DISC Tutorials

Chemical Engineering
Series
Course:
Transport Phenomena

Issue:
Exercises
Revision 03 – March 2016

Alejandro Huapaya Sá nchez

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Started… 09/09/2015
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C DISC TUTORIALS - Chemical Engineering Series Section: IQFT- 00
Revision: 01
Course: Transport Phenomena September 2015
CONTENT – Key 38

SECTION CONTENT
Section 01. Viscosity and mechanism of momentum
transport
Section 02. Equations of variation for systems
isothermal
Section 03. Heat conductivity and energy transport
mechanism
Section 04.
Variation equations for non-isothermal systems

Section 05.
Diffusivity and mechanisms of matter transport

Section 06. Variation equations for multi-component

systems
Section 07. Transport in turbulent flow
Section 08. Interface transport
Section 09. Macroscopic balances

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C DISC TUTORIALS - Chemical Engineering Series Section: IQFT- 00
Revision: 01
Course: Transport Phenomena September 2015
Viscosity and mechanism of momentum transport – Exercises

QUESTIONS
1.1. In general, how does the viscosity of gases and liquids vary with increasing temperature?
1.2. The viscosity of nitrogen at 20ºC and 1 atm is:
A) 175 cp B) 1.75 cp C) 0.0175cp D) None
1.3. What is the approximate value and units of the viscosity of water at ambient pressure and temperature, in SI
units?
1.4. What(s) are the physical meanings of the shear stress τ and x?
1.5. What are fluids whose viscosity decreases over time when an effort is applied?
1.6. What modification does the Chapmang – Enskog theory introduce in the equations for predicting transport
properties?
1.7. Mark whether or not the following velocity profiles are possible, in steady and isothermal regimes, for two
immiscible liquids A and B circulating through a flat slit.

YEAH NO
Case A
Case B
Case C
Case D

1.8. What experimental techniques do you know to determine the viscosity of a gas?
ANSWERS
1.1. -> The viscosity of gases increases with temperature, while that of liquids decreases.
1.2. -> C) 0.0175 cp
1.3. -> 10-3 kg/ms
1.4. -> to. Momentum Flux Density
m
md s
and
p
b. Force per unit area
-2
my
1.5. -> Thixotropic.

1.6. -> Considers the interaction energy between two gas molecules by establishing a potential field.
1.7.
YEAH NO
Case A x
Case B x
Case C x
Case D x
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Falling ball viscometer (Höppler) Section: IQFT- 00
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September 2015

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Engineering Series March 2016
2.1. To keep a gasCourse: Transport
tank installed outsidePhenomena
cooled in summer, it is watered with cold water, which slides over its
Variation
surface, removing heat equations for isothermal
from the tank. Which ofsystems – Exercises
the velocity profiles of the water layer shown in the drawing
corresponds to the area indicated in the figure?

2.2. A compressible fluid circulates through a horizontal conduit of constant section in an isothermal regime. How do
pressure and velocity vary in the direction of flow? Mark with an X what applies.
Increase decreases Does not
Pressure: vary
Speed:

2.3. A fluid circulates through the widening of a conduit, as shown in the figure. In the volume of
control included between planes 1 and 2, what velocity components will exist and in what direction will there be
the gradient of each of them? Indicate in the following table what components exist (YES/NO) and, in the case of
that exist, put an "x" in the row or rows in whose direction they
vary.
Vr Vz Vθ
Exists?
r
z
θ
They vary in…

2.4. The system shown in the figure corresponds to two parallel horizontal discs with a central hole. Let REXT and
RINT be the outer radii (of the discs) and inner radii (of the central holes), respectively, where R EXT >> R INT . A
liquid enters through the central holes, flows in a radial direction through the space between both discs and
finally exits into the atmosphere. Simplify the equations of continuity and motion given below by indicating in the
blank space the basis for such assumptions. Also write the boundary conditions that you would use to integrate
these equations.

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Revision: 04
Engineering Series March 2016
Course: Transport Phenomena
Variation equations for isothermal systems – Exercises

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Revision: 04
Engineering Series March 2016
Course: Transport Phenomena
Variation equations for isothermal systems – Exercises

DISC Tutorials..................................................................................................................................1
Chemical Engineering Series........................................................................................................1
DISC TUTORIALS - Chemical Engineering Series.................................................................2
Course: Transport Phenomena..............................................................................................2
DISC TUTORIALS - Chemical Engineering Series.................................................................3
Course: Transport Phenomena..............................................................................................3
QUESTIONS.....................................................................................................................3
ANSWERS........................................................................................................................3
ANSWERS :......................................................................................................................7
DISC TUTORIALS - Chemical Engineering Series.................................................................9
Course: Transport Phenomena..............................................................................................9
ANSWERS :....................................................................................................................11
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Course: Transport Phenomena............................................................................................13
ANSWERS :....................................................................................................................13
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Course: Transport Phenomena............................................................................................14
ANSWERS......................................................................................................................14
DISC TUTORIALS - Chemical Engineering Series...............................................................15
Course: Transport Phenomena............................................................................................15
ANSWERS......................................................................................................................15
DISC TUTORIALS - Chemical Engineering Series...............................................................16
Course: Transport Phenomena............................................................................................16
ANSWERS 8.1................................................................................................................16
DISC TUTORIALS - Chemical Engineering Series...............................................................17
Course: Transport Phenomena............................................................................................17
ANSWERS 9.1. Macroscopic balance of cdm in x direction:.........................................17
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Revision: 04
Engineering Series March 2016
Course: Transport Phenomena
Variation equations for isothermal systems – Exercises

