Grammar, Syntax, Morphology, Phonetics, Phonology and Semantics
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ScribdTranslationsGrammar
It is the study of the rules and principles that govern and regulate the use of languages and how words
should be organized within a sentence. But at the same time, grammar is in effect the set of rules and
principles that govern the use of a specific language, because each language has its own exclusive
grammar. Grammar is found in the orbit of linguistics and is divided into four levels: phonetic-phonological,
syntactic-morphological, lexical, semantic and pragmatic levels.
Grammar is part of the general study of language called linguistics. Classically, the study of language is
divided into four levels:
Phonetic-phonological level.
Syntactic-morphological level.
Lexical-semantic level.
Pragmatic level.
Sometimes the use of the term grammar is restricted to the rules and principles that define the second of
these levels. However, the separation of levels is not completely clear because certain grammatical rules
are made at the phonetic-phonological level and there are also semantic parameters or criteria that serve
to decide when a certain construction is grammatical.
Grammar example:
Incorrect form: Children played in the street yesterday.
Correct form: The children were playing in the street yesterday.
Incorrect way: The police quickly arrested the criminal.
Correct way: The police quickly arrested the criminal.
Incorrect form: You told me you were going to accompany me.
Correct form: You told me that you were going to accompany me.
Syntax
It is the part of grammar that studies the rules and principles that govern the combinatorics of syntactic
constituents and the formation of units superior to them, such as phrases and grammatical sentences.
Syntax, therefore, studies the ways in which words are combined, as well as the syntagmatic and
paradigmatic relationships between them. Syntax is the part of grammar that studies the way words are
put together to form correct sentences. Every language has a series of rules that establish the syntax for
the elaboration of statements that allow thoughts and ideas to be expressed clearly. Syntactic rules are
necessary in all languages since it is the way in which people who speak that language can construct
sentences in such a way that they are clear to all those who speak it.
Syntax's main function is to analyze the correct order of words so that phrases, sentences, texts and
ideas are expressed correctly so that the message you want to convey can be conveyed.
Therefore, syntax is a study that is carried out in all languages in order to study the correct order of words
and define the grammatical rules that must be followed so that people can express their ideas.
On the other hand, in the field of computing, syntax refers to the set of rules that establish how the
symbols that make up the programming language or executable instruction of the computer should be
arranged.
Examples
Syntax establishes the order in which the subject, verb and predicate must appear in a sentence, in order
to understand what is said there. For example:
The rain would have wet me with a cold if I had.
It is not understood since the words are in disorder, the correct syntax of this sentence is:
If I had gotten wet in the rain I would have caught a cold.
In the following sentence: Poor Juan lost his dog.
The syntax tells us that the part of the sentence that says “he lost his dog” indicates that the word poor, in
this context, does not refer to lack of wealth but to an emotional state that Juan has caused by the loss of
his dog.
The syntax says that a paragraph has as many sentences as there are verbs in it. For example:
In the marathon last May Juan came in second place, Pedro in first place and Pablo in third.
In the previous paragraph there is only one verb so there is only one sentence.
In the statement: María is Arturo's mother and Heloísa's aunt.
There are two sentences that are: Mary is Arthur's mother and Mary is Heloise's aunt, even though the
verb (is) from the second sentence has been omitted. However, the syntax allows this to be done without
losing the meaning of the sentences.
Phonetics
It is the study of the physical sounds of human speech. It is the branch of linguistics that studies the
production and perception of the sounds of a language with respect to its physical manifestations. Its main
branches are: articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics and auditory or perceptual phonetics. From
another point of view, experimental phonetics is also spoken of as a separate branch.
It is dedicated to studying the sounds emitted by the human voice, its formation and its variants depending
on the position of the different parts of the speech system, which include everything from the tongue to the
most internal organs in the throat. When one learns a non-native language, phonetics is always a
fundamental piece of the learning process since it is the part of the language that allows us to pronounce
each sound, each word in the correct way, leaving aside the typical intonation of the language that one
has it since birth and pronouncing the words just as the natives do.
Morphology
It is the branch of linguistics that studies the internal structure of words to define and classify their units,
the classes of words to which they give rise (inflectional morphology) and the formation of new words
(lexical morphology). The word "morphology" was introduced in the 19th century and originally dealt
simply with the form of words, although in its more modern meaning it studies more complex phenomena
than the form itself.
It is the study of the external forms of something, more precisely it will be in the fields of biology, geology
and linguistics where the term acquires and holds special importance and significance. Within biology,
morphology is the discipline that deals with the study of the form and structure of an organism or system,
as well as the transformations that organic beings undergo as a consequence of the passage of time.
Examples
La = Article (feminine singular).
Cook = Noun (common feminine singular).
Josefa = Noun (feminine singular).
Phonology
It is another branch of linguistic science that is responsible for analyzing and studying sounds from a level
of syntax and the structure they form in language, as well as how meaning is constructed through them.
