 What is a Naval Shipyard?

A naval shipyard is where ships are built and repaired. These may be
yachts, military ships, commercial ships, and/or other types of ships for
transporting goods or passengers. Shipyards are built near the sea or navigable
rivers, to allow boat access. s.

That's right, this is what a naval shipyard is all about, it is a place with the
appropriate facilities, personnel and equipment to build or repair vessels. There are
currently approximately 2,509 shipyards around the world. .

 How is a Shipyard constituted?

According to article 104 of the Decree with Rank, Value and Force of
Organic Law of Aquatic Spaces, in full accordance with the provisions of article 1 of
the Naval Industry, it is made up of the two:
 Main Naval Production Centers: shipyards, dockyards, and ship factories.
 Auxiliary Naval Production Centers: naval workshops, naval consultancies,
inspection, testing and testing companies or laboratories, ship and
navigation accessory classification societies, factories and marketers of
naval machines, equipment and systems, as well as its parts, spare parts,
factories and marketers of materials and supplies for the activities of the
naval industry.

 Shipyard Structure.

For the correct functioning of the shipyard, a human team is required, which
is in charge of operating and managing the shipyard. This group of people is
divided by departments and following the organizational structure that can be seen
below.
 Legal
General department
Directorate

Commerci Budget
al department Department

Project
Production Department
departament Department of
Finance

Technical Department

HR Department

Plant Department

Purchasing and contracting department

General Management: It is the highest governing body within the company

structure. This department is represented by the general director and the functions
performed, in general, are the following:

-Approval of the company's general strategies.

-Control of the execution and achievement of strategic objectives.
-Establishment and control of company budgets and billing.
-Making decisions about important investments.
-Corporate operations of any type.
Legal Department: It is the department in charge of providing legal advice to
management and any other department of the shipyard that needs it, to maintain
the actions undertaken in the shipyard within the corresponding legal framework.
The Legal Director is in charge of the legal department and the main functions of
the department are the following:

-Advise the different departments on legal matters, and especially the shipyard
management, when required.
-Defend the shipyard against possible prosecutions.
-Prepare and/or review repair contracts and/or contracts in which the shipyard is a
contracting party or has an interest in the business, as well as prepare and
authorize other private documents and/or agreements when required.
In general, shipyards of this type do not have their own legal department within the
company but rather work on this type of action by subcontracting specialized law
firms for each occasion in which it is required.
Human Resources Department: It is in charge of dealing with all personnel-
related matters. This department is managed by the Chief of Personnel or Head of
HR, and depends completely on the strategies defined by general management.
The main functions, among others, of the HR department within the shipyard are
the following:
Planning of the work force according to the needs of the shipyard.
-Job description.
-Definition of professional profiles.
-Staff pick.
-Hiring of new personnel.
-Processing of dismissals and suspensions of personnel.
-Payroll and social insurance management.
-Management of permits, vacations, medical leaves, overtime, etc.
-Description and control of the disciplinary regime.
-Absenteeism control.
-Study of the salary formulas of the shipyard staff.
- Establishment of professional categories.
-Management of social services (transportation of workers, dinners in case of
extension of the day, etc.)

Finance Department: It is managed by the Director of Finance. This department is

subdivided into three departments:

-The Financing Department is in charge of obtaining financing for the needs of the
shipyard and plans the outflow of funds to meet payments on time.
-The Accounting Department is responsible for controlling that the business activity
is profitable, through the use of accounting tools, according to the parameters
established by the shipyard management within the current legislative framework.
-The Billing and Collections department is responsible for carrying out the billing of
the services provided by the production department and pursues collections of the
invoices issued. This department works closely linked to the production
department.
-The Financing Department is in charge of obtaining financing for the needs of the
shipyard and plans the outflow of funds to meet payments on time.
-The Accounting department is responsible for controlling that the business activity
is profitable, through the use of accounting tools, according to the parameters
established by the shipyard management within the current legislative framework.
-The Billing and Collections department is responsible for carrying out the billing of
the services provided by the production department and pursues collections of the
invoices issued. This department works closely linked to the production
department.