ANSWERS :
2.1. (b)
2.2. Increase decreases Does not
Pressure: x vary
Speed: x

2.3. Vr Vz Vθ
Exists? YEA YEA NO
r x x
They vary

z x x
in…

θ
2.4.

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Revision: 04
Engineering Series March 2016
Course: Transport Phenomena
Variation equations for isothermal systems – Exercises

[1] Steady state.

[2] Velocity profile analysis: v z = v θ = 0, v r (r,z) ≠ 0
[3] According to the continuity equation: rv ≠ f(r)r

[4] Cylindrical symmetry: ∂/∂θ = 0

[5] Plane rθ horizontally.
Limit conditions:
a) You have to know the pressure at a point in the fluid.
b) According to the continuity equation rvr = f(z) . Two conditions are needed on z:
z=6=vr=0
z=—8=vr=0

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C DISC TUTORIALS - Chemical Engineering Series Section: IQFT- 08
Revision: 02
Course: Transport Phenomena January 2016
Heat conductivity and energy transport mechanism – Exercises

3.1. The heat conductivity of air is greater than that of water.

TRUE Fake

ANSWERS:
3.1. (F)

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4.1. The wall of an oven is made up of a layer of refractory brick and another, double thickness, of ordinary brick.
Section: IQFT- 08 If it
C Revision: 02
is known that the heat conductivity of the insulating brick is lower than that of the ordinary brick, which
January 2016
of the
following temperature profiles will be the one that is expected to be established in the wall when steady state is
reached? MARK WITH AN X THE APPLICABLE ONE

4.2. To reduce heat losses in a pipe through which steam circulates, it has been covered
with a layer of insulation. Of the different options shown in the figure, and considering
steady state, which will correspond to the heat flow profile, Qr ?, and which will
correspond to the heat flow density profile, qr ?
Heat Flow r A
b c
AND
F g
Heat flux density
TO b c
F g

4.3. What is meant by natural convection and forced convection?

4.4. The system shown in the figure corresponds to two parallel disks
horizontal with a central hole. A liquid enters through the central holes, flows in a radial direction through the space
between both discs and finally exits into the atmosphere. If you proceed to heat both disks, maintaining them at a
constant temperature T 0 , higher than the fluid inlet temperature ( T ENT ), simplify the energy equation given below,
indicating in the blank the basis for such assumptions

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Revision: 02
Engineering Series January 2016
Course: Transportation Phenomena
Variation equations for non-isothermal systems – Exercises
। .r . 1 ar .ar
Fourier's Law: qr r =-k—,
9 z
q„=-k---------, q,=-k —
dr r of dz

dT dT v, dT arA Energy equation:

— +V,—+——+ v,— dt 1 d. . 1 dq g dq 7 (apA (1 d . . 1 dv B v,)
'dr r of 2 dz) (rq,)+—98+-2 -T I (rv,)+ -+—-
r dr 'r of dz \dT) \r dr 'r of dz)

ANSWERS :
4.1. b
4.2. Heat Flow D. Heat flux density F
4.3. They are the heat transport mechanisms associated with the displacement of a mass of fluid. In the case of
forced convection, this displacement is caused by an external force, while in natural convection it is the temperature
gradient itself that causes the movement of the fluid, caused by the differences in densities created within it.
4.4

Temperature profile analysis: T(r,z)

1. Cylindrical symmetry: ∂/∂ θ = 0
2. Steady state.
3. Velocity profile analysis: vθ = vz = 0, vr ( r,z ) ≠ 0
4. incompressible fluid
5. Shear stress analysis: There are τ rz (gradients), τ θθ (deformation) and τ rr (both), the others are null.

The viscous dissipation terms (boxed in dashed lines) will be negligible unless the velocity gradients are exceptionally
high.

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Revision: 02
Engineering Series January 2016
Course: Transport Phenomena
Variation equations for non-isothermal systems – Exercises

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C DISC TUTORIALS - Chemical Engineering Series Section: IQFT- 08
Revision: 02
Course: Transport Phenomena January 2016
Diffusivity and mechanisms of matter transport – Exercises

5.1. In a certain system made up of a binary mixture A+B, there is a concentration gradient of component A in the x
direction. However, it is verified that component A is not transferred in that direction. Explain this fact and discuss
whether there must necessarily be transfer of component B in the aforementioned direction.

