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Note that a direct object may be compound: It may consist of more than one word.
The following sentence has a compound direct object:
Heavy rain flooded the streets and highways.

S. V. compound direct object
EXERCISE 2. In each sentence below, find the verb (V.), the subject (S.), and the di-
rect object (D.O.).
Samples:
Water loosens the soil. V. loosens

S. Water
D.O. soil
The team has already left. V. has left

S. team
D.O. none
1. The speaker’s question surprised V.

and amused the audience. S.
D.O.
2. Have some yogurt and fruit. V.

S.
D.O.
3. Are the snow and ice melting? V.

S.
D.O.
4. The World Wide Web and television V.

provide information and entertainment. S.
D.O.
5. Jonathan returned the books to the library. V.

S.
D.O.
NOUNS AS DIRECT OBJECTS 47

Lesson 8 Nouns as
Indirect Objects
How is the noun Amy used in the following sentence?
The crowd gave Amy a cheer.

S. V. ? D.O.
Amy is the indirect object of the verb gave.
What Is an Indirect Object?

An indirect object is a word in the predicate that tells FOR
WHOM or TO WHOM something was done, or is being done,
or will be done.
Note that there are two nouns after the action verb gave: Amy and cheer. The noun
cheer is the direct object of gave because it answers the question WHAT? (The crowd gave
WHAT?) The noun Amy tells FOR WHOM the crowd gave a cheer. Therefore, Amy is the
indirect object of the verb gave.
The crowd gave Amy a cheer.

S. V. I.O. D.O.
The above sentence shows that an action verb can have both a direct object and an
indirect object in the same sentence.
Question: Which comes first in a sentence, the direct object or the indirect
object?
Answer: The indirect object always comes before the direct object. Note these
further examples:
A friend sent Marilyn a card.

I.O. D.O.
(Marilyn is the indirect object because it tells TO WHOM a friend sent

a card.)
48 PA R T S O F S P E E C H
Carlos is buying Mrs. Lopez a gift.
I.O. D.O.
(Mrs. Lopez is the indirect object because it tells FOR WHOM Carlos
is buying a gift.)
The firm pays its officers a salary.

I.O. D.O.
(Officers is the indirect object because it tells TO WHOM the firm

pays a salary.)
EXERCISE 1. For each sentence, indicate the verb (V.), the subject (S.), the indirect
object (I.O.), if any, and the direct object (D.O.), if any.
Samples:
Sunburn itches. V. itches

S. Sunburn
I.O. none
D.O. none
Ms. Jones will tell the court the truth. V. will tell
S. Ms. Jones
I.O. court
D.O. truth
1. The store owner offered the V.

customer a discount. S.
I.O.
D.O.
2. Did the judge grant the suspect bail? V.

S.
I.O.
D.O.
3. The city will build the Giants a V.

new stadium. S.
I.O.
D.O.
NOUNS AS INDIRECT OBJECTS 49

4. Brendan has made his parents V.
a promise. S.
I.O.
D.O.
5. A passerby slipped and fell. V.

S.
I.O.
D.O.
EXERCISE 2. Rewrite the sentence, changing the italicized expression to an indirect

object.
Sample:
Did you give the assignment to Nick?

Did you give Nick the assignment?
1. Rob gave flowers to Mia.
2. Have you ever done a favor for John?
3. Liang is lending his science notes to Kristin.
4. Rosita is making a blouse for her sister.
5. Give the tickets to the usher.
6. Who baked a cake for Jennifer?
7. Please cut a slice of melon for Catherine.
8. Washington is giving emergency aid to the flooded regions.
9. I wrote a letter to Yasmin.
10. The cashier handed the change to the customer.
NOUNS AS INDIRECT OBJECTS 51

Lesson 9 Pronouns and
Antecedents
A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun.
Question 1: How many pronouns are there in the following sentence?

Paul Steinbrenner promised Rosalie Amato that he would vote for
her.
Answer: Two.
He is a pronoun taking the place of Paul Steinbrenner.
Her is a pronoun taking the place of Rosalie Amato.
Question 2: What is an antecedent?

Answer: An antecedent is the noun that a pronoun stands for.
In the sentence above, the antecedent of the pronoun he is the noun Paul Steinbrenner;
the antecedent of the pronoun her is the noun Rosalie Amato.
Question 3: Why are pronouns important?

Answer: Pronouns make language more smooth and efficient because they let
us express ourselves without repetition and in fewer words.
If there were no pronouns, we would have to say:
Paul Steinbrenner promised Rosalie Amato that Paul Steinbrenner
would vote for Rosalie Amato.
EXERCISE 1. In the blank space, use a pronoun in place of the italicized antecedent.
Samples:
Joyce has a new bicycle but has not used it .

The gloves are Karen’s. The muffler is not hers .

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Note that a direct object may be compound: It may consist of more than one word.

The following sentence has a compound direct object:

Heavy rain flooded the streets and highways.

Water loosens the soil. V. loosens

The team has already left. V. has left

1. The speaker’s question surprised V.

2. Have some yogurt and fruit. V.

3. Are the snow and ice melting? V.

4. The World Wide Web and television V.

5. Jonathan returned the books to the library. V.

NOUNS AS DIRECT OBJECTS 47

How is the noun Amy used in the following sentence?

The crowd gave Amy a cheer.

Amy is the indirect object of the verb gave.

What Is an Indirect Object?

The crowd gave Amy a cheer.

A friend sent Marilyn a card.

(Marilyn is the indirect object because it tells TO WHOM a friend sent

The firm pays its officers a salary.

(Officers is the indirect object because it tells TO WHOM the firm

Sunburn itches. V. itches

1. The store owner offered the V.

2. Did the judge grant the suspect bail? V.

3. The city will build the Giants a V.

NOUNS AS INDIRECT OBJECTS 49

5. A passerby slipped and fell. V.

EXERCISE 2. Rewrite the sentence, changing the italicized expression to an indirect

Did you give the assignment to Nick?

1. Rob gave flowers to Mia.

2. Have you ever done a favor for John?

3. Liang is lending his science notes to Kristin.

4. Rosita is making a blouse for her sister.

5. Give the tickets to the usher.

6. Who baked a cake for Jennifer?

7. Please cut a slice of melon for Catherine.

8. Washington is giving emergency aid to the flooded regions.

10. The cashier handed the change to the customer.

NOUNS AS INDIRECT OBJECTS 51

A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun.

Question 1: How many pronouns are there in the following sentence?

Question 2: What is an antecedent?

Question 3: Why are pronouns important?

Joyce has a new bicycle but has not used it .

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