Commercial Department: It is in charge of promoting and attracting clients to the

shipyard and guiding them throughout the negotiation process until the signing of
the repair contract. The main functions of the commercial department of the
shipyard are:
-Development of sales, advertising and marketing strategy.
-Customer acquisition
-Introduction of clients into the management system.
-Negotiation of contractual conditions, with the advice of the legal department and
with the consensus of the general management of the shipyard
-Stipulation of shipyard rates for clients, with the advice of the Production
department.
-Preparation of initial project budgets, with the advice of the Production
department.
-Preparation of the stranding plan, in consensus with the Production department.
-Preparation and review of customer satisfaction reports once projects are
completed.
Within the same Commercial department, the Budget department is included
as an isolated department. This department is in charge of preparing the initial
budgets. The operation of this department will be defined in detail later when
working on the shipyard workflow. Both departments have a department head or
director and in this case the Budget Head is a direct report to the Commercial
Director.

Production Department: It includes the different departments that carry out the
repair work of the projects that arrive at the shipyard. The production department is
subdivided into two departments of equal hierarchical level:

The project department and the technical department.

Both departments are complementary to each other and, as will be seen later when
the shipyard's workflow is explained, they work intertwined to ensure two
fundamental objectives:

-Generate and carry out the greatest number of jobs possible in the shortest time.
-Account and manage all the resources used in these jobs to prepare the invoice at
the end of the project.
Project Department: It is made up of a team of Vessel Managers or Repair
Managers along with the department supervisor who is the Project Director. The
Vessel Managers are responsible for carrying out the administrative management
of the project, as well as maintaining commercial relations with the client during
their stay in the shipyard from the signing of the contract until the completion of the
repair project. Likewise, the Vessel Managers are, during this repair period, the link
between the shipyard and the client's representative or client.

Technical Department: It is made up of the following departments:

-Steel Department
-Pipe Department
-Machinery or Mechanics Department
-Department of Electricity
-Painting Department
-Product Quality Department

The figure that represents the Technical Department is the Technical

Director and each of the departments assigned to it has an Area Head assigned to
it along with the different Team Leaders subordinate to it. The majority of the
shipyard's workers are included in this large department. The functions of the
technical department are to carry out the physical repair following the client's
specifications and good practices in naval repair, control the hours invested,
ensure the final quality of the repairs and generate the technical documentation
necessary for the execution. of the work and/or the general report upon completion
of the repair. As an important note, this shipyard, like many other repair shipyards,
does not have a technical project office as such. These types of requests are
referred to a technical office or are managed by the Technical Director, depending
on the complexity of the requested project, the time necessary for its
implementation and the scope of responsibility that it entails.
Plant Department: It is the department in charge of managing logistics equipment,
installing services for vessels, and maintaining the shipyard's facilities and logistics
means. Due to its nature, the Plant department is divided into two departments:
-Department of Marine Operations and logistics.
-Maintenance department.
-Department of Industrial Safety.
-Department of Environment.
This department is directed by the Plant Director, who is in charge of the
Dock Captain to manage the stranding and refloating operations of vessels, the
Head of Logistics for the management of the required logistics tasks, the Head of
Maintenance for the management and planning of maintenance tasks, to the Head
of Industrial Safety of the shipyard for the coordination and management of the
shipyard's safety plans and to the Head of Environment for the preparation and
environmental control of the facilities.

Department of Marine Operations and Logistics: This department is in charge

of carrying out all movements of logistical and marine equipment within the
shipyard facilities. This includes cranes, docks, forklifts, transport trucks and fuel
delivery trucks. His performance, despite being outside the Production department,
is closely linked to it.

Maintenance Department: It is in charge of carrying out the maintenance of all the

logistical equipment, the docks and the general facilities of the shipyard. This
department, despite being directed by the Head of Maintenance and having a
minimum staff to carry out the usual simple preventive maintenance, is usually
subcontracted depending on the nature of the equipment or facilities that require
maintenance.

