UNIT & DIMENSION

Exercises
Assertion and Reason
Directions Choose the correct option.
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are true and the Reason is correct explanation of the Assertion.
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true, but the Reason is false.
(d) If Assertion is false but the Reason is true.
(e) If both Assertion and Reason are wrong.
1. Assertion Velocity, volume and acceleration can be taken as fundamental quantities because
Reason All the three are independent from each other.
2. Assertion If two physical quantities have same dimensions, then they can be certainly added
or subtracted because
Reason If the dimensions of both the quantities are same then both the physical quantities
should be similar.

Objective Questions
Single Correct Option
1. The dimensional formula for Planck’s constant and angular momentum are
(a) [ ML2T-2] and [ MLT-1 ] (b) [ ML2T-1 ] and [ ML2T-1 ]
(c) [ ML3 T1 ] and [ ML2T-2] (d) [ MLT-1 ] and [ MLT-2]
2. Dimension of velocity gradient is
(a) [ M 0L0T-1 ] (b) [ ML-1T-1 ] (c) [ M 0LT-1 ] (d) [ ML0T-1 ]
3. Which of the following is the dimension of the coefficient of friction?
(a) [ M 2L2T ] (b) [ M 0L0T0 ] (c) [ ML2T-2 ] (d) [ M 2L2T-2]
4. Which of the following sets have different dimensions? (JEE 2005)
(a) Pressure, Young’s modulus, Stress
(b) Emf, Potential difference, Electric potential
(c) Heat, Work done, Energy
(d) Dipole moment, Electric flux, Electric field
5. The viscous force F on a sphere of radius a moving in a medium with velocity v is given by
F = 6π ηa v. The dimensions of η are
(a) [ ML-3 ] (b) [ MLT-2 ] (c) [ MT-1 ] (d) [ ML-1T-1 ]
6. A force is given by
F = at + bt 2
where, t is the time. The dimensions of a and b are
(a) [ MLT–4 ] and [ MLT ] (b) [ MLT–1 ] and [ MLT0 ]
(c) [ MLT–3 ] and [ MLT–4 ] (d) [ MLT–3 ] and [ MLT0 ]
-
92 ! Mechanics - I

7. The physical quantity having the dimensions [ M-1L-3T3 A 2] is

(a) resistance (b) resistivity
(c) electrical conductivity (d) electromotive force
8. The dimensional formula for magnetic flux is
(a) [ ML2 T-2A -1] (b) [ML3 T-2A -2] (c) [M 0L-2T-2A -2] (d) [ML2T-1A 2]
9. Choose the wrong statement.
(a) All quantities may be represented dimensionally in terms of the base quantities
(b) A base quantity cannot be represented dimensionally in terms of the rest of the base
quantities
(c) The dimension of a base quantity in other base quantities is always zero
(d) The dimension of a derived quantity is never zero in any base quantity
10. If unit of length and time is doubled, the numerical value of g (acceleration due to gravity) will be
(a) doubled (b) halved (c) four times (d) same
11. Using mass ( M ), length ( L ), time (T ) and current ( A) as fundamental quantities, the dimension
of permeability is
(a) [M -1LT-2A ] (b) [ML-2T-2A -1 ] (c) [MLT-2A -2] (d) [MLT-1A -1 ]
12. The equation of a wave is given by
x 
y = a sin ω  - k
v 
where, ω is angular velocity and v is the linear velocity. The dimensions of k will be
(a) [ T2 ] (b) [ T-1 ] (c) [T] (d) [LT]
13. If the energy ( E ), velocity ( v ) and force ( F ) be taken as fundamental quantities, then the
dimensions of mass will be
(a) [Fv-2] (b) [Fv-1 ] (c) [Ev-2] (d) [Ev2]
14. If force F, length L and time T are taken as fundamental units, the dimensional formula for
mass will be
(a) [ FL-1T2] (b) [ FLT-2 ] (c) [ FL-1T-1 ] (d) [ FL5 T2]
15. The ratio of the dimensions of Planck’s constant and that of the moment of inertia is the
dimension of
(a) frequency (b) velocity (c) angular momentum (d) time
 2π 
16. Given that y = A sin  ( ct - x )  , where y and x are measured in metres. Which of the
 λ 
following statements is true ?
(a) The unit of λ is same as that of x and A (b) The unit of λ is same as that of x but not of A
2π 2π
(c) The unit of c is same as that of (d) The unit of (ct - x) is same as that of
λ λ
17. Which of the following sets cannot enter into the list of fundamental quantities in any system of
units?
(a) length, mass and density (b) length, time and velocity
(c) mass, time and velocity (d) length, time and mass
18. In the formula X = 3Y Z 2 , X and Z have dimensions of capacitance and magnetic induction
respectively. What are the dimensions of Y in MKSQ system? (JEE 1995)
(a) [M -3 L-1T3 Q4 ] (b) [M -3 L-2T4Q4 ] (c) [M -2L-2T4Q4 ] (d) [M -3 L-2T4Q]
 VECTORS

Exercises
Objective Questions
Single Correct Option
1. Which one of the following is a scalar quantity?
(a) Dipole moment (b) Electric field (c) Acceleration (d) Work
2. Which one of the following is not the vector quantity?
(a) Torque (b) Displacement (c) Velocity (d) Speed
3. Which one is a vector quantity?
(a) Time (b) Temperature
(c) Magnetic flux (d) Magnetic field intensity
4. Minimum number of vectors of unequal magnitudes which can give zero resultant are
(a) two (b) three
(c) four (d) more than four
5. Which one of the following statement is false?
(a) A vector cannot be displaced from one point to another point
(b) Distance is a scalar quantity but displacement is a vector quantity
(c) Momentum, force and torque are vector quantities
(d) Mass, speed and energy are scalar quantities
6. What is the dot product of two vectors of magnitudes 3 and 5, if angle between them is 60°?
(a) 5.2 (b) 7.5 (c) 8.4 (d) 8.6
7. The forces, which meet at one point but their lines of action do not lie in one plane, are called
(a) non-coplanar non-concurrent forces (b) non-coplanar concurrent forces
(c) coplanar concurrent forces (d) coplanar non-concurrent forces
8. A vector A points vertically upward and B points towards north. The vector product A × B is
(a) along west (b) along east (c) zero (d) vertically downward
9. The magnitude of the vector product of two vectors|A| and|B| may be
(More than one correct options)
(a) greater than AB (b) equal to AB (c) less than AB (d) equal to zero
10. A force ( 3!i + 4!j) newton acts on a body and displaces it by ( 3!i + 4!j) metre. The work done by the
force is
(a) 5 J (b) 25 J (c) 10 J (d) 30 J
11. The torque of force F = ( 2 !i - 3!j + 4 k! ) newton acting at the point r = ( 3 !i + 2 !j + 3 k! ) metre about
origin is (in N-m)
(a) 6 !i - 6 !j + 12 k! (b) 17 !i - 6 !j - 13 k! (c) - 6 !i + 6 !j - 12 k! (d) - 17 !i + 6 !j + 13 k!
! the value of c is
12. If a unit vector is represented by 0.5 !i + 0.8 !j + ck
(a) 1 (b) 0.11 (c) 0.01 (d) 0.39
E
120 ! Mechanics - I

13. Two vectors of equal magnitudes have a resultant equal to either of them, then the angle
between them will be
(a) 30° (b) 120° (c) 60° (d) 150°
! is perpendicular to the vector 4!i - 4!j + αk
14. If a vector 2!i + 3!j + 8k ! , then the value of α is
1 1
(a) -1 (b) (c) - (d) 1
2 2
! and B = 3 i! + 4 !j - 5 k
15. The angle between the two vectors A = 3 !i + 4!j + 5 k ! is
(a) 60° (b) 45° (c) 90° (d) 30°
16. Maximum and minimum values of the resultant of two forces acting at a point are 7 N and
3 N respectively. The smaller force will be equal to
(a) 5 N (b) 4 N (c) 2 N (d) 1 N
17. If the vectors P = a!i + a!j + 3k! and Q = a!i - 2!j - k! are perpendicular to each other, then the
positive value of a is
(a) zero (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
18. The ( x , y , z ) co-ordinates of two points A and B are given respectively as ( 0, 3, - 1) and ( -2, 6, 4).
The displacement vector from A to B is given by
(a) -2 !i + 6 !j + 4 k! (b) -2 !i + 3 !j + 3 k!
(c) -2 !i + 3 !j + 5 k! (d) 2 !i - 3 !j - 5 k
!

19. A vector is not changed if

(a) it is rotated through an arbitrary angle
(b) it is multiplied by an arbitrary scalar
(c) it is cross multiplied by a unit vector
(d) it is displaced parallel to itself
20. Which of the sets given below may represent the magnitudes of three vectors adding to zero?
(a) 2, 4, 8 (b) 4, 8, 16
(c) 1, 2, 1 (d) 0.5, 1, 2
21. The resultant of A and B makes an angle α with A and β with B, then
(a) α is always less than β (b) α < β if A < B
(c) α < β if A > B (d) α < β if A = B
! makes with the co-ordinate axes are
22. The angles which the vector A = 3!i + 6!j + 2k
3 6 2 4 5 3
(a) cos -1 , cos -1 and cos -1 (b) cos -1 , cos -1 and cos -1
7 7 7 7 7 7
3 -1 4 -1 1
(c) cos -1 , cos and cos (d) None of these
7 7 7
23. Unit vector parallel to the resultant of vectors A = 4i! - 3!j and B = 8 !i + 8 !j will be
24i! + 5!j 12 i! + 5!j
(a) (b)
13 13
6 !i + 5!j
(c) (d) None of these
13
24. The component of vector A = 2 !i + 3!j along the vector !i + !j is
5
(a) (b) 10 2 (c) 5 2 (d) 5
2
 -
Chapter 5 Vectors ! 121

25. Two vectors A and B are such that A + B = C and A2 + B2 = C 2. If θ is the angle between positive
direction of A and B, then the correct statement is
2π
(a) θ = π (b) θ =
3
π
(c) θ = 0 (d) θ =
2
26. If| A × B| = 3 A ⋅ B, then the value of| A + B| is
1/ 2
 AB
(a) ( A 2 + B2 + AB)1/ 2 (b)  A 2 + B2 + 
 3
(c) ( A + B) (d) ( A 2 + B2 + 3 AB)1/ 2
27. If the angle between the vectors A and B is θ, the value of the product ( B × A) ⋅ A is equal to
(a) BA 2 cos θ (b) BA 2 sin θ
(c) BA 2 sin θ cos θ (d) zero
28. Given that P = 12, Q = 5 and R = 13 also P + Q = R, then the angle between P and Q will be
π
(a) π (b)
2
π
(c) zero (d)
4
29. Given that P + Q + R = 0. Two out of the three vectors are equal in magnitude. The magnitude of
the third vector is 2 times that of the other two. Which of the following can be the angles
between these vectors?
(a) 90°, 135°, 135° (b) 45°, 45°, 90°
(c) 30°, 60°, 90° (d) 45°, 90°, 135°
30. The angle between P + Q and P - Q will be
(a) 90° (b) between 0° and 180°
(c) 180° only (d) None of these
! , 5 i! + n !j + k
31. The value of n so that vectors 2 i! + 3 !j - 2k ! and - i! + 2!j + 3 k
! may be coplanar, will
be
(a) 18 (b) 28 (c) 9 (d) 36
32. If a and b are two vectors, then the value of (a + b ) × (a - b ) is
(a) 2 (b × a ) (b) - 2 (b × a ) (c) b × a (d) a × b
33. The resultant of two forces 3P and 2P is R. If the first force is doubled then the resultant is also
doubled. The angle between the two forces is
(a) 60° (b) 120° (c) 30° (d) 135°
34. The resultant of two forces, one double the other in magnitude, is perpendicular to the smaller
of the two forces. The angle between the two forces is
(a) 120° (b) 60° (c) 90° (d) 150°
35. Three vectors satisfy the relation A ⋅ B = 0 and A ⋅ C = 0, then A is parallel to
(a) C (b) B (c) B × C (d) B ⋅ C
36. The sum of two forces at a point is 16 N. If their resultant is normal to the smaller force and has
a magnitude of 8 N, then two forces are
(a) 6 N, 10 N (b) 8 N, 8 N
(c) 4 N, 12 N (d) 2 N, 14 N
E
122 ! Mechanics - I

37. The sum of two vectors A and B is at right angles to their difference. Then
(a) A=B
(b) A =2B
(c) B = 2A
(d) A and B have the same direction
38. Let C = A + B.
(a)|C|is always greater than|A|
(b) It is possible to have|C| < |A|and|C| < |B|
(c) C is always equal to A + B
(d) C is never equal to A + B
39. Let the angle between two non-zero vectors A and B be 120°and its resultant be C.
(a) C must be equal to| A - B|
(b) C must be less than| A - B|
(c) C must be greater than| A - B|
(d) C may be equal to| A - B|

Match the Columns

1. Column I shows some vector equations. Match Column I with the value of angle between A and
B given in Column II.

Column I Column II

(a) |A × B|=|A ⋅ B| (p) zero

π
(b) A ×B=B×A (q)
2
π
(c) |A + B|=|A - B| (r)
4
3π
(d) A + B = C and A + B = C (s)
4

Subjective Questions
1. If a = 2i! + 3!j + 4k! and b = 4!i + 3!j + 2k! , find the angle between a and b .
2. The vector A has a magnitude of 5 unit, B has a magnitude of 6 unit and the cross product of A
and B has a magnitude of 15 unit. Find the angle between A and B .
3. Suppose a is a vector of magnitude 4.5 unit due north. What is the vector (a) 3a (b) -4a ?
4. Two vectors have magnitudes 3 unit and 4 unit respectively. What should be the angle between
them if the magnitude of the resultant is (a) 1 unit, (b) 5 unit and (c) 7 unit.
5. The work done by a force F during a displacement r is given by F ⋅ r. Suppose a force of 12 N acts
on a particle in vertically upward direction and the particle is displaced through 2.0 m in
vertically downward direction. Find the work done by the force during this displacement.
6. If A, B, C are mutually perpendicular, then show that C × ( A × B) = 0.
7. Prove that A ⋅ ( A × B) = 0 .
 =
Chapter 5 Vectors ! 123

8. Find the resultant of the three vectors shown in figure.

Y

2.0 m
0m 3.0 m
5.
37°
X

9. Give an example for which A ⋅ B = C ⋅ B but A ≠ C.

10. Obtain the angle between A + B and A - B if A = 2!i + 3!j and B = !i - 2!j .
11. Deduce the condition for the vectors 2!i + 3!j - 4k! and 3!i - a!j + bk! to be parallel.
12. Find the area of the parallelogram whose sides are represented by 2!i + 4!j - 6k! and !i + 2k.
!
13. If vectors A and B be respectively equal to 3!i - 4!j + 5k! and 2!i + 3!j - 4k.
! Find the unit vector
parallel to A + B .
14. If A = 2!i - 3!j + 7k! , B = !i + 2k! and C = !j - k! find A ⋅ ( B × C).
15. The x and y-components of vector A are 4 m and 6 m respectively. The x and y-components of
vector A + B are 10 m and 9 m respectively. Calculate for the vector B the following :
(a) its x andy-components
(b) its length
(c) the angle it makes with x-axis
16. Three vectors which are coplanar with respect to a certain rectangular co-ordinate system are
given by
a = 4!i - !j, b = - 3!i + 2!j and c = - 3!j
Find
(a) a + b + c
(b) a + b - c
(c) Find the angle between a + b + c and a + b - c
17. Let A and B be the two vectors of magnitude 10 unit each. If they are inclined to the x-axis at
angles 30°and 60°respectively, find the resultant.
18. The resultant of vectors OA and OB is perpendicular to OA as shown in figure. Find the angle
AOB.
B Y

6m
θ
X
O 4m A

19. Find the components of a vector A = 2 i! + 3!j along the directions of i! + !j and i! - !j .
!
20. If two vectors are A = 2!i + !j - kand ! . By calculation, prove that A × B is perpendicular
B = !j - 4k
to both A and B .
21. The resultant of two vectors A and B is at right angles to A and its magnitude is half of B. Find
the angle between A and B.
22. Four forces of magnitude P , 2P , 3P and 4P act along the four sides of a square ABCD in cyclic
order. Use the vector method to find the magnitude of resultant force.
=
124 ! Mechanics - I

23. If P + Q = R and P - Q = S , prove that R 2 + S 2 = 2 ( P 2 + Q 2 )

24. Prove by the method of vectors that in a triangle
a b c
= =
sin A sin B sin C

Answers
Introductory Exercise 5.1
1. 0°
2. 180°, 0.6
3. (a) 14 units (b) 2 units (c) 2 37 units (d) 2 13 units (e) 10 units
4. (a) 2 units (b) 14 units (c) 2 13 units (d) 2 37 units (e) 10 units
5. 90°

Introductory Exercise 5.2

3 -4 1
1. A = 5 2 units, cos α = , cos β = and cos γ =
5 2 5 2 2
2. Fx = - 5 N, Fy = - 5 3 N
3. 10 units
4. (a) 180°(b) 90° (c) 90° (d) 135°

Introductory Exercise 5.3

1. True
2. (a) 24 !j (b) -12 (c) zero
3. (a) 8 units (b) 4 units (c) zero (d) -4 units (e) -8 units
!
4. (6 !i + 12 j - 12 k
!)

Exercises
Single Correct Option
1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (b,c,d) 10. (b)
11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (c) 16. (c) 17. (d) 18. (c) 19. (d) 20. (c)
21. (c) 22. (a) 23. (b) 24. (a) 25. (d) 26. (a) 27. (d) 28. (b) 29. (a) 30. (b)
31. (a) 32. (a) 33. (b) 34. (a) 35. (c) 36. (a) 37. (a) 38. (b) 39. (c)

Match the Columns

1. (a) Ær,s (b) Æp, (c) Æ q (d) Æ p
 =
Chapter 5 Vectors ! 125

Subjective Questions
25 
1. cos -1  
 29 
2. 30°or 150°
3. (a) 13.5 unit due north (b) 18 unit due south
4. (a) 180°(b) 90°(c) 0°
5. -24 J
5
8. 74 m at angle tan-1   from x-axis towards y-axis
 7
9. See the hints
 4 
10. cos -1   11. a = - 4.5, b = - 6
 65 
1 ! !
12. Area = 13.4 units 13. (5!i - j + k)
27
14. zero
1
15. (a) 6m, 3m (b) 3 5 m (c) θ = tan-1  
 2
! !  -7 
16. (a) !i - 2 j (b) !i + 4 j (c) cos -1  
 85 
-2 
17. 20 cos 15°unit at 45°with x-axis. 18. cos -1  
 3
5 -1
19. , 21. 150°
2 2
22. 2 2 P
 MOTION IN ONE DIMENSION

Exercises
LEVEL 1
Assertion and Reason
Directions Choose the correct option.
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are true and the Reason is correct explanation of the Assertion.
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true, but the Reason is false.
(d) If Assertion is false but the Reason is true.

1. Assertion : Velocity and acceleration of a particle are given as,

v = i! - !j and a = - 2!i + 2!j
This is a two dimensional motion with constant acceleration.
Reason : Velocity and acceleration are two constant vectors.
2. Assertion : Displacement-time graph is a parabola corresponding to straight line velocity-
time graph.
1 2
Reason : If v = u + at then s = ut + at
2
3. Assertion : In v-t graph shown in figure, average velocity in time interval v
from 0 to t0 depends only on v0. It is independent of t0.
v0
v0
Reason : In the given time interval average velocity is .
2
O t
t0
dv
4. Assertion : We know the relation a = v. . Therefore, if velocity of a particle is zero, then
ds
acceleration is also zero.
Reason : In the above equation, a is the instantaneous acceleration.
5. Assertion : Speed of a particle may decrease, even if acceleration is increasing.
Reason : This will happen if acceleration is positive.
6. Assertion : Starting from rest with zero acceleration if acceleration of particle increases at a
constant rate of 2 ms -3 then velocity should increase at constant rate of 1 ms-2.
Reason : For the given condition.
da
= 2 ms-3
dt
∴ a = 2t
7. Assertion : Average velocity can’t be zero in case of uniform acceleration.
Reason : For average velocity to be zero, a non zero velocity should not remain constant.
⑳ " !
190 Mechanics - I

8. Assertion : In displacement-time graph of a particle as shown in figure, velocity of particle

changes its direction at point A.
s
B

t
0
Reason : Sign of slope of s-t graph decides the direction of velocity.
9. Assertion : Displacement-time equation of two particles moving in a straight line are,
s1 = 2t - 4t 2 and s2 = - 2t + 4t 2. Relative velocity between the two will go on increasing.
Reason : If velocity and acceleration are of same sign then speed will increase.
10. Assertion : Acceleration of a moving particle can change its direction without any change in
direction of velocity.
Reason : If the direction of change in velocity vector changes, the direction of acceleration
vector also changes.
11. Assertion : A body is dropped from height h and another body is thrown vertically upwards
with a speed gh. They meet at height h/ 2 .
Reason : The time taken by both the blocks in reaching the height h/2 is same.
12. Assertion : Two bodies of unequal masses m1 and m2 are dropped from the same height. If the
resistance offered by air to the motion of both bodies is the same, the bodies will reach the earth
at the same time.
Reason : For equal air resistance, acceleration of fall of masses m1 and m2 will be different.

