Mathematics 8

Quarter 1
Self Learning Module 2
FACTORING POLYNOMIALS
• PERFECT SQUARE TRINOMIAL
• GENERAL TRINOMIALS
Mathematics – Grade 8
Quarter 1 – Module 2: Factoring Polynomials
First Edition, 2020

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Development Team of the Self-Learning Module

Writer: Jaigie B. Lardizabal and Mary Anne T. Domalanta
Editor: Revie G.. Santos
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Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education – Schools Division of

Pasig City
Mathematics 8
Quarter 1
Self Learning Module 2
Factoring Polynomials
• PERFECT SQUARE TRINOMIALS
• GENERAL TRINOMIALS
Introductory Message

For the Facilitator:

Welcome to the Mathematics Grade 8 Self-Learning Module on Factoring

Polynomials!

This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed and

reviewed by educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its
Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A.
Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through its mayor,
Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in
developing this instructional resource.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help learners
acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs, namely: Communication,
Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Character while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage
their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
 For the Learner:

Welcome to the Mathematics Self-Learning Module on Factoring Polynomials!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge and skills

that you will learn after completing the module.

Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson

at hand.

Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts

and skills that you already know about a previous lesson.

Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module.

Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform.

Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and

application of the lesson.

Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the

lesson.

Posttest - This measures how much you have learned from the
entire module.
 EXPECTATION

1. Factor perfect square trinomials and general trinomials (M8AL-1a-1.0)

PRETEST

Multiple Choice: Write the letter of choice on a piece of paper.

1. What is the factored form of x2 +8x +16
A. (x + 4) (x - 4) C. ( x + 2)( x + 8)
B. (x + 4)(x + 4) D. (x – 2)(x - 8 )
2. If one of the factors of x2 - 5x – 6 is ( x – 6), what is the other factor?
A. (x + 1) C. ( x + 3)
B. (x – 1) D. (x – 3)
3. What is the middle term of the square of (0.03a+4b)?
A. 0.024ab C. 0.24a2b2
B. 0.24ab D. 0.024a2b2
4. If one of the factors of 2x2 + 7x + 3 is ( 2x + 1), what is the other factor?
A. (2x + 3) C. ( x + 3)
B. (3x – 3) D. (2x + 3)
5. What are the factors of 4a2 - 7a + 3?
A. (4a + 3) (a - 1) C. ( 2a + 3)(2a – 1)
B. (2a – 1) (2a - 3) D. (a-1)(4a – 3)

RECAP

Recite them with anyone at home.

Sum Product Game: I have two

5 6 numbers whose
7 12 product is and the
-9 14 sum of. What are
5 -36 the two numbers?
-6 -27
 LESSON

Factoring Perfect Square Trinomials

Trinomials are perfect squares, if and only if:

1. The first and last terms are both positive at the same time perfect squares.
2. The middle term can be negative or positive and twice the product of the quantities
that were squared.

Example 1. Determine whether the following are perfect square trinomials.

a. 4𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 9 d. 25𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 + 1
2
b. 𝑥 − 14𝑥 + 49 e. 6𝑥 2 − 24𝑥𝑦 + 9𝑦 2
c. x 6 + 10x 3 + 25 f. . x 2 − 20x − 100

SOLUTIONS:
a. 4x 2 + 12x + 9 Yes, it is perfect square trinomial, both first and last are
perfect squares and the middle term is twice the product of
the quantities that were squared.
2x 2x −3 −3
Middle term: 2(2x)(−3) = 12x

b. x 2 − 14x + 49 Yes, it is a perfect square trinomial.

x x −7 −7
Middle term: 2(x)(−7) = −14x

c. x 6 + 10x 3 + 25 Yes it is perfect square trinomial.

x3 x3 5 5
3 )(5)
Middle term: 2(x = 10x 3

𝑑. 25x 2 + 10x + 1 Yes, it is a perfect square trinomial

5x 5x 1 1
Middle term: 2(5x)(1) = 10x

e. 6𝑥 2 − 24𝑥𝑦 + 9𝑦 2 , No, it is not perfect square trinomial because the

first term is not perfect square but we can factor
by getting the greatest common monomial factor.
3(𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟖𝒙𝒚 + 𝟑𝒚𝟐 )
 f. x 2 − 20x − 100 No, it is not a perfect square trinomial because the last term
should be positive.

x x − 10 10 It is impossible to find for factors of -100 where the sum

is -20.

