Chapter 5

Chapter 5 Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency (p. 229) 8. 4x + 1 = 3 − 2x

(
−4 + 0 1 + 7
1. M —, — = M(−2, 4)
2 2 ) 4x + 1 + 2x = 3 − 2x + 2x
6x + 1 = 3
——
AQ = √[ 0 − (−4) ]2 + (7 − 1)2 6x + 1 − 1 = 3 − 1
— — —
= √(4)2 + (6)2 = √ 16 + 36 = √52 ≈ 7.2 units 6x = 2
6 2
—6 x = —6
( 3 + 9 6 + (−2)
2. M —, — = M —, — = M(6, 2)
2 2 ) ( )
12 4
2 2 x = —13
——
GH = √(9 − 3)2 + (−2 − 6)2 The solution is x = —13.
—— — —
= √(6)2 + (−8)2 = √ 36 + 64 = √ 100 = 10 units 9. z − 2 = 4 + 9z

( −12+ 8 −22+ 0 ) ( 72 −22 ) ( 72 )

3. M —, — = M —, — = M —, −1
z − 2 + 2 = 4 + 9z + 2
z = 6 + 9z
———
UV = √[ 8 − (−1) ] + [ 0 − (−2) ]
2 2 z − 9z = 6 + 9z − 9z
—— —
−8z = 6
= √(8 + 1)2 + (2)2 = √92 + 4
— — −8 6
= √81 + 4 = √ 85 ≈ 9.2 units —z = —
−8 −8
6
4. 7x + 12 = 3x z=—
−8
7x − 7x + 12 = 3x − 7x 3
z = −—
12 = − 4x 4
3
−3 = x The solution is z = −—4.
The solution is x = −3. 10. yes; The length can be found using the Pythagorean
Theorem.
5. 14 − 6t = t
14 − 6t + 6t = t + 6t Chapter 5 Mathematical Practices (p. 230)
14 = 7t 1. theorem; It is the Slopes of Perpendicular Lines Theorem
2=t (Thm. 3.14) studied in Section 3.5.
The solution is t = 2.
2. theorem; It is the Linear Pair Perpendicular Theorem
6. 5p + 10 = 8p + 1 (Thm. 3.10) studied in Section 3.4.
5p + 10 − 10 = 8p + 1 − 10 3. definition; This is the definition of perpendicular lines.
5p = 8p − 9
4. postulate; This is the Two Point Postulate (Post. 2.1) studied
5p − 8p = 8p − 9 − 8p
in Section 2.3. In Euclidean geometry, it is assumed, not
−3p = −9 proved, to be true.
p=3
The solution is p = 3. 5.1 Explorations (p. 231)
1. a. Check students’ work.
7. w + 13 = 11w − 7
b. Check students’ work.
w + 13 − w = 11w − 7 − w
c. The sum of the interior angle measures of all triangles
13 = 10w − 7 is 180°.
13 + 7 = 10w − 7 + 7 d. Check students’ work; The sum of the measures of the
20 = 10w interior angles of a triangle is 180°.
2=w 2. a. Check students’ work.
The solution is w = 2. b. Check students’ work.
c. Check students’ work.
d. Check students’ work; The sum is equal to the measure of
the exterior angle.
e. Check students’ work; The measure of an exterior angle is
equal to the sum of the measures of the two nonadjacent
interior angles.
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Chapter 5
3. The sum of the measures of the interior angles of a triangle 4. 2x° + (x − 6)° = 90°
is 180°, and the measure of an exterior angle of a triangle
3x − 6 = 90
is equal to the sum of the measures of the two nonadjacent
interior angles. 3x = 96
x = 32
4. m∠ A + m∠B + m∠C = 180°
2x° = 2(32°) = 64°
m∠C = 180° − 32° = 148°
(x − 6)° = 32° − 6° = 26°
m∠A + m∠B + 148 = 180°
The angle measurements are 26° and 64°.
m∠A + m∠B = 32°
The sum of the measures of the two nonadjacent interior 5.1 Exercises (pp. 236–238)
angles is 32° and the third angle which is adjacent tot he
exterior angle has a measure of 180° − 32° = 148°. These Vocabulary and Core Concept Check
are known because of the conjectures made in Explorations 1 1. no; By the Corollary to the Triangle Sum Theorem (Cor.
and 2. 5.1), the acute angles of a right triangle are complementary.
Because their measures have to add up to 90°, neither angle
5.1 Monitoring Progress (pp. 232–235) could have a measure greater than 90°.
1. Sample answer: Obtuse isosceles triangle: 2. The measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the
sum of the measures of the two nonadjacent interior angles.

Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics

3. Two sides are congruent and one angle is a right angle.
Acute scalene triangle:
So, △XYZ is a right isosceles triangle.

4. All sides are congruent and therefore, all angles are congruent.
So, △LMN is an equiangular equivalent triangle.
—— — — 5. None of the sides are congruent and one angle is obtuse.
2. AB = √(0 − 3)2 + (0 − 3)2 = √9 + 9 = √18 ≈ 4.2 So, △JKH is an obtuse scalene triangle.
—— — —
BC = √[ 3 − (−3) ]2 + (3 − 3)2 = √(3 + 3)2 = √62 = 6 6. None of the sides are congruent and all angles are acute.
—— — —
So, △ABC is an acute scalene triangle.
AC = √[ 0 − (−3) ]2 + (0 − 3)2 = √32 + 32 = √9 + 9
— —— —
= √18 ≈ 4.2 7. AB = √ (6 − 2)2 + (3 − 3)2 = √ 42 = 4
—— —
Because AC = AB, that indicates that △ABC is isosceles. BC = √(2 − 6)2 + (7 − 3)2 = √(−4)2 + 42
— —
= √16 + 16 = √ 32 ≈ 5.7
—=—
Slope of AB
3−0 3
=—=1 —— —
3−0 3 AC = √(2 − 2)2 + (7 − 3)2 = √42 = 4
— 3−3
Slope of BC = — = — = 0
0 △ABC is isosceles because AB = AC.
−3 − 3 −6
3−3 0
— = −—
Slope of AC
3 − 0 −3
= — = −1 Slope of AB = — = — = 0
6−2 4
3−0 3
— and AC
Because the product of the slopes of AB — equals −1, 7−3 4
Slope of BC = — = — = −1
— —
that indicates that AB ⊥ AC , therefore △ABC is a right 2 − 6 −4
triangle. So, △ABC is a right isosceles triangle. 7−3 4
Slope of AC = — = — = undefined
2−2 0
3. 40° + 3x° = (5x − 10)° Because AB— has a slope of 0 and AC
— has an undefined slope,
50 = 2x — ⊥ AC
AB —. There is a right angle at ∠ A, which makes △ABC
x = 25 a right triangle. So, △ABC is a right isosceles triangle.
m∠ 1 + 3(25°) + 40° = 180°
m∠ 1 + 75° + 40° = 180°
m∠ 1 + 115° = 180°
m∠ 1 = 65°