Objective Questions
Single Correct Option
1. A stone is released from a rising balloon accelerating upward with acceleration a. The
acceleration of the stone just after the release is
(a) a upward (b) g downward
(c) ( g - a ) downward (d) ( g + a ) downward
2. A ball is thrown vertically upwards from the ground. If T1 and T2 are the respective time taken
in going up and coming down, and the air resistance is not ignored, then
(a) T1 > T2 (b) T1 = T2
(c) T1 < T2 (d) nothing can be said
3. The length of a seconds hand in watch is 1 cm. The change in velocity of its tip in 15 s is
π
(a) zero (b) cm/s
30 2
π π 2
(c) cm/s (d) cm/s
30 30
4. When a ball is thrown up vertically with velocity v0, it reaches a maximum height of h. If one
wishes to triple the maximum height then the ball should be thrown with velocity
3
(a) 3 v0 (b) 3 v0 (c) 9 v0 (d) v0
2
 = >
Chapter 6 Kinematics ! 191

5. During the first 18 min of a 60 min trip, a car has an average speed of 11 ms-1. What should be
the average speed for remaining 42 min so that car is having an average speed of 21 ms-1 for the
entire trip?
(a) 25.3 ms -1 (b) 29.2 ms -1
(c) 31 ms -1 (d) 35.6 ms -1
8t3
6. A particle moves along a straight line. Its position at any instant is given by x = 32t - where
3
x is in metres and t in seconds. Find the acceleration of the particle at the instant when particle
is at rest.
(a) - 16 ms -2 (b) - 32 ms -2
(c) 32 ms -2 (d) 16 ms -2
7. The acceleration of a particle is increasing linearly with time t as bt. The particle starts from the
origin with an initial velocity v0. The distance travelled by the particle in time t will be
1 3 1 3
(a) v0t + bt (b) v0t + bt
6 3
1 1
(c) v0t + bt 2 (d) v0t + bt 2
3 2
8. Water drops fall at regular intervals from a tap 5 m above the ground. The third drop is leaving
the tap, the instant the first drop touches the ground. How far above the ground is the second
drop at that instant. ( g = 10 ms-2 )
(a) 1.25 m (b) 2.50 m (c) 3.75 m (d) 4.00 m
9. A stone is dropped from the top of a tower and one second later, a second stone is thrown
vertically downward with a velocity 20 ms-1. The second stone will overtake the first after
travelling a distance of ( g = 10 ms-2 )
(a) 13 m (b) 15 m
(c) 11.25 m (d) 19.5 m
10. A particle moves in the x-y plane with velocity vx = 8t - 2 and v y = 2 . If it passes through the
point x = 14 and y = 4 at t = 2 s, the equation of the path is
(a) x = y2 - y + 2 (b) x = y2 - 2
(c) x = y2 + y - 6 (d) None of these
11. The horizontal and vertical displacements of a particle moving along a curved line are given by
x = 5t and y = 2t 2 + t. Time after which its velocity vector makes an angle of 45° with the
horizontal is
(a) 0.5 s (b) 1 s (c) 2 s (d) 1.5 s
12. A ball is released from the top of a tower of height h metre. It takes T second to reach the
ground. What is the position of the ball in T/3 second?
h
(a) metre from the ground (b) (7h / 9) metre from the ground
9
(c) (8h / 9) metre from the ground (d) (17h / 18) metre from the ground
13. An ant is at a corner of a cubical room of side a. The ant can move with a constant speed u. The
minimum time taken to reach the farthest corner of the cube is
3a 3a
(a) (b)
u u
5a ( 2 + 1) a
(c) (d)
u u
-
192 ! Mechanics - I

14. A lift starts from rest. Its acceleration is plotted against time. When it comes to rest its height
above its starting point is
a (ms–2)
2
8 12 t (s)
0 4

–2

(a) 20 m (b) 64 m (c) 32 m (d) 36 m

15. A lift performs the first part of its ascent with uniform acceleration a and the remaining with
uniform retardation 2a. If t is the time of ascent, find the depth of the shaft.
at 2 at 2 at 2 at 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 3 2 8
16. Two objects are moving along the same straight line. They cross a point A with an acceleration
a, 2a and velocity 2u , u at time t = 0. The distance moved by the object when one overtakes the
other is
6u 2 2u 2 4u 2 8u 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
a a a a

17. A cart is moving horizontally along a straight line with constant speed 30 ms-1. A particle is to
be fired vertically upwards from the moving cart in such a way that it returns to the cart at the
same point from where it was projected after the cart has moved 80 m. At what speed (relative
to the cart) must the projectile be fired? (Take g = 10 ms-2)
(a) 10 ms -1 (b) 10 8 ms -1
40
(c) ms -1 (d) None of these
3
18. The figure shows velocity–time graph of a particle moving along a v (m/s)
straight line. Identify the correct statement.
(a) The particle starts from the origin 10
(b) The particle crosses it initial position at t = 2 s t (s)
(c) The average speed of the particle in the time interval, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2 s is 0
1 2 3
zero –10
(d) All of the above
–20

19. A ball is thrown vertically upwards from the ground and a student gazing out of the window
sees it moving upward past him at 10 ms -1. The window is at 15 m above the ground level. The
velocity of ball 3 s after it was projected from the ground is [Take g = 10 ms-2 ]
(a) 10 m/s, up (b) 20 ms -1, up
(c) 20 ms -1, down (d) 10 ms -1, down
20. A body starts moving with a velocity v0 = 10 ms-1. It experiences a retardation equal to 0.2v 2. Its
velocity after 2s is given by
(a) + 2 ms -1 (b) + 4 ms -1
(c) - 2 ms -1 (d) + 6 ms -1
 =
Chapter 6 Kinematics ! 193

21. Two trains are moving with velocities v1 = 10 ms-1 and v2 = 20 ms-1 on the same track in
opposite directions. After the application of brakes if their retarding rates are a1 = 2 ms-2 and
a2 = 1 ms-2 respectively, then the minimum distance of separation between the trains to avoid
collision is
(a) 150 m (b) 225 m
(c) 450 m (d) 300 m
22. Two identical balls are shot upward one after another at an interval of 2s along the same
vertical line with same initial velocity of 40 ms-1. The height at which the balls collide is
(a) 50 m (b) 75 m
(c) 100 m (d) 125 m
23. A particle is projected vertically upwards and reaches the maximum height H in time T . The
height of the particle at any time t (< T ) will be
(a) g (t - T )2 (b) H - g (t - T )2
1 1
(c) g (t - T )2 (d) H - g (T - t )2
2 2
x2 t2
24. A particle moves along the curve y = . Here x varies with time as x = . Where x and y are
2 2
measured in metres and t in seconds. At t = 2 s, the velocity of the particle (in ms-1) is
(a) 4!i + 6!j (b) 2!i + 4!j
(c) 4!i + 2!j (d) 4!i + 4!j

25. If the displacement of a particle varies with time as x = t + 3

(a) velocity of the particle is inversely proportional to t
(b) velocity of particle varies linearly with t
(c) velocity of particle is proportional to t
(d) initial velocity of the particle is zero
26. The graph describes an airplane’s acceleration during its take-off run. The airplane’s velocity
when it lifts off at t = 20 s is
a (ms–2)
5
3

0
10 20
t (s)

(a) 40 ms -1 (b) 50 ms -1
(c) 90 ms -1 (d) 180 ms -1
27. A particle moving in a straight line has velocity-displacement equation as v = 5 1 + s. Here v is
in ms-1 and s in metres. Select the correct alternative.
(a) Particle is initially at rest
(b) Initially velocity of the particle is 5 m/s and the particle has a constant acceleration of
12.5 ms -2
(c) Particle moves with a uniform velocity
(d) None of the above
⑳
194 ! Mechanics - I

28. A particle is thrown upwards from ground. It experiences a constant resistance force which can
produce a retardation of 2 ms-2. The ratio of time of ascent to time of descent is ( g = 10 ms-2 )
2
(a) 1 : 1 (b)
3
2 3
(c) (d)
3 2
29. A body of mass 10 kg is being acted upon by a force 3t 2 and an opposing constant force of 32 N.
The initial speed is 10 ms -1. The velocity of body after 5 s is
(a) 14.5 ms -1 (b) 6.5 ms -1
(c) 3.5 ms -1 (d) 4.5 ms -1
30. A stone is thrown vertically upwards. When stone is at a height half of its maximum height, its
speed is 10 ms-1; then the maximum height attained by the stone is ( g = 10 ms-2 )
(a) 25 m (b) 10 m
(c) 15 m (d) 20 m

Subjective Questions
dv d|v|
1. (a) What does and represent? (b) Can these be equal?
dt dt
2. The coordinates of a particle moving in x-y plane at any time t are ( 2 t , t 2 ). Find (a) the trajectory
of the particle, (b) velocity of particle at time t and (c) acceleration of particle at any time t.
3. A farmer has to go 500 m due north, 400 m due east and 200 m due south to reach his field. If he
takes 20 min to reach the field.
(a) What distance he has to walk to reach the field ?
(b) What is the displacement from his house to the field ?
(c) What is the average speed of farmer during the walk ?
(d) What is the average velocity of farmer during the walk ?
4. A rocket is fired vertically up from the ground with a resultant vertical acceleration of 10 m/ s2.
The fuel is finished in 1 min and it continues to move up.(a) What is the maximum height
reached? (b) After how much time from then will the maximum height be reached?
(Take g = 10 m/s2 )
5. A particle is projected upwards from the roof of a tower 60 m high with velocity 20 m/s. Find
(a) the average speed and
(b) average velocity of the particle upto an instant when it strikes the ground. Take g = 10 m/s 2.
6. A block moves in a straight line with velocity v for time t0. Then, its velocity becomes 2v for next
t0 time. Finally, its velocity becomes 3v for time T . If average velocity during the complete
journey was 2.5 v, then find T in terms of t0.
7. A particle starting from rest has a constant acceleration of 4 m/ s2 for 4 s. It then retards
uniformly for next 8 s and comes to rest. Find during the motion of particle (a) average
acceleration (b) average speed and (c) average velocity.
21
8. A particle moves in a circle of radius R = m with constant speed 1m/s. Find,
22
(a) magnitude of average velocity and (b) magnitude of average acceleration in 2 s.
 =
Chapter 6 Kinematics ! 195

9. Two particles A and B start moving simultaneously along the line joining them in the same
direction with acceleration of 1 m/s2 and 2 m/s2 and speeds 3 m/s and 1 m/s respectively.
Initially, A is 10 m behind B. What is the minimum distance between them?
10. Two diamonds begin a free fall from rest from the same height, 1.0 s apart. How long after the
first diamond begins to fall will the two diamonds be 10 m apart? Take g = 10 m/ s2.
11. Two bodies are projected vertically upwards from one point with the same initial velocity v0.
The second body is projected t0 s after the first. How long after will the bodies meet?
12. Displacement-time graph of a particle moving in a straight line is as shown in figure.
s c

a b
d
O t

(a) Find the sign of velocity in regions oa,ab, bc and cd.

(b) Find the sign of acceleration in the above region.
13. Velocity-time graph of a particle moving in a straight line is shown in figure. In the time
interval from t = 0 to t = 14 s, find
v (m/s)
20

10
10 12 14
0 t (s)
2 4 6
–10

(a) average velocity and

(b) average speed of the particle.
14. A person walks up a stalled 15 m long escalator in 90 s. When standing on the same escalator,
now moving, the person is carried up in 60 s. How much time would it take that person to walk
up the moving escalator? Does the answer depend on the length of the escalator?
15. Figure shows the displacement-time graph of a particle moving in a straight line. Find the
signs of velocity and acceleration of particle at time t = t1 and t = t2.
s

t
t1 t2

16. Velocity of a particle moving along positive x-direction is v = ( 40 - 10 t ) m/s. Here, t is in seconds.
At time t = 0, the x coordinate of particle is zero. Find the time when the particle is at a distance
of 60 m from origin.
·
196 ! Mechanics - I

17. Velocity-time graph of a particle moving in a straight line is shown in figure. Plot the
corresponding displacement-time graph of the particle if at time t = 0, displacement s = 0.
v (m/s)

C
20
A B
10
D
t (s)
O 2 4 6 8

18. Acceleration-time graph of a particle moving in a straight line is as shown in figure. At time
t = 0, velocity of the particle is zero. Find
a (m/s2)

20

10
10 12 14
t (s)
4 6
–10

(a) average acceleration in a time interval from t = 6 s to t = 12 s,

(b) velocity of the particle at t = 14 s.
19. A particle is moving in x-y plane. At time t = 0, particle is at (1m, 2m) and has velocity
( 4!i + 6!j) m/ s. At t = 4 s, particle reaches at (6m, 4m) and has velocity ( 2 !i + 10 !j) m/ s. In the given
time interval, find
(a) average velocity,
(b) average acceleration and
(c) from the given data, can you find average speed?
20. A stone is dropped from the top of a tower. When it crosses a point 5 m below the top, another
stone is let fall from a point 25 m below the top. Both stones reach the bottom of the tower
simultaneously. Find the height of the tower. Take g = 10 m/ s2.
21. A point mass starts moving in a straight line with constant acceleration. After time t0 the
acceleration changes its sign, remaining the same in magnitude. Determine the time T from the
beginning of motion in which the point mass returns to the initial position.
22. A football is kicked vertically upward from the ground and a student gazing out of the window
sees it moving upwards past her at 5.00 m/s. The window is 15.0 m above the ground. Air
resistance may be ignored. Take g = 10 m/ s2.
(a) How high does the football go above ground?
(b) How much time does it take to go from the ground to its highest point?
23. A car moving with constant acceleration covered the distance between two points 60.0 m apart
in 6.00 s. Its speed as it passes the second point was 15.0 m/s.
(a) What is the speed at the first point?
(b) What is the acceleration?
(c) At what prior distance from the first was the car at rest?
 =>
Chapter 6 Kinematics ! 197

24. A particle moves along the x-direction with constant acceleration. The displacement, measured
from a convenient position, is 2 m at time t = 0 and is zero when t = 10 s. If the velocity of the
particle is momentary zero when t = 6 s, determine the acceleration a and the velocity v when
t = 10 s.
25. At time t = 0, a particle is at (2m, 4m). It starts moving towards positive x-axis with constant
acceleration 2 m/ s2 (initial velocity = 0 ). After 2 s, an additional acceleration of 4 m/ s2 starts
acting on the particle in negative y-direction also. Find after next 2 s.
(a) velocity and (b) coordinates of particle.
26. A particle starts from the origin at t = 0 with a velocity of 8.0!j m/ s and moves in the x-y plane
with a constant acceleration of ( 4.0 !i + 2.0 !j) m/ s2. At the instant the particle’s x-coordinate is
29 m, what are
(a) its y-coordinate and (b) its speed ?
27. The velocity of a particle moving in a straight line is decreasing at the rate of 3 m/s per metre of
displacement at an instant when the velocity is 10 m/s. Determine the acceleration of the
particle at this instant.
28. A particle moves along a horizontal path, such that its velocity is given by v = ( 3t 2 - 6t ) m/ s,
where t is the time in seconds. If it is initially located at the origin O, determine the distance
travelled by the particle in time interval from t = 0 to t = 3.5 s and the particle’s average velocity
and average speed during the same time interval.
29. A particle travels in a straight line, such that for a short time 2 s ≤ t ≤ 6 s, its motion is described
by v = ( 4 / a ) m/ s, where a is in m/ s2. If v = 6 m/ s when t = 2 s, determine the particle’s
acceleration when t = 3 s.
30. If the velocity v of a particle moving along a straight line decreases linearly with its
displacement from 20 m/s to a value approaching zero at s = 30 m, determine the acceleration of
the particle when s = 15 m.
31. Velocity-time graph of a particle moving in a straight line is shown in figure. At time
t = 0, s = - 10 m. Plot corresponding a-t and s-t graphs.
v (m/s)

10
6 8 10
t (s)
2 4
–10

32. Velocity-time graph of a particle moving in a straight line is shown in figure. At time t = 0,
s = 20 m. Plot a-t and s-t graphs of the particle.
v (m/s)

20
4 6 8
t (s)
10 12 14
–20
o
198 ! Mechanics - I

33. A particle of mass m is released from a certain height h with zero initial velocity. It strikes the
ground elastically (direction of its velocity is reversed but magnitude remains the same). Plot
the graph between its kinetic energy and time till it returns to its initial position.
34. A ball is dropped from a height of 80 m on a floor. At each collision, the ball loses half of its
speed. Plot the speed-time graph and velocity-time graph of its motion till two collisions with
the floor. [Take g = 10 m/ s2]
35. Figure shows the acceleration-time graph of a particle moving along a straight line. After what
time the particle acquires its initial velocity?
a (m/s2)

t (s)
O 1 2

36. Velocity-time graph of a particle moving in a straight line is shown in figure. At time t = 0,
displacement of the particle from mean position is 10 m. Find
v (m/s)

10
8 10
t (s)
2 4 6
–10

(a) acceleration of particle at t = 1 s , 3 s and 9 s.