Example 2. Factor the following

a. 𝑎2 + 10𝑎 + 25
.The first and the last terms are both perfect square, the middle term is twice the
product of 𝑎 and 5.
𝑎2 + 10𝑎 + 25 = (𝑎 + 5)2
b. 16𝑚2 − 4𝑚 + 1 = (4𝑚 − 1)2
c. 147𝑥𝑦 2 + 84𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 12𝑥𝑧 2 = 3𝑥(49𝑦 2 + 28𝑦𝑧 + 4𝑧 2 )
= 3𝑥(7𝑦 + 2𝑧)2

Factoring Trinomials where a = 1 and c either Positive or Negative

Given a trinomial of the form 𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 is not a perfect square, examine it to see if
there are two numbers with product 𝑐 and sum 𝑏.
Example 1. Factor 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟖
To factor 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 8, we need to find integers 𝑎 and 𝑏 such that
𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 8 = (𝑥 + 𝑎)(𝑥 + 𝑏)
To find integers 𝑎 and 𝑏, find the product of the two terms
(𝑥 + 𝑎)(𝑥 + 𝑏) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏
= 𝑥 2 + (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏
Based on the results, we want integers 𝑎 and 𝑏 such that;
𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 8 = 𝑥 2 + (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏
The sum of 𝑎 and 𝑏 is 6 and the product of 𝑎 and 𝑏 is 8. Having these conditions, the
two integers needed are 2 and 4.
𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 8 = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 4)

Example 2. Factor 𝒉𝟐 − 𝟒𝒉 + 𝟑
Look for two integers whose product is 3 and whose sum is -4. The two integers are -
1 and -3.
ℎ2 − 4ℎ + 3 = (ℎ − 1)(ℎ − 3)

Example 3. Factor 𝒎𝟐 − 𝟐𝒎 − 𝟏𝟓
Look for two integers whose product is −15 and whose sum is −2. The two integers
are −5 and 3.
𝑚2 − 2𝑚 − 15 = (𝑚 − 5)(𝑚 + 3)

Example 4. Factor 𝒋𝟐 + 𝒋 − 𝟐𝟎
Look for two integers whose product is −20 and whose sum is 1. The two integers
are −4 and 5.
𝑗 2 + 𝑗 − 20 = (𝑗 − 4)(𝑗 + 5)
Factoring Trinomials where a > 1 and c either Positive or Negative

Factoring ax2 + bx + c when a > 1: There are 3 applicable methods to use namely;
Guess and Check, Box Method, by Grouping and AC TEST
Study the following:

EXAMPLE 1. Given: 5x2 – 12x + 4

Box Method Factoring by Grouping
x - 2
= 5x2 – 10x - 2x + 4
5x2 -10x = (5x2 – 10x) – (2x - 4)
5x
= 5x(x – 2) – 2(x – 2)
-2 -2x +4
= (5x – 2)(x – 2)

Guess and Check Middle term AC TEST

(5x – 1)(x – 4) = -21x 5x2 – 12x + 4 choose 5•2 and2•1
(5x – 4)(x – 1) = -9x = (5x2 – 10x) – (2x – 4)
(5x – 2)(x – 2) = -12x * 5 1 2 2 = 5x(x – 2) – 2(x – 2)
= (5x – 2)(x – 2)
* This is the required middle term.