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Chapter 5
—— — —
8. AB = √ (6 − 3)2 + (9 − 3)2 = √ 32 + 62 = √ 9 + 36 11. m∠ 1 + 78° + 31° = 180°
—
= √45 ≈ 6.7 m∠ 1 + 109° = 180°
—— ——
BC = √(6 − 6)2 + [ 9 − (−3) ]2 = √ (0)2 + (9 + 3)2 m∠ 1 = 71°
—
= √ 122 = 12 The triangle is an acute triangle.
—— ——
AC = √ (6 − 3)2 +[ 3 − (−3) ]2 = √32 + (3 + 3)2 12. m∠ 1 + 30° + 40° = 180°
— —
= √9 + 36 = √ 45 ≈ 6.7 m∠ 1 + 70° = 180°
△ABC is isosceles because AB = AC. m∠ 1 = 110°
9−3 6
Slope of AB = — = — = 2 The triangle is an obtuse triangle.
6−3 3
−3 − 9 −12 13. m∠ 1 + 38° + 90° = 180°
Slope of BC = — = — = undefined
6−6 0
m∠ 1 + 128° = 180°
−3 − 3 −6
Slope of AC = — = — = −2 m∠ 1 = 52°
6−3 3
None of the slopes of the sides of the triangle are negative The triangle is a right triangle.
reciprocals of each other. So, the triangle is not a right
14. m∠ 1 + 60° + 60° = 180°
triangle. △ABC is an isosceles triangle.
m∠ 1 + 120° = 180°
—— — —
9. AB = √ (4 − 1)2 + (8 − 9)2 = √ 32 + (−1)2 = √ 9 + 1 m∠ 1 = 60°
—
= √10 ≈ 3.2 The triangle is an equiangular triangle.
—— —— —
BC = √(2 − 4)2 + (5 − 8)2 =√ (−2)2 + (−3)2 = √4 + 9
—
15. m∠ 2 = 75° + 64° = 139°
= √13 ≈ 3.6
—— —
AC = √ (2 − 1)2 + (5 − 9)2 = √ 12 + (−4)2 16. x° + 45° = (2x − 2)°
— —
= √1 + 16 = √ 17 ≈ 4.1 x = 2x − 47
△ABC is a scalene triangle. −x = −47
8 − 9 −1 x = 47
Slope of AB = — = —
4−1
5 − 8 −3 3
3
⋅
(2x − 2)° = 2 47 − 2 = 94 − 2 = 92
Slope of BC = — = — = — The exterior angle has a measure of 92°.
2 − 4 −2 2
5 − 9 −4 17. 24° + (2x + 18)° = (3x + 6)°
Slope of AC = — = — = −4
2−1 1
42 + 2x = 3x + 6
None of the slopes of the sides of the triangle are negative 2x = 3x −6
reciprocals of each other. So, the triangle is not a right
triangle. △ABC is a scalene triangle. −x = −36
——— —
x = 36
10. AB = √ [ 0 − (−2) ]2 + (−3 − 3)2 = √ 22 + (−6)2
— —
= √4 + 36 = √ 40 ≈ 6.3
⋅
(3x + 6)° = 3 36 + 6 = 114

——— ——
The exterior angle has a measure of 114°.
BC = √(3 − 0)2 + [ −2 − (−3) ]2 = √ (3)2 + (−2 + 3)2
— — 18. (x + 8)° + 4x° = (7x − 16)°
= √9 + 1 = √ 10 ≈ 3.2
——— —— 5x + 8 = 7x − 16
AC = √ [ 3 − (−2) ]2 + (−2 − 3)2 = √ (3 + 2)2 + (−5)2
— — −2x + 8 = −16
= √25 + 25 = √ 50 ≈ 7.1
−2x = −24
△ABC is a scalene triangle.
−3 − 3 −6 x = 12
Slope of AB = — = — = −3
0 − (−2) 2
−2 − (−3) −2 + 3 1
⋅
(7x − 16)° = 7 12 − 16 = 84 − 16 = 68
Slope of BC = — = — = — The exterior angle has a measure of 68°.
3−0 3 3
−2 − 3 −5 −5 19. 3x° + 2x° = 90°
Slope of AC = — = — = — = −1
3 − (−2) 3 + 2 5 5x = 90
Because AB has a slope of −3 and BC has a slope of —13 , x = 18
—⊥ — BC. There is a right angle at ∠ B, which makes △ABC a
AB
right triangle. So, △ABC is a right scalene triangle. ⋅
3x° = 3 18 = 54
⋅
2x° = 2 18 = 36
The two acute angles measure 36° and 54°.
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Chapter 5

20. (3x + 2)° + x° = 90° 27. The sum of the measures of the interior angles of the triangle
is 180°, not 360°. 115° + 39° + m∠ 1 = 180°
4x + 2 = 90
154° + m∠ 1 = 180°
4x = 88
m∠ 1 = 26°
x = 22
⋅
(3x + 2)° = 3 22 + 2 = 68
The two acute angles measure 22° and 68°. 28. The measure of the exterior angle should be equal to the sum
of the measures of the two nonadjacent interior angles.
21. (11x − 2)° + (6x + 7)° = 90°
m∠ 1 = 80° + 50° = 130°
17x + 5 = 90
17x = 85 29. m∠ 1 = 90° − 40° = 50°

x=5 30. m∠ 2 = 180° − 50° = 130°

⋅
(11x − 2)° = 11 5 − 2 = 55 − 2 = 53
31. m∠ 3 = m∠ 1 = 50° 32. m∠ 4 = m∠ 2 = 130°
⋅
(6x + 7)° = 6 5 + 7 = 30 + 7 = 37
The two acute angles measure 37° and 53°. 33. m∠ 5 = 90° − 50° = 40°

22. (19x − 1)° + (13x − 5)° = 90° 34. m∠ 6 = 180° − 40° = 140°
32x − 6 = 90
35. m∠ 7 = 90°
32x = 96
x=3 36. m∠ 8 = 180° − 40° = 140°

⋅
(19x − 1)° = 19 3 − 1 = 57 − 1 = 56
37. None of the sides and none of the angles of the triangle are
⋅
(13x − 5)° = 13 3 − 5 = 39 − 5 = 34 equal, therefore it is a scalene triangle. When you measure
The two acute angles measure 34° and 56°. the three angles of the triangle, you find that they are all
acute. Therefore the triangle is acute. So, the triangle is an
23. x° + 5x° = 90° acute scalene triangle.
6x = 90
38. The following sets of angle measures could form a triangle:
x = 15
B. 96° + 74° + 10° = 180°
⋅
5x° = 5 15 = 75
D. 101° + 41° + 38° = 180°
The two acute angles measure 15° and 75°.
E. 90° + 45° + 45° = 180°
24. x° + 8x° = 90° F. 84° + 62° + 34° = 180°
9x = 90
x = 10
39. 2 ⋅ 6 + x = 20 2x + 6 = 20
12 + x = 20 2x = 14
⋅
8x° = 8 10 = 80
x=8 x=7
The two acute angles measure 10° and 80°.
You could make another bend 6 inches from the first bend
25. x° + [ 3(x + 8) ]° = 90° and leave the last side 8 inches long, or you could make
another bend 7 inches from the first bend and then the last
x + 3x + 24 = 90
side will also be 7 inches long.
4x = 66
x = 16.5 40. Sample answer:

⋅
3(x + 8)° = 3(16.5 + 8) = 3 24.5 = 73.5 1
GO TEAM! 2
The two acute angles measure 16.5° and 73.5°.
3
26. x° + [2(x − 12)]° = 90°
x + 2x − 24 = 90
3x = 114
When a triangular pennant is on a stick, the two angles
x = 38 on the top edge of the pennant (∠ 1 and ∠ 2) should have
[2(x − 12)]° = 2(38 − 12) = 2 26 = 52 ⋅ measures such that their sum is equal to the measure of the
angle formed by the stick and the bottom edge of the
The two acute angles measure 38° and 52°.
pennant (∠ 3).

