributation, formation of a group,
Problem regarding digits, letters(A,B,C….etc) committee, team etc
Formation of words, numbers etc Problem regarding geometry
Terms Related to Probability
An experiment in which all possible outcomes are known in
Random Experiment
advance.
The set of all possible outcomes of an experiment is called
Sample Space
the sample space. It is denoted by S.
Event Any subset of the sample space is called an event.
Two events A and B are said to be mutually exclusive or
Mutually Exclusive Events or disjoint if and only if they cannot both occur at the same
Disjoint Events time i.e. they have no point in common.
A B 
Not Mutually Exclusive Two events A and B are said to be not mutually exclusive or
Events or Overlapping overlapping if and only if they have at least one point in
Events. common A  B  
Two events A and B are said to be equally likely when one
Equally Likely Events
event is as likely to occur as the other.
Two or more events such that occurrence of any one does
Independent
not depend on the occurrence of other, they are said to be
Events/Dependent Events
independent events. Otherwise dependent events.
Probability:
Probability is the numerical evaluation of a chance that a particular event would occur.
Results:
nE
 Probability of occurrence of an event E: PE 
nS 
 Probability of not happening of an event: P  E   1 P  E 
 0  PE 1
 PE  PE 1
 If E is an Impossible Event then P  E   0
 If E is a Certain Event then P  E   1

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Remember:
 Independent events are always taken from TIP:
different experiments while mutually exclusive Generally in probability “AND”
means multiplication and “OR”
events are taken from a single experiment. means addition.
 Independent events can happen together while
mutually exclusive events cannot happen together.
 Independent events are connected by the word “AND” but mutually exclusive events are
connected by the word “OR”.

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EXERCISE
(1) If a coin is tossed four times, what is the probability of getting 2 heads and 2 tails?
1 3
(a) (b)
2 4
4 3
(c) (d)
16 8
(2) Total number of positive even numbers that can be formed by using some or all
digits 2,3,4,5,6 when no repetition is allowed is,
(a) 195 (b) 194
(c) 192 (d) 196
(3) 3! 5! 
(a) 15! (b) 8!
(c) 6! (d) None of these
(4) If  n  1!  3  n!then n 
(a) 3 (b) 2
(c) 1 (d) 0
(5) There are 5 roads leading to a town from a village, the number of different ways in
which a villager can go to town and return back from a different road;
(a) 5 (b) 10
(c) 25 (d) 20

(6)
 n  1!  ?
 n  1!
(a) 1 (b) n 2  n
(c) n 2  n (d) n  1
(7) 7
Pr  42 then r 
(a) 3 (b) 2
(c) 1 (d) 5
(8) How many signals can be given by 5 flags of different colors by using at most 2 flags
at a time?
(a) 25 (b) 325
(c) 60 (d) 10
(9) In how many ways four people be arranged in a line?
(a) 4 (b) 16
(c) 8 (d) 24
(10) How many different words are possible from the letters of the word “WORD”?
(a) 1 (b) 256
(c) 24 (d) 16
(11) How many two digit numbers can be formed by using 1, 2,3, 4,5 when repetition is
not allowed?
(a) 2 (b) 20
(c) 4 (d) 10

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(12) How many different words can be generated from the letters of the word
“CHAPTER” if all consonants kept together?
(a) 5040 (b) 120
(c) 720 (d) 3020
(13) How many 5 digit odd multiples of 5 are possible by using 0,1,3,5,7 when repetition
is not allowed?
(a) 18 (b) 24
(c) 32 (d) 432
(14) Number of permutations of 3 different books on Mathematics and 4 different books
on physics such that books of same subject are not adjacent to each other;
(a) 4! 3! (b) 4! 3! 2!
(c) 7! (d) 12!
(15) How many arrangements of the letters of the word “CRICKET” can be made by
using all letters?
(a) 5040 (b) 4040
(c) 2520 (d) 3220
(16) A notorious postman delivers 4 letters in 4 houses in such a way that none gets the right
letter. In how many total ways this is possible?
(a) 12 (b) 16
(c) 5 (d) 9
(17) Number of arrangements of the letters of the word “MISSISSIPPI” are,
(a) 1663000 (b) 1663300
(c) 1663200 (d) None of these
(18) 13
C4  C8 
13