Security Department: It is responsible for developing strategies and demands

regarding occupational risks within the framework of the law and ensuring
compliance.
 The Head of Industrial Safety of the shipyard and/or the subordinate
personnel delegated to a vessel are one of the few people who have the power to
stop any work that is being carried out, at any time, if the risk level of that task is
above above the estimate and/or fails to comply with current regulations on
occupational risks.

Department of the Environment: Its objective is to preserve the environment

where it operates and ensure that the operation of the shipyard generates the least
possible environmental impact. It is the function of this department, in the same
way:

-Manage the evacuation of waste from vessels.

-Coordinate collection efforts in situations of waste spills.
-Develop action protocols against possible environmental disasters.
-Design and detail waste areas within the facilities in compliance with current
regulations of the competent authorities.

Contracting and Purchasing Department: This department includes the

following three departments:
-Store.
-Purchasing department.
-Contracting Department.

 Characteristic of a repair shipyard

The differential characteristics of a shipyard are those characteristics that

differentiate one commercial shipyard from another and which the client looks at
when choosing a repair shipyard to carry out their repair project. We will name the
following as the main differential characteristics of a shipyard:
-Location.
-Dry laying capacity.
-Size of the facilities and number of personnel working there.
-Technical and technological level of your staff and the equipment you have.

A classification can be established based on the size of the ships,

differentiating shipyards for small size ships less than 20,000 dwt, medium size
ships up to 100,000 dwt and large size ships for more than 100,000 dwt.

 Departments of each shipyard with their function

Production chain

Steel Park: It is the beginning of the production chain where the steel received is
received, ordered and stored. It must be large enough to be able to absorb the
order book. They are equipped with magnetic cranes that are equipped with up to
20 tons. We have the rollers, once flattened they are sandblasted to remove dirt.
They are then protected and grouped into sizes for later use.

Blacksmiths Workshop: Where the plates are cut and folded for later assembly

Intermediate storage area: The plates are classified by batches, in each batch
there are all the plates to form one or more blocks

Welding workshop: The panels are formed by joining the plates and from these
the structural blocks of the ship

Prefabrication area: Where the blocks are completely finished, installing all the
bulkheads, gates, etc. They are stored to later go to the slipway and dike area.

Slipways or docks: The blocks are formed, that is, they are joined together to
form the ship. We find ourselves with the largest cranes in the entire process, as
they must lift entire sections of the ship.
Armament area: The ship is already all together, in this section carpenters,
electricians, mechanics, etc. enter the ship.

Classification of repair centers according to their size

Size Beaching means

small shipyards Varaderos

Ships under 20,000 dwt Dry docks
floating docks
Syncrolift
Medium shipyards Dry docks
Ships between 20,000-100,000 dwt floating docks
Syncrolift
large shipyards Dry docks
Ships over 100,000 dwt

The geographical location of a repair shipyard is always conditioned by a

series of factors that make it attractive to shipowners and allow for the proper
development of its functions. Thus, a shipyard is usually located:

Varadero
For wooden and steel fishing boats that are not too large, slipways have
been used for a long time, the means of stranding of which is the slipway cart.
The transfer from float to is done by means of cars that roll on sloping,
submerged rail tracks to receive the floating ship. After the stranding, the car-boat
assembly moves by the traction of some cables, actuated by winches or winches
that are located at the head of the stranding line and generally protected from the
weather by cabins that allow the cables to exit through some small windows.
 Once the supporting carriage is dragged up the inclined plane, the boat
takes the necessary seat until it fully adapts to it. The entire assembly is dragged to
the ship's final position. Once there, the cars are fixed with chocks so that the
traction cables do not “work”.
All the operations for which the ship was stranded will be carried out:
recognition of the hull, disassembly and repair of the propulsion system, cleaning
and painting of the hull, etc. And once the work is completed, it will be launched in
the opposite way to how it was stranded.
This method is one of the most economical, so it is common to see them
distributed along the coasts. The largest shipyards built in Spain are for 3,000 GRT
ships.
Two factors must be taken into account when using a slipway. The structure
of the dock is usually made of reinforced concrete, on piles and provided with
straps that provide rigid fixation to the ground. For its construction, a temporary
wall is assembled out to sea, and from there, with powerful pumps, the drainage
and subsequent dry maintenance of the stagnant area is carried out. The
reinforced concrete bottom is piloted and assembled on top of it and the vertical
walls are raised. Finally, the door fixing elements are mounted and adjusted. After
checking the tightness of the entire vessel, dredging the entrance channel begins.
The lateral hydrostatic pressures compensate each other and the
reinforcement and fixing of the walls prevent the dam from collapsing for this
reason.
Closing the dam can be done in two ways: by boat-gate or by gate. Both have the
mission of closing in a watertight manner in order to evacuate the water. This
tightness is achieved in all cases by means of a rubber gasket or similar around
the contour that allows perfect contact between the door and the dam.
The boat-gate, used in old docks still in operation, consists of a narrow
parallelepiped float, with a length slightly greater than the beam of the dock and
which must have weight stability to be able to behave floating like a boat that is
towed by external means. from the dock gate to a nearby auxiliary dock and vice
versa.
 The tides, the water level will determine the meeting point of car and boat, and
therefore the length of the rails. In some cases you will have to wait for the optimal
tide level.

 The stability of the boat at all times to avoid overturning, the cars have formulas
for the placement of struts and when the boat is already in the final position, before
operating on it, the stability will be reinforced with heeling directly related to the
ramp, off the tracks.

Dry docks

For medium and large vessels, the traditional beaching system is through a
dry dock. It consists of an artificial dock where the boat is introduced floating. Once
the boat is inside, the water communication with the outside is suspended and it is
emptied until the dock is completely dry, but not before properly preparing and
receiving the boat on the bottom.
The type of construction, closure and bailing are the basic characteristics of a dry
dock.
From a structural point of view, a dry dock is a box without a lid, formed by a
bottom and parallel vertical walls that are joined at one end, generally semicircular,
keeping the other end free for the entry and exit of ships or with the possibility to be
closed in a watertight manner.
Being built below sea level, the box will be subjected, among other things, to
hydrostatic pressure with a vertical component that will tend to raise the bottom
and with it the assembly. This is counteracted in two ways: compensating the
vertical force with the dam's own weight (gravity dam) or trying to continually keep
this effort below acceptable limits for its own structure (floating bottom dam or
controlled sub-pressure). It is achieved by automatically bailing out the water below
the bottom when the levels of the water table, causing the upward pressure,
exceed an unacceptable limit.
 Once the ship is floating inside the dock using tugboats, the ship-gate is
placed at the entrance in such a way that the frieze touches the lintel of the dock
and is moored laterally to the ground using its bitts and winches. In this position,
the gate's maneuvering tanks begin to flood by gravity so that due to its weight it
sinks until it is wedged in the bottom guide, thus closing all entrances to the dock.
At that moment the dam begins to shrink.
The boat will finally rest dry on the stranding cradle, prepared in advance,
formed by the set of platforms that adapt to the shapes of the bottom of the boat
and that distribute the weight in such a way that neither the bottom of the dock nor
the boat can suffer deformations due to loads.
These types of closure have the advantage that during the entry and exit
operation of ships, the door is not present, as it has been floated to an auxiliary
dock.
 The gate closure system consists of closing the dam with doors fixed to it
that rotate around hinges. These doors can have a vertical axis or a horizontal
axis.
The recently built dams are closed by a horizontal axis gate located at the
bottom that swings outwards. Its great advantage is that it allows fast operations.
After flooding the dam, the hydrostatic forces on both sides balance and
once the retaining cables are loosened, the gate will fall gently, rotating around its
hinge.
It is estimated that for any size of dike, both the flooding and bilge time
should not exceed three hours, so both the flood valves and the bilge pumps will
have to be appropriately sized.

floating docks
This type of “U”-shaped docks are floating devices without their own
propulsion, built with the purpose of putting other vessels out of the water to carry
out maintenance or repair tasks on them. To do this, they are partially submerged,
filling their ballast tanks with water, then placing the boat to be repaired inside, and
subsequently emptying the tanks to raise the dock and the boat out of the water.
It may even be that the boat itself is built inside and then floated by
submerging the dock.