EXAMPLE 2. Given: 6x2 + 5x – 4

Using ac test:
a. Getting the prime factors of 6 and 4 2 * 3* 2 * 2

b. Check which of the prime factors can be 2 * 2 * 2 *3

combined (multiplied) , reduced to two factor 8*3
and get the middle term of the given polynomial. 8–3=5

c. Re-write the polynomial by breaking the middle 6x2 + 8x – 3x – 4

term using the numbers that you got from b. (6x2 + 8x) – (3x + 4)

d. Factor the new polynomial by grouping 2x(3x + 4) – (3x + 4)

(3x + 4)(2x – 1)
EXAMPLE 3: To factor 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟔,
find two integers whose product is 𝟐 ∙ 𝟔 = 𝟏𝟐 and whose sum is 7.

The integers are 3 and 4. Use these integers to write the middle term,
7𝑥 = 3𝑥 + 4𝑥.
2𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 6 = 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 6

Factor the right hand side of the equation by grouping

2𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 6 = 𝑥(2𝑥 + 3) + 2(2𝑥 + 3)
= (2𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 + 2)
 EXAMPLE 4. Factor 𝟓𝒕𝟐 − 𝟏𝟑𝒕 + 𝟔
5𝑡 2 − 13𝑡 + 6 = 5𝑡 2 − 10𝑡 − 3𝑡 + 6
= 5𝑡(𝑡 − 2) − 3(𝑡 − 2)
= (𝑡 − 2)(5𝑡 − 30)

Example 5. Factor 𝟑𝒃𝟐 + 𝟓𝒃 − 𝟏

We cannot find two integers whose product is −3 and whose sum is 5. The
trinomial 3𝑏 2 + 5𝑏 − 1 is prime.

ACTIVITIES

Analyze the given questions. Write your answers on the space provided.

ACTIVITY 1: LET’S PRACTICE

Direction: Determine which of the following polynomials is a perfect square trinomial and
General trinomial. Write the acronym PST(perfect square trinomial) and
GT(General Trinomial).
__________1. 4𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 9
__________2. x2 - 7x + 12

__________3. 2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 3
__________4. 100x4 – 20x2 + 1

__________5. 2𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 10
ACTIVITY 2: KEEP PRACTICING

Direction: Given the polynomial on the column A, identify the factors of the following
polynomials in column B by writing the letter of the correct answer on the space provided.

Match column A to Column B by finding the factors of the first column.

Column A Column B

___ 1.) 25m2- 60m + 36 A. ( m – 7)( m + 6)

___ 2.) m2 - m – 42 B. (2m - 5) (m – 2)
___ 3.) 2𝑚2 − 9𝑚 + 10 C. (m + 6)( m – 5)
___ 4.) 2𝑚2 + 𝑚 − 1 D. (m + 1)(2m – 1)
____5.) m2 + m – 30 E. (5m2 – 6) (5m2 – 6)
ACTIVITY 3: TEST YOURSELF

Multiple choice: Write the letter of choice on a piece of paper.

1. What are the factors of x2 + 7x - 18?
A. (x - 9) (x + 2) C. ( x + 6)( x - 3)
B. (x – 2)(x + 9) D. (x – 6)(x + 3 )
2. If one of the factors of 36x2 - 24 x+4 is ( 6x - 2), what is the other factor?
A. (6x + 2) C. ( 6x2 - 2)
B. (6x – 2) D. (6x2 + 2)
3. What is the measure of the side of a square whose area is (64m2 + 32m + 4) square
meter?
A. ( 8m2 + 2)meter C. (8m2 - 2)meter
B. (8m - 2) meter D. ( 8m + 2)meter

4. Which of the following factors gives the product of (8x – 5)(x + 3)?
A. 8x2 + 23x - 15 C. 8x2 +19x - 15
B. (8x2 +37x - 15 D. 8x2 -19x - 15