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Chapter 5

41. Given △ABC is a right triangle. A 43. It is possible to draw an obtuse isosceles triangle.
Sample answer:
Prove ∠ A and ∠ B are
complementary.

C B An obtuse equilateral triangle is not possible, because when

two sides form an obtuse angle the third side that connects
STATEMENTS REASONS
them must be longer than the other two.
1. △ABC is a right triangle. 1. Given
44. It is possible to draw a right isosceles triangle. It will have
2. ∠ C is a right angle. 2. Given (marked
angle measurements of 45°, 45°, and 90°.
in diagram)
3. m∠ C = 90° 3. Definition of a
right angle

4. m∠ A + m∠ B + m∠ C = 180° 4. Triangle Sum

Theorem
(Thm. 5.1) A right equilateral triangle is not possible, because the
hypotenuse must be longer than either leg in a right triangle.
5. m∠ A + m∠ B + 90° = 180° 5. Substitution
Property of 45. a. AB + AB + BC = Perimeter
Equality
x + x + 2x − 4 = 32
6. m∠ A + m∠ B = 90° 6. Subtraction
4x − 4 = 32
Property of
Equality 4x = 36
7. ∠ A and ∠ B are 7. Definition of x=9
complementary. complementary AB + AB + BC = Perimeter
angles x + 2x − 4 + 2x − 4 = 32
5x − 8 = 32
42. Given △ABC, exterior ∠ BCD
B 5x = 40
Prove m∠ A + m∠ B = m∠ BCD
x=8
b. AB + AB + BC = Perimeter
A C D
x + x + 2x − 4 = 12
STATEMENTS REASONS 4x − 4 = 12
1. △ABC, exterior ∠ BCD 1. Given 4x = 16
2. m∠ A + m∠ B + m∠ BCA 2. Triangle Sum x=4
= 180° Theorem AB + AB + BC = Perimeter
(Thm. 5.1) x + 2x − 4 + 2x − 4 = 12
3. ∠ BCA and ∠ BCD form a 3. Definition of 5x − 8 = 12
linear pair. linear pair
5x = 20
4. m∠ BCA + m∠ BCD = 180° 4. Linear Pair x=4
Postulate There is one value for x, x = 4.
(Post 2.8)
46. a. The triangle appears to have three congruent sides and
5. m∠ A + m∠ B + m∠ BCA 5. Transitive three congruent angles. So, the triangle is equiangular,
= m∠ BCA + m∠ BCD Property of acute, equilateral, and isosceles.
Equality
b. The triangle appears to have two congruent sides, no right
6. m∠ A + m∠ B = m∠ BCD 6. Subtraction angles, and no obtuse angle. So, the triangle is acute and
Property of isosceles.
Equality
c. The triangle appears to have one obtuse angle and no
congruent sides. So, the triangle is obtuse and scalene.
d. The triangle appears to have a right angle and no
congruent sides. So, the triangle is right and scalene.

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Chapter 5

47. Exterior angle = Sum of the two nonadjacent interior angles 53. Given ⃖''⃗
AB ) ⃖''⃗
CD
? ? Prove m∠ 1 + m∠ 2 + m∠ 3 = 180°
A. 100° = 62° + 38° B. 81° = 57° + 24°
100° = 100° ✓ 81° = 81° ✓ B

? 2 D
F. 149° = 101° + 48°
149° = 149° ✓ 1 3
4
5
A C E
48. no; According to the Exterior Angle Theorem (Thm. 5.2),
the measure of an exterior angle in a triangle is always equal STATEMENTS REASONS
to the sum of the measures of the two nonadjacent interior
1. ⃖''⃗
AB ) ⃖''⃗
CD 1. Given (marked
angles.
in diagram)
49. By the Alternate Interior Angles Theorem (Thm. 3.2), 2. ∠ ACD and ∠ 5 form 2. Definition of linear
x = 43. Use the Exterior Angle theorem (Thm. 5.2) to find y. a linear pair. pair
75° = y° + 43° 3. m∠ ACD + ∠ 5 = 180° 3. Linear Pair Postulate
32 = y (Post. 2.8)
So, x = 43 and y = 32. 4. m∠ 3 + m∠ 4 = m∠ ACD 4. Angle Addition
Postulate (Post. 1.4)
50. By the Corresponding Angle Theorem (Thm. 3.1), x = 118.
Use the Exterior Angle Theorem (Thm. 5.2) to find the value 5. m∠ 3 + m∠ 4 + m∠ 5 5. Substitution Property
of y. = 180° of Equality
118° = y° + 22° 6. m∠ 1 ≅ m∠ 5 6. Corresponding Angle
96 = y Theorem (Thm. 3.1)

So, x = 118 and y = 96. 7. m∠ 2 ≅ m∠ 4 7. Alternate Interior

Angles Theorem
51. The sum of the measures of the two acute angles of a right (Thm 3.2)
triangle is 90°. 8. m∠ 1 = m∠ 5, 8. Definition of
y° + 25° = 90° m∠ 2 = m∠ 4 congruent angles
y = 65 9. m∠ 3 + m∠ 2 + m∠ 1 9. Substitution Property
Use the Exterior Angle Theorem (Thm. 5.2) to find the value = 180° of Equality
of x.
x° = 65° + 20° = 85° Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency
So, x = 85 and y = 65. 54. (5x − 27)° = (3x + 1)°
2x − 27 = 1
52. The sum of the measures of the two acute angles of a right
2x = 28
triangle is 90°.
x = 14
x° + 64° = 90°
3(14) + 1 = 42 + 1 = 43
x = 26
So, m∠ KHL = 43°.
By the Alternate Interior Angles Theorem (Thm. 3.2), the
unmarked angle of the triangle containing y° measures 26°. 55. m∠ ABC = m∠ GHK
Because both triangles contain a right angle and an angle
(6x + 2)° = (5x − 27)° + (3x + 1)°
measuring 26°, y° must be 64°. So, x = 26 and y = 64.
6x + 2 = 8x − 26
−2x = −28
x = 14
⋅
6 14 + 2 = 86
So, m∠ ABC = 86°.