(b) position of particle from mean position at t = 10 s.
(c) write down s-t equation for time interval
(i) 0 ≤ t ≤ 2 s, (ii) 4 s ≤ t ≤ 8 s
37. Two particles 1 and 2 are thrown in the directions shown in figure simultaneously with
velocities 5 m/s and 20 m/s. Initially, particle 1 is at height 20 m from the ground. Taking
upwards as the positive direction, find

5 m/s
20 m +ve
20 m/s

(a) acceleration of 1 with respect to 2

(b) initial velocity of 2 with respect to 1
1
(c) velocity of 1 with respect to 2 after time t = s
2
(d) time when the particles will collide.
 =>
Chapter 6 Kinematics !↳
199

38. A ball is thrown vertically upward from the 12 m level with an initial velocity of 18 m/s. At the
same instant an open platform elevator passes the 5 m level, moving upward with a constant
velocity of 2 m/s. Determine ( g = 9.8 m/ s2 )
(a) when and where the ball will meet the elevator,
(b) the relative velocity of the ball with respect to the elevator when the ball hits the elevator.
39. An automobile and a truck start from rest at the same instant, with the automobile initially at
some distance behind the truck. The truck has a constant acceleration of 2.2 m/ s2 and the
automobile has an acceleration of 3.5 m/ s2. The automobile overtakes the truck when it (truck)
has moved 60 m.
(a) How much time does it take the automobile to overtake the truck ?
(b) How far was the automobile behind the truck initially ?
(c) What is the speed of each during overtaking ?
40. Given| vbr| = 4 m/ s = magnitude of velocity of boatman with respect to river, vr = 2 m/ s in the
direction shown. Boatman wants to reach from point A to point B. At what angle θ should he row
his boat?
B

River
θ
45°
A

41. An aeroplane has to go from a point P to another point Q, 1000 km away due north. Wind is
blowing due east at a speed of 200 km/h. The air speed of plane is 500 km/h.
(a) Find the direction in which the pilot should head the plane to reach the point Q.
(b) Find the time taken by the plane to go from P to Q.
42. A train stopping at two stations 4 km apart takes 4 min on the journey from one of the station to
the other. Assuming that it first accelerates with a uniform acceleration x and then that of
1 1
uniform retardation y, prove that + = 2 .
x y

LEVEL 2
Objective Questions
Single Correct Option
1. When a man moves down the inclined plane with a constant speed 5 ms-1which makes an angle
of 37° with the horizontal, he finds that the rain is falling vertically downward. When he moves
up the same inclined plane with the same speed, he finds that the rain makes an angle
 7
θ = tan-1   with the horizontal. The speed of the rain is
 8
(a) 116 ms -1 (b) 32 ms -1
(c) 5 ms -1 (d) 73 ms -1
200 ! Mechanics - I

dv
2. Equation of motion of a body is = - 4v + 8, where v is the velocity in ms-1 and t is the time in
dt
second. Initial velocity of the particle was zero. Then,
(a) the initial rate of change of acceleration of the particle is 8 ms -2
(b) the terminal speed is 2 ms -1
(c) Both (a) and (b) are correct
(d) Both (a) and (b) are wrong
3. Two particles A and B are placed in gravity free space at ( 0, 0, 0) m and ( 30, 0, 0) m respectively.
Particle A is projected with a velocity ( 5i! + 10!j + 5k! ) ms-1, while particle B is projected with a
velocity (10 !i + 5!j + 5k! ) ms-1 simultaneously. Then,
(a) they will collide at (10, 20, 10) m
(b) they will collide at (10, 10, 10) m
(c) they will never collide
(d) they will collide at 2 s
4. Velocity of the river with respect to ground is given by v0. Width of the river is d. A swimmer
swims (with respect to water) perpendicular to the current with acceleration a = 2t (where t is
time) starting from rest from the origin O at t = 0. The equation of trajectory of the path
followed by the swimmer is
Y

v0
d

X
0
x3 x2
(a) y = (b) y =
3v30 2v02
x x
(c) y = (d) y =
v0 v0
5. The relation between time t and displacement x is t = αx 2 + βx, where α and β are constants. The
retardation is
(a) 2 αv3 (b) 2 βv3
(c) 2 αβv3 (d) 2 β 2v3
6. A street car moves rectilinearly from station A to the next station B (from rest to rest) with an
acceleration varying according to the law f = a - bx, where a and b are constants and x is the
distance from station A. The distance between the two stations and the maximum velocity are
2a a b a
(a) x = , vmax = (b) x = , vmax =
b b 2a b
a b a a
(c) x = , vmax = (d) x = , vmax =
2b a b b
7. A particle of mass m moves on positive x-axis under the influence of force acting towards the
origin given by - kx 2!i. If the particle starts from rest at x = a, the speed it will attain when it
crosses the origin is
k 2k ma
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
ma ma 2k
 -
Chapter 6 Kinematics ! 201
v
8. A particle is moving along a straight line whose velocity-displacement
graph is as shown in the figure. What is the magnitude of acceleration
when displacement is 3 m ? 4 ms–1
(a) 4 3 ms -2 (b) 3 3 ms -2
-2 4
(c) 3 ms (d) ms -2 60°
s
3 3m
9. A particle is falling freely under gravity. In first t second it covers distance x1 and in the next
t second, it covers distance x2, then t is given by
x2 - x1 x2 + x1 2 (x2 - x1 ) 2 (x2 + x1 )
(a) (b) (c) (d)
g g g g

10. A rod AB is shown in figure. End A of the rod is fixed on the B

ground. Block is moving with velocity 2 ms -1 towards right. v = 2 ms–1
The velocity of end B of rod at the instant shown in figure is
(a) 3 ms -1 (b) 2 ms -1 A 30°
(c) 2 3 ms -1 (d) 4 ms -1
11. A thief in a stolen car passes through a police check post at his top speed of 90 kmh-1. A
motorcycle cop, reacting after 2 s, accelerates from rest at 5 ms-2. His top speed being
108 kmh-1. Find the maximum separation between policemen and thief.
(a) 112.5 m (b) 115 m (c) 116.5 m (d) None of these
12. Anoop (A) hits a ball along the ground with a speed u in a direction which makes an angle 30°
with the line joining him and the fielder Babul (B). Babul runs to intercept the ball with a speed
2u
. At what angle θ should he run to intercept the ball ?
3
A B
30° θ
u

2u/3

 3 2 3 4
(a) sin -1   (b) sin -1   (c) sin -1   (d) sin -1  
3  4  5 
 2 
13. A car is travelling on a straight road. The maximum velocity the car can attain is 24 ms-1. The
maximum acceleration and deceleration it can attain are 1 ms-2 and 4 ms-2 respectively. The
shortest time the car takes from rest to rest in a distance of 200 m is,
(a) 22.4 s (b) 30 s (c) 11.2 s (d) 5.6 s
14. A car is travelling on a road. The maximum velocity the car can attain is 24 ms-1 and the
maximum deceleration is 4 ms-2. If car starts from rest and comes to rest after travelling
1032 m in the shortest time of 56 s, the maximum acceleration that the car can attain is
(a) 6 ms -2 (b) 1.2 ms -2
(c) 12 ms -2 (d) 3.6 ms -2
15. Two particles are moving along two long straight lines, in the same plane with same speed
equal to 20 cm/ s. The angle between the two lines is 60° and their intersection point is O. At a
certain moment, the two particles are located at distances 3m and 4m from O and are moving
towards O. Subsequently, the shortest distance between them will be
(a) 50 cm (b) 40 2 cm
(c) 50 2 cm (d) 50 3 cm
E
202 ! Mechanics - I

More than One Correct Options

1. A particle having a velocity v = v0 at t = 0 is decelerated at the rate|a| = α v , where α is a
positive constant.
2 v0
(a) The particle comes to rest at t =
α
(b) The particle will come to rest at infinity
2v30/ 2
(c) The distance travelled by the particle before coming to rest is
α
2v30/ 2
(d) The distance travelled by the particle before coming to rest is
3α

2. At time t = 0, a car moving along a straight line has a velocity of 16 ms-1. It slows down with an
acceleration of - 0.5 t ms-2, where t is in second. Mark the correct statement (s).
(a) The direction of velocity changes at t = 8 s
(b) The distance travelled in 4 s is approximately 58.67 m
(c) The distance travelled by the particle in 10 s is 94 m
(d) The speed of particle at t = 10 s is 9 ms -1
3. An object moves with constant acceleration a. Which of the following expressions are also
constant ?
d | v| d v
(a) (b) 
dt  dt 
 v
d 
d (v2)  | v|
(c) (d)
dt dt
4. Ship A is located 4 km north and 3 km east of ship B. Ship A has a velocity of 20 kmh-1 towards
the south and ship B is moving at 40 kmh-1 in a direction 37° north of east. X and Y -axes are
along east and north directions, respectively
(a) Velocity of A relative to B is (- 32 !i - 44 !j) km/h
(b) Position of A relative to B as a function of time is given by rAB = [(3 - 32t )i! + (4 - 44t )!j] km
(c) Velocity of A relative to B is (32!i - 44!j) km/h
(d) Position of A relative to B as a function of time is given by (32 t!i - 44 t!j) km

5. Starting from rest a particle is first accelerated for time t1 with constant acceleration a1 and
then stops in time t2 with constant retardation a2. Let v1 be the average velocity in this case and
s1 the total displacement. In the second case it is accelerating for the same time t1 with constant
acceleration 2a1 and come to rest with constant retardation a2 in time t3 . If v2 is the average
velocity in this case and s2 the total displacement, then
(a) v2 = 2 v1 (b) 2 v1 < v2 < 4v1
(c) s2 = 2 s1 (d) 2 s1 < s2 < 4s1
6. A particle is moving along a straight line. The displacement of the particle becomes zero in a
certain time ( t > 0). The particle does not undergo any collision.
(a) The acceleration of the particle may be zero always
(b) The acceleration of the particle may be uniform
(c) The velocity of the particle must be zero at some instant
(d) The acceleration of the particle must change its direction
 -
Chapter 6 Kinematics ! 203

7. A particle is resting over a smooth horizontal floor. At t = 0, a horizontal force starts acting on it.
Magnitude of the force increases with time according to law F = αt, where α is a positive
constant. From figure, which of the following statements are correct ?
Y
2
1

O X
(a) Curve 1 can be the plot of acceleration against time
(b) Curve 2 can be the plot of velocity against time
(c) Curve 2 can be the plot of velocity against acceleration
(d) Curve 1 can be the plot of displacement against time
8. A train starts from rest at S = 0 and is subjected to an acceleration as shown in figure. Then,
a (ms–2)

S (m)
30
(a) velocity at the end of 10 m displacement is 20 ms -1
(b) velocity of the train at S = 10 m is 10 ms -1
(c) The maximum velocity attained by train is 180 ms -1
(d) The maximum velocity attained by the train is 15 ms -1
9. For a moving particle, which of the following options may be correct?
(a) |Vav| < vav (b) |Vav| > vav (c) Vav = 0 but vav ≠ 0 (d) Vav ≠ 0 but vav = 0
Here, Vav is average velocity and vav the average speed.
10. Identify the correct graph representing the motion of a particle along a straight line with
constant acceleration with zero initial velocity.
v v x x

(a) (b) (c) (d)

t t t t
0 0 0 0

11. A man who can swim at a velocity v relative to water wants to cross a river of width b, flowing
with a speed u.
b
(a) The minimum time in which he can cross the river is
v
b
(b) He can reach a point exactly opposite on the bank in time t = if v > u
v - u2
2

(c) He cannot reach the point exactly opposite on the bank if u > v
(d) He cannot reach the point exactly opposite on the bank if v > u
⑳
204 ! Mechanics - I

12. The figure shows the velocity ( v ) of a particle plotted against time (t). v

(a) The particle changes its direction of motion at some point T

(b) The acceleration of the particle remains constant O t
2T
(c) The displacement of the particle is zero
(d) The initial and final speeds of the particle are the same
13. The speed of a train increases at a constant rate α from zero to v and then remains constant for
an interval and finally decreases to zero at a constant rate β. The total distance travelled by the
train is l. The time taken to complete the journey is t. Then,
l(α + β ) l v  1 1
(a) t = (b) t = +  + 
αβ v 2  α β
2lαβ 2lαβ
(c) t is minimum when v = (d) t is minimum when v =
(α - β ) (α + β )
14. A particle moves in x-y plane and at time t is at the point ( t 2 , t3 - 2 t ), then which of the following
is/are correct?
(a) At t = 0, particle is moving parallel to y-axis
(b) At t = 0, direction of velocity and acceleration are perpendicular
2
(c) At t = , particle is moving parallel to x-axis
3
(d) At t = 0, particle is at rest
15. A car is moving with uniform acceleration along a straight line between two stops X and Y . Its
speed at X and Y are 2 ms-1 and 14 ms-1, Then
(a) its speed at mid-point of XY is 10 ms -1
(b) its speed at a point A such that XA : AY = 1 : 3 is 5 ms -1
(c) the time to go from X to the mid-point of XY is double of that to go from mid-point to Y
(d) the distance travelled in first half of the total time is half of the distance travelled in the
second half of the time

Comprehension Based Questions

Passage 1 (Q.Nos. 1 to 4)
An elevator without a ceiling is ascending up with an acceleration of 5 ms-2. A boy on the elevator
shoots a ball in vertical upward direction from a height of 2 m above the floor of elevator. At this
instant the elevator is moving up with a velocity of 10 ms-1 and floor of the elevator is at a height
of 50 m from the ground. The initial speed of the ball is 15 ms-1 with respect to the elevator.
Consider the duration for which the ball strikes the floor of elevator in answering following
questions. ( g = 10 ms-2 )
1. The time in which the ball strikes the floor of elevator is given by
(a) 2.13 s (b) 2.0 s (c) 1.0 s (d) 3.12 s
2. The maximum height reached by ball, as measured from the ground would be
(a) 73.65 m (b) 116.25 m (c) 82.56 m (d) 63.25 m
3. Displacement of ball with respect to ground during its flight would be
(a) 16.25 m (b) 8.76 m (c) 20.24 m (d) 30.56 m
4. The maximum separation between the floor of elevator and the ball during its flight would be
(a) 12 m (b) 15 m (c) 9.5 m (d) 7.5 m
 =
Chapter 6 Kinematics ! 205

Passage 2 (Q.Nos. 5 to 7)
A situation is shown in which two objects A and B start their
motion from same point in same direction. The graph of their Velocity of A
u
velocities against time is drawn. u A and u B are the initial B
velocities of A and B respectively. T is the time at which their
velocities become equal after start of motion. You cannot use the Velocity of B
data of one question while solving another question of the same uA
set. So all the questions are independent of each other. t
5. If the value of T is 4 s, then the time after which A will meet B is T
(a) 12 s (b) 6 s
(c) 8 s (d) data insufficient
6. Let vA and vB be the velocities of the particles A and B respectively at the moment A and B meet
after start of the motion. If u A = 5 ms-1 and u B = 15 ms-1, then the magnitude of the difference
of velocities vA and vB is
(a) 5 ms -1 (b) 10 ms -1
(c) 15 ms -1 (d) data insufficient
7. After 10 s of the start of motion of both objects A and B, find the value of velocity of A if
u A = 6 ms-1 , u B = 12 ms-1 and at T velocity of A is 8 ms-1 and T = 4 s
(a) 12 ms -1 (b) 10 ms -1
(c) 15 ms -1 (d) None of these

Match the Columns

1. Match the following two columns :
Column I Column II
a

(a) (p) speed must be increasing

t

a
t
(b) (q) speed must be decreasing

(c) (r) speed may be increasing

t
s

(d) t (s) speed may be decreasing

2. Match the following two columns :

Column I Column II

(a) v = - 2i! , a = - 4!j (p) speed increasing

(b) v = 2i! , a = 2!i + 2!j (q) speed decreasing
(c) v = - 2i! , a = + 2i! (r) speed constant
(d) v = 2i! , a = - 2!i + 2!j (s) Nothing can be said
⑳
206 ! Mechanics - I

3. The velocity-time graph of a particle moving along X-axis is shown in figure. Match the entries
of Column I with the entries of Column II.
v
C
B

D t
A

Column I Column II

(a) For AB, particle is (p) Moving in +ve X-direction with increasing speed
(b) For BC, particle is (q) Moving in +ve X-direction with decreasing speed
(c) For CD, particle is (r) Moving in -ve X-direction with increasing speed
(d) For DE, particle is (s) Moving in -ve X-direction with decreasing speed

4. Corresponding to velocity-time graph in one dimensional motion of a particle as shown in

figure, match the following two columns.
v (m/s)

10
4 6 8
2 t (s)
– 10

Column I Column II

(a) Average velocity between zero second and 4 s (p) 10 SI units

(b) Average acceleration between 1 s and 4 s (q) 2.5 SI units
(c) Average speed between zero seccond and 6 s (r) 5 SI units
(d) Rate of change of speed at 4 s (s) None of the above

5. A particle is moving along x-axis. Its x-coordinate varies with time as :

x = - 20 + 5t 2
For the given equation match the following two columns :

Column I Column II

(a) Particle will cross the origin at (p) zero second

(b) At what time velocity and acceleration are equal (q) 1 s
(c) At what time particle changes its direction of (r) 2 s
motion
(d) At what time velocity is zero (s) None of the above
 -
Chapter 6 Kinematics ! 207

6. x and y-coordinates of a particle moving in x -y plane are,

x = 1 - 2t + t 2 and y = 4 - 4t + t 2
For the given situation match the following two columns :

Column I Column II

(a) y-component of velocity when it crosses the y-axis (p) + 2 SI unit

(b) x-component of velocity when it crosses the x-axis (q) - 2 SI units
(c) Initial velocity of particle (r) + 4 SI units
(d) Initial acceleration of particle (s) None of the above

Subjective Questions
1. To test the quality of a tennis ball, you drop it onto the floor from a height of 4.00 m. It rebounds
to a height of 2.00 m. If the ball is in contact with the floor for 12.0 ms, what is its average
acceleration during that contact? Take g = 98 m/ s2.
2. The acceleration-displacement graph of a particle moving in a straight line is as shown in
figure, initial velocity of particle is zero. Find the velocity of the particle when displacement of
the particle is s = 12 m.
a (m/s2)
4
2
s (m)
2 8 10 12

3. At the initial moment three points A, B and C are on a horizontal straight line at equal
distances from one another. Point A begins to move vertically upward with a constant velocity v
and point C vertically downward without any initial velocity but with a constant acceleration a.
How should point B move vertically for all the three points to be constantly on one straight line.
The points begin to move simultaneously.
4. A particle moves in a straight line with constant acceleration a. The displacements of particle
from origin in times t1 , t2 and t3 are s1 , s2 and s3 respectively. If times are in AP with common
( s1 - s3 )2
difference d and displacements are in GP, then prove that a = .
d2
5. A car is to be hoisted by elevator to the fourth floor of a parking garage, which is 14 m above the
ground. If the elevator can have maximum acceleration of 0.2 m/ s2 and maximum deceleration
of 0.1 m/ s2and can reach a maximum speed of 2.5 m/s, determine the shortest time to make the
lift, starting from rest and ending at rest.
6. To stop a car, first you require a certain reaction time to begin braking; then the car slows under
the constant braking deceleration. Suppose that the total distance moved by your car during
these two phases is 56.7 m when its initial speed is 80.5 km/h and 24.4 m when its initial speed
is 48.3 km/h. What are
(a) your reaction time and
(b) the magnitude of the deceleration?
B
208 ! Mechanics - I

7. An elevator without a ceiling is ascending with a constant speed of 10 m/s. A boy on the elevator
shoots a ball directly upward, from a height of 2.0 m above the elevator floor. At this time the
elevator floor is 28 m above the ground. The initial speed of the ball with respect to the elevator
is 20 m/s. (Take g = 9.8 m/ s2 )
(a) What maximum height above the ground does the ball reach?
(b) How long does the ball take to return to the elevator floor?
8. A particle moves along a straight line and its velocity depends on time as v = 3t - t 2.Here, v is in
m/s and t in second. Find
(a) average velocity and
(b) average speed for first five seconds.
9. The acceleration of particle varies with time as shown.
a (m/s2)

t (s)
1

–2

(a) Find an expression for velocity in terms of t.