Here the main difference that phonology has with phonetics becomes clear, since the latter is dedicated to
studying sounds from a physiological point of view, that is, how they are generated by the different parts of
the body and how to form them appropriately.
Phonology is the study of the classification of sounds in a language, so that the sounds of each group are
perceived by speakers as a single basic element of the system, called phoneme, which has a distinctive
character in relation to the sounds of others. groups. Each of the sounds that corresponds to a phoneme
is called an allophone.
Unlike phonetics, which studies sounds from a physical point of view and is therefore common to all
languages, phonology is specific to each language.
Phonology is very closely linked to spelling, since the latter is based, in most Latin script languages, on
phonology, not on phonetics.
Thus, for example in Spanish the sounds [d] and [ð] correspond to the phoneme /d/, that is, they are two
allophones of /d/, and are written with a single sign (the letter d). On the other hand, in English [d] and [ð]
are different phonemes, written differently (d and th, respectively).
Semantics
Semantics refers to everything that is linked or belongs to the meaning of words. It is associated with the
meaning, interpretation and meaning of words, symbols and expressions. For this reason, Semantics is
also called the part of Linguistics that deals precisely with studying the meaning of linguistic signs and
their combinations. In other words, it is about the discipline, a science that studies the meaning of words.
Semantics is the linguistic science that studies the meaning of words and expressions, that is, what words
mean when we speak or write. Term coined by Michel Bréal in 1833.
The purpose of semantics is to decompose meaning into smaller units, called semes or semantic features,
these allow segmenting the meaning of words, and differentiating words of similar meaning and words of
opposite meaning.
On the other hand, linguistic semantics is responsible for studying the denotation and connotation of
words, when the message is expressed objectively, its meaning is said to be denotative and, when some
personal evaluation is added to the objective communication through gestures or intonation , it is said that
its meaning is connotative.
Syntax
It is the part of grammar that studies the rules and principles that govern the combinatorics of syntactic
constituents and the formation of units superior to them, such as phrases and grammatical sentences.
Syntax, therefore, studies the ways in which words are combined, as well as the syntagmatic and
paradigmatic relationships between them. Syntax is the part of grammar that studies the way words are
put together to form correct sentences. Every language has a series of rules that establish the syntax for
the elaboration of statements that allow thoughts and ideas to be expressed clearly. Syntactic rules are
necessary in all languages since it is the way in which people who speak that language can construct
sentences in such a way that they are clear to all those who speak it.
Syntax's main function is to analyze the correct order of words so that phrases, sentences, texts and
ideas are expressed correctly so that the message you want to convey can be conveyed.
Therefore, syntax is a study that is carried out in all languages in order to study the correct order of words
and define the grammatical rules that must be followed so that people can express their ideas.
On the other hand, in the field of computing, syntax refers to the set of rules that establish how the
symbols that make up the programming language or executable instruction of the computer should be
arranged.
Examples
Syntax establishes the order in which the subject, verb and predicate must appear in a sentence, in order
to understand what is said there. For example:
The rain would have wet me with a cold if I had.
It is not understood since the words are in disorder, the correct syntax of this sentence is:
If I had gotten wet in the rain I would have caught a cold.
In the following sentence: Poor Juan lost his dog.
The syntax tells us that the part of the sentence that says “he lost his dog” indicates that the word poor, in
this context, does not refer to lack of wealth but to an emotional state that Juan has caused by the loss of
his dog.
The syntax says that a paragraph has as many sentences as there are verbs in it. For example:
In the marathon last May Juan came in second place, Pedro in first place and Pablo in third.
In the previous paragraph there is only one verb so there is only one sentence.
In the statement: María is Arturo's mother and Heloísa's aunt.
There are two sentences that are: Mary is Arthur's mother and Mary is Heloise's aunt, even though the
verb (is) from the second sentence has been omitted. However, the syntax allows this to be done without
losing the meaning of the sentences.
Grammar
It is the study of the rules and principles that govern and regulate the use of languages and how words
should be organized within a sentence. But at the same time, grammar is in effect the set of rules and
principles that govern the use of a specific language, because each language has its own exclusive
grammar. Grammar is found in the orbit of linguistics and is divided into four levels: phonetic-phonological,
syntactic-morphological, lexical, semantic and pragmatic levels.
Grammar is part of the general study of language called linguistics. Classically, the study of language is
divided into four levels:
Phonetic-phonological level.
Syntactic-morphological level.
Lexical-semantic level.
Pragmatic level.
Sometimes the use of the term grammar is restricted to the rules and principles that define the second of
these levels. However, the separation of levels is not completely clear because certain grammatical rules
are made at the phonetic-phonological level and there are also semantic parameters or criteria that serve
to decide when a certain construction is grammatical.
Grammar example:
Incorrect form: Children played in the street yesterday.
Correct form: The children were playing in the street yesterday.
Incorrect way: The police quickly arrested the criminal.
Correct way: The police quickly arrested the criminal.
Incorrect form: You told me you were going to accompany me.
Correct form: You told me that you were going to accompany me.
