SYLLABUS :THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER

Heat, temperature, thermal expansion; thermal expansion of solids, liquids and

gases, anomalous expansion of water; specific heat capacity; Cp, Cv - calorimetry;
change of state - latent heat capacity.
Heat transfer-conduction, convection and radiation, thermal conductivity,

HEAT AND TEMPERATURE

Heat is the form of energy transferred between 2 or more systems when there is a
temperature difference between them.Measurement of temperature is done by a
thermometer. Commonly used scales are: Fahrenheit scale and Celsius scale. The
ice and steam points are 32 F and 212 F on Fahrenheit scale and 0°C and 100°C on
Celsius scale.

THERMAL EXPANSION
Most substances expand on heating and contract on cooling. Expansions in length,
area and volume are called linear, area and volume expansions respectively.
Copper expands about five times more than glass for the same rise in temperature.
Normally, metals expand more and have relatively high values of α.

Coefficient of linear expansion 𝒍𝟐 = 𝒍𝟏 (𝟏 + 𝜶(𝑻𝟐-𝑻! ))

Here 𝒍𝟐 𝒊𝒔 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒍𝟏 𝒊𝒔 𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉, 𝑻𝟐 -

𝑻! 𝒊𝒔 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒆𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆

Coefficient of area expansion 𝑨𝟐 = 𝑨𝟏 (𝟏 + 𝜷(𝑻𝟐 -𝑻! ))

Here 𝑨𝟐 𝒊𝒔 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑨𝟏 𝒊𝒔 𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂, 𝑻𝟐 -

𝑻! 𝒊𝒔 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒆𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆

Coefficient of volume expansion 𝑽𝟐 = 𝑽𝟏 (𝟏 + 𝜸(𝑻𝟐 -𝑻! ))

Here 𝑽𝟐 𝒊𝒔 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑽𝟏 𝒊𝒔 𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆, 𝑻𝟐 -

𝑻! 𝒊𝒔 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒆𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆

Specific Heat capacity is defined as the amount of heat required to change the
temperature of 1 unit of that substance by 1C. 𝑑𝑄 = 𝑚 × 𝐶 × 𝑑𝑇. If
substance is measured in terms of number of moles instead of mass, then it is
called molar specific heat. If a gas is held under constant pressure during heating
,then it is called molar specific heat under constant pressure Cp.
And if gas is held under constant volume during heating ,then it is called molar
specific heat under constant volume. Cv

Water has the highest specific heat capacity compared to other substances. For this
reason water is used as a coolant in automobile radiators as well as a heater in hot
water bags. Owing to its high specific heat capacity, the water warms up much
more slowly than the land during summer and consequently wind from the sea has
a cooling effect.

Anomalous Expansion of Water

In case of water, it expands on heating if its temperature is greater than 4ºC. In

the range 0ºC to 4ºC water contracts on heating and expands on cooling, i.e.,
negative.(2) At 4ºC, density of water is maximum while its specific volume is
minimum.

CALORIMETRY:

It deals with the measurement of heat. It is one of the methods to determine the
specific heat of substances. It is based on laws of mixtures and the law of
conservation of energy.
Heat lost by hotter body = Heat gained by the colder body.

Change of state
Change of state from solid to liquid is called melting and change of state from liquid
to solid is called fusion.

It is seen that the temperature remains same till the entire solid is melted. Melting
point is defined as temperature at which solid and liquid states of the substance are
in thermal equilibrium. It is a property of material and also depends upon pressure.

Change of state from liquid to vapour is called vapourisation. It is seen that the
temperature remains same till all the liquid is turned into vapour. Boiling point is
defined as temperature at which vapour and liquid states of the substance are in
thermal equilibrium.It decreases with decrease in pressure.That is why cooking is
difficult on hills as atmospheric pressure is lower. Boiling point is increased in a
pressure cooker by increasing the pressure that is why cooking is faster.

The change of state from solid to vapour directly without passing from liquid state
is called sublimation.
Latent heat is defined as heat required to change the state of one unit substance
completely without change in temperature.It is measured in J/KG

Transmission of Heat
The heat can be transferred from one body to other by three modes:

Conduction: It is the phenomenon of transfer of heat through one part of the body
to another, from particle to particle in the direction of the fall of temperature without
any actual movement of the particles.

Solids are heated through this mode.

Properties

Heat flows from hot end to cold end. Particles of the medium simply oscillate but do
not leave their place.

Medium is necessary for conduction.It is a slow process.Path of heat flow may be

zig-zag.Conduction takes place in solids.The temperature of the medium increases
through which heat flows

Convection: It is the phenomenon of transfer of heat with the actual movement of

the particles of the body. Liquids and gases are heated by this mode. It is a mode of
heat transfer by actual motion of matter. It is possible only in fluids. Convection can
be natural or forced. In natural convection, gravity plays an important part.When a
fluid is heated from below, the hot part expands and, therefore, becomes less
dense.Because of buoyancy, it rises and the upper colder part replaces it. This again
gets heated, rises up and is replaced by the colder part of the fluid.

Mercury is one liquid which is heated by conduction and not convection. A fluid
when heated from the top heats up by conduction.An A.C. should always be fitted
at the top of the room whereas a heater should be placed on the floor for faster
cooling and heating of the room air.
Properties :Each particle absorbing heat is mobile.Medium is necessary for
convection.It is also a slow process.Path may be zig-zag or curved.Convection takes
place in fluids.In this process also the temperature of medium increases.

Radiation: It is the phenomenon of transfer of heat from the source to the receiver
without actual movement of the source or the receiver and also without heating the
intervening medium.

Heat from sun comes to earth by this mode. It is the fastest mode of heat
transmission.

PROPERTIES
Heat flows without any intervening medium in the form of electromagnetic waves.

Medium is not necessary for radiation. It is a very fast process.Path is a straight

line.Radiation takes place in gaseous and transparent media.There is no change in
the temperature of the medium.

Thermal Conductivity:

When one surface of a metal block is heated, heat starts flowing by conduction from
the hotter surface to the colder surface. If d is distance between the two surfaces A
= Area of each surface , T = temperature of the cold face T = temperature
difference between two surfaces then
Rate of heat conduction = Q/T

(i) is directly proportional to the area A of the hot face

(ii) directly proportional to the temperature difference
(iii) inversely proportional to the distance between the two faces
k = Coefficient of thermal conductivity

It is defined as the rate of flow of heat per unit area per unit temperature gradient
across the solid.

Application of Conductivity:

Cooking utensils are provided with wooden or plastic handles.

A new quilt is warmer than an old one.
Ice is packed in gunny bags or saw dust.
Bird swell their feathers.
Eskimos make double walled houses of ice.
Thermal Radiation:

All warm bodies emit thermal radiation. The radiation depends upon (i) temperature
of the body (ii) nature of the radiating surface of the body

Thermal radiations lie in infra red region of the spectrum.

Important Properties:

(i) They travel in straight line

(ii) Do not require any material medium for propagation
(iii) Do not heat the intervening medium
(iv) Travel with the speed of light.
(v) Exhibit all the properties shown by waves. Like reflection, refraction,
diffraction.