(b) Calculate the displacement of the particle in the interval from t = 2 s to t = 4 s.
Assume that v = 0 at t = 0.
10. A man wishes to cross a river of width 120 m by a motorboat. His rowing speed in still water is
3 m/s and his maximum walking speed is 1 m/s. The river flows with velocity of 4 m/s.
(a) Find the path which he should take to get to the point directly opposite to his starting point in
the shortest time.
(b) Also, find the time which he takes to reach his destination.
11. The current velocity of river grows in proportion to the distance from its bank and reaches the
maximum value v0 in the middle. Near the banks the velocity is zero. A boat is moving along the
river in such a manner that the boatman rows his boat always perpendicular to the current. The
speed of the boat in still water is u. Find the distance through which the boat crossing the river
will be carried away by the current, if the width of the river is c. Also determine the trajectory of
the boat.
12. The v-s graph for an airplane travelling on a straight runway is shown. Determine the
acceleration of the plane at s = 50 m and s = 150 m. Draw the a-s graph.
v (m/s)

50

40

s (m)
100 200
 =
Chapter 6 Kinematics ! 209

13. A river of width a with straight parallel banks flows due north with speed u. The points O and A
are on opposite banks and A is due east of O. Coordinate axes Ox and Oy are taken in the east
and north directions respectively. A boat, whose speed is v relative to water, starts from O and
v
crosses the river. If the boat is steered due east and u varies with x as : u = x( a - x ) 2 . Find
a
(a) equation of trajectory of the boat,
(b) time taken to cross the river,
(c) absolute velocity of boatman when he reaches the opposite bank,
(d) the displacement of boatman when he reaches the opposite bank from the initial position.
14. A river of width ω is flowing with a uniform velocity v. A boat starts moving from point P also
with velocity v relative to the river. The direction of resultant velocity is always perpendicular
to the line joining boat and the fixed point R. Point Q is on the opposite side of the river. P, Q and
R are in a straight line. If PQ = QR = ω , find (a) the trajectory of the boat, (b) the drifting of the
boat and (c) the time taken by the boat to cross the river.
R
Q

15. The v-s graph describing the motion of a motorcycle is shown in figure. Construct the a-s graph
of the motion and determine the time needed for the motorcycle to reach the position s = 120 m.
Given ln 5 = 1.6.
v (m/s)

15

3
s(m)
60 120

16. The jet plane starts from rest at s = 0 and is subjected to the acceleration shown. Determine the
speed of the plane when it has travelled 60 m.
a (m/s2)

22.5

s(m)
150

17. A particle leaves the origin with an initial velocity v = ( 3.00 !i ) m/s and a constant acceleration
a = ( -1.00 i! - 0.500 !j ) m/ s2. When the particle reaches its maximum x coordinate, what are
(a) its velocity and (b) its position vector?
18. The speed of a particle moving in a plane is equal to the magnitude of its instantaneous velocity,
T
210 ! Mechanics - I

v = | v|= vx2 + vy2 .

dv
(a) Show that the rate of change of the speed is = (vx a x + vy a y ) / vx2 + vy2 .
dt
dv
(b) Show that the rate of change of speed can be expressed as = v ⋅ a /v , and use this result to
dt
dv
explain why is equal to a t the component of a that is parallel to v.
dt
19. A man with some passengers in his boat, starts perpendicular to flow of river 200 m wide and
flowing with 2 m/s. Speed of boat in still water is 4 m/s. When he reaches half the width of river
the passengers asked him that they want to reach the just opposite end from where they have
started.
(a) Find the direction due which he must row to reach the required end.
(b) How many times more time, it would take to that if he would have denied the passengers?
20. A child in danger of drowning in a river is being carried downstream by a current that flows
uniformly at a speed of 2.5 km/h. The child is 0.6 km from shore and 0.8 km upstream of a boat
landing when a rescue boat sets out. If the boat proceeds at its maximum speed of 20 km/h with
respect to the water, what angle does the boat velocity v make with the shore? How long will it
take boat to reach the child?
21. A launch plies between two points A and B on the opposite banks of a B
river always following the line AB. The distance S between points A
and B is 1200 m. The velocity of the river current v = 1.9 m/ s is
constant over the entire width of the river. The line AB makes an angle u
v
α = 60° with the direction of the current. With what velocity u and at
what angle β to the line AB should the launch move to cover the β
distance AB and back in a time t = 5 min? The angle β remains the α
same during the passage from A to B and from B to A. A

22. The slopes of wind screen of two cars are α1 = 30°and α2 = 15°respectively. At what ratio v1 / v2
of the velocities of the cars will their drivers see the hail stones bounced back by the wind screen
on their cars in vertical direction? Assume hail stones fall vertically downwards and collisions
to be elastic.
23. A projectile of mass m is fired into a liquid at an angle θ 0 with an initial y
velocity v0 as shown. If the liquid develops a frictional or drag resistance on
v0
the projectile which is proportional to its velocity, i.e. F = - kv where k is a
positive constant, determine the x and y components of its velocity at any θ0
x
instant. Also find the maximum distance xmax that it travels?

24. A man in a boat crosses a river from point A. If he rows B C

perpendicular to the banks he reaches point C ( BC = 120 m )
in 10 min. If the man heads at a certain angle α to the
straight line AB (AB is perpendicular to the banks) against v w
the current he reaches point B in 12.5 min. Find the width of
the river w, the rowing velocity u, the speed of the river α
current v and the angle α. Assume the velocity of the boat A
relative to water to be constant and the same magnitude in
both cases.
 Answers
Introductory Exercise 6.1
1. Both downwards 2. (a) -2 m2 /s3 , (b) obtuse, (c) decreasing

Introductory Exercise 6.2

1. One dimensional with constant acceleration 2. Two dimensional with non-uniform acceleration
3. No

Introductory Exercise 6.3

π 2 2
1. False 2. True 3. g (downwards) cm/s, 4.
cm/s
15 15
5. (a) Yes, in uniform circular motion (b) No, yes (projectile motion), yes
6. (a) 25.13 s (b) 1 cm/s, 0.9 cm/s, 0.23 cm/s 2

Introductory Exercise 6.4

11
1. 5.2 m/s 2. m/s
3

Introductory Exercise 6.5

2. See the hints
3. Always g 4. Acceleration 5. 60 m, 100 m
1
6. u + at 7. True 8. 25 m/s (downwards)
2
9. (a) 6.0 m, (b) 10 s, (c) 50 m
10. 125 m, (b) 5 s, (c) approximately 35 m/s

Introductory Exercise 6.6

1. (a) 1 m/s 2 (b) 43.5m 2. (a) 60 cm/s 2 , (b) 1287 cm
3. (a) x = 1.0m, v = 4 m/s, a = 8 m/s 2 , (b) zero 4. (a) x = 2.0 m (b) zero (c) 26 ms -2
5. s ∝ t 7 /4 and a ∝ t -1/4

Introductory Exercise 6.7

1. 2 7 m/s, 4 3 m 2. (2!j) m / s 2 , (2i! + !j) m, yes
! 7 1
3. v = (3!i + j ) m/s, co-ordinates =  m, m
3 4 

Introductory Exercise 6.8

1. (a) Particle A starts at t = 0 from x = 10 m. Particle B starts at t = 4 s from x = 0.
(b) vA = + 2.5 m/s , vB = + 7.5 m/s, (c) They strike at x = 30 m and t = 8 s
2. 80 m, 2.5 m/s 2
3. (a) 0.6 m/s 2 , (b) 50 m, (c) 50 m
4. (a) 10 m/s, (b) 20 m/s, zero, 20 m/s, -20 m/s
5. 100 m, zero
⑳
212 ! Mechanics - I

Introductory Exercise 6.9

1. -2 m/s 2. zero 3. (a) 40 s (b) 80 m
1
4. (a) sin-1   east of the line AB (b) 50 min 5. (a) 200 m, (b) 20 m/min, (c) 12 m/min
 15 
6. (a) 10 s, (b) 50 m

Exercises
LEVEL 1
Assertion and Reason
1.(d) 2.(d) 3.(a) 4.(d) 5.(c) 6.(d) 7.(d) 8.(d) 9.(d) 10.(a or b)
11.(a) 12.(d)

Single Correct Option

1.(b) 2.(c) 3.(d) 4.(a) 5.(a) 6.(b) 7.(a) 8.(c) 9.(c) 10.(a)
11.(b) 12.(c) 13.(c) 14.(b) 15.(b) 16.(a) 17.(c) 18.(b) 19.(d) 20.(a)
21.(b) 22.(b) 23.(d) 24.(b) 25.(b) 26.(c) 27.(b) 28.(b) 29.(b) 30.(b)

Subjective Questions
1. (a) Magnitude of total acceleration and tangential acceleration, (b) equal in 1-D motion
2. (a) x 2 = 4 y (b) (2!i + 2t!j) units (c) (2!j) units
3. (a) 1100 m, (b) 500 m, (c) 55 m/min, (d) 25 m/min,
4. (a) 36 km (b) 1 min
5. (a) 16.67 ms -1 (b) 10 ms -1 (downwards) 6. T = 4 t 0
21 3 3
7. (a) zero (b) 8 ms -1 (c) 8 ms -1 8. (a) ms -1 (b) ms -2
44 2
v t
9. 8 m 10. 1.5 s 11. 0 + 0
g 2
12. (a) positive, positive, positive, negative (b) positive, zero, negative, negative
50
13. (a) ms -1 (b) 10 ms -1 14. 36 s, No
7
15. vt1 , at1 and at 2 are positive while vt 2 is negative
16. 2 s, 6 s, 2(2 + 7) s
17. See the hints
18. (a) -5 ms -2 (b) 90 ms -1
! !
. !i + 0.5 j ) ms -1(b) (- 0.5!i + j ) ms -2
19. (a) (125 (c) No
20. 45 m
21. (3.414) t 0 22. (a) 16.25 m (b) 1.8 s
-1 -2
23. (a) 5 ms (b)1.67 ms (c) 7.5 m 24. 0.2 ms -2 , 0.8 ms -1
25. (a) (8 ^i - 8 ^j) ms -1 (b) (18 m , - 4m) 26. (a) 45 m (b) 22 ms -1
-2
27. - 30 ms 28. 14.125 m, 1.75 ms -1, 4.03 ms -1
20 
29. 0.603 ms -2 30.  -  ms
-2
 3 
 Chapter 6 Kinematics ! 213
=

31. 32. a (ms–2)

a (ms–2)

10
5 4 8 14
t (s)
t (s) 4 6 8 12
2 16 –10
–5

s (m) s (m)
20
30 4 6 8 10 12 14
t (s)
20
10 –60
t (s) –80
–10
–100
–120

33. 34. Speed (m/s) Velocity (m/s)

KE
40
2h 20
mgh t0 =
g
40
4 6 8 time (s)
20
–20
t
t0 2t0 4 6 8 time (s)
35. (2 + 3) s
36. (a) 5 ms -2 , zero, 5 ms -2 (b) s = 30 m (c) (i) s = 10 + 2.5 t 2 (ii) s = 40 + 10 (t - 4) - 2.5 (t - 4)2
-1 -1
37. (a) zero (b) 25 ms (c) - 25 ms (d) 0.8 s
38. (a) 3.65 s, at 12.30 m level (b) 19.8 ms -1 (downwards)
39. (a) 7.39 s (b) 35.5 m (c) automobile 25.9 ms -1, truck 16.2 ms -1
1 
40. 45°- sin-1   ≈ 24.3°
 2 2
10
41. (a) at an angle θ = sin-1(0.4) west of north (b) h
21

LEVEL 2
Single Correct Option
1.(b) 2.(b) 3.(c) 4.(a) 5.(a) 6.(a) 7.(d) 8.(a) 9.(a) 10.(d)
11.(a) 12.(c) 13.(a) 14.(b) 15.(d)

More than One Correct Options

1.(a,d) 2.(all) 3.(b) 4.(a,b) 5.(a,d) 6.(b,c) 7.(a,b) 8.(b,c) 9.(a,c) 10.(a,d)
11.(a,b,c) 12.(all) 13.(b,d) 14.(a,b,c) 15.(a,c)

Comprehension Based Questions

1.(a) 2.(c) 3.(d) 4.(c) 5.(c) 6.(b) 7.(d)
214 ! Mechanics - I
↳
Match the Columns
1. (a) Æ r,s (b) Æ r,s (c) Æ p (d) Æ q
2. (a) Æ r (b) Æ p (c) Æ q (d) Æ q
3. (a) Æ p (b) Æ p (c) Æ q (d) Æ r
4. (a) Æ r (b) Æ s (c) Æ r (d) Æ r
5. (a) Æ r (b) Æ q (c) Æ s (d) Æ p
6. (a) Æ q (b) Æ p (c) Æ s (d) Æ s

Subjective Questions
1. 126
. × 103 ms -2 (upward) 2. 4 3 ms -1
v a
3. B moves up with initial velocity and downward acceleration - 5. 20.5 s
2 2
6. (a) 0.74 s (b) 6.2 ms -2 7. (a) 76 m (b) 4.2 s 8. (a) - 0.833 ms -1 (b) 2.63 ms -1
9. (a) v = t 2 - 2t (b) 6.67 m 10. (a) 90° + sin-1(3/5) from river current (b) 2 min 40 s
cv0 ucx
11. , y2 = 12. 8 ms -2 , 4.5 ms -2 , For the graph see the hints
2u v0
^
x2 x3 a ^ aj
13. (a) y = - (b) (c) v (due east) (d) a i +
2a 3a 2 v 6
1.317 ω
14. (a) circle (b) 3 ω (c) 15. 12.0 s, For the graph see the hints 16. 46.47 ms -1
v
^ ^ ^
. j ) ms -1 (b) (4.5 i - 2.25 j ) m
17. (a) (- 15
1 4
19. (a) At an angle (90° + 2 θ) from river current (upstream). Here : θ = tan-1  (b)
 2 3
v
20. 37°, 3 min 21. u = 8 ms -1, β = 12° 22. 1 = 3
v2
kt
m  k  -  mv cos θ 0
23. vx = v0 cos θ 0 e - kt/m , vy =   v0 sinθ 0 + g  e m - g , xm =
k   m   k
24. 200 m, 20 m /min, 12 m /min, 36°50.
 PROJECTILE MOTION

Exercises
LEVEL 1
Assertion and Reason
Directions Choose the correct option.
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are true and the Reason is correct explanation of the Assertion.
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true, but the Reason is false.
(d) If Assertion is false but the Reason is true.
1. Assertion : A particle follows only a parabolic path if acceleration is constant.
Reason : In projectile motion path is parabolic, as acceleration is assumed to be constant at
low heights.
2. Assertion : Projectile motion is called a two dimensional motion, although it takes place in
space.
Reason : In space it takes place in a plane.
3. Assertion : If time of flight in a projectile motion is made two times, its maximum height will
become four times.
Reason : In projectile motion H ∝ T 2, where H is maximum height and T the time of flight.
4. Assertion : A particle is projected with velocity u at angle 45° with ground. Let v be the
velocity of particle at time t ( ≠ 0), then value of u ⋅ v can be zero.
Reason : Value of dot product is zero when angle between two vectors is 90°.
5. Assertion : A particle has constant acceleration is x - y plane. But neither of its acceleration
components ( ax and a y ) is zero. Under this condition particle cannot have parabolic path.
Reason : In projectile motion, horizontal component of acceleration is zero.
v - v1
6. Assertion : In projectile motion at any two positions 2 always remains constant.
t2 - t1
Reason : The given quantity is average acceleration, which should remain constant as
acceleration is constant.
7. Assertion : Particle A is projected upwards. Simultaneously particle B is
projected as projectile as shown. Particle A returns to ground in 4 s. At the H
same time particle B collides with A. Maximum height H attained by B
would be 20 m. ( g = 10 ms-2 ) B A

Reason : Speed of projection of both the particles should be same under the given condition.
8. Assertion : Two projectiles have maximum heights 4H and H respectively. The ratio of their
horizontal components of velocities should be 1 : 2 for their horizontal ranges to be same.
Reason : Horizontal range = horizontal component of velocity × time of flight.
 -
Chapter 7 Projectile Motion ! 247

9. Assertion : If g = 10 m/ s2 then in projectile motion speed of particle in every second will

change by 10 ms-1.
Reason : Acceleration is nothing but rate of change of velocity.
10. Assertion : In projectile motion if particle is projected with speed u, then speed of particle at
height h would be u 2 - 2gh .
Reason : If particle is projected with vertical component of velocity u y . Then vertical
component at the height h would be ± u 2y - 2gh

Objective Questions
Single Correct Option
1. Identify the correct statement related to the projectile motion.
(a) It is uniformly accelerated everywhere
(b) It is uniformly accelerated everywhere except at the highest position where it is moving with
constant velocity
(c) Acceleration is never perpendicular to velocity
(d) None of the above
2. Two bodies are thrown with the same initial velocity at angles θ and ( 90°- θ ) respectively with
the horizontal, then their maximum heights are in the ratio
(a) 1 : 1 (b) sin θ : cos θ (c) sin 2 θ : cos 2 θ (d) cos θ : sin θ
3. The range of a projectile at an angle θ is equal to half of the maximum range if thrown at the
same speed. The angle of projection θ is given by
(a) 15° (b) 30° (c) 60° (d) data insufficient
4. A ball is projected with a velocity 20 ms-1 at an angle to the horizontal. In order to have the
maximum range. Its velocity at the highest position must be
(a) 10 ms -1 (b) 14 ms -1 (c) 18 ms -1 (d) 16 ms -1
^ ^ ^ ^
5. A particle has initial velocity, v = 3 i + 4 j and a constant force F = 4 i - 3 j acts on it. The path of
the particle is
(a) straight line (b) parabolic (c) circular (d) elliptical
6. A body is projected at an angle 60° with the horizontal with kinetic energy K. When the velocity
makes an angle 30° with the horizontal, the kinetic energy of the body will be
(a) K/2 (b) K/3 (c) 2 K/ 3 (d) 3 K/ 4
7. If T1 and T2 are the times of flight for two complementary angles, then the range of projectile R is
given by
1 1
(a) R = 4 gT1T2 (b) R = 2 gT1T2 (c) R = gT1T2 (d) R = gT1T2
4 2
8. A gun is firing bullets with velocity v0 by rotating it through 360° in the horizontal plane. The
maximum area covered by the bullets is
πv02 π 2v02 πv04 π 2v04
(a) (b) (c) (d)
g g g2 g
9. A grass hopper can jump maximum distance 1.6 m. It spends negligible time on ground. How
far can it go in 10 2 s ?
(a) 45 m (b) 30 m (c) 20 m (d) 40 m
⑳
248 ! Mechanics - I

10. Two stones are projected with the same speed but making different angles with the horizontal.
π
and the maximum height
Their horizontal ranges are equal. The angle of projection of one is
3
reached by it is 102 m. Then the maximum height reached by the other in metres is
(a) 76 (b) 84
(c) 56 (d) 34

11. A ball is projected upwards from the top of a tower with a velocity 50 ms-1 making an angle 30°
with the horizontal. The height of tower is 70 m. After how many seconds from the instant of
throwing, will the ball reach the ground. ( g = 10 ms-2 )
(a) 2 s (b) 5 s (c) 7 s (d) 9 s
12. Average velocity of a particle in projectile motion between its starting point and the highest
point of its trajectory is (projection speed = u, angle of projection from horizontal = θ)
u
(a) u cos θ (b) 1 + 3 cos 2 θ
2
u u
(c) 2 + cos 2 θ (d) 1 + cos 2 θ
2 2
13. A train is moving on a track at 30 ms-1. A ball is thrown from it perpendicular to the direction of
motion with 30 ms-1 at 45° from horizontal. Find the distance of ball from the point of projection
on train to the point where it strikes the ground.
(a) 90 m (b) 90 3 m (c) 60 m (d) 60 3 m

14. A body is projected at time t = 0 from a certain point on a planet’s surface with a certain velocity
at a certain angle with the planet’s surface (assumed horizontal). The horizontal and vertical
displacements x and y (in metre) respectively vary with time t in second as, x = (10 3 ) t and
y = 10 t - t 2. The maximum height attained by the body is
(a) 75 m (b) 100 m
(c) 50 m (d) 25 m

15. A particle is fired horizontally from an inclined plane of inclination 30° with horizontal with
speed 50 ms-1. If g = 10 ms-2, the range measured along the incline is
1000
(a) 500 m (b) m (c) 200 2 m (d) 100 3 m
3
16. A fixed mortar fires a bomb at an angle of 53° above the horizontal with a muzzle velocity of
80 ms-1. A tank is advancing directly towards the mortar on level ground at a constant speed of
5 m/s. The initial separation (at the instant mortar is fired) between the mortar and tank, so
that the tank would be hit is [ Take g = 10 ms-2 ]
(a) 662.4 m (b) 526.3 m
(c) 486.6 m (d) None of these
Subjective Questions
1. At time t = 0, a small ball is projected from point A with a velocity of 60 m/s at 60° angle with
horizontal. Neglect atmospheric resistance and determine the two times t1 and t2 when the
velocity of the ball makes an angle of 45° with the horizontal x-axis.
2. A particle is projected from ground with velocity 20 2 m/s at 45°. At what time particle is at
height 15 m from ground? ( g = 10 m/ s2 )
 -
Chapter 7 Projectile Motion ! 249

3. A particle is projected at an angle 60° with horizontal with a speed v = 20 m/s. Taking
g = 10 m/ s2. Find the time after which the speed of the particle remains half of its initial speed.
4. Two particles A and B are projected from ground towards each other with speeds 10 m/s and
5 2 m/s at angles 30° and 45° with horizontal from two points separated by a distance of 15 m.
Will they collide or not?
5√2 m/s
10 m/s

