UTO SUPERIOR TECHNOLOGICAL

PUBLIC ILDA LILIANA BALLIVIAN

ROSADO

R PROCESS
MANUAL
Lie. GASPAR PRADO, William.
HAND THREADED

It is the manual or mechanical process of chip removal that consists of carving a thread profile in a shaft or hole in
order to convert it into a joining element.
What is a thread?

Wrapping a rectangular paper triangle around a cylinder,

which is just enough to make one revolution, and following the
hypotenuse with a pencil, a line is marked on it. helical line. If
along this line carve we have a slot, this comes to form with
the pair you protruding (fillet) what is called the THREAD. The
thread is named according to the shape of the thread. For
example, a triangular thread has a triangular groove.

One revolution around the cylinder, following the hypotenuse,

is called SPIR, and the axillary path traveled is the STEP or
advance.

Threads made in holes must fit with their profile into the
corresponding threads ex interiors. Moving parts with internal
threads are called NUT.
Right threads and left threads

By holding a threaded piece vertically, you can see

that the direction of the slope of the thread is to the
right or to the left. gives. When the fillet rises to the
right, you have We have a right thread and when it
goes up to the left a left thread.

Right hand thread

■ Left hand thread

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Triangular thread main systems

The profiles and dimensions of the threads are standardized. There are American standards, English sas.
German, French, Swiss, International, etc., which in the future should be replaced two by ISO standards =
International Organization for Standardization. The systems mostly used in Peru are:

The international Sl systems for metric threads

The English or Whitworth Sl system for inch threads.
The American or Sellers system for inch threads.

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 DIMENSIONS AND PROFILES OF TRIANGULAR
THREADS
The metric S thread.
Its Yo.
dimensions are expressed in millimeters. The angle of
the flanks is 60°. The way of! fillet is an equilateral
triangle with the vertex truncated and the bottom of the
threads rounded.
The types of metric threads are.
- Normal metric thread
- Fine metric thread.

The abbreviated designation for the metric thread ca is

M. Example: M1 2 = i2mm.de or external thread with a
pitch of 1.75 mm. (see thread table}.

■ The designation for the fine thread is M x pitch

■ fine. Example: M12 X 1 25.

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 DIMENSIONS AND PROFILES OF TRIANGULAR
THREADS
The Whitworth thread

Its dimensions are expressed in inches. The angle of

the flanks is 55° the shape of! fillet is an isosceles
triangle, with the vertex and the bottom rounded -
thread .
The types of Whitworth threads are:
- Whitworth thread B.S.W. '
- Whitworth fine thread BSF
- Pipe thread BSF

The different types of pipe threads were also adopted

in metric system countries without modification of the
measurements.

Note: The step is indicated in file number tees

per inch = N

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 DIMENSIONS AND PROFILES OF TRIANGULAR
THREADS

The rocks Americana Seilers (U. S. S.

UNC Core Data . Q
Its dimensions are expressed in inches. The angle
of the flanks is 60°. Nut
The shape of the thread is an equilateral triangle,
with the vertex and bottom of the thread truncated.
The Sellers thread classes are:
- Sellers Thread current UNC
- Sellers Thread fine UNE
- Sellers Thread extra fine UNEF Screw F
h = fillet height = 0.6495 x P
f = width of the log = 0.125 x P Example:
Note: The pitches are the same as the Whitworth UNC No. 10-24 (see tables) 10 = No. of
thread, except for rock %" 8SW = 12N dimension = 0.19" = 4.82 mm ext, 24 = N®
M"UNC=13N of threads per inch.

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 TRIANGULAR THREAD TABLE

METRIC THREAD NORMAL PITCH DIN ISO NORMAL PITCH METRIC THREAD
Preferably use column I
0 Outdoor Step in mm 0 to drill DRILL 0 Exterior Column Male
MALE M GGBzMs Pavement l Column II Step in mm 0 to drill DRILL

jN
M1

b
ON
NN
NN

--
--
o
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 TRIANGULAR THREAD TABLE
M 1.2
M1 0,75

co NN
N } NNN — - — o © aooo © o ün U in“-4p U pp p. w
M 1.1
M 1.2 0,95 0,75
M 1.6
M 1.4 1.1 0,95 M 1.4
M 1.7 1,3 1.1 Í3 M2
M 1.8
M2 1,5 1,6 M 2.5
M3 M 2.2
M 2.3 1,8 1,9
M 2.6 2,1 2,2 M4
M3 2,4 2,5 M 3.5
M5
UUTinUlUU
M6
M6 6,5 6,7 M8
M 10 8,2 8,4 10 M 10
M 12 9,9 11,75 M 12
M 14 11,5 M 16
13,75
M 14
M 16 13,5 15.25 ' M 20
M 13 15 17,25 M 18
19,25 M24
M 20 17
M 22
M 22 19
M27