14 14
(a) C8 (b) C4
14 14
(c) C5 (d) C6
(19) How many diagonals can be formed from the vertices of 9 sided polygon?
(a) 24 (b) 29
(c) 32 (d) 27
(20) How many committees of 3 members can be formed from 4 Boys and 3 Girls if each
committee has at least 2 Girls?
(a) 12 (b) 13
(c) 10 (d) 15
(21) A cricket team of 11 out of 15 players were selected, in how many ways all players of
team can go for Batting;
(a) 15 C11 (b) 15 P11
(c) 11 C11 (d) 11
P11
(22) 13
C4 x  C x3 then x 
13

(a) 2 (b) 5
(c) 3 (d) 4
(23) In a certain exam Ali has to pass all five tests, in how many ways can he fail?
(a) 30 (b) 29
(c) 31 (d) 32
(24) If Cy  4 and Py  96 then y 
x x

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(a) 3 (b) 4
(c) 5 (d) 2
(25) If E is any event then which of the following is true?
(a) 0  P  E   1 (b) 0  P  E   1
(c) 0  P  E   1 (d) P  E   0
(26) A die is rolled. What is the probability that dots on top are not greater than 4?
1 2
(a) (b)
3 3
1 1
(c) (d)
2 6
(27) From a set  ,2,4,9,  , z , an element is chosen at random, the probability of not
choosing an English alphabet is;
1 5
(a) (b)
6 6
1 1
(c) (d)
3 2
(28) If E is any event then A.M between P  E  and P  E  is;
(a) 1 (b) 2
1
(c) (d) 0
2
(29) If a letter is choosen at random from the letters of the word “CUPBOARD”,
probability that the selected letter is a consonant;
1 5
(a) (b)
8 8
3 1
(c) (d)
8 4
(30) Two dice are thrown simultaneously, probability that the sum of the numbers of
dots appearing on them is 4 or 6;
1 2
(a) (b)
9 9
1 5
(c) (d)
12 36
(31) Two cards are drawn from a deck of 52 playing cards. What is probability that both
are red?
25 25
(a) (b)
104 102
1 1
(c) (d)
26 13
(32) A coin is tossed and cricket match is played, then the probability of getting tail or
match ended with draw is;

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5 1
(a) (b)
6 6
2 4
(c) (d)
3 3
(33) 10 students appeared for two examination 6 passed the first, 5 passed second and 3
passed both, the probability that the student selected at random has fail in both
examination is;
(a) 0.8 (b) 0.4
(c) 0.2 (d) 0.5
(34) A bag contain 3 red, 2 white and 2 black pencils two pencils selected at random
what is probability that first is black and second is red?
1 3
(a) (b)
7 7
3 6
(c) (d)
14 49
(35) In how many ways can 4 keys be arranged on a circular key ring?
(a) 6 (b) 12
(c) 24 (d) 3
(36) A person invites his 7 friends, in how many ways they all can be seated at a round
table?
7!
(a) 7! (b)
2
6!
(c) 6! (d)
2
(37) How many 3 digit numbers can be formed from the digits 0, 2, 4,6,8 ?
(a) 125 (b) 60
(c) 100 (d) 64
(38) How many 4 digit numbers are possible?
(a) 10,000 (b) 9000
(c) 5000 (d) 9999
(39) The number of ways in which the letters of the word “FRACTION” be arranged so
that all three vowels are not together is;
(a) 36000 (b) 40320
(c) 4320 (d) 720
(40) How many 5-digit numbers are possible from the digits 1,1,2,3,3 ?
(a) 120 (b) 60
(c) 30 (d) 25
(41) The number of ways in which 5 people can be seated at a round table so that 2
particular persons may sit together, are;
(a) 24 (b) 12
(c) 48 (d) 36

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(42) A person invites 7 friends at lunch and set to sit 4 of them at one round table and
remaining 3 at the other. The number of ways in which he can arrange the guests
are;
(a) 420 (b) 380
(c) 440 (d) 360
(43) If a coin is tossed 2 times and probability of getting exactly one head is p and
probability of getting at least one head is q, what is the probability of p  q ?
1 1
(a) (b)
4 2
3 3
(c) (d)
4 8
(44) If maximum 720 words are formed by the letters of a word, then possible word is;
(a) England (b) France
(c) Italy (d) Washington
(45) How many line segments can be formed from 8 points, out of which 3 lie on
x  axis ?
(a) 18 (b) 28
(c) 12 (d) 26
(46) How many triangles can be formed from 7 non collinear points?
(a) 30 (b) 35
(c) 39 (d) 28
(47) How many words can be generated from the letters of the word “LAPTOP”, if every
word starts and end with P and vowels are on even places?
(a) 24 (b) 8
(c) 4 (d) No word formed
4.2
(48) Factorial form of is;
2!
4!
(a) (b) 4!
2!
4!
(c) (d) Not possible
3!
4
(49) Probability that a student gets 1000 marks in FSC is and gets 65% score in ECAT is
9
3
, probability that student neither gets 1000 marks in FSC nor 65% score in ECAT is;
4
5 2
(a) (b)
36 3
31 5
(c) (d)
36 9