30° 45°
A B
15 m

5. Two particles move in a uniform gravitational field with an acceleration g. At the initial
moment the particles were located over a tower at one point and moved with velocities
v1 = 3 m/ s and v2 = 4 m/ s horizontally in opposite directions. Find the distance between the
particles at the moment when their velocity vectors become mutually perpendicular.
6. A ball is thrown from the ground to clear a wall 3 m high at a distance of 6 m and falls 18 m
away from the wall. Find the angle of projection of ball.
7. A body is projected up such that its position vector varies with time as r = { 3 t i! + ( 4 t - 5 t 2 )!j} m.
Here, t is in seconds. Find the time and x-coordinate of particle when its y-coordinate is zero.
8. A particle is projected along an inclined plane as shown in figure. What is the speed of the
particle when it collides at point A ? ( g = 10 m/ s2 )

u = 10 m/s
A

30°
30°
O

9. In the above problem, what is the component of its velocity perpendicular to the plane when it
strikes at A ?
10. Two particles A and B are projected simultaneously from two towers of heights 10 m and 20 m
respectively. Particle A is projected with an initial speed of 10 2 m/s at an angle of 45° with
horizontal, while particle B is projected horizontally with speed 10 m/s. If they collide in air,
what is the distance d between the towers?
10 m/s
B
10√2 m/s
45°
A
20 m
10m

d
G
250 ! Mechanics - I

11. A particle is projected from the bottom of an inclined plane of inclination 30° with velocity of
40 m/s at an angle of 60° with horizontal. Find the speed of the particle when its velocity vector
is parallel to the plane. Take g = 10 m/ s2.
12. Two particles A and B are projected simultaneously in the directions shown in figure with
1
velocities vA = 20 m/ s and vB = 10 m/ s respectively. They collide in air after s. Find
2
(a) the angle θ
(b) the distance x.
vB = 10 m/s
vA = 20 m/s

θ
A B
x

13. A ball is shot from the ground into the air. At a height of 9.1 m, its velocity is observed to be
v = 7.6i! + 6.1!j in metre per second (!i is horizontal, !jis upward). Give the approximate answers.
(a) To what maximum height does the ball rise?
(b) What total horizontal distance does the ball travel?
(c) What are the magnitude and
(d) What are the direction of the ball’s velocity just before it hits the ground?
14. A particle is projected with velocity 2 gh, so that it just clears two walls of equal height h which
h
are at a distance of 2h from each other. Show that the time of passing between the walls is 2 .
g
[Hint : First find velocity at height h. Treat it as initial velocity and 2h as the range.]
15. A particle is projected at an angle of elevation α and after t second it appears to have an
elevation of β as seen from the point of projection. Find the initial velocity of projection.
16. A projectile aimed at a mark, which is in the horizontal plane through the point of projection,
falls a cm short of it when the elevation is α and goes b cm far when the elevation is β.Show that,
if the speed of projection is same in all the cases the proper elevation is
1  b sin 2α + a sin 2β 
sin-1  
2  a+b 
17. Two particles are simultaneously thrown in horizontal direction from two points on a
riverbank, which are at certain height above the water surface. The initial velocities of the
particles are v1 = 5 m/ s and v2 = 7.5 m/ s respectively. Both particles fall into the water at the
same time. First particle enters the water at a point s = 10 m from the bank. Determine
(a) the time of flight of the two particles,
(b) the height from which they are thrown,
(c) the point where the second particle falls in water.
18. A balloon is ascending at the rate v = 12 km/ h and is being carried horizontally by the wind at
vw = 20 km/ h.If a ballast bag is dropped from the balloon at the instant h = 50 m, determine the
time needed for it to strike the ground. Assume that the bag was released from the balloon with
the same velocity as the balloon. Also, find the speed with which the bag strikes the ground?
 =
Chapter 7 Projectile Motion ! 251

19. A projectile is fired with a velocity u at right angles to the slope, which is inclined at an angle θ
with the horizontal. Derive an expression for the distance R to the point of impact.

θ .

20. An elevator is going up with an upward acceleration of 1 m/ s2. At the instant when its velocity
is 2 m/s, a stone is projected upward from its floor with a speed of 2 m/s relative to the elevator,
at an elevation of 30°.
(a) Calculate the time taken by the stone to return to the floor.
(b) Sketch the path of the projectile as observed by an observer outside the elevator.
(c) If the elevator was moving with a downward acceleration equal to g, how would the motion be
altered?
21. Two particles A and B are projected simultaneously in a vertical plane as shown in figure. They
collide at time t in air. Write down two necessary equations for collision to take place.
y (m)
u2

θ2
20 B
u1
θ1
10
A

x (m)
10 30

LEVEL 2
Objective Questions
Single Correct Option
1. Two bodies were thrown simultaneously from the same point, one straight up, and the other, at
an angle of θ = 30° to the horizontal. The initial velocity of each body is 20 ms-1. Neglecting air
resistance, the distance between the bodies at t = 1.2 later is
(a) 20 m (b) 30 m
(c) 24 m (d) 50 m
2. A particle is dropped from a height h. Another particle which is initially at a horizontal distance
d from the first is simultaneously projected with a horizontal velocity u and the two particles
just collide on the ground. Then
u 2h 2u 2h
(a) d 2 = (b) d 2 =
2h g
(c) d = h (d) gd 2 = u 2h
6
252 ! Mechanics - I

3. A ball is projected from point A with velocity 10 ms-1perpendicular to the

90°
inclined plane as shown in figure. Range of the ball on the inclined plane is A
40 20 12 60
(a) m (b) m (c) m (d) m
3 3 3 3 30°
4. A heavy particle is projected with a velocity at an angle with the horizontal
into the uniform gravitational field. The slope of the trajectory of the particle varies as

slope

slope
slope

slope
(a) O t (b) O x (c) O t (d) O x

5. A particle starts from the origin of coordinates at time t = 0 and moves in the xy plane with a
constant acceleration α in the y-direction. Its equation of motion is y = βx 2. Its velocity
component in the x-direction is
2α α α
(a) variable (b) (c) (d)
β 2β 2β
6. A projectile is projected with speed u at an angle of 60° with horizontal from the foot of an
inclined plane. If the projectile hits the inclined plane horizontally, the range on inclined plane
will be
u 2 21 3u 2 u2 21 u 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2g 4g 2β 8g

7. A particle is projected at an angle 60° with speed 10 3 m/s, from the

10√3 m/s 10 3 m/s
point A, as shown in the figure. At the same time the wedge is made √
to move with speed 10 3 m/s towards right as shown in the figure. 30° 60°
Then the time after which particle will strike with wedge is
4
(a) 2 s (b) 2 3 s (c) s (d) None of these
3
8. A particle moves along the parabolic path x = y 2 + 2 y + 2 in such a way that Y -component of
velocity vector remains 5 ms-1 during the motion. The magnitude of the acceleration of the
particle is
(a) 50 ms -2 (b) 100 ms -2 (c) 10 2 ms -2 (d) 0.1 ms -2
9. A shell fired from the base of a mountain just clears it. If α is the angle of
projection, then the angular elevation of the summit β is
α  1
(a) (b) tan -1   H
2  2
β
 tan α 
(c) tan -1   (d) tan -1 (2 tan α )
 2 

10. In the figure shown, the two projectiles are fired simultaneously. The 20 √ 3 m/s
minimum distance between them during their flight is 20 m/s
(a) 20 m
(b) 10 3 m
60° 30°
(c) 10 m
20 √ 3 m
(d) None of the above
 ·
Chapter 7 Projectile Motion ! 253

More than One Correct Options

1. Two particles projected from the same point with same speed u at angles of projection α and β
strike the horizontal ground at the same point. If h1 and h2 are the maximum heights attained
by the projectile, R is the range for both and t1 and t2 are their times of flights, respectively ,
then
π t1 h1
(a) α + β = (b) R = 4 h1h2 (c) = tan α (d) tan α =
2 t2 h2

2. A ball is dropped from a height of 49 m. The wind is blowing horizontally. Due to wind a
constant horizontal acceleration is provided to the ball. Choose the correct statement (s).
[Take g = 9.8 ms-2]
(a) Path of the ball is a straight line
(b) Path of the ball is a curved one
(c) The time taken by the ball to reach the ground is 3.16 s
(d) Actual distance travelled by the ball is more then 49 m
3. A particle is projected from a point P with a velocity v at an angle θ with horizontal. At a certain
point Q it moves at right angles to its initial direction. Then
(a) velocity of particle at Q is v sin θ
(b) velocity of particle at Q is v cot θ
(c) time of flight from P to Q is (v/g ) cosecθ
(d) time of flight from P to Q is (v/g ) sec θ
4. At a height of 15 m from ground velocity of a projectile is v = (10 i! + 10!j). Here, !j is vertically
upwards and !i is along horizontal direction then ( g = 10 ms-2 )
(a) particle was projected at an angle of 45° with horizontal
(b) time of flight of projectile is 4 s
(c) horizontal range of projectile is 100 m
(d) maximum height of projectile from ground is 20 m
5. Which of the following quantities remain constant during projectile motion?
(a) Average velocity between two points (b) Average speed between two points
dv d 2v
(c) (d) 2
dt dt
6. In the projectile motion shown is figure, given tAB = 2 s then ( g = 10 ms-2 )

A B

15 m
O
20 m 40 m B

(a) particle is at point B at 3 s

(b) maximum height of projectile is 20 m
(c) initial vertical component of velocity is 20 ms -1
(d) horizontal component of velocity is 20 ms -1
&
254 ! Mechanics - I

Comprehension Based Questions

Passage (Q. Nos. 1 to 2)
Two inclined planes OA and OB intersect in a horizontal plane u
having their inclinations α and β with the horizontal as shown in A B
figure. A particle is projected from point P with velocity u along a P a Q
direction perpendicular to plane OA. The particle strikes plane OB α β
perpendicularly at Q. O
1. If α = 30°, β = 30°, the time of flight from P to Q is
u 3u 2u 2u
(a) (b) (c) (d)
g g g g
2. If α = 30°, β = 30° and a = 4.9 m, the initial velocity of projection is
(a) 9.8 ms -1 (b) 4.9 ms -1 (c) 4.9 2 ms -1 (d) 19.6 ms -1
Match the Columns
1. Particle-1 is just dropped from a tower. 1 s later particle-2 is thrown from the same tower
horizontally with velocity 10 ms-1. Taking g = 10 ms-2, match the following two columns at
t = 2 s.
Column I Column II
(a) Horizontal displacement between two (p) 10 SI units
(b) Vertical displacement between two (q) 20 SI units
(c) Magnitude of relative horizontal component of velocity (r) 10 2 SI units
(d) Magnitude of relative vertical component of velocity (s) None of the above

R
2. In a projectile motion, given H = = 20 m. Here, H is maximum height and R the horizontal
2
range. For the given condition match the following two columns.
Column I Column II
(a) Time of flight (p) 1
(b) Ratio of vertical component of velocity and horizontal (q) 2
component of velocity
(c) Horizontal component of velocity (in m/s) (r) 10
(d) Vertical component of velocity (in m/s) (s) None of the above

3. A particle can be thrown at a constant speed at different angles. When it is thrown at 15° with
horizontal, it falls at a distance of 10 m from point of projection. For this speed of particle match
following two columns.
Column I Column II
(a) Maximum horizontal range which can be taken with (p) 10 m
this speed
(b) Maximum height which can be taken with this speed (q) 20 m
(c) Range at 75° (r) 15 m
(d) Height at 30° (s) None of the above
 3
Chapter 7 Projectile Motion ! 255

4. In projectile motion, if vertical component of velocity is increased to two times, keeping

horizontal component unchanged, then
Column I Column II
(a) Time of flight (p) will remain same
(b) Maximum height (q) will become two times
(c) Horizontal range (r) will become four times
(d) Angle of projection with (s) None of the above
horizontal

5. In projectile motion shown in figure.

A
u

θ
O B

Column I Column II
(a) Change in velocity between O and A (p) u cos θ
(b) Average velocity between O and A (q) u sin θ
(c) Change in velocity between O and B (r) 2 u sin θ
(d) Average velocity between O and B (s) None of the above

6. Particle-1 is projected from ground (take it origin) at time t = 0, with velocity ( 30!i + 30!j) ms-1.
Particle-2 is projected from (130 m, 75 m) at time t = 1 s with velocity ( -20 !i + 20 !j) ms-1.
Assuming !j to be vertically upward and !i to be in horizontal direction, match the following two
columns at t = 2 s.
Column I Column II
(a) horizontal distance between two (p) 30 SI units
(b) vertical distance between two (q) 40 SI units
(c) relative horizontal component of velocity between two (r) 50 SI units
(d) relative vertical component of velocity between two (s) None of the above

7. The trajectories of the motion of three particles are shown in the figure. Match the entries of
Column I with the entries of Column II. Neglect air resistance.
y

A B C
x
⑳
256 ! Mechanics - I

Column I Column II
(a) Time of flight is least for (p) A
(b) Vertical component of velocity is greatest for (q) B
(c) Horizontal component of velocity is greatest for (r) C
(d) Launch speed is least for (s) same for all

Subjective Questions
1. Determine the horizontal velocity v0 with which a stone must be projected horizontally from a
point P, so that it may hit the inclined plane perpendicularly. The inclination of the plane with
the horizontal is θ and point P is at a height h above the foot of the incline, as shown in the
figure.
v0 P

2. A particle is dropped from point P at time t = 0. At the same time another particle is thrown
from point O as shown in the figure and it collides with the particle P. Acceleration due to
gravity is along the negative y-axis. If the two particles collide 2 s after they start, find the
initial velocity v0 of the particle which was projected from O. Point O is not necessarily on
ground.
y 2m P

10 m
v0

θ
O x

3. Two particles are simultaneously projected in the same vertical plane from the same point with
velocities u and v at angles α and β with horizontal. Find the time that elapses when their
velocities are parallel.
4. A projectile takes off with an initial velocity of 10 m/s at an angle of elevation of 45°. It is just
able to clear two hurdles of height 2 m each, separated from each other by a distance d.
Calculate d. At what distance from the point of projection is the first hurdle placed? Take
g = 10 m/ s2.

5. A stone is projected from the ground in such a direction so as to hit a bird on the top of a
telegraph post of height h and attains the maximum height of 2h above the ground. If at the
instant of projection, the bird were to fly away horizontally with a uniform speed, find the ratio
between the horizontal velocity of bird and the horizontal component of velocity of stone, if the
stone hits the bird while descending.
 -
Chapter 7 Projectile Motion ! 257

6. A particle is released from a certain height H = 400 m. Due to the wind, the particle gathers the
horizontal velocity component vx = ay where a = 5 s-1 and y is the vertical displacement of the
particle from the point of release, then find
(a) the horizontal drift of the particle when it strikes the ground,
(b) the speed with which particle strikes the ground.
(Take g = 10 m/s 2)
7. A train is moving with a constant speed of 10 m/s in a circle of radius y
16
m. The plane of the circle lies in horizontal x-y plane. At time t = 0,
π
train is at point P and moving in counter-clockwise direction. At this
instant, a stone is thrown from the train with speed 10 m/s relative to
train towards negative x-axis at an angle of 37° with vertical z-axis.
Find P x
(a) the velocity of particle relative to train at the highest point of its
trajectory.
(b) the co-ordinates of points on the ground where it finally falls and that
of the highest point of its trajectory.
3
Take g = 10 m/s 2, sin 37°=
5
8. A particle is projected from an inclined plane OP1 from A with velocity v1 = 8 ms-1 at an
angle 60° with horizontal. An another particle is projected at the same instant from B with
velocity v2 = 16 ms-1 and perpendicular to the plane OP2 as shown in figure. After time
10 3 s there separation was minimum and found to be 70 m. Then find distance AB.
P1 v1 v2
P2
60°
A
90°
B
45° 30°
O

9. A particle is projected from point O on the ground with velocity Y

u = 5 5 m/s at angle α = tan-1 ( 0.5 ). It strikes at a point C on a
fixed smooth plane AB having inclination of 37° with horizontal as 5√5 m/s B
C
shown in figure. If the particle does not rebound, calculate
y
(a) coordinates of point C in reference to coordinate system as shown α 37°
in the figure. O
A D
X
(10/3) m
(b) maximum height from the ground to which the particle rises.
( g = 10 m/s 2).
10. A plank fitted with a gun is moving on a horizontal surface with speed of 4 m/s along the
positive x-axis. The z-axis is in vertically upward direction. The mass of the plank including the
mass of the gun is 50 kg. When the plank reaches the origin, a shell of mass 10 kg is fired at an
angle of 60° with the positive x-axis with a speed of v = 20 m/s with respect to the gun in
x-z plane. Find the position vector of the shell at t = 2 s after firing it. Take g = 9.8 m/ s2.
 Answers
Introductory Exercise 7.1
1. 2s
2. False
3. True
! !
4. v = (40!i + 10 j ) m/s , s = (80!i + 40 j ) m
!
5. t = 5 s , d = 100 m, v = (20!i - 30 j ) ms -1

Introductory Exercise 7.2

1
1. (a) 20 2 m/s at angle tan-1   with horizontal, (b) 100 m.
 2
2. Between two points lying on the same horizontal line
3. u cos α
4. 2u sin α , downwards
! !
5. (a) 80 m, 20 m, 4s (b) (20 !i + 10 j ) ms -1 (c) (20 !i - 20 j ) ms -1
6. (a) 30 ms -1 (vertically downwards) (b) 20.62 ms -1
5
7. ms -1
2
8. (a) 20 s (b) 20 20 m (c) 49 m/s, θ = tan-1 ( 5 ) with horizontal
9. No
a (1 + b2 )
10.
2c

Introductory Exercise 7.3

1. 1.69 s, 39 m
2. 6.31 s, 145.71 m
3. 2.31 s, 53.33 mm
4. (a) A vertical straight line (b) A parabola
5. (a) zero (b) 20 ms -1 in horizontal direction (c) 40 m
6. 60°

Exercises
LEVEL 1
Assertion and Reason
1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (d) 6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (a or b) 9. (d) 10. (b)

Single Correct Option

1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (d) 10. (d)
11. (c) 12. (b) 13. (a) 14. (d) 15. (b) 16. (d)
 -
Chapter 7 Projectile Motion ! s
259

Subjective Questions
1 t1 = 2.19s, t 2 = 8.20 s 2. 3 s and 1 s 3. 3 s

4. No 5. 2.5 m 6. tan -1  2
 
 3
10
7. time = zero, 0.8 s,x-coordinate = 0, 2.4 m 8. m/s 9. 5 m/s
3
40
10. 20 m 11. m/s 12. (a) 30° (b) 5 3 m
3
13. (a) 11 m, (b) 23 m (c) 16.6 m/s (d) tan-1 (2), below horizontal
gt cos β
15. u = 17. (a) 2s (b) 19.6 m (c) 15 m
sin (α - β )
2 u2
18. 3.55 s, 32.7 m/s 19. R = tan θ sec θ
g
20. (a) 0.18 s (c) a straight line with respect to elevator and projectile with respect to ground
21. (u1 cos θ1 + u2 cos θ 2 ) t = 20 ...(i) (u1 sin θ1 - u2 sin θ 2 ) t = 10 ...(ii)

LEVEL 2
Single Correct Option
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (d) 6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (b)

More than One Correct Options

1. (all) 2. (a,c,d) 3. (b,c) 4. (b,d) 5. (c,d) 6. (all)

Comprehension Based Questions

1. (b) 2. (a)

Match the Columns

1. (a) Æ(p), (b) Æ(s), (c) Æ(p), (d) Æ(p) 2. (a) Æ(s), (b) Æ(q), (c) Æ(r), (d) Æ(s)
3. (a) Æ(q), (b) Æ(p), (c) Æ(p), (d) Æ(s) 4. (a) Æ(q), (b) Æ(r), (c) Æ(q), (d) Æ(s)
5. (a) Æ(q), (b) Æ(s), (c) Æ(r), (d) Æ(p) 6. (a) Æ(r), (b) Æ(r), (c) Æ(r), (d) Æ(s)
7. (a) Æ(s), (b) Æ(s), (c) Æ(r), (d) Æ(p)

Subjective Questions
2 gh
1. v0 = 2. 26 ms -1 at angle θ = tan-1 (5) with x-axis
2 + cot2 θ
uv sin (α - β )
3. t = 4. 4.47 m, 2.75 m
g (v cos β - u cos α )
2
5. 6. (a) 2.67 km (b) 0.9 km/s
2+1
!
7. (a) (-6 !i + 10 j ) ms -1 (b) (-4.5 m, 16 m, 0), (0.3 m, 8.0 m, 3.2 m)
8. 250 m 9. (a) (5 m, 1.25 m) (b) 4.45 m
10. [ 24 !i + 15 k
!] m
 LAWS OF MOTION

Exercises
LEVEL 1
Assertion and Reason
Directions : Choose the correct option.
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are true and the Reason is correct explanation of the Assertion.
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true, but the Reason is false.
(d) If Assertion is false but the Reason is true.
1. Assertion : If net force on a rigid body in zero, it is either at rest or moving with a constant
linear velocity. Nothing else can happen.
Reason : Constant velocity means linear acceleration is zero.
2. Assertion : Three concurrent forces are F1 , F2 and F3 . Angle between F1 and F2 is 30° and
between F1 and F3 is 120°. Under these conditions, forces cannot remain in equilibrium.
Reason : At least one angle should be greater than 180°.
3. Assertion : Two identical blocks are placed over a rough inclined plane. One block is given an
1
upward velocity to the block and the other in downward direction. If µ = and θ = 45°the ratio
3
of magnitudes of accelerations of two is 2 : 1.
1+µ
Reason : The desired ratio is .
1−µ
4. Assertion : A block A is just placed inside a smooth box B as shown in figure. Now, the box is
given an acceleration a = ( 3!j − 2!i) ms−2. Under this acceleration block A cannot remain in the
position shown.
B

y
A
x

Reason : Block will require ma force for moving with acceleration a.