ANSWERS :
5.2. If there is a concentration gradient of A, there will be a diffusional transport component of this component JA .
If the net transport NA is zero, it means that the other component of the transport, corresponding to the
global transport of phase X A + NB will be equal and opposite:
JA X A N A + Ng ________ __ Yo
N A = 0 ^JA-~ X AN B
NB must exist and be in the opposite direction to
JA : stagnant layer transfer.

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C DISC TUTORIALS - Chemical Engineering Series Section: IQFT- 06
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Course: Transport Phenomena February 2016
Variation equations for multi-component systems – Exercises

6.1. A tube, of constant section, is filled to half its height with a volatile liquid exposed to air. The liquid level in the
tube is kept constant by a pumping system. Referring to any point located in the section of the tube occupied by air,
where the volatile compound evaporates, and once a steady state is reached, respond reasonably:
a. Is the partial derivative of concentration with respect to time zero, positive or negative?
b. The substantial derivative of concentration with respect to time?
6.2.

ANSWERS
6.1. (a) In steady state, by definition, all partial derivatives with respect to time are zero.
(b) The substantial derivative indicates the rate of change of a magnitude in the direction of fluid advance,
denoted by v (mass average velocity). The global transport of the phase (nAIR + nVOLATILE = nVOLATILE) is in an
upward direction, and in this direction the concentration of the volatile component decreases, therefore the
substantial derivative of its concentration will be negative.

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C DISC TUTORIALS - Chemical Engineering Series Section: IQFT- 08
Revision: 02
Course: Transport Phenomena January 2016
Transport in turbulent flow – Exercises
7.1. Can the energy equation be directly applied to the study of heat transfer in a fluid that circulates in a turbulent
regime? Comment on whether it is possible or not, and for what reasons such a study is impossible or complex.
7.2. What is the cause of turbulent momentum transport? What conditions must be met for it to take place?
7.3. Under what conditions is the following equality v2 = Vx 2 fulfilled?

ANSWERS
7.1.
Yes, they can be applied directly: in the development of none of the variation equations the flow regime is specified.
However, its application as such is meaningless with instantaneous variables, since its resolution in this way is
impossible. The usual way of operating is by adjusting the equations over time, to work with averaged variables,
which can be simplified, and allow the integration of the equation, and its subsequent interpretation.
7.2.
It is due to the association between fluctuating components of velocity: tyx = P^Vy
For it to take place, there must be fluctuating components (turbulent flow) and a velocity gradient in the direction of
transport.
7.3.
When
Vx is constant in the section where it is averaged. Typically it is taken by approximation in turbulent regime.

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Course: Transport Phenomena January 2016
Interface Transport – Exercises

8.1. The dimensionless equations for the correlation of heat transfer coefficients can be used, after transformation,
in the determination of mass transfer coefficients, provided that a series of requirements are met. Which are?.
8.2. Cold water circulates inside a vertical pipe exposed to the environment at high speed and temperature TF . If
the ambient air is hot ( TC ) and its humidity is high (
yA , in mole fraction of water), the water present
in the environment will condense on the surface. Indicate what steps you would follow to calculate the amount of
water that will condense per unit of time and unit of pipe length in the event that the air was in motion because the
system was exposed to an air current.

ANSWERS 8.1.
1. constant physical properties,
2. low mass transfer rate,
3. no reaction in the fluid,
4. no viscous dissipation,
5. no heat from radiation, and
6. without pressure, thermal or forced diffusion.
8.2.
If the air is in motion, a boundary layer will form in the environment of the tube
where the controlling process of mass transfer will take place. To solve the problem it
is necessary to have an empirical correlation of the mass transfer coefficient ( kx ) to
be able to evaluate it based on environmental conditions. Once its value is
determined, the water flow density at the interface is calculated, which will
correspond to a stagnant layer case:

GOES - GOES
1-yi
The value of
is calculated from the vapor pressure of water at the tube
YA
temperature VA = PT F Ptotal . The flow of water per unit length:
NÍS _ NÍ ■ 2nRL _ 2nRk x yA - yí
~~ L “ 1-y

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Course: Transport Phenomena February 2016
Macroscopic balances – Exercises

9.1. Determine the force exerted by the liquid on the pipe in the flow system shown in the figure.
Data: p1 = 1.5 10 5 N/m 2 p2 = 1.3 10 5 N/m 2 S1
= 0.008 m 2
S2 = 0.004 m 2

W = 6.0 kg/s ρ = 1000 kg/m 3

9.2.

ANSWERS 9.1. Macroscopic balance of cdm in x direction:

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ANSWERS : 13

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ANSWERS 14
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Course: Transport Phenomena 15
ANSWERS 15
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Course: Transport Phenomena 16
ANSWERS 8.1. 16
DISC TUTORIALS - Chemical Engineering Series 17
Course: Transport Phenomena 17
ANSWERS 9.1. Macroscopic balance of cdm in x direction: 17

Substituting: F x = 0.75 6 + 1.5 x 10 s 0.008 - 1.5 -6 - 1.3 x 10 5 -0.004 = 1733N

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Section: IQFT- 09
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February 2016

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