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 TRIANGULAR THREAD TABLE
THREA
WHITWORTH THREAD NORMAL STEP D UNIFIED NORMAL PITCH UNC
0 Outdoor Threads by 0 to drill Designation 0 Outdoor Threads by To drill
MALE inch DRILL UNC maximum in inch DRILL
B.S.W. GGBzMs Steel mm
1/1 60 1,1 1,2 No. 4 - 40 2,82 40 2,35
3/32 48 1,8 1,85 . No. 5 - 40 3,15 40 2,65
5/32 32 3,1 3.2 No. 6 - 32 3,48 32 2,85
3/16 24 3,6 3,7 No. 8-32 4,14 32 3,5
No. 10-24 4,80 24 3,9
7/32 24 4,4 4,5 \ No. 12-24 5,46 24 4,5
1/4 20 5 5,1
1/4-20 6,32 20 5,1
5/16 18 6,4 6,5
3/18 16 1,1 7,9 5/16-18 7,90 18 6,5
3/8-16 9,49 16 8
9
7/16
1/9
14
12
\ 10,25
9,2
10,5
7/16-14
1/2-13
11,07
12,66
14
13
9,2
10,8
9/16 12 11,75 12 9/12-12 14,24 12 12,2
5/0 11 13,25 13,5 13,5 .
5/8 -11 15,83 11
3/4 10 16,25 16,5 3/4-10 19,00 10 16,5
7/8 9 19 19,25 7/8-9 22,18 9 19,25
1
0
 TRIANGULAR THREAD TABLE
1 8 21,75 22 1-8 25,35 8 22,25

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 TRIANGULAR THREAD TABLE

UNIFIED THREADt FINE PITCH UNF

UNF 0 in mm H/inch DRILL

No. 4-48 2,82 48 2,4

No. 5 - 44 3,15 44 2,7
No.6-40 3,48 40 2,9
No. 8 - 36 4,14 | 36 3,5
No. 10-32 4,80 32 4.1
No.12-28 5,46 28 4,6
¡ 1/4-28 6,32 28 5,5
5/16-24 7,90 24 6,8
3/8-24. 9,49 20 8,5
 MANUAL TAPES FOR THREADING

Generalities; The way to manufacture small and medium threads economically is by using taps, for
internal threads, and dies, for external threads.

Taps and dies are manufactured from tool steel or HSS high speed steel, to be operated manually with
levers or for use on drills and lathes.

These threads can also be cut with knives on machines, in cases where the degree of finish and
precision is more demanding, or when special measurements are involved.

THREADING MALE THREADING DIE

INSIDE ABROAD

MALE HOLDER DIE HOLDER

or MANNER or MANNER

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 THE MANUAL MALES
The male is chosen according to the profile, the
size sion and the material of the thread to be cut.
For manual threading, taps come in sets of 2 or 3
pieces.
There are also special taps for water. through
holes or blind holes that terminate the thread with
a single cut.

The first male N ?1 with a ring on the shank, used

to roughen the thread. Cut approximately 55% of

Cylindi-
the slot.

Conical
The second tap NT 2 with two rings on the tang,
does the Intermediate grinding. Cuts approx. 25%
of the slot.

The third male No. 3 with 3 rings is used for fine-

tuning or finishing the thread.

■ ■ ■ ■ Males No. 1 and No. 2 have conical entrances.

■ ■ ■ ■ longer cases and the incomplete profile, thus
avoiding ■ ■ ■ ■ forcing them.
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Males N1 and N 2 have coni entrances cas more
Sargas and the incomplete profile, thus avoiding
forcing them.
Note:

The market offers cheaper manufactured manual

taps in sets of three, which differ only in the length of
the conical entry. It is practically possible to nate a
through thread with male No. 1 (peli breakage, poor
finish)

The name of these males is:

1. Conical male
2. Semi conical male
3. Cylindrical male

The male N°30 cylindrical male is indispensable

saber in the case of blind holes .
Manual males have 3 or more cutting lips .