56. 5y − 8 = 3y
2y = 8
y=4
⋅
3y = 3 4 = 12
So, GH = 12.
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Chapter 5

57. 3z + 6 = 8z − 9 — — — — — —
3. From the diagram, PS ≅ RQ, PT ≅ RT , and ST ≅ QT . Also,
−5z + 6 = −9 by the Vertical Angles Congruence Theorem (Thm. 2.6),
∠ PTS ≅ ∠ RTQ. From the diagram, PS— ) RQ
—, and
−5z = −15
∠ P ≅ ∠ R and ∠ S ≅ ∠ Q by the Alternate Interior Angles
z=3 Theorem (Thm. 3.2). Because all corresponding parts are
⋅
3z + 6 = 3 3 + 6 = 9 + 6 = 15 congruent △PTS ≅ △RTQ.
So, BC = 15.
4. ∠ NSR ≅ ∠ NDC and ∠ CND ≅ ∠ RNS, so by the Third
Angles Theorem (Thm. 5.4), ∠ SRN ≅ ∠ DCN. So,
5.2 Explorations (p. 239) ∠ DCN = 75°.
1. translation, reflection, rotation; A rigid motion maps
each part of a figure to a corresponding part of its image. 5. The additional information that is needed to conclude that
Because rigid motions preserve length and angle measure,
— ≅ RS
△NDC ≅ △NSR is that CD — or DN
— ≅ SN
—.
corresponding parts of congruent figures are congruent. In
congruent triangles, this means that the corresponding sides 5.2 Exercises (pp. 243–244)
and corresponding angles are congruent, which is sufficient
Vocabulary and Core Concept Check
to say that the triangles are congruent.
1. To show that two triangles are congruent, you need to show
2. a. Sample answer: Reflect △ABC in the x-axis and translate that all corresponding parts are congruent. If two triangles
3 units right. have the same side lengths and angle measures, then they
b. Sample answer: Rotate △ABC 180° about the origin. must be the same size and shape.
c. Sample answer: Rotate △ABC 270° counterclockwise 2. “Is △JLK ≅ △STR?” is different. Because corresponding
about the origin and translate 3 units down. angles and sides are not congruent, △JLK is not congruent
d. Sample answer: Reflect △ABC in the line y = x. to △STR. for the other three questions, corresponding angles
are congruent and corresponding sides are congruent. So, the
3. Look at the orientation of the original triangle and decide triangles are congruent.
which rigid motion or composition of rigid motions will
result in the same orientation as the second triangle. Then, if Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics
necessary, use a translation to move the first triangle so that — —— —— —
3. corresponding sides: AB ≅ DE , BC ≅ EF , AC ≅ DF
it coincides with the second.
corresponding angles: ∠ A ≅ ∠ D, ∠ B ≅ ∠ E, ∠ C ≅ ∠ F
4. Sample answer: Reflect △ABC in the y-axis and translate Sample answer: △CBA ≅ △FED
3 units right and 2 units down. — —— —— —
4. corresponding sides: GH ≅ QR , HJ ≅ RS , JK ≅ ST ,
y C
—
GK ≅ QT
4
corresponding angles: ∠ G ≅ ∠ Q, ∠ H ≅ ∠ R, ∠ J ≅ ∠ S,
F ∠K ≅ ∠T
A B
Sample answer: GHJK ≅ QRST
−2 E 4 x
D 5. ∠ N ≅ ∠ Y, so m∠ Y = 124°.
−2

6. ∠ X ≅ ∠ M, so m∠ M = 33°.

5.2 Monitoring Progress (pp. 241–242) 7. ∠ Z ≅ ∠ L and m∠ L = 180° − 124° − 33° = 23°. So,
— —— —— —
1. corresponding sides: AB ≅ CD , BG ≅ DE , GH ≅ EF ,
m∠ Z = 23°.
— —
AH ≅ CF — —
8. MN ≅ XY , so XY = 8.
corresponding angles: ∠ A ≅ ∠ C, ∠ B ≅ ∠ D, ∠ G ≅ ∠ E,
∠H ≅ ∠F 9. 135 = 10x + 65
70 = 10x
2. 4x + 5 = 105
7=x
4x = 100
4y − 4 = 28
x = 25
4y = 32
y=8
So, x = 7 and y = 8.

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Chapter 5

10. m∠ N = 180° − (142° + 24°) = 180° − 166° = 14° 16. Prove △ABG ≅ △DCF B C

m∠ N = m∠ U E

14° = (2x − 50)°

A F G D
64 = 2x
x = 32 STATEMENTS REASONS
1. —
AB ≅ —DC , —
AF ≅ —
NP = US
DG , 1. Given (marked in
2x − y = 13 —
BE ≅ CE ≅ —
— EF ≅ —
EG , diagram)
2(32) − y = 13 ∠ B ≅ ∠ C, ∠ A ≅ ∠ D
64 − y = 13 2. ∠ BGA ≅ ∠ CFD 2. Third Angles Theorem
−y = −51 (Thm. 5.4)
y = 51 3. AF + FG = AG, 3. Segment Addition
So, x = 32 and y = 51. DG + FG = DF, Postulate (Post. 1.2)
BE + EG = BG,
— —— —— —— —— —
11. VZ ≅ KJ , ZY ≅ JN , YX ≅ NM , XW ≅ ML , VW ≅ KL CE + EF = CF
∠ V ≅ ∠ K, ∠ Z ≅ ∠ J, ∠ Y ≅ ∠ N, ∠ X ≅ ∠ M, ∠ W ≅ ∠ L 4. AF = DG, 4. Definition of congruent
Because all corresponding parts of the polygons are BE = CE = EF = EG segments
congruent, VZYXW ≅ KJNML. 5. DG + FG = AG, 5. Substitution Property of
— — — —
12. From the diagram WX ≅ YZ and XY ≅ ZW . By the Reflexive
BE + EG = CF Equality
— ≅ WY
Property of Congruence (Thm. 2.1), WY —. Also 6. DF = AG, 6. Transitive Property of
from the diagram, ∠ X ≅ ∠ Z. Then, from the markings BG = CF Equality
in the diagram, — — and XW
XY ) ZW — ) ZY
—. You can conclude
7. —
DF ≅ —
AG , 7. Definition of congruent
that ∠ XYW ≅ ∠ ZWY and ∠ XWY ≅ ∠ ZYW by the — —
BG ≅ CF segments
Alternate Interior Angles Theorem (Thm. 3.2). Because all
corresponding parts are congruent, △WXY ≅ △YZW. 8. △ABG ≅ △DCF 8. All corresponding parts
are congruent.
13. ∠ L ≅ ∠ Z and ∠ N ≅ ∠ Y, so by the Third Angles Theorem
(Thm. 5.4), ∠ 1 ≅ ∠ M. By the Triangle Sum Theorem 17. The congruence statement should be used to ensure that
(Thm. 5.1), m∠ 1 = 180° − 90° − 70° = 20°. corresponding parts are matched up correctly.
14. ∠ B ≅ ∠ Q and ∠ A ≅ ∠ S, so by the Third Angles Theorem ∠S ≅ ∠Y
(Thm. 5.4), ∠ C ≅ ∠ 1. By the Triangle Sum Theorem m∠ S = m∠ Y
(Thm. 5.1), m∠ 1 = 180° − 45° − 80° = 55°. m∠ S = 90° − 42° = 48°
— —— —
15. Given AB ) DC , AB ≅ DC , A B
— and BD
E is the midpoint of AC —. 18. In order to conclude that triangles are congruent, the sides
E
must also be congruent; △MNP is not congruent to △RSP
Prove △AEB ≅ △CED because the corresponding sides are not congruent.