5. Assertion : A block is kept at rest on a rough ground as shown. Two forces F1 and F2 are acting
on it. If we increase either of the two forces F1 or F2, force of friction acting on the block will
increase.
Reason : By increasing F1, normal reaction from ground will increase.
F1

F2
 -
Chapter 8 Laws of Motion ! 325

6. Assertion : In the figure shown, force of friction on A from B will always be right wards.
Reason : Friction always opposes the relative motion between two bodies in contact.

F1 A

B F2

Smooth

7. Assertion : In the figure shown tension in string AB always lies between m1g and m2g.
( m1 ≠ m2 )
A
B

m1

m2

Reason : Tension in massless string is uniform throughout.

8. Assertion : Two frames S1 and S 2 are non-inertial. Then frame S 2 when observed from S1 is
inertial.
Reason : A frame in motion is not necessarily a non-inertial frame.
9. Assertion : Moment of concurrent forces about any point is constant.
Reason : If vector sum of all the concurrent forces is zero, then moment of all the forces about
any point is also zero.
10. Assertion : Minimum force is needed to move a block on rough surface, if θ = angle of friction.
Reason : Angle of friction and angle of repose are numerically same.
F

Rough

11. Assertion : When a person walks on a rough surface, the frictional force exerted by surface on
the person is opposite to the direction of his motion.
Reason : It is the force exerted by the road on the person that causes the motion.
=>
326 ! Mechanics - I

Objective Questions
Single Correct Option
1. Three equal weights A, B and C of mass 2 kg each are hanging on a string passing over
a fixed frictionless pulley as shown in the figure. The tension in the string connecting
weights B and C is approximately
(a) zero
(b) 13 N A B
(c) 3.3 N
C
(d) 19.6 N
2. Two balls A and B of same size are dropped from the same point under gravity. The mass of A is
greater than that of B. If the air resistance acting on each ball is same, then
(a) both the balls reach the ground simultaneously
(b) the ball A reaches earlier
(c) the ball B reaches earlier
(d) nothing can be said
3. A block of mass m is placed at rest on an inclined plane of inclination θ to the horizontal. If the
coefficient of friction between the block and the plane is µ, then the total force the inclined
plane exerts on the block is
(a) mg (b) µ mg cos θ (c) mg sin θ (d) µ mg tan θ
4. In the figure a block of mass 10 kg is in equilibrium. Identify the string in which
the tension is zero.
30° B
(a) B
(b) C
C
(c) A A
(d) None of the above 10 kg
2
5. At what minimum acceleration should a monkey slide a rope whose breaking strength is rd of
3
its weight ?
2g g
(a) (b) g (c) (d) zero
3 3
6. For the arrangement shown in the figure, the reading of spring
balance is
(a) 50 N
(b) 100 N
(c) 150 N 5 kg 10 kg

(d) None of the above

7. The time taken by a body to slide down a rough 45° inclined plane is twice that required to slide
down a smooth 45° inclined plane. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the object and
rough plane is given by
1 3
(a) (b)
3 4
3 2
(c) (d)
4 3
 =
Chapter 8 Laws >
of Motion ! 327

8. The force required to just move a body up the inclined plane is double the force required to just
prevent the body from sliding down the plane. The coefficient of friction is µ. If θ is the angle of
inclination of the plane than tanθ is equal to
(a) µ (b) 3µ (c) 2µ (d) 0.5 µ
9. A force F1 accelerates a particle from rest to a velocity v. Another force F2 decelerates the same
particle from v to rest, then
(a) F1 is always equal to F2
(b) F2 is greater than F1
(c) F2 may be smaller than, greater than or equal to F1
(d) F2 cannot be equal to F1
10. A particle is placed at rest inside a hollow hemisphere of radius R. The coefficient of friction
1
between the particle and the hemisphere is µ = . The maximum height up to which the
3
particle can remain stationary is
R  3 3 3R
(a) (b) 1 − R (c) R (d)
2  2 2 8

11. In the figure shown, the frictional coefficient between table and block is 0.2. Find the ratio of
tensions in the right and left strings.
T2 T1
5kg

5kg
5kg
15kg

(a) 17 : 24 (b) 34 : 12 (c) 2 : 3 (d) 3 : 2

12. A smooth inclined plane of length L having inclination θ with the horizontal is inside a lift
which is moving down with a retardation a. The time taken by a body to slide down the inclined
plane from rest will be
2L 2L 2L 2L
(a) (b) (c) (d)
( g + a ) sin θ ( g − a ) sin θ a sin θ g sin θ

13. A block rests on a rough inclined plane making an angle of 30° with horizontal. The coefficient
of static friction between the block and inclined plane is 0.8. If the frictional force on the block is
10 N, the mass of the block in kg is (g = 10 m/s 2)
(a) 2.0 (b) 4.0
(c) 1.6 (d) 2.5
14. In figure, two identical particles each of mass m are tied together
with an inextensible string. This is pulled at its centre with a
constant force F. If the whole system lies on a smooth horizontal
30° F
plane, then the acceleration of each particle towards each other is
30°
3 F 1 F
(a) (b)
2 m 2 3 m
2 F F
(c) (d) 3
3 m m
T
328 ! Mechanics - I

15. A block of mass m is placed at rest on a horizontal rough surface with angle of friction φ. The
block is pulled with a force F at an angle θ with the horizontal. The minimum value of F
required to move the block is
mg sin φ mg cos φ
(a) (b) (c) mg tan φ (d) mg sin φ
cos(θ − φ ) cos (θ − φ )

16. A block of mass 4 kg is placed on a rough horizontal plane. A time dependent horizontal force
F = kt acts on the block. Here k = 2 Ns −1. The frictional force between the block and plane at
time t = 2 s is (µ = 0.2)
(a) 4 N (b) 8 N
(c) 12 N (d) 10 N
17. A body takes time t to reach the bottom of a smooth inclined plane of angle θ with the
horizontal. If the plane is made rough, time taken now is 2 t. The coefficient of friction of the
rough surface is
3 2
(a) tan θ (b) tan θ
4 3
1 1
(c) tan θ (d) tan θ
4 2
18. A man of mass m slides down along a rope which is connected to the ceiling of an elevator with
deceleration a relative to the rope. If the elevator is going upward with an acceleration a
relative to the ground, then tension in the rope is
(a) mg (b) m( g + 2a )
(c) m( g + a ) (d) zero
19. A 50 kg person stands on a 25 kg platform. He pulls on the rope which is attached to the
platform via the frictionless pulleys as shown in the figure. The platform moves upwards at a
steady rate if the force with which the person pulls the rope is

(a) 500 N (b) 250 N (c) 25 N (d) None of these

20. A ladder of length 5 m is placed against a smooth wall as shown in figure. The coefficient of
friction is µ between ladder and ground. What is the minimum value of µ, if the ladder is not to
slip?
AB = 5 m
A AO = 4 m
OB = 3 m

O B
1 1 3 5
(a) µ = (b) µ = (c) µ = (d) µ =
2 4 8 8
 -
Chapter 8 Laws of Motion ! 329

21. If a ladder weighing 250 N is placed against a smooth vertical wall having coefficient of friction
between it and floor 0.3, then what is the maximum force of friction available at the point of
contact between the ladder and the floor?
(a) 75 N (b) 50 N (c) 35 N (d) 25 N
22. A rope of length L and mass M is being pulled on a rough horizontal floor by a constant
horizontal force F = Mg. The force is acting at one end of the rope in the same direction as the
length of the rope. The coefficient of kinetic friction between rope and floor is 1/2. Then, the
tension at the midpoint of the rope is
Mg 2Mg Mg Mg
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 5 8 2
 1 
23. A heavy body of mass 25 kg is to be dragged along a horizontal plane µ =  . The least force
 3
required is (1 kgf = 9.8 N )
(a) 25 kgf (b) 2.5 kgf (c) 12.5 kgf (d) 6.25 kgf
24. A block A of mass 4 kg is kept on ground. The coefficient of friction between the block and the
ground is 0.8. The external force of magnitude 30 N is applied parallel to the ground. The
resultant force exerted by the ground on the block is ( g = 10 m/ s2 )
(a) 40 N (b) 30 N
(c) zero (d) 50 N
25. A block A of mass 2 kg rests on another block B of mass 8 kg which rests on a horizontal floor.
The coefficient of friction between A and B is 0.2 while that between B and floor is 0.5. When a
horizontal force F of 25 N is applied on the block B, the force of friction between A and B is
(a) 3 N (b) 4 N
(c) 2 N (d) zero
26. A body of mass 10 kg lies on a rough inclined plane of inclination A
 3 B
θ = sin−1   with the horizontal. When the force of 30 N is applied on 30N
 5
C
the block parallel to and upward the plane, the total force by the plane O
on the block is nearly along D
(a) OA (b) OB θ
(c) OC (d) OD
27. In the figure shown, a person wants to raise a block lying on the ground to a height h. In which
case he has to exert more force. Assume pulleys and strings are light

(i) (ii)

(a) Fig. (i) (b) Fig. (ii)

(c) Same in both (d) Cannot be determined
·
330 ! Mechanics - I

28. A man of mass m stands on a platform of equal mass m and pulls himself by
two ropes passing over pulleys as shown in figure. If he pulls each rope with
a force equal to half his weight, his upward acceleration would be
g
(a)
2
g
(b)
4
(c) g
(d) zero
29. A varying horizontal force F = at acts on a block of mass m kept on a smooth horizontal surface.
An identical block is kept on the first block. The coefficient of friction between the blocks is µ.
The time after which the relative sliding between the blocks prevails is
2 mg 2 µmg µmg
(a) (b) (c) (d) 2 µmga
a a a
30. Two particles start together from a point O and slide down along straight smooth wires inclined
at 30°and 60° to the vertical plane and on the same side of vertical through O. The relative
acceleration of second with respect to first will be of magnitude
g 3g g
(a) (b) (c) (d) g
2 2 3

Subjective Questions
1. Find the values of the unknown forces if the given set of forces shown in figure are in
equilibrium.
R

F
3N

10N
60°

2. Determine the tensions T1 and T2 in the strings as shown in figure.

60°
T1
60°
T2

W = 4 × 9.8 N

3. In figure the tension in the diagonal string is 60 N.

(a) Find the magnitude of the horizontal forces F1 and F2 that must be
applied to hold the system in the position shown. F1 45°
(b) What is the weight of the suspended block ?
F2

W
 =
Chapter 8 Laws of Motion ! 331

4. A ball of mass 1 kg hangs in equilibrium from two strings OA and OB as shown in figure. What
are the tensions in strings OA and OB? (Take g = 10 m/ s2).
A 30° B
60°

T1 T2
90°
120° O 150°

w = 10N

5. A rod OA of mass 4 kg is held in horizontal position by a massless string AB as shown in figure.

Length of the rod is 2 m. Find
B

60° A
O

(a) tension in the string,

(b) net force exerted by hinge on the rod. ( g = 10 m/s 2)
6. Two beads of equal masses m are attached by a string of length 2a and are free to move in a
smooth circular ring lying in a vertical plane as shown in figure. Here, a is the radius of the
ring. Find the tension and acceleration of B just after the beads are released to move.
A

B C

7. Two blocks of masses 1 kg and 2 kg are connected by a string AB of mass 1 kg. The blocks are
placed on a smooth horizontal surface. Block of mass 1 kg is pulled by a horizontal force F of
magnitude 8 N. Find the tension in the string at points A and B.
A B
2kg 1kg F = 8N

8. Two blocks of masses 2.9 kg and 1.9 kg are suspended from a rigid support S by S
two inextensible wires each of length 1 m, as shown in the figure. The upper wire
has negligible mass and the lower wire has a uniformly distributed mass of 0.2 kg.
The whole system of blocks, wires and support have an upward acceleration of 2.9 kg
0.2 m/ s2. Acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/ s2.
(a) Find the tension at the mid-point of the lower wire.
(b) Find the tension at the mid-point of the upper wire. 1.9 kg
E
332 ! Mechanics - I

9. Two blocks shown in figure are connected by a heavy uniform rope of mass 4 kg. An F = 200 N
upward force of 200 N is applied as shown. 5 kg
(a) What is the acceleration of the system ?
(b) What is the tension at the top of the rope ? 4 kg
(c) What is the tension at the mid-point of the rope ?
7 kg
(Take g = 9.8 m/s 2)
10. A 4 m long ladder weighing 25 kg rests with its upper end against a smooth wall and lower end
on rough ground. What should be the minimum coefficient of friction between the ground and
the ladder for it to be inclined at 60° with the horizontal without slipping? (Take g = 10 m/ s2).
11. A plumb bob of mass 1 kg is hung from the ceiling of a train compartment. The train moves on
an inclined plane with constant velocity. If the angle of incline is 30°. Find the angle made by
the string with the normal to the ceiling. Also, find the tension in the string. ( g = 10 m/ s2 )
12. Repeat both parts of the above question, if the train moves with an acceleration a = g/ 2 up the
plane.
13. Two unequal masses of 1 kg and 2 kg are connected by a string going over a clamped
light smooth pulley as shown in figure. The system is released from rest. The larger
mass is stopped for a moment 1.0 s after the system is set in motion. Find the time
elapsed before the string is tight again.
1kg

2kg
14. In the adjoining figure, a wedge is fixed to an elevator moving upwards
a
with an acceleration a. A block of mass m is placed over the wedge. Find
the acceleration of the block with respect to wedge. Neglect friction.
m

θ
15. In figure m1 = 1 kg and m2 = 4 kg. Find the mass M of the hanging block which will prevent the
smaller block from slipping over the triangular block. All the surfaces are frictionless and the
strings and the pulleys are light.

m1

m2
30°

Note In exercises 16 to 18 the situations described take place in a box car which has initial velocity v = 0 but acceleration
a = (5 m / s 2 ) i! . (Take g = 10 m / s 2)
y
a = 5 m/s2 ^i
x v=0
z
 =
Chapter 8 Laws of Motion ! 333

16. A 2 kg object is slid along the frictionless floor with initial velocity (10 m/s) !i (a) Describe the
motion of the object relative to car (b) when does the object reach its original position relative to
the box car.
17. A 2 kg object is slid along the frictionless floor with initial transverse velocity (10 m/s ) k. !
Describe the motion (a) in car’s frame and (b) in ground frame.
18. A 2 kg object is slid along a rough floor (coefficient of sliding friction = 0.3) with initial velocity
(10 m/s ) !i. Describe the motion of the object relative to car assuming that the coefficient of static
friction is greater than 0.5.
19. A block is placed on an inclined plane as shown in
figure. What must be the frictional force between block
and incline if the block is not to slide along the incline m
when the incline is accelerating to the right at 3 m/s 2
 3 2 a = 3 m/s2
 sin 37°=  ? (Take g = 10 m/ s ) 37°
 5
F
20. A 6 kg block is kept on an inclined rough surface as shown in figure.
Find the force F required to µs = 0.6
(a) keep the block stationary, µk = 0.4
6 kg
(b) move the block downwards with constant velocity and
(c) move the block upwards with an acceleration of 4 m/s 2.
60°
(Take g = 10 m/s 2)
21. A block of mass 200 kg is set into motion on a frictionless
a = 1 m/s2
horizontal surface with the help of frictionless pulley and a rope
F
system as shown in figure. What horizontal force F should be
applied to produce in the block an acceleration of 1 m/ s2 ?

22. A cube of mass 2 kg is held stationary against a rough wall by a force F = 40 N passing through
centre C. Find perpendicular distance of normal reaction between wall and cube from point C.
Side of the cube is 20 cm. Take g = 10 m/ s2.

F C

23. A 20 kg monkey has a firm hold on a light rope that passes over a frictionless pulley and is
attached to a 20 kg bunch of bananas. The monkey looks upward, sees the bananas and starts to
climb the rope to get them.
(a) As the monkey climbs, do the bananas move up, move down or remain at rest ?
(b) As the monkey climbs, does the distance between the monkey and the bananas decrease,
increase or remain constant ?
(c) The monkey releases her hold on the rope. What happens to the distance between the monkey
and the bananas while she is falling ?
(d) Before reaching the ground, the monkey grabs the rope to stop her fall. What do the bananas
do ?
=
334 ! Mechanics - I

24. In the pulley-block arrangement shown in figure, find the relation between acceleration of blocks
A and B.

B
A

25. In the pulley-block arrangement shown in figure, find relation between aA , aB and aC .

A C

26. In the figure shown, find : (g = 10 m/ s2 )

T2
1 kg

2 kg T1

3 kg

(a) acceleration of 1 kg, 2 kg and 3 kg blocks and

(b) tensions T1 and T2.
27. Find the acceleration of the blocks A and B in the situation shown in the figure.

4 kg

B 5 kg
 =
Chapter 8 Laws of Motion ! 335

28. A conveyor belt is moving with constant speed of 6 m/s. A small block is just dropped on it.
Coefficient of friction between the two is µ = 0.3. Find

6 m/s
(a) The time when relative motion between them will stop.
(b) Displacement of block upto that instant. ( g = 10 m/s 2) .
29. Coefficient of friction between two blocks shown in figure is µ = 0.4. The blocks are given
velocities of 2 m/s and 8 m/s in the directions shown in figure. Find
1 kg 2 m/s

2 kg 8 m/s

Smooth
(a) the time when relative motion between them will stop.
(b) the common velocities of blocks upto that instant.
(c) displacements of 1 kg and 2 kg blocks upto that instant. (g = 10 m/s 2)
30. A 2 kg block is pressed against a rough wall by a force F = 20 N as shown in figure. Find
acceleration of the block and force of friction acting on it. (Take g = 10 m/ s2)

20 N µs = 0.8
2 kg
µk = 0.6

Wall

31. A 2 kg block is kept over a rough ground with coefficient of friction µ = 0.8 as shown in figure. A
time varying force F = 2t (F in newton and t in second) is applied on the block. Plot a graph
between acceleration of block versus time. (g = 10 m/ s2)

2 kg F = 2t

µ = 0.8

32. A 6 kg block is kept over a rough surface with coefficients of friction µs = 0.6 and µk = 0.4 as
shown in figure. A time varying force F = 4t (F in newton and t in second) is applied on the block
as shown. Plot a graph between acceleration of block and time. (Take g = 10 m/ s2)

6 kg F = 4t

µs = 0.6
µk = 0.4
 LEVEL 2
Objective Questions
Single Correct Option
1. What is the largest mass of C in kg that can be suspended
A
without moving blocks A and B ? The static coefficient of
friction for all plane surface of contact is 0.3. Mass of block A B
is 50kg and block B is 70kg. Neglect friction in the pulleys.
(a) 120 kg
(b) 92 kg C
(c) 81 kg
(d) None of the above
y
2. A sphere of mass 1 kg rests at one corner of a cube. The cube is moved with a
2
velocity v = ( 8t i! − 2t )!j , where t is time in second. The force by sphere on the
cube at t = 1 s is (g = 10 ms −2) [Figure shows vertical plane of the cube]
(a) 8 N (b) 10 N
(c) 20 N (d) 6 N x
3. A smooth block of mass m is held stationary on a smooth wedge of mass M
and inclination θ as shown in figure. If the system is released from rest,
m
then the normal reaction between the block and the wedge is
(a) mg cos θ M
(b) less than mg cos θ θ
(c) greater than mg cos θ
(d) may be less or greater than mg cos θ depending upon whether M is less or greater than m
4. Two blocks of masses m1 and m2 are placed in contact with each other on a horizontal platform
as shown in figure. The coefficient of friction between m1 and platform is 2µ and that between
block m2 and platform is µ. The platform moves with an acceleration a. The normal reaction
between the blocks is
m1 m2

a
(a) zero in all cases (b) zero only if m1 = m2
(c) non zero only if a > 2 µg (d) non zero only if a > µg
5. A block of mass m is resting on a wedge of angle θ as shown in the figure. With what minimum
acceleration a should the wedge move so that the mass m falls freely?