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WORK PROCESS IN MANUAL THREADING
INTERNAL THREADING

To make the thread, a set of three taps are used that are numbered: 1, 2 and 3. The first to use is number 1,
which is called the starting tap: it serves to mark the path that the rest will follow, tearing off the first part of the
material; The second is called intermediate and goes deeper into the thread, and the third, which is cylindrical
except for a small entrance, is used to give the thread a fine finish.
To make the thread over a hole (female nut).
• Determine the diameter and pitch of the thread to be made.
• Mark the center point of the hole with the punch.
• Drill the hole on the material. The diameter of the drill bit will be determined by the diameter of the thread,
minus the pitch, both in mm.; we will use a table and normalized measurements

Metric thread Drill diameter

• Place the starter tap No. 1 on the tap holder and centrally over the hole;
3x50 2.5mm Take care that the thread is started with the tap in a completely vertical
4x70 3.3mm position.
5x80 4.2mm
6x100 5mm • Start threading by turning clockwise, advancing one turn and
7x100 6mm going back 1/4 of a turn repetitively, and constantly lubricating with oil.
0x125 6.75mm Continue with male No. 2, repeating the process and finish with male No.
10x150 8.5mm 3.
12x175 10.25mm

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MALE HOLDER or HANDLE MALES

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 FIXED AND ADJUSTABLE DIES ■

Generalities:Dies are tools made of tool steel or high-speed steel, for threading external threads by
hand. In tough materials, threads can be cut up to a diameter of approx. M16 in a single cut. The fillets
obtained are not very precise and very rough. For a better finish or larger diameter, use adjustable dies
or tapping bearings, they allow the thread to be finished in several passes.

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Construction of the dies

The dies are similar to threaded rings in subsequently, with the fillets interrupted by ra circular
grooves that form the cutting lips and leave space for the removed chips. The periphery is
provided with conical cavities, in which the fastening and adjustment screws sit. Between two
cavities there is a hard entail , which can be cleft,
trans forming the fixed die that contains the exact size Fixed die Adjustable die
in an adjustable die. b. ■

Notch Slit

Conical cavity

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Clamping and regulation of the threading

Using the adjustment screw on the die holder, the die can be expanded slightly. Intro driving it into the
slit. This expansion must be done very tactfully, due to
Die holder
the danger of breakage. To saw the die, loosen the
adjusting screw and gently tighten the two set screws.

In fixed dies, all screws serve for fastening ,

The dies have a conical entrance. In this entry the cut is

made, while the other threads smooth the thread.

The characteristics (diameter, pitch, etc.) are engraved

on the opposite side, which is directed towards the
operator during cutting .

WORK PROCESS IN MANUAL THREADING

EXTERNAL THREADING
• Determine the thread that is going to be made.
• Choose a rod with the nominal thread.
• Hold the rod firmly so that it does not move during
operation.
• Place the die in the handle with its centering holes, in front

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of the rod.
• Correctly secure the die in the handle using the screws provided for fixing.
• Adjust the die to its maximum opening, so that it “eats” as little as possible during its pass.
• With the rod completely vertical, place the die perpendicular to the rod.
• Begin turning the die to the right, moving forward one turn and back 1/4 turn. Lubricate often and repeat the
operation indefinitely until the desired thread advancement is completed.
• Remove the die and close it, to repeat the previous operation, now making a cut beyond the previous one and
achieving the final threading with the second pass.

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DIE HOLDER or HANDLE and DIES

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SAFETY AND RISK PREVENTION

In a machine shop, metals and composite materials are cut and shaped into finished products using hand tools and
machines such as saws, lathes, drills, and grinders. So, the injuries that most frequently occur in machining
workshops are particles of material in the eyes, cuts, and injuries due to getting stuck and crushed by machines.

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SAFETY RULES
Always wear protective glasses, non-slip shoes with metal toe caps, and ear plugs.
• Select gloves depending on the type of work. But do not use it when operating machinery, it may catch the
glove, following your arm or hand.
• Use the machines according to the manufacturer's recommendations. It is not okay to force materials into the
machine or pull them faster than the machine can process them.
• Have good lighting in the workshop.
• Have good housekeeping and cleaning practices at the work site. This will prevent fires and falls from occurring
in the workshop. It is important that compressed air is not used when cleaning, because the air can contain chips
that can enter the machines and launch them into the air.
• Machined materials and machines must be lubricated and cooled. Also, solvents are used to clean the parts after
being manufactured.

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SAFETY RULES

• Have good housekeeping and cleaning practices at the work site. This will prevent fires and falls from occurring
in the workshop. It is important that compressed air is not used when cleaning, because the air can contain chips
that can enter the machines and launch them into the air.
• Machined materials and machines must be lubricated and cooled. Also, solvents are used to clean the parts after
being manufactured.

CORRECT INCORRECT

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PUBLIC HIGHER TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE
“ GILDA LILIANA BALLIVIAN ROSADO ”

Questions?

THANKS
FOR
YOUR
ATTENTION
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