D C

STATEMENTS REASONS
— ) DC
1. AB —, E is the 1. Given
— and BD
midpoint of AC —.
2. ∠ AEB ≅ ∠ CED 2. Vertical Angles
Congruence Theorem
(Thm. 2.6)
3. ∠ BAE ≅ ∠ DCE, 3. Alternate Interior
∠ ABE ≅ ∠ CDE Angles Theorem
(Thm. 3.2)
4. —
AE ≅ —
EC , —
BE ≅ —
DE 4. Definition of midpoint

5. △AEB ≅ △CED 5. All corresponding

parts are congruent.

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Chapter 5

19. Given ∠ A ≅ ∠ D and ∠ B ≅ ∠ E 23. m∠ L + m∠ M + m∠ N = 180°

Prove ∠ C ≅ ∠ F 40° + 90° + m∠ N = 180°
B E 130° + m∠ N = 180°
m∠ N = 50°
m∠ N = m∠ R m∠ L = m∠ P
A C D F 50° = (2x + 4y)° 40° = (17x − y)°
STATEMENTS REASONS 2x + 4y = 50 .
So, a system of equations is
1. ∠ A ≅ ∠ D, ∠ B ≅ ∠ E 1. Given 17x − y = 40

2. Definition of Solve the second equation for y to get y = 17x − 40.

2. m∠ A = m∠ D,
Substitute this for y in the first equation and solve for x.
m∠ B = m∠ E congruent angles
2x + 4(17x − 40) = 50
3. m∠ A + m∠ B + m∠ C 3. Triangle Sum
2x + 68x − 160 = 50
= 180°, m∠ D + m∠ E Theorem (Thm. 5.1)
+ m∠ F = 180° 70x − 160 = 50

4. m∠ D + m∠ E + m∠ F 70x = 210
4. Transitive Property
= m∠ A + m∠ B + m∠ C of Equality x=3

5. m∠ D + m∠ E + m∠ F 5. Substitution Substitute 3 for x in the second equation and solve for y.

= m∠ D + m∠ E + m∠ C Property of Equality ⋅
y = 17 3 − 40

6. m∠ F = m∠ C 6. Subtraction y = 51 − 40 = 11
Property of Equality So, x = 3 and y = 11.
7. ∠ F = ∠ C 7. Definition of 24. m∠ S + m∠ T + m∠ U = 180°
congruent angles
130° + 28° + (4x + y)° = 180°
8. ∠ C = ∠ F 8. Symmetric Property 158 + 4x + y = 180
4x + y = 22
20. Sample answer:
m∠ Y = m∠ T
(8x − 6y)° = 28°

So, a system of equations is 4x + y = 22 .

8x − 6y = 28
The Transitive Property of Triangle Congruence (Thm. 5.3) Solve the first equation for y to get y = 22 − 4x. Substitute
guarantees that all the triangles are congruent. this for y in the second equation and solve for x.
— —— —— —
21. corresponding sides: JK ≅ XY , KL ≅ YZ , JL ≅ XZ 8x − 6(22 − 4x) = 28

corresponding angles: ∠ J ≅ ∠ X, ∠ K ≅ ∠ Y, ∠ L ≅ ∠ Z 8x − 132 + 24x = 28

32x − 132 = 28
22. a. They are congruent because corresponding parts of 32x = 160
congruent figures are congruent.
x=5
b. They are congruent because they are both supplementary
to congruent angles. Substitute 5 for x in the first equation and solve for y.

c. ∠ GEB is also a right angle, and all right angles are

4(5) + y = 22
congruent. 20 + y = 22
— —
d. yes; From parts (a)–(c), you know that BE ≅ DE , y=2
∠ ABE ≅ ∠ CDE, ∠ GBE ≅ ∠ GDE, and So, x = 5 and y = 2.
∠ GEB ≅ ∠ GED. Also, GE — ≅ GE— by the Reflexive
Property of Congruence (Thm. 2.1), ∠ BGE ≅ ∠ DGE 25. A rigid motion maps each part of a figure to a corresponding
— ≅ DG
by the Third Angles Theorem (Thm. 5.4), and BG — part of its image. Because rigid motions preserve length and
from the diagram markings. So, △BEG ≅ △DEG because angle measure, corresponding parts of congruent figures are
all corresponding parts are congruent. congruent, which means that the corresponding sides and
corresponding angles are congruent.

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Chapter 5
Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency 2. STATEMENTS REASONS
26. ∠ Z ≅ ∠ W
— —
27. ∠ N ≅ ∠ T, RS ≅ PQ
1. ∠ B and ∠ D are right 1. Given
— — angles,
28. ∠ J ≅ ∠ M, JK ≅ KM (K is the midpoint), and —
BA ≅ — DA ≅ — DC ≅ — BC ,
R is the midpoint of —
m∠ LKM = 90°.
BA ,
— —— —
29. ∠ D ≅ ∠ H, DF ) GH , DE ≅ HI , ∠ DFE ≅ ∠ HGI U is the midpoint of —
DA ,
T is the midpoint of —
DC ,
5.3 Explorations (p. 245) and S is the midpoint of
—
BC .
1. a. Check students’ work.
b. Check students’ work. 2. ∠ B ≅ ∠ D 2. Right Angles
Congruence
c. BC ≈ 1.95 units, m∠ B ≈ 98.79°, m∠ C ≈ 41.21°
Theorem (Thm. 2.3)
d. Check students’ work. If two sides and the included angle
3. BA = DA = DC = BC 3. Definition of
of a triangle are congruent to two sides and the included
congruent segments
angle of another triangle, then the triangles are congruent.
4. BA = BR + RA, 4. Segment Addition
2. Two triangles can be proved congruent if two pairs of
DA = DU + UA, Postulate (Post. 1.2)
corresponding sides and corresponding included angles
DC = DT + TC,
are congruent.
BC = BS + SC
3. Start with two triangles so that two sides and the included 5. BR + RA = DU + UA = 5. Transitive Property
angle of one triangle are congruent to two sides and the DT + TC = BS + SC of Equality
BR ≅ —
RA , —
DU ≅ —
included angle of another triangle. Then show that one
triangle can be translated until it coincides with the other 6. — UA , 6. Definition of
triangle by a composition of rigid motions.
—
DT ≅ TC , BS ≅ —
— — SC midpoint