They are high-performance docking means used for medium and large
ships, in many cases they alternate with dry docks in shipyards.
There are floating docks of two types: built in a single body or sectioned docks
or formed by pontoons that are then joined together.
Floating docks have the advantages over dry docks: lower construction
costs (they can be built in the shipyard itself with its own resources and labor), and
exploitation costs (as they can be moved from one place of operation to another). .
On the other hand, maintenance costs are higher .
The dimensions of this single-body dock are 410 meters long and 82 meters
wide, that is, it could fit four football fields.
Its prop is 30 meters high, and it can lift up to 85,000 tons, making it the one with
the highest lifting capacity on the planet.
World's largest floating dock, Zhonghai Emeishan
This dam has very advanced equipment and facilities such as high-capacity
suction and discharge pumps, remotely controlled valves, liquid level telemetry and
automatic measurement equipment, all of these operations are carried out from a
central control room.

 Laws that apply.

Article 288 of the general law of marine and related activities establishes
that those who fail to comply with the obligations related to the construction,
modification, repair, or scrapping of ships in docks, shipyards, ship factories, naval
workshops, dockyards, similar naval support industries Venezuelans, will be
sanctioned on a joint and several basis, with a fine equivalent to 500 to 1000UT
when the value of the construction, modification, repair or scrapping of the vessel
exceeds 10,000UT, an increase in the fine equivalent to fifty percent (50%) will be
applied. ) of the expense value incurred.

It also provides for article 287 , a serious violation punishable by a fine of 51

to 151 UT, the fact that ships, shipyards, ship factories, naval workshops,
dockyards, naval support industries and similar, that carry out shipbuilding works or
modifications , to stop providing the plans for the boats.

Article 287 establishes, a very serious violation, punishable by a fine of 151

to 500 UT, the fact that unauthorized constructions, installations and modifications
of these are carried out in areas of the aquatic district.

Introduction

A shipyard is a place where ships are built and repaired. They may be
yachts, military ships, commercial ships, and/or other types of ships for
transporting goods or passengers.
Shipyards are built near the sea or navigable rivers, to allow access for
boats. The shipyards are responsible for cutting and polishing plates, as well as
building hydraulic and electrical machines and devices, with their wiring and pipes.
For its part, the commercial offices and supply of materials, payments, insurance
among others.

Conclusions
In summary, the shipyard is defined as the establishment in which the construction
or repair of vessels and/or floating devices is carried out. Although some shipyards
may dedicate their activity and part of their facilities to construction and the other
part to repair, in general, each of them is specialized in one or another line of
business, so, as a general classification, we can Classify shipyards into two
different types:
- Construction yards,
- Repair yards.
The construction shipyard is that establishment which focuses its business
activity on the construction of boats. The construction of a ship is a complicated
and highly technical process, requiring the coordination of numerous permanent
and temporary workers under the control of the main contractor. Shipbuilding can
be civil or military in nature.
Repair shipyards: The repair shipyard bases its line of business on the
repair of boats and/or floating devices. All ships are not the same so, consequently,
the shipyards where repairs are carried out are not the same either, which is why
they tend to be specialized in a specific group or type of vessels. To give an
example, a luxury mega-yacht will hardly carry out its maintenance tasks in a
shipyard where they do not usually work with this type of boats.
 BOLIVARIAN REPUBLIC OF VENEZUELA

MINISTRY OF POPULAR POWER FOR EDUCATION

NATIONAL EXPERIMENTAL MARITIME UNIVERSITY OF THE

CARIBBEAN

GÜIRIA- EDO.-SUCRE

The Shipyards

High School Teacher:

Licda. Tania Echivarria Eduardo Campos

 Ronny Fronten

Güiria, June 25, 2016