(a) g (b) g cos θ

(c) g cot θ (d) g tan θ
 =
Chapter 8 Laws >
of Motion ! 337

6. To a ground observer the block C is moving with v0 and the block A with v1
A
v1and B is moving with v2 relative to C as shown in the figure. Identify
the correct statement.
(a) v1 − v2 = v0 C B v2
(b) v1 = v2 v0
(c) v1 + v0 = v2
(d) None of the above
7. In each case m1 = 4 kg and m2 = 3 kg. If a1 , a2 and a3 are the respective accelerations of the block
m1 in given situations, then
a1
m1
a3
m1
a2
m2 m2
30° m2
m1

(a) a1 > a 2 > a3 (b) a1 > a 2 = a3

(c) a1 = a 2 = a3 (d) a1 > a3 > a 2
8. For the arrangement shown in figure the coefficient of friction between
the two blocks is µ. If both the blocks are identical and moving, then the
acceleration of each block is
F F m
(a) − 2 µg (b) F
2m 2m m
F
(c) − µg (d) zero
2m Smooth

9. In the arrangement shown in the figure the rod R is restricted to move in the R
vertical direction with acceleration a1, and the block B can slide down the fixed a1
wedge with acceleration a2. The correct relation between a1 and a2 is given by B
(a) a 2 = a1 sin θ
a2
(b) a 2 sin θ = a1
θ Fixed
(c) a 2 cos θ = a1
(d) a 2 = a1 cos θ
10. In the figure block moves downwards with velocity v1, the wedge moves rightwards with
velocity v2. The correct relation between v1 and v2 is

θ
v2
v1

(a) v2 = v1 (b) v2 = v1 sin θ

(c) 2v2 sin θ = v1 (d) v2 (1 + sin θ ) = v1
⑧
338 ! Mechanics - I

11. In the figure, the minimum value of a at which the cylinder starts rising up the inclined surface
is

a
θ

(a) g tan θ (b) g cot θ (c) g sin θ (d) g cos θ

12. When the trolley shown in figure is given a horizontal acceleration a, the
pendulum bob of mass m gets deflected to a maximum angle θ with the θ l a
vertical. At the position of maximum deflection, the net acceleration of m
the bob with respect to trolley is
(a) g2 + a 2 (b) a cos θ
(c) g sin θ − a cos θ (d) a sin θ
13. In the arrangement shown in figure the mass M is very heavy compared to m (M >> m).
The tension T in the string suspended from the ceiling is
(a) 4 mg (b) 2 mg
(c) zero (d) None of these
m
14. A block rests on a rough plane whose inclination θ to the horizontal can be varied. Which M
of the following graphs indicates how the frictional force F between the block and the
plane varies as θ is increased ?
F F F F

θ θ θ θ
O 90° O 90° O 90° O 90°
(a) (b) (c) (d)

15. The minimum value of µ between the two blocks for no slipping is
m
µ
2m
F

Smooth
F F 2F 4F
(a) (b) (c) (d)
mg 3mg 3mg 3mg
16. A block is sliding along an inclined plane as shown in figure. If the
a
acceleration of chamber is a as shown in the figure. The time required to
cover a distance L along incline is
m
2L 2L
(a) (b)
g sin θ − a cos θ g sin θ + a sin θ θ
2L 2L
(c) (d)
g sin θ + a cos θ g sin θ
 =
Chapter 8 Laws of Motion ! 339

17. In the figure, the wedge is pushed with an acceleration of

10 3 m/s 2. It is seen that the block starts climbing up on the 1m a = 10 √3 m/s2
smooth inclined face of wedge. What will be the time taken
by the block to reach the top? 30°
2 1
(a) s (b) s
5 5
5
(c) 5 s (d) s
2
18. Two blocks A and B are separated by some distance and tied by a string as shown in the figure.
The force of friction in both the blocks at t = 2 s is
m1 = 1 kg m2 = 2 kg
F' = 2t F = 15N

µ1 = 0.6 µ2 = 0.5

(a) 4 N (Æ ), 5 N(←) (b) 2 N(Æ ), 5 N(←)

(c) 0 N(Æ ), 10 N(←) (d) 1 N(←), 10 N(←)
19. All the surfaces and pulleys are frictionless in the shown arrangement. Pulleys P and Q are
massless. The force applied by clamp on pulley P is
P
Y

2m X
Q
m
α = 30°

mg ^ ^ mg ^ ^
(a) (− 3 i − 3 j) (b) ( 3 i + 3 j)
6 6
mg
(c) 2 (d) None of these
6
20. Two blocks of masses 2 kg and 4 kg are connected by a light string and kept on horizontal
surface. A force of 16 N is acted on 4 kg block horizontally as shown in figure. Besides, it is given
that coefficient of friction between 4 kg and ground is 0.3 and between 2 kg block and ground is
0.6. Then frictional force between 2 kg block and ground is
µ = 0.6 F = 16N
2kg 4kg

µ = 0.3

(a) 12 N (b) 6 N
(c) 4 N (d) zero
21. A smooth rod of length l is kept inside a trolley at an angle θ as shown in
the figure. What should be the acceleration a of the trolley so that the
rod remains in equilibrium with respect to it? a
θ
(a) g tan θ (b) g cos θ
(c) g sin θ (d) g cot θ
②
340 ! Mechanics - I

22. A car begins from rest at time t = 0, and then accelerates along a v = 2t 2
straight track during the interval 0 < t ≤ 2 s and thereafter with
constant velocity as shown in the graph. A coin is initially at rest on

v (m/s)
the floor of the car. At t = 1 s, the coin begins to slip and its stops
slipping at t = 3 s. The coefficient of static friction between the floor
and the coin is ( g = 10 m/ s2 )
(a) 0.2 (b) 0.3 1 2 3 4 t(s)
(c) 0.4 (d) 0.5
23. A horizontal plank is 10.0 m long with uniform density and mass 10 kg. It rests on two supports
which are placed 1.0 m from each end as shown in the figure. A man of mass 80 kg can stand
upto distance x on the plank without causing it to tip. The value of x is

1m 1m
1 1 3 1
(a) m (b) m (c) m (d) m
2 4 4 8
24. A block is kept on a smooth inclined plane of angle of inclination θ that moves with a constant
acceleration so that the block does not slide relative to the inclined plane. If the inclined plane
stops, the normal contact force offered by the plane on the block changes by a factor
(a) tan θ (b) tan 2 θ
(c) cos 2 θ (d) cot θ
25. A uniform cube of mass m and side a is resting in equilibrium on a rough 45° inclined surface.
The distance of the point of application of normal reaction measured from the lower edge of the
cube is
a
(a) zero (b)
3
a a
(c) (d)
2 4
mg
26. A horizontal force F = is applied on the upper surface of a uniform cube of mass m and side a
3
1
which is resting on a rough horizontal surface having µ = . The distance between lines of
2
action of mg and normal reaction is
a a
(a) (b)
2 3
a
(c) (d) None of these
4
27. Two persons of equal heights are carrying a long uniform wooden plank A B
l l
of length l. They are at distance and from nearest end of the rod. The
4 6
ratio of normal reaction at their heads is
(a) 2 : 3 (b) 1 : 3
(c) 4 : 3 (d) 1 : 2
 -
Chapter 8 Laws of Motion ! 341

28. A ball connected with string is released at an angle 45° with the
vertical as shown in the figure. Then the acceleration of the box at 45°
this instant will be (mass of the box is equal to mass of ball) Smooth m
g g Surface
(a) (b)
4 3 m
g
(c) (d) g
2
29. In the system shown in figure all surfaces are smooth. Rod is moved by
external agent with acceleration 9 ms−2 vertically downwards. Force

9m/s2
exerted on the rod by the wedge will be
(a) 120 N
10kg
(b) 200 N
(c) 160 N 37°
(d) 180 N
30. A thin rod of length 1 m is fixed in a vertical position inside a train, which is moving
horizontally with constant acceleration 4 ms−2. A bead can slide on the rod and friction
coefficient between them is 0.5. If the bead is released from rest at the top of the rod, it will
reach the bottom in
(a) 2 s (b) 1 s (c) 2 s (d) 0.5 s
31. Mr. X of mass 80 kg enters a lift and selects the floor he wants. The lift now accelerates upwards
at 2 ms−2 for 2 s and then moves with constant velocity. As the lift approaches his floor, it
decelerates at the same rate as it previously accelerates. If the lift cables can safely withstand a
tension of 2 × 104 N and the lift itself has a mass of 500 kg, how many Mr. X’s could it safely
carry at one time?
(a) 22 (b) 14
(c) 18 (d) 12
32. A particle when projected in vertical plane moves along smooth surface with initial velocity
20 ms−1 at an angle of 60°, so that its normal reaction on the surface remains zero throughout
the motion. Then the slope of the surface at height 5m from the point of projection will be

60°

(a) 3 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) None of these
33. Two blocks A and B, each of same mass are attached by a thin inextensible string through an
ideal pulley. Initially block B is held in position as shown in figure. Now, the block B is released.
Block A will slide to right and hit the pulley in time tA . Block B will swing and hit the surface in
time tB . Assume the surface as frictionless, then
l l
A B

(a) tA > tB (b) tA < tB (c) tA = tB (d) data insufficient

⑳
342 ! Mechanics - I

34. Three blocks are kept as shown in figure. Acceleration of 20 kg block with respect to ground is
100N
10kg
µ = 0.5
20kg
µ = 0.25
30kg
µ= 0

(a) 5 ms −2 (b) 2 ms −2 (c) 1 ms −2 (d) None of these

R
35. A sphere of radius R is in contact with a wedge. The point of contact is from the ground as
5
shown in the figure. Wedge is moving with velocity 20 ms−1 towards left then the velocity of the
sphere at this instant will be

20m/s

R/5

(a) 20 ms −1 (b) 15 ms −1 (c) 16 ms −1 (d) 12 ms −1

36. In the figure it is shown that the velocity of lift is 2 ms−1 while string is winding on the motor
shaft with velocity 2 ms−1 and shaft A is moving downward with velocity 2 ms−1 with respect to
lift, then find out the velocity of block B
2m/s

(a) 2 ms −1↑ (b) 2 ms −1Ø (c) 4 ms −1↑ (d) None of these

37. A monkey pulls the midpoint of a 10 cm long light inextensible string connecting two identical
objects A and B lying on smooth table of masses 0.3 kg continuously along the perpendicular
bisector of line joining the masses. The masses are found to approach each other at a relative
acceleration of 5 ms −2 when they are 6 cm apart. The constant force applied by monkey is
(a) 4 N (b) 2 N (c) 3 N (d) None of these
−1
38. In the figure shown the block B moves with velocity 10 ms . The velocity of A in the position
shown is

37°
A

(a) 12.5 ms −1 (b) 25 ms −1 (c) 8 ms −1 (d) 16 ms −1

 =
Chapter 8 Laws >
of Motion ! 343

39. In the figure mA = mB = mc = 60 kg. The coefficient of friction between C and ground is 0.5, B
and ground is 0.3, A and B is 0.4. C is pulling the string with the maximum possible force
without moving. Then the tension in the string connected to A will be

C A
B

(a) 120 N (b) 60 N

(c) 100 N (d) zero
40. In the figure shown the acceleration of A is aA = (15 !i + 15!j ). Then the acceleration of B is
( A remains in contact with B )

A x

B
y
37°

(a) 5 !i (b) − 15 !i
(c) − 10 !i (d) − 5 i!
A B
41. Two blocks A and B each of mass m are placed on a smooth
horizontal surface. Two horizontal forces F and 2F are applied on F 2F
m m
the blocks A and B respectively as shown in figure. The block A does 30°
not slide on block B. Then the normal reaction acting between the
two blocks is
F F
(a) F (b) (c) (d) 3F
2 3
42. Two beads A and B move along a semicircular wire frame as shown in figure. C
The beads are connected by an inelastic string which always remains tight. B
At an instant the speed of A is u , ∠ BAC = 45° and BOC = 75°, where O is
the centre of the semicircular arc. The speed of bead B at that instant is O (centre)
(a) 2u (b) u
u 2 A u
(c) (d) u
2 2 3 D

43. If the coefficient of friction between A and B is µ, the maximum acceleration of the wedge A for
which B will remain at rest with respect to the wedge is
B

45°

 1 + µ  1 − µ g
(a) µg (b) g   (c) g   (d)
 1 − µ  1 + µ µ
=
344 ! Mechanics - I

44. A pivoted beam of negligible mass has a mass suspended from one l1 l2
end and an Atwood’s machine suspended from the other. The
frictionless pulley has negligible mass and dimension. Gravity is M1
directed downward and M 2 = 3M3 , l2 = 3l1. Find the ratio M1 / M 2
which will ensure that the beam has no tendency to rotate just after
the masses are released.
M1 M1
(a) =2 (b) =3 M2 M3
M2 M2
M
(c) 1 = 4 (d) None of these
M2

45. A block of mass m slides down an inclined right angled trough. If the
coefficient of friction between block and the trough is µk, acceleration of
the block down the plane is
(a) g (sin θ + 2 µk cos θ )
(b) g (sin θ + µk cos θ )
(c) g (sin θ - 2 µk cos θ ) θ
(d) g (sin θ - µk cos θ )
46. If force F is increasing with time and at t = 0, F = 0, where will slipping first start?
F 3 kg µ = 0.5
2 kg µ = 0.3
1 kg µ = 0.1

(a) between 3 kg and 2 kg (b) between 2 kg and 1 kg

(c) between 1 kg and ground (d) Both (a) and (b)
47. A plank of mass 2 kg and length 1 m is placed on horizontal floor. A small block of mass 1 kg is
placed on top of the plank, at its right extreme end. The coefficient of friction between plank and
floor is 0.5 and that between plank and block is 0.2. If a horizontal force = 30 N starts acting on
the plank to the right, the time after which the block will fall off the plank is
(g = 10 ms-2 )
 2  4
(a)   s (b) 1 .5 s (c) 0.75 s (d)   s
 3  3

More than One Correct Options

1. Two blocks each of mass 1 kg are placed as shown. They are connected by a string which passes
over a smooth (massless) pulley.

F m2
m1

There is no friction between m1 and the ground. The coefficient of friction between m1 and m2 is
0.2. A force F is applied to m2. Which of the following statements is/are correct?
(a) The system will be in equilibrium if F ≤ 4 N
(b) If F > 4 N tension in the string will be 4 N
(c) If F > 4 N the frictional force between the blocks will be 2 N
(d) If F = 6 N tension in the string will be 3 N
 ·
Chapter 8 Laws of Motion ! 345

2. Two particles A and B, each of mass m are kept stationary by applying a horizontal force F = mg
on particle B as shown in figure. Then
O

α
T1

β T2
B

F = mg

(a) tan β = 2 tan α (b) 2T1 = 5T2

(c) 2 T1 = 5T2 (d) α = β
3. The velocity-time graph of the figure shows the motion of a wooden v (m/s)
block of mass 1 kg which is given an initial push at t = 0 along a
4
horizontal table.
(a) The coefficient of friction between the block and the table is 0.1
(b) The coefficient of friction between the block and the table is 0.2
(c) If the table was half of its present roughness, the time taken by the
block to complete the journey is 4 s
(d) If the table was half of its present roughness, the time taken by the 4 t (s)
block to complete the journey is 8 s
4. As shown in the figure, A is a man of mass 60kg standing on a block B of mass 40 kg kept on
ground. The coefficient of friction between the feet of the man and the block is 0.3 and that
between B and the ground is 0.2. If the person pulls the string with 125 N force, then
A

(a) B will slide on ground

(b) A and B will move with acceleration 0.5 ms -2
(c) the force of friction acting between A and B will be 125 N
(d) the force of friction acting between B and ground will be 250 N
5. In the figure shown A and B are free to move. All the surfaces are smooth. Mass of A is m. Then
A
B

(a) the acceleration of A will be more than g sin θ

(b) the acceleration of A will be less than g sin θ
(c) normal reaction on A due to B will be more than mg cos θ
(d) normal reaction on A due to B will be less than mg cos θ
&
346 ! Mechanics - I

6. M A = 3 kg, M B = 4 kg, and MC = 8 kg. Coefficient of friction between any two surfaces is 0.25.
Pulley is frictionless and string is massless. A is connected to wall through a massless rigid rod.
A
B
F
C

(a) value of F to keep C moving with constant speed is 80 N

(b) value of F to keep C moving with constant speed is 120 N
(c) if F is 200 N then acceleration of B is 10 ms -2
(d) to slide C towards left, F should be at least 50 N (Take g = 10 ms -2 )
7. A man pulls a block of mass equal to himself with a light string. The coefficient of friction
between the man and the floor is greater than that between the block and the floor
(a) if the block does not move, then the man also does not move
(b) the block can move even when the man is stationary
(c) if both move then the acceleration of the block is greater than the acceleration of man
(d) if both move then the acceleration of man is greater than the acceleration of block
8. A block of mass 1 kg is at rest relative to a smooth wedge moving 1kg
leftwards with constant acceleration a = 5 ms-2. Let N be the normal
reaction between the block and the wedge. Then (g = 10 ms-2 ) a
(a) N = 5 5 newton (b) N = 15 newton
1 θ
(c) tan θ = (d) tan θ = 2
2
9. For the given situation shown in figure, choose the correct µs = 0.4 2kg
options (g = 10 ms -2) µk = 0.2
4kg F = 2t
(a) At t = 1 s, force of friction between 2 kg and 4 kg is 2 N
(b) At t = 1 s, force of friction between 2 kg and 4 kg is zero
(c) At t = 4 s, force of friction between 4 kg and ground is 8 N µs = 0.6
µk = 0.4
(d) At t = 15 s, acceleration of 2kg is 1 ms -2
10. In the figure shown, all the strings are massless and friction is absent
everywhere. Choose the correct options.
(a) T1 > T3
T2
(b) T3 > T1 1kg
(c) T2 > T1 2kg
(d) T2 > T3 T3 T1
2kg 1kg

11. Force acting on a block versus time graph is as F (N)

shown in figure. Choose the correct options.
( g = 10 ms-2 ) 10
2kg F
(a) At t = 2 s, force of friction is 2 N
(b) At t = 8 s, force of friction is 6 N µ = 0.3
t(s)
(c) At t = 10 s, acceleration of block is 2 ms -2 10
(d) At t = 12 s, velocity of block is 8 ms -1
 =
Chapter 8 Laws of Motion ! 347

12. For the situation shown in figure, mark the correct options.
µ = 0.4

2kg

4kg F = 2t
Smooth

(a) At t = 3 s, pseudo force on 4 kg block applied from 2 kg is 4 N in forward direction

(b) At t = 3 s, pseudo force on 2 kg block applied from 4 kg is 2 N in backward direction
(c) Pseudo force does not make an equal and opposite pairs
(d) Pseudo force also makes a pair of equal and opposite forces
13. For the situation shown in figure, mark the correct options. F
(a) Angle of friction is tan -1 (µ) θ
(b) Angle of repose is tan -1 (µ) M
(c) At θ = tan -1 (µ), minimum force will be required to move the block µ
µMg
(d) Minimum force required to move the block is .
1 + µ2

Comprehension Based Questions

Passage 1 (Q. Nos. 1 to 5)
A man wants to slide down a block of mass m which is kept on a fixed m
inclined plane of inclination 30° as shown in the figure. Initially the block
is not sliding.
To just start sliding the man pushes the block down the incline with a force
F. Now, the block starts accelerating. To move it downwards with constant 30°
speed the man starts pulling the block with same force. Surfaces are such
that ratio of maximum static friction to kinetic friction is 2. Now, answer the following
questions.
1. What is the value of F?
mg mg mg 3 mg
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 6 4 2 3
2. What is the value of µs , the coefficient of static friction?
4 2 3 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3
3. If the man continues pushing the block by force F, its acceleration would be
g g g g
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 4 2 3
4. If the man wants to move the block up the incline, what minimum force is required to start the
motion?
2 mg 7mg 5mg
(a) mg (b) (c) (d)
3 2 6 6
5. What minimum force is required to move it up the incline with constant speed?
2 mg 7mg 5mg
(a) mg (b) (c) (d)
3 2 6 6
&
348 ! Mechanics - I

Passage 2 (Q. Nos. 6 to 7)

A lift with a mass 1200 kg is raised from rest by a cable with a tension 1350 kg- f . After some time
the tension drops to 1000 kg- f and the lift comes to rest at a height of 25 m above its initial point.
(1 kg- f = 9.8 N)
6. What is the height at which the tension changes?
(a) 10.8 m (b) 12.5 m
(c) 14.3 m (d) 16 m
7. What is the greatest speed of lift?
(a) 9.8 ms -1 (b) 7.5 ms -1
(c) 5.92 ms -1 (d) None of these
Passage 3 (Q. Nos. 8 to 9)
Blocks A and B shown in the figure are connected with a bar of negligible B
weight. A and B each has mass 170 kg, the coefficient of friction between A
and the plane is 0.2 and that between B and the plane is 0.4 (g = 10 ms-2) A
8m
8. What is the total force of friction between the blocks and the plane?
θ
(a) 900 N (b) 700 N 15 m
(c) 600 N (d) 300 N
9. What is the force acting on the connecting bar?
(a) 140 N (b) 100 N
(c) 75 N (d) 125 N

Match the Columns

1.
2kg F
µs, µk

a (m/s2)
F (N)

2
1

1 t (s) 4 t (s)

Force acting on a block versus time and acceleration versus time graph are as shown in figure.
Taking value of g = 10 ms-2, match the following two columns.