7. BR = RA, DU = UA, 7. Definition of

5.3 Monitoring Progress (pp. 247–248)
DT = TC, BS = SC congruent segments
— ≅ BC
Given ABCD is a square, AB — ≅ CD — ≅ AD —, ∠ A, ∠ B, ∠ C,
∠ D are right angles. R, S, T, and U are midpoints of the 8. BR + BR = DU + DU = 8. Substitution
sides ABCD. RT— ⊥ SU
— and SV — ≅ VU—. DT + DT = BS + BS Property of Equality

S ⋅
9. 2 BR = 2 DU ⋅ 9. Distributive
⋅ ⋅
B C
= 2 DT = 2 BS Property
10. BR = DU = DT = BS 10. Division Property
R T
V of Equality
BR ≅ —
11. — DU ≅ —
DT ≅ —
BS 11. Definition
A U D of congruent
segments
1. Prove △SVR ≅ △UVR 12. △BSR ≅ △DUT 12. SAS Congruence
Theorem
STATEMENTS REASONS (Thm. 5.5)
— ≅ VU
1. SV —, RT
— ⊥ SU
— 1. Given
— —
2. —
VR ≅ —
3. Given DA ≅ DG and D
VR 2. Reflexive Property of
∠ ADR ≅ ∠ GDR
Congruence (Thm. 2.1)
Prove △DRA ≅ △DRG
3. ∠ SVR and ∠ UVR 3. Definition of perpendicular
are right angles. lines A R G

STATEMENTS REASONS
4. ∠ SVR ≅ ∠ UVR 4. Right Angles Congruence
— ≅ DG
—,
Theorem (Thm. 2.3) 1. DA 1. Given
∠ ADR ≅ ∠ GDR
5. △SVR ≅ △UVR 5. SAS Congruence Theorem
(Thm. 5.5) 2. —
DR ≅ —
DR 2. Reflexive Property of
Congruence (Thm. 2.1)
3. △DRA ≅ △DRG 3. SAS Congruence Theorem
(Thm. 5.5)

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Chapter 5
5.3 Exercises (pp. 249–250) — —— —
16. Given AB ≅ CD , AB ) CD A D

Vocabulary and Core Concept Check Prove △ABC ≅ △CDA 1

1. An included angle is an angle formed by two adjacent
consecutive sides of a triangle. 2

B C
2. If two sides and the included angle of one triangle are
congruent to two sides and the included angle of a second STATEMENTS REASONS
triangle, then the two triangles are congruent. — ≅ CD
1. AB —, AB
— ) CD
— 1. Given
Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics 2. —
AC ≅ —
AC 2. Reflexive Property of
— —
3. ∠ JKL is the included angle between JK and KL . Congruence (Thm. 2.1)
— —
4. ∠ PKL is the included angle between PK and LK . 3. ∠ 1 ≅ ∠ 2 3. Alternate Interior Angle
Congruence Theorem
— —
5. ∠ KLP is the included angle between LP and LK . (Thm. 3.2)
— —
6. ∠ LJK is the included angle between JL and JK . 4. △ABC ≅ △CDA 4. SAS Congruence Theorem
(Thm. 5.5)
— —
7. ∠ KLJ is the included angle between KL and JL .
— —
8. ∠ KPL is the included angle between KP and PL . 17. Given C is the midpoint D
— and BD
of AE —.
9. no; The congruent angles are not the included angle.
Prove △ABC ≅ △EDC A E
C
10. yes; Two pairs of sides and the included angles are
congruent. B

11. no; One of the congruent angles is not the included angle.
STATEMENTS REASONS

1. C is the midpoint of 1. Given

12. no; The congruent angles are not the included angle. — and BD
AE —.
13. yes; Two pairs of sides and the included angles are
2. ∠ ACB ≅ ∠ ECD 2. Vertical Angles Congruence
congruent.
Theorem (Thm. 2.6)
14. no; ∠ NKM and ∠ KML are congruent by the Alternate 3. —
AC ≅ —
EC , 3. Definition of midpoint
Interior Angles Theorem (Thm. 3.2) but they are not the —
BC ≅ —
DC
included angles.
— 4. △ABC ≅ △EDC 4. SAS Congruence Theorem
15. Given PQ bisects ∠ SPT, P
(Thm. 5.5)
— ≅ TP
SP —
S T
Prove △SPQ ≅ △TPQ — —— —
18. Given PT ≅ RT , QT ≅ ST P Q

Q Prove △PQT ≅ △RST T

STATEMENTS REASONS

1. —
SP ≅ —
TP , 1. Given
S R
— bisects ∠ SPT.
PQ STATEMENTS REASONS

2. —
PQ ≅ —
PQ 2. Reflexive Property of
— ≅ RT
1. PT —, 1. Given
Congruence (Thm. 2.1)
— —
QT ≅ ST

3. ∠ SPQ ≅ ∠ TPQ 3. Definition of angle bisector 2. ∠ PTQ ≅ ∠ RTS 2. Vertical Angles Congruence
Theorem (Thm. 2.6)
4. △SPQ ≅ △TPQ 4. SAS Congruence Theorem
(Thm. 5.5) 3. △PQT ≅ △RST 3. SAS Congruence Theorem
(Thm. 5.5)

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Chapter 5
— —
19. △SRT ≅ △URT; RT ≅ RT by the Reflexive Property of 26. In order to prove △ABC ≅ △DBC, you will need to know
Congruence (Thm. 2.1). Also, because all points on a circle that ∠ ACB ≅ ∠ DCB.
— ≅ RU
are the same distance from the center, RS —. It is given
that ∠ SRT ≅ ∠ URT. So, △SRT and △URT are congruent 27. Given △ABC, △BCD,
by the SAS Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.5). and △CDE are B D
isosceles triangles
20. △BAD ≅ △DCB; Because the sides of the square are and ∠ B ≅ ∠ D. A C E
— ≅ DC
congruent, BA — and AD— ≅ CB—. Also, because the
Prove △ABC ≅ △CDE
angles of the square are congruent, ∠ A ≅ ∠ C. So, △BAD
and △DCB are congruent by the SAS Congruence Theorem Because △ABC, △BCD, and △CDE are isosceles triangles,
— ≅ BC
you know that AB —, BC
— ≅ CD—, and CD — ≅ DE
—.
(Thm. 5.5).
So, by the Transitive Property of Congruence (Thm. 2.1),
21. △STU ≅ △UVR; Because the sides of the pentagon are
— ≅ CD
AB — and BC— ≅ DE —. It is given that ∠ B ≅ ∠ D,
— ≅ UV
congruent, ST — and TU— ≅ VR—. Also, because the angles So △ABC ≅ △CDE by the SAS Congruence
of the pentagon are congruent ∠ T ≅ ∠ V. So, △STU and Theorem (Thm. 5.5).
△UVR are congruent by the SAS Congruence Theorem
(Thm. 5.5). 28. SSS, ASA, AAS, and SAS all correspond to congruence
theorems.
22. △NMK ≅ △NLK; Because all points on a circle are the
— ≅ NL
same distance from the center, NM — and KM— ≅ KL—.
— ⊥ MN
Because MK — and KL — ⊥ NL
—, ∠ M and ∠ L are right
angles by definition of perpendicular lines, which means
that ∠ M ≅ ∠ L by the Right Angles Congruence Theorem Counterexample for SSA
(Thm. 2.3). So, △NMK and △NLK are congruent by the
SAS Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.3.)
— —
23. Construct side DE so that it is congruent to AC . Construct
∠ D, with vertex D and side '''⃗
DE so that it is congruent
— so that it is congruent to AB
to ∠ A. Construct DF —. Draw
Counterexample for AAA
△DFE. By the SAS Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.5),
△ABC ≅ △DFE. 29. Prove △ABC ≅ △DEC

C F STATEMENTS REASONS
— ≅ DC
1. AC —, 1. Given (marked in diagram)
A D — —
BC ≅ EC
B E 2. ∠ ACB ≅ ∠ DCE 2. Vertical Angles Congruence
— —
24. Construct side DE so that it is congruent to AC . Construct
Theorem (Thm. 2.6)
∠ D, with vertex D and side '''⃗
DE so that it is congruent 3. △ABC ≅ △DEC 3. SAS Congruence Theorem
— so that it is congruent to AB
to ∠ A. Construct DF —. Draw
(Thm. 5.5)
△DFE. By the SAS Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.5),
△ABC ≅ △DFE. AC = CD BC = CE

C E 4y − 6 = 2x + 6 3y + 1 = 4x
4y = 2x + 12 ( )
3 —12x + 3 + 1 = 4x
1
y= —2 x +3 1.5x + 9 + 1 = 4x
A B D
F 1.5x + 10 = 4x
10 = 2.5x
25. △XYZ and △WYZ are congruent so either the expressions for
— and WZ
XZ — or the expressions for XY
— and WY— should be set x=4
equal to each other because they are corresponding sides. ⋅
y = —12 4 + 3 = 2 + 3 = 5
5x − 5 = 3x + 9 So, x = 4 and y = 5.
2x − 5 = 9 — —
30. no; When you construct AB and AC, you have to construct
2x = 14 them at an angle that is congruent to ∠ A. Otherwise, when
x=7 you construct an angle congruent to ∠ C, you might not get a
—.
third segment that is congruent to BC

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Chapter 5
31. Given A reflection in line K m STATEMENTS REASONS
maps point A to A′, A″
a reflection in line m M 12. m∠ APA″ = 2(m∠ A′PK + 12. Distributive
A′ m∠ A′PM) Property
maps A′ to A″, and
m∠ MPK = x°. K k
13. m∠ APA″ = 2(m∠ MPK) 13. Substitution
Prove The angle of rotation Property of
is 2x°. A Equality
P
14. m∠ APA″ = 2(x°) = 2x° 14. Substitution
Property of
STATEMENTS REASONS Equality
1. A reflection in line k maps 1. Given 15. Point A is rotated about point P, 15. Definition of
point A to A′, a reflection and the angle of rotation is 2x°. rotation
in line m maps A′ to A″, and
m∠ MPK = x°. Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency
32. Two sides are equivalent and one angle is a right angle.
2. Line k is the perpendicular 2. Definition of
bisector of —
So, the triangle is a right isosceles triangle.
AA′ , and line m is the reflection
perpendicular bisector of —A′A″ . 33. Two sides are equivalent and one angle is obtuse. So, the
triangle is an obtuse isosceles triangle.
3. —
AK ≅ —KA′ , ∠ AKP and 3. Definition of
∠ A′KP are right angles, perpendicular 34. All sides are congruent, and therefore all angles are
—
A′M ≅ — MA″ , and ∠ A′MP bisector congruent. So, the triangle is a equiangular equilateral
and ∠ A″MP are right angles. triangle.
35. None of the sides are congruent and one angle is obtuse.
4. ∠ AKP ≅ ∠ A′KP, 4. Right Angles
So, the triangle is an obtuse scalene triangle.
∠ A′MP ≅ ∠ A″MP Congruence
Theorem 5.4 Explorations (p. 251)
(Thm. 2.3)
1. a. Check students’ work.
5. —
KP ≅ —
KP 5. Reflexive b. Check students’ work.
Property of c. Because all points on a circle are the same distance from
Congruence
— ≅ AC
the center, AB —.
(Thm. 2.1) d. ∠ B ≅ ∠ C

6. △AKP ≅ △A′KP, 6. SAS Congruence e. Check students’ work.

△A′MP ≅ △A″MP Theorem If two angles of a triangle are congruent, then the angles
(Thm. 5.5) opposite them are congruent.
f. If two angles of a triangle are congruent, then the sides
7. —
AP ≅ —
A′P , —
A′P ≅ —
A″P , 7. Corresponding opposite them are congruent. The converse is true.
∠ APK ≅ ∠ A′PK, parts of congruent
2. In an isosceles triangle, two sides are congruent and the
∠ A′PM ≅ ∠ A″PM triangles are
angles opposite them are congruent.
congruent.

8. —
AP ≅ —
3. Draw the angle bisector of the included angle between the
A″P 8. Transitive congruent sides to divide the given isosceles triangle into
Property of two triangles. Use the SAS Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.5)
Congruence to show that these two triangles are congruent. Then, use
(Thm. 2.1) properties of congruent triangles to show that the two angles
9. m∠ APK = m∠ A′PK, 9. Definition of opposite the shared sides are congruent.
m∠ A′PM = m∠ A″PM congruent angles For the converse, draw the angle bisector of the angle that is
not congruent to the other two. This divides the given triangle
10. m∠ MPK = m∠ A′PK + 10. Angle Addition into two triangles that have two pairs of corresponding
m∠ A′PM, m∠ APA″ = Postulate congruent angles. The third pair of angles are congruent by
m∠ APK + m∠ A′PK + (Post. 1.4) the Third Angles Theorem (Thm. 5.4). Also, the angle bisector
m∠ A′PM + m∠ A″PM is congruent to itself by the Reflexive Property of Congruence
(Thm. 2.1). So, the triangles are congruent, and the sides
11. m∠ APA″ = m∠ A′PK + 11. Substitution opposite the congruent angles in the original triangle
m∠ A′PK + m∠ A′PM + Property of are congruent.
m∠ A′PM Equality

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Chapter 5
5.4 Monitoring Progress (pp. 253–255) 7. △ABC is an equiangular triangle and, therefore, an
—
1. If HG ≅ HK, then ∠ HKG ≅ ∠ G. equilateral triangle, So, x = 12.
— —
2. If ∠ KHJ ≅ ∠ KJH, then KJ ≅ KH . 8. △MLN is an equiangular triangle and, therefore, an
equilateral triangle, So, x = 16.
3. The triangle is equiangular; therefore, by Corollary to the
Converse of the Base Angles Theorem (Cor. 5.3) the length 9. △RST is an equilateral triangle and, therefore, an
— is 5 units.
of ST equiangular triangle, So, x = 60.

4. The triangle on the right is an equilateral triangle. Each 10. △DEF is an equilateral triangle and, therefore, each angle is
angle has a measure of 60°, therefore, x = 60. The triangle 3x° = 60°, or x = 20.
on the left is an isosceles triangle. Both base angles are
⋅
90° − 60° = 30°. So, y = 180 − 2 30 = 120. 11. The pennant is an isosceles triangle. So, x = 79 and
⋅
y = 180 − 2 79 = 180 − 158 = 22.
— —
5. From Example 4, you know that PT ≅ QT and ∠ 1 ≅ ∠ 2.
— ≅ QR
It is stated that PS — and ∠ QPS ≅ ∠ PQR. By definition 12. Sample answer:
of congruent segments and angles, m∠ 1 = m∠ 2 and
m∠ QPS ≅ m∠ PQR. Also, by the Angle Addition Postulate
(Post 1.4), m∠ 1 + m∠ TPS + m∠ QPS and
7 cm Reuse 7 cm
m∠ 2 + m∠ TQR + m∠ PQR. By substituting m∠ 1 for Reduce
m∠ 2 and m∠ QPS for m∠ PQR, you get m∠ 1 + m∠ TQR = Recycle
m∠ QPS. Then, by the Transitive Property of Equality,
m∠ 1 + m∠ TPS = m∠ 1 + m∠ TQR. So, by the 7 cm
Subtraction Property of Equality, m∠ TPS = m∠ TQR.
Because ∠ TPS = ∠ TQR by definition, you can conclude 13. The triangle in the center is equilateral; therefore, each angle
that △PTS ≅ △QTR by the SAS Congruence Theorem measures 60°. So, x = 60. Because the top and bottom lines
(Thm. 5.5). are parallel, the alternate interior angles have a measure of
60°. By the Base Angles Theorem (Thm. 5.6), y = 60.
5.4 Exercises (pp. 256–258)
14. The vertex angle of the isosceles triangle measures
Vocabulary and Core Concept Check 180° − 40° = 140°. To find the base angles:
1. The vertex angle is the angle formed by the congruent sides, 2x° + 140° = 180°
or legs, of an isosceles triangle. 2x = 40
2. The base angles of an isosceles triangle are opposite the x = 20
congruent sides, and they are congruent by the Base Angles To find y:
Theorem (Thm. 5.6). y° + x° = 90°
y + 20 = 90
Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics
— —
3. If AE ≅ DE , then ∠ D ≅ ∠ A by the Base Angles Theorem
y = 70
(Thm. 5.6). So, x = 20 and y = 70.
— —
4. If AB ≅ EB , then ∠ AEB ≅ ∠ A by the Base Angles Theorem 15. The triangle on the left is equiangular and, therefore, equilateral.
(Thm. 5.6). 8y = 40
— —
5. If ∠ D ≅ ∠ CED, then EC ≅ DC , by the Converse of the
y=5
Base Angles Theorem (Thm. 5.7). The triangle on the right is isosceles and the vertex angle
measures 180° − 60° = 120°. So, by the Base Angles
— —
6. If ∠ EBC ≅ ∠ ECB, then EC ≅ EB , by the Converse of the 180° − 120° 60°
Base Angles Theorem (Thm. 5.7). Theorem (Thm. 5.6), —— = — = 30°. So, x = 30
2 2
and y = 5.

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Chapter 5
16. By the Converse of Base Angles Theorem (Thm. 5.7): 20. a. Because △ABD and △CBD are congruent and equilateral,
3x − 5 = y + 12
— ≅ CB
you know that AB —. So △ABC is isosceles.
3x − 5 − 12 = y b. Because △ABC is isosceles, ∠ BAE ≅ ∠ BCE by the Base
y = 3x − 17 Angels Theorem (Thm. 5.6).
c. By the Reflexive Property of Congruence (Thm. 2.1),
The triangle on the right is equiangular and, therefore, — —. Because △ABD and △CBD are congruent and
BE ≅ BE
equilateral.
equilateral, and also equiangular by the Corollary to the
3x − 5 = 5y − 4
Base Angels Theorem (Cor. 5.2), you can conclude that
3x − 5 = 5(3x − 17) − 4 ∠ ABE ≅ ∠ CBE. Also, AB — ≅ CB— as explained in part (a).
3x − 5 = 15x − 85 − 4 So, by the SAS Congruence Theorem (Thm 5.5),
3x − 5 = 15x − 89 △ABE and △CBE.
d. m∠ ABE + m∠ CBE = m∠ ABC
−12x = − 84
x=7 Angle Addition Postulate (Post. 1.4)

y = 3x − 17 m∠ ABE = 60°, m∠ CBE = 60°

⋅
y = 3 7 − 17 Definition of equiangular triangle
m∠ ABC = 60° + 60° = 120°
y = 21 − 17 = 4
So, x = 7 and y = 4. Substitution Property of Equality
m∠ ABC + m∠ BAE + m∠ BCE = 180°
17. Draw a segment with length 3 inches. Draw an arc with Triangle Sum Theorem (Thm. 5.1)
center at one endpoint and radius 3 inches. Draw an arc with
center at the other endpoint and radius 3 inches. Connect 120° + m∠ BAE + m∠ BCE = 180°
the intersection of the arcs with two segments to form an Substitution Property of Equality
equilateral triangle. m∠ BAE + m∠ BCE = 60°
Subtraction Property of Equality
m∠ BAE = m∠ BCE
Corresponding parts of congruent triangles are
congruent.
m∠ BAE + m∠ BCE = 60°
Substitution Property of Equality
3 in.
2m∠ BAE = 60°
18. Draw a segment with length 1.25 inches. Draw an arc with Simplify.
center at one endpoint and radius 1.25 inches. Draw an arc
m∠ BAE = 30°
with center at the other endpoint and radius 1.25 inches.
Connect the intersection of the arcs with two segments to Division Property of Equality
form an equilateral triangle.
21. a. Each edge is made out of the same number of sides of the
original equilateral triangle.
b. The areas of the first four triangles in the pattern are
1 square unit, 4 square units, 9 square units, and
1.25 in. 16 square units.
19. When two angles of a triangle are congruent, the sides c. Triangle 1 has an area of 12 = 1, Triangle 2 has an area of
opposite the angles are congruent; Because ∠ A ≅ ∠ C, 22 = 4, Triangle 3 has an area of 32 = 9, and so on. So, by
— ≅ BC
AB —. So BC = 5. deductive reasoning, you can predict that Triangle n has
an area of n2.
Seventh triangle: 72 = 49 square units.
—
22. A, C; If the base of isosceles △XYZ is YZ , then the legs are
— and XZ
XY — and XY
— ≅ XZ
— and ∠ Y ≅ ∠ Z.

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Chapter 5

23. x + 4 = 4x + 1 29. no; The two sides that