5. What is the middle term of the polynomial (49k2 ____+ 4) if the polynomial is a
perfect square?

A. -28k B. -14k C. -7k D. -56k

WRAP–UP

To find the factors of perfect square trinomial, the first and last terms of the polynomials
should be perfect and the middle term will be twice the product of square roots of the 1st and
the last terms..
𝑥 2 + 2xy + 𝑦 2 = ( 𝑥 + 𝑦)(x + y)
𝑥 2 − 2xy + 𝑦 2 = ( 𝑥 − 𝑦)( x − y)

FACTORING TRINOMIALS when constant (last term in the trinomial) is positive

x2 + (a + b)x + ab = (x + a)(x + b)
x2 – (a + b)x + ab = (x – a)(x – b)
if C is negative : x2 + (a - b)x - ab = (x - a)(x + b) or (x + a)(x – b)

Factoring Trinomials
acx2 + (ad + bc)x + bd = (ax + b)(cx + d)
There are three applicable methods to use namely: Guess and Check, Box Method, by
Grouping and AC TEST.
 VALUING

Write a reflection together with your parents:

✓ Have you heard the word “SHORTCUTS”?

✓ Where do you hear it?
✓ Give a special case/instances in your family that you need to shortcut one’s
thing, decisions and the like.

POSTTEST

A.Multiple choice: Write the letter of choice on a piece of paper.

1. What are the factors of x2 +11x + 24
A. (x - 8) (x - 3) C. ( x + 6)( x + 4)
B. (x + 8)(x + 3) D. (x – 6) (x - 4 )
2. If one of the factors of x + 4x – 12 is ( x – 2), what is the other factor?
2

A. (x + 6) C. ( x + 4)
B. (x – 6) D. (x – 3)
3. What is the middle term of the square of (0.05a+4b)?
A. 0.40ab C. 0.40a2b2
B. 0.040ab D. 0.040a2b2
2
4. If one of the factors of 6x + 11x + 3 is ( 3x + 1), what is the other factor?
A. (2x2 + 3) C. ( 2x + 3)
B. (2x2 - 3) D. (2x - 3)
2
5. What are the factors of 10a - 4a - 6?
A. (10a + 6) (a - 1) C. ( 2a + 3)(5a – 2)
B. (2a – 1) (5a + 6) D. (10a-1)(a + 6)

6. Which of the following polynomials is a perfect square?

A. 4𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 8 C. 4𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 9
2
B. 4𝑥 + 6𝑥 + 36 D. 4𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 25

7. What is the other prime polynomial factor if the factor of 4𝑎2 − 4𝑎 + 1 is (2a - 1)?
A. ( 2a + 1) B. (2a - 1) C. ( 2a2 + 1) D. ( 2a2 – 1)

8. What is the measure of the side of a square whose area is

( m2- 18mn + 81n2) square meter?
A. ( m – 9n) B. (m + 9n) C. ( m – 9n2) D. ( m2 – 9n)
 9. Which of the following factors gives the product of 49k4 – 14k2 + 1?
A. (7k2 + 1 )2 C. (7k - 1)2
B. (7k – 1 )
2 2
D. (7k + 1)2

10. What is the middle term of the polynomial ( 36d2 ____+ 16) if the polynomial is a
perfect square?
A. -48d B. -8d C. -24d D. -12k

KEY TO CORRECTION

5. A
4. C
3. D
10. A A 5. 2. B
9. B C 4. 1. B
8. A A 3.
7. B A 2. Activity 3: Try More
6. C 1. B 5. C
4. D
POST TEST 3. B
2. A
1. E

Activity 2: Keep Practicing

5. GT 4. PST
3. GT 2. GT 1. PST

Activity I: Practice

REFERENCES
Lardizabal, Jaigie B. and Flores, Karen, iMATH8 Book, (Cainta: iBook Publishing Inc.,28-30)

Nivera, Glady C., Grade 8 Mathematics Pattern and Practicalities, (Makati City: Salesiana, 42-44)

Oronce, Orlando A. and Mendezo, Marilyn O., E-MATH 8 (Quezon City : Rex Books Store, 90-95)