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(50) How many times does the digit 3 appear while writing numbers from 1 to 1000?
(a) 300 (b) 400
(c) 333 (d) 330
(51) Tickets numbered 1 to 20 are mixed up and then a ticket is drawn at random what
is the probability that the ticket drawn has a number which is multiple of 3 or 5?
1 2
(a) (b)
2 5
8 9
(c) (d)
15 20
(52) What are the chances that no two boys are sitting together for a photograph if there
are 5 girls and 2 boys?
1 4
(a) (b)
21 7
2 5
(c) (d)
7 7
(53) What is the probability of drawing two clubs from a well-shuffled pack of 52 cards.
13 1
(a) (b)
57 17
1 1
(c) (d)
26 26
(54) In a drawer there are 4 white socks, 3 blue socks and 5 green socks. Two socks are
picked randomly. What is the probability that both socks are of same colors?
4 2
(a) (b)
11 33
19 2
(c) (d)
66 3
(55) What is the probability of having 53 Thursday in non-leap years?
6 1
(a) (b)
7 7
1 53
(c) (d)
365 365
(56) In a set of 30 game cards, 17 are white and rest are green. 4 white and 5 green cards
are marked IMPORTANT. IF a card is chosen randomly from this set, what is the
probability of choosing a green card or an IMPORTANT card?
13 11
(a) (b)
35 15
17 9
(c) (d)
30 13

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(57) Two friends ' A ' and ' B ' apply for a job in the same company. The chances of ' A '
2 4
getting selected is and that of ' B ' is . What is the probability that one of them get
5 7
selected?
8 34
(a) (b)
35 35
18 30
(c) (d)
35 35
(58) Three individuals A, B and C apply for a job. Probability that A will get the job
1 4 2
is . Similarly, ' B ' and ' C ' has probabilities of getting job are and . What is
3 7 5
the probability that none of them get the job?
6
(a) 0 (b)
35
8 2
(c) (d)
105 17
(59) There are three friends, none of them was born in leap year. Probability that all the
three have same date of birth is?
1 1
(a) (b)
 365  365
3 2

3 3
(c) (d)
 365
3
365
(60) Probability that ' 4 ' turns up at least once in two tosses of fair die is
1 5
(a) (b)
3 18
11 1
(c) (d)
36 12
(61) Four cards are drawn from pack of 52 playing cards. The probability that all the
four cards taken out shall be of the same suit is
44 43
(a) (b)
4165 4165
42
(c) (d) None of these
4165
(62) Two fair dice are tossed once. The probability that the dice will show unequal
numbers
2 11
(a) (b)
3 12
5 11
(c) (d)
6 30

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(63) A number consists of 5 digits when 1st digit is not equal to zero, then how many
numbers are possible?
(a) 105 (b) 9  106
(c) 10006 (d) 90,000
(64) How many four digit numbers can be formed from 1,2,3,4,5 if repetition is allowed?
(a) 124 (b) 625
(c) 24 (d) 12
(65) How many words can be formed from the word “COMMITTE” arranged
horizontally in a line?
(a) 7200 (b) 8400
(c) 9600 (d) 10080
(66) A girl has five shirts white, Pink, Yellow, Orange and Blue and three skirts white,
pink and green. What is the number of ways of wearing shirts-skirts?
(a) 8 (b) 15
(c) 16 (d) 25
(67) In how many ways a group of six boys can be arranged on a round table if one seat
is fixed?
(a) 120 (b) 720
(c) 100 (d) 50
(68) A and B are two events which are dependent then P  A  B  =?
(a) P  A  P  B  (b) P  A .P  B 
(c) P  A .P  A / B  (d) P  A .P  B / A
(69) Police forget last two digits of car PG83… when no digit is repeated. They should
check how many registration numbers?
(a) 56 (b) 80
(c) 90 (d) 100
(70) If in a box there are twenty beads in which seven are black three are red and ten are
blue. What is the probability of drawing a black bead?
7
(a) 1 (b)
10
7 3
(c) (d)
20 20
(71) Number of diagonals in 8 sided polygon are
(a) 16 (b) 20
(c) 42 (d) 56
(72) How many cricket teams can be formed of 16 players when every team includes one
particular player?
(a) 16 C11 (b) 16 C10
(c) 15 C10 (d) 15 C11
(73) How many words can be formed from letters of word “PAKISTAN” when each
word starts with P?
(a) 5040 (b) 2520
(c) 40320 (d) 20160

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(74) If two dice are rolled simultaneously then find probability of prime numbers
involved:
1 1
(a) (b)
2 4
3 1
(c) (d)
4 3
15   15 
(75)    then x =?
 3x   x  3 
(a) 8 (b) 5
(c) 3 (d) 4
(76) A man invites 15 people on a dinner out of which five are men, five are women and
five are children. They are allowed to sit on the different circular tables. In how
many ways they can sit?
(a) 5! 3 (b) 5! 3!
(c) 5! 5!  5!  3! (d) 4! 4!  4!  3!
(77) The word “APPRICIATION” can be written in how many ways?
(a) 19958400 (b) 19458555
(c) 19958225 (d) 19958165
(78) How many three letters codes can be generated by the letters of “ADVANCE” using
both A’s?
(a) 7 (b) 14
(c) 25 (d) 15
(79) A and B are two candidates seeking admission in STEM. Probability of A’s selection
1
is and probability that both A and B are selected is 0.3 . Probability of B’s
2
selection can be
(a) 0.85 (b) 0.8
(c) 0.6 (d) 0.95
(80) A coin is tossed thrice. Probability of getting head at least once is?
3 1
(a) (b)
8 8
1 7
(c) (d)
4 8

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(81) There are 4 green balls, 3 yellow balls and 6 red balls in a bag. Two balls are drawn
at random, what is the probability that both are of same color?
4 24
(a) (b)
13 78
1
(c) (d) None of these
2
(82) How many 6-digit numbers can be formed using the digits 2, 2,3,3, 4, 4?
(a) 720 (b) 360
(c) 180 (d) 90
(83) Number of arrangements of “TALLAHASSEE” if no two A ' s adjacent are
(a) 1 million (b) 423630
(c) 423360 (d) 432620
(84) E
For an event , we have
(a) P  E   1 (b) P  E   0
(c) P  E   P  E   0 (d) P  E   P  E   1
(85) If a person has to select 7 exercises from 10 exercises then in how many ways can he
select them?
(a) 100 (b) 120
(c) 80 (d) 90
 2n  1   2n 
(86)     ?
 2k  1   2k 
 2n  1   2n 
(a)   (b)  
 2k  1   2k 
 2n   2n  1 
(c)   (d)  
 2k  1   2k 
(87) Five coins are tossed, what is the probability that we get three heads?
5 3
(a) (b)
16 16
1 5
(c) (d)
16 32
(88) If there are four married couples and they have to sit on a round table. In how many
ways can they be seated if both the partners sit together?
(a) 4 (b) 36
(c) 12 (d) 96
(89) Three coins are tossed. What is the probability that we get either 1 head or 3 heads?
1
(a) 1 (b)
2
3 1
(c) t(d)
8 3

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(90) Police caught a car with registration number LEB  17 A  5 _ _ and forget the last
two digits but he remembered that both of them were different. In how many ways
can they guess the last two digits?
(a) 90 (b) 100
(c) 10 (d) 0

ANSWER KEY

1 D 13 A 25 C 37 C 49 A 61 A 73 B 85 D
2 A 14 A 26 B 38 B 50 A 62 C 74 C 86 D
3 C 15 C 27 B 39 A 51 D 63 D 75 C 87 A
4 B 16 D 28 C 40 C 52 D 64 B 76 D 88 D
5 D 17 C 29 B 41 B 53 B 65 D 77 A 89 B
6 B 18 C 30 B 42 A 54 C 66 B 78 D 90 A
7 B 19 D 31 B 43 D 55 B 67 A 79 C
8 A 20 B 32 A 44 B 56 C 68 D 80 D
9 D 21 D 33 C 45 D 57 C 69 A 81 B
10 C 22 A 34 A 46 B 58 B 70 C 82 D
11 B 23 C 35 D 47 C 59 A 71 B 83 C
12 C 24 B 36 A 48 C 60 C 72 C 84 D

STEM ECAT PIEAS GIKI NET LUMS NTS 119

CHAPTER-7 PERMUTATION, COMBINATION & PROBABILITY

STEM ECAT PIEAS GIKI NET LUMS NTS 120