Column I Column II
(a) Coefficient of static friction (p) 0.2
(b) Coefficient of kinetic friction (q) 0.3
(c) Force of friction (in N ) at t = 0.1 s (r) 0.4
a
(d) Value of , where a is acceleration of block ( in m/s 2 ) at (s) 0.5
10
t =8s
 =
Chapter 8 Laws of Motion !z
349

2. Angle θ is gradually increased as shown in figure. For the given situation match the following
two columns. (g = 10 ms-2)

2kg
µ= 1

Column I Column II
(a) Force of friction when θ = 0° (p) 10 N
(b) Force of friction when θ = 90° (q) 10 3 N
10
(c) Force of friction when θ = 30° (r) N
3
(d) Force of friction when θ = 60° (s) None of the above

3. Match the following two columns regarding fundamental forces of nature.

Column I Column II
(a) Force of friction (p) field force
(b) Normal reaction (q) contact force
(c) Force between two neutrons (r) electromagnetic force
(d) Force between two protons (s) nuclear force

4. In the figure shown, match the following two columns. (g = 10 ms-2)

5 m/s2

10N µs = 0.4
2kg
µk = 0.3

Column I Column II
(a) Normal reaction (p) 5 N
(b) Force of friction when F = 15 N (q) 10 N
(c) Minimum value of F for stopping the block moving (r) 15 N
down
(d) Minimum value of F for stopping the block moving up (s) None of the above

5. There is no friction between blocks B and C. But ground is rough. Pulleys are smooth and
massless and strings are light. For F = 10 N, whole system remains stationary. Match the
following two columns.(mB = mC = 1 kg and g = 10 ms-2)
P3 P2
B
Smooth

P4 C P1
A F
⑧
350 ! Mechanics - I

Column I Column II
(a) Force of friction between A and ground (p) 10 N
(b) Force of friction between C and ground (q) 20 N
(c) Normal reaction on C from ground (r) 5N
(d) Tension in string between P3 and P4 (s) None of the above

6. Match Column I with Column II.

Note Applied force is parallel to plane.
Column I Column II
(a) If friction force is less than applied (p) Static
force then friction may be
(b) If friction force is equal to the force (q) Kinetic
applied, then friction may be
(c) If a block is moving on ground, then (r) Limiting
friction is
(d) If a block kept on ground is at rest, (s) No conclusion can
then friction may be be drawn

7. For the situation shown in figure, in Column I, the statements regarding friction forces are
mentioned, while in Column II some information related to friction forces are given. Match the
entries of Column I with the entries of Column II (Take g = 10 ms-2 )
µ = 0.2 2kg
µ = 0.1 3kg
F = 100N
5kg

Smooth

Column I Column II
(a) Total friction force on 3 kg block is (p) Towards right
(b) Total friction force on 5 kg block is (q) Towards left
(c) Friction force on 2 kg block due to 3 kg (r) Zero
block is
(d) Friction force on 3 kg block due to 5 kg (s) Non-zero
block is

8. If the system is released from rest, then match the following two columns.

2kg
√3
µ=
2 30° 3kg
 -
Chapter 8 Laws of Motion ! 351

Column I Column II
(a) Acceleration of 2 kg mass (p) 2 SI unit
(b) Acceleration of 3 kg mass (q) 5 SI unit
(c) Tension in the string connecting 2 kg mass (r) Zero
(d) Frictional force on 2 kg mass (s) None of these

Subjective Questions
1. A small marble is projected with a velocity of 10 m/s in a direction 45° from the y-direction on
the smooth inclined plane. Calculate the magnitude v of its velocity after 2s. (Take g = 10 m/ s2)
10 m/s
°y
45

x
45°

2. Determine the acceleration of the 5 kg block A. Neglect the mass of the pulley and cords. The
block B has a mass of 10 kg. The coefficient of kinetic friction between block B and the surface
is µk = 0.1. (Take g = 10 m/ s2 )

3. A 30 kg mass is initially at rest on the floor of a truck. The coefficient of static friction between
the mass and the floor of truck in 0.3 and coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.2. Initially the truck
is travelling due east at constant speed. Find the magnitude and direction of the friction force
acting on the mass, if : (Take g = 10 m/ s2)
(a) The truck accelerates at 1.8 m/s 2 eastward
(b) The truck accelerates at 3.8 m/s 2 westward.
4. A 6 kg block B rests as shown on the upper surface of a 15 kg wedge A. Neglecting friction,
determine immediately after the system is released from rest (a) the acceleration of A (b) the
acceleration of B relative to A. (Take g = 10 m/ s2 )

30°
⑨
352 ! Mechanics - I

5. In the arrangement shown in the figure, the rod of mass m held by two smooth walls, remains
always perpendicular to the surface of the wedge of mass M. Assuming all the surfaces are
frictionless, find the acceleration of the rod and that of the wedge.
Fixed wall

α
`

6. At the bottom edge of a smooth vertical wall, an inclined plane is kept at an angle of 45°. A
uniform ladder of length l and mass M rests on the inclined plane against the wall such that it is
perpendicular to the incline.
A

45°
O

(a) If the plane is also smooth, which way will the ladder slide.
(b) What is the minimum coefficient of friction necessary so that the ladder does not slip on the
incline?
7. A plank of mass M is placed on a rough horizontal surface and a m
constant horizontal force F is applied on it. A man of mass m runs
on the plank. Find the range of acceleration of the man so that the M F
plank does not move on the surface. Coefficient of friction
between the plank and the surface is µ. Assume that the man
does not slip on the plank.
8. Find the acceleration of two masses as shown in figure. The pulleys are light and frictionless
and strings are light and inextensible.

M
m

9. The upper portion of an inclined plane of inclination α is smooth and the lower portion is rough.
A particle slides down from rest from the top and just comes to rest at the foot. If the ratio of
smooth length to rough length is m : n , find the coefficient of friction.
 =
Chapter 8 Laws of Motion ! 353

10. Block B rests on a smooth surface. If the coefficient of static friction 100 N
between A and B is µ = 0.4. Determine the acceleration of each, if A F
(a) F = 30 N and
(b) F = 250 N ( g = 10 m/s 2) B 250 N

11. Block B has a mass m and is released from rest when it is on top of wedge A, which has a mass
3m. Determine the tension in cord CD while B is sliding down A. Neglect friction.
B

D C A
θ

12. Coefficients of friction between the flat bed of the truck and crate are µs = 0.8 and µk = 0.7. The
coefficient of kinetic friction between the truck tires and the road surface is 0.9. If the truck
stops from an initial speed of 15 m/s with maximum braking (wheels skidding). Determine
where on the bed the crate finally comes to rest. (Take g = 10 m/s 2)
3.2 m

13. The 10 kg block is moving to the left with a speed of 1.2 m/s at time t = 0. A force F is applied as
shown in the graph. After 0.2 s, the force continues at the 10 N level. If the coefficient of kinetic
friction is µk = 0.2. Determine the time t at which the block comes to a stop. (g = 10 m/ s2)
F (N)
20

v0 =1.2 m/s
10
F
10kg
0 t (s)
0 0.2

14. The 10 kg block is resting on the horizontal surface when the force F is applied to it for 7 s. The
variation of F with time is shown. Calculate the maximum velocity reached by the block and the
total time t during which the block is in motion. The coefficients of static and kinetic friction are
both 0.50. ( g = 9.8 m/ s2 )
F(N)
100

40
10 kg F
t(s)
4 7
⑳
354 ! Mechanics - I

15. If block A of the pulley system is moving downward with a speed of 1 m/s while block C is
moving up at 0.5 m/s, determine the speed of block B.

C
B

16. The collar A is free to slide along the smooth shaft B mounted in the frame. The plane of the
frame is vertical. Determine the horizontal acceleration a of the frame necessary to maintain
the collar in a fixed position on the shaft. ( g = 9.8 m/s 2 )

A
a
B

30°

17. In the adjoining figure all surfaces are frictionless. What force F must by applied to M1 to keep
M3 free from rising or falling?
M2

M3 F

M1

18. The conveyor belt is designed to transport packages of various weights. Each 10 kg package has
a coefficient of kinetic friction µk = 0.15. If the speed of the conveyor belt is 5 m/s, and then it
suddenly stops, determine the distance the package will slide before coming to rest.
( g = 9.8 m/ s2 )
B

19. In figure, a crate slides down an inclined right-angled trough. The coefficient of kinetic friction
between the crate and the trough is µk. What is the acceleration of the crate in terms of µk ,θ and
g?

90°

20. A heavy chain with a mass per unit length ρ is pulled by the constant force F along a horizontal
surface consisting of a smooth section and a rough section. The chain is initially at rest on the
rough surface with x = 0. If the coefficient of kinetic friction between the chain and the rough
 -
Chapter 8 Laws of Motion ! 355

surface is µk , determine the velocity v of the chain when x = L. The force F is greater than µkρgL
in order to initiate the motion.
L
x
F

Rough x=0 Smooth

21. A package is at rest on a conveyor belt which is initially at rest. The belt is started and moves to
the right for 1.3 s with a constant acceleration of 2 m/s2. The belt then moves with a constant
deceleration a2 and comes to a stop after a total displacement of 2.2 m. Knowing that the
coefficients of friction between the package and the belt are µs = 0.35 and µk = 0.25, determine
(a) the deceleration a2 of the belt, (b) the displacement of the package relative to the belt as the
belt comes to a stop. ( g = 9.8 m/s 2 )

22. Determine the normal force the 10 kg crate A exerts on the smooth cart B, if the cart is given an
acceleration of a = 2 m/s 2 down the plane. Also, find the acceleration of the crate. Set θ = 30°.
( g = 10 m/ s2).
A

B
a

23. A small block of mass m is projected on a larger block of mass 10 m and length l with a velocity v
as shown in the figure. The coefficient of friction between the two blocks is µ2 while that
between the lower block and the ground is µ1. Given that µ2 > 11 µ1.
m v
10 m

l
(a) Find the minimum value of v, such that the mass m falls off the block of mass 10 m.
(b) If v has this minimum value, find the time taken by block m to do so.
24. A particle of mass m and velocity v1 in positive y direction is projected on to a belt that is moving
with uniform velocity v2 in x-direction as shown in figure. Coefficient of friction between
particle and belt is µ. Assuming that the particle first touches the belt at the origin of fixed
x-y coordinate system and remains on the belt, find the co-ordinates (x, y) of the point where
sliding stops.
Y

v2
Belt

O
v1
=
356 ! Mechanics - I

25. In the shown arrangement, both pulleys and the string are massless and all the surfaces are
frictionless. Find the acceleration of the wedge.

m1 m2 m3

26. Neglect friction. Find accelerations of m, 2m and 3m as shown in the figure. The wedge is fixed.

3m
2m
30°

27. The figure shows an L shaped body of mass M placed on smooth horizontal surface. The block A
is connected to the body by means of an inextensible string, which is passing over a smooth
pulley of negligible mass. Another block B of mass m is placed against a vertical wall of the
body. Find the minimum value of the mass of block A so that block B remains stationary
relative to the wall. Coefficient of friction between the block B and the vertical wall is µ.
m
B

A
 Answers
Introductory Exercise 8.1
1. See the hints 2. See the hints 3. See the hints
4. See the hints 5. See the hints 6. See the hints
7. F1x = 2 3 N, F2 x = - 2 N, F3 x = 0, F4 x = 4 N, F1y = 2 N,F2y = 2 3 N, F3y = - 6 N, F4y = 0
1000 500
8. 30 N 9. NA = N, NB = N
3 3

2
10. W 11. (a) 26.8 N (b) 26.8 N (c) 100 N
3

Introductory Exercise 8.2

10
1. (a) 10 ms -2 (b) 110 N (c) 20 N 2. 4 3. ms -2 4. 3 kg
3
3g
5. zero 6. 7. 4 ms -2 , 24 N, 42 N, 14 N
4
8. (a) 3 ms -2 (b) 18 N, 12 N, 30 N, (c) 70 N 9. (a) 10 N, 30 N (b) 24 N

Introductory Exercise 8.3

2g 10 g Mg
1. 2a1 + a2 + a3 = 0 2. 3 m/s downwards 3. (a) (b) N 4. (a) ,
3 3 2 2
12 2 g
5. 4.8 kg 6. N, ms -2 7. 1 ms -2 (upwards) 8. (up the plane)
35 7 3

Introductory Exercise 8.4

!
1. (a) (4 j ) N (b) (-4!i ) N 2. True 3. False

Introductory Exercise 8.5

mg mg mg  3 - 1  3 - 1
1. (a) zero, 20 N (b) 6 ms -2 , 8 N 2. (a) , 0, 0 (b) , 0, 0 (c) ,  mg ,   g
2 2 2  2   2 
   

Exercises
LEVEL 1
Assertion and Reason
1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (d) 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (d) 9. (d) 10. (b)
11. (d)

Single Correct Option

1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (c) 6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (b)
11. (a) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14. (b) 15. (a) 16. (a) 17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (b) 20. (c)
21. (a) 22. (d) 23. (c) 24. (d) 25. (d) 26. (a) 27. (a) 28. (d) 29. (b) 30. (a)
&
358 ! Mechanics - I

Subjective Questions
1. F = 1016
. N, R = 2.4 N 2. 45.26 N, 22.63 N
3. F1 = F2 = W = 30 2 N 4. 5N, 5 3 N
40 40 mg g
5. (a) N (b) N 6. , 7. 4N, 6N
3 3 2 2
8. (a) 20 N (b) 50 N 9. (a) 2.7 ms -2 (b) 136.5 N (c) 112.5 N
 2 
10. 0.288 11. 30°, 10 N 12. tan-1  , 5 7 N
 3
1
13. s 14. ( g + a) sin θ, down the plane
3
15. 6.83 kg
16. (a) x = x0 + 10t - 2.5 t 2 vx = 10 - 5t (b) t = 4 s
17. (a) x = x0 - 2.5 t 2 , z = z0 + 10t , vx = - 5t , vz = 10 ms -1
(b) x = x0 , z = z0 + 10t , vx = 0, vz = 10 ms -1
18. For t ≤ 1. 25 s :
x = x0 + 10t - 4t 2
vx = 10 - 8t
After 1.25 s : Block remains stationary
9
19. mg 20. (a) 34 N (up) (b) 40 N (up) (c) 88 N (up)
25
21. F = 100 N 22. 5 cm
23. (a) move up (b) constant (c) constant (d) stop 24. aB = - 3aA
25. aA + 2aB + aC = 0
120 50 70 120
26. (a) a1 = ms -2 , a2 = ms -2 (downwards ) a3 = ms -2 (downwards ) (b) T1 = T 2 = N
11 11 11 11
2 g
27. g (downwards ), (upwards ) 28. (a) 2 s (b) 6 m
7 7
29. (a) 1 s (b) 6 ms -1 (c) 4m, 7m (both towards right)

30. 4 ms -2 (downwards), 12 N (upwards )

31. a = 0 for t ≤ 8 s, a = t - 8 for t ≥ 8 s
2
a (m/s )

45°
t (s)
8
2
32. a = 0 for t ≤ 9s, a =  t - 4 for t ≥ 9 s
3 
2
a (m/s )

2
t (s)
9
 Chapter 8 Laws of Motion ! 359 ⑤
LEVEL 2
Single Correct Option
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (c) 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (d)
11. (a) 12. (c) 13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (c) 16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (d) 19. (b) 20. (c)
21. (d) 22. (c) 23. (a) 24. (c) 25. (a) 26. (b) 27. (c) 28. (b) 29. (b) 30. (d)
31. (b) 32. (d) 33. (b) 34. (c) 35. (b) 36. (d) 37. (b) 38. (d) 39. (d) 40. (d)
41. (d) 42. (a) 43. (b) 44. (b) 45. (c) 46. (c) 47. (a)

More than One Correct Options

1. (a,c,d) 2. (a,c) 3. (a,d) 4. (c,d) 5. (a,d) 6. (a,c) 7. (a,b, c)
8. (a,c) 9. (b,c) 10. (b,c, d) 11. (all) 12. (b, c) 13. (all)

Comprehension Based Questions

1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (d) 6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (a) 9. (a)

Match the Columns

1. (a) Æ (r) (b) Æ (q) (c) Æ (p) (d) Æ (s)
2. (a) Æ (s) (b) Æ (s) (c) Æ (p) (d) Æ (p)
3. (a) Æ (q,r) (b) Æ (q,r) (c) Æ (s) (d) Æ (p, s)
4. (a) Æ (s) (b) Æ (p) (c) Æ (s) (d) Æ (s)
5. (a) Æ (p) (b) Æ (s) (c) Æ (q) (d) Æ (p)
6. (a) Æ (q) (b) Æ (p,r) (c) Æ (q) (d) Æ (p,r)
7. (a) Æ (q, s) (b) Æ (p,s) (c) Æ (p,s) (d) Æ (q,s)
8. (a) Æ (r) (b) Æ (r) (c) Æ (s) (d) Æ (q)

Subjective Questions
2
1. 10 ms -1 2. ms -2 3. (a) 54 N (due east) (b) 60 N (due west) 4. (a) 6.36 ms -2 (b) 5.5 ms -2
33
mg cos α sin α mg cos α 1 F µ(M + m) g F µ(M + m) g
5. , 6. (a) Clockwise (b) 7. - ≤ a≤ +
M M 3 m m m m
m sin α + m sin α +
sin α sin α
 5m - M   m + n  tan α
8. aM =   g. (upwards) am = 5aM 9. µ =  
 25m + M   m 
mg
10. (a) aA = aB = 0.857 m/s 2 (b) aA = 21 m/s 2 , aB = 16 . m/s 2 11. sin 2θ 12. 2.77 m
2
M
13. t = 0.33 s 14. 5.2 m/s , 5.55 s 15. zero 16. 5.66 m/s 2 17. 3 (M1 + M 2 + M3 ) g 18. 8.5 m
M2
2F
19. g (sin θ - 2 µ k cos θ) 20. - µ k gL 21. (a) 6.63 m/s 2 (b) 0.33 m 22. 90 N, 1 ms -2
ρ
22( µ 2 - µ1) gl 20l v12 + v22 v1 v12 + v22
23. (a) vmin = (b) t = 24. x = v2 ,y=
10 11g (µ 2 - µ1) 2 µg 2 µg
2mm
1 3g 13 397 3 M + m
25. 26.am = g, a2m = g, a3m = g 27. mA = but µ > 1
(m2 + m3 ) (m1 + m2 ) + m2 m3 34 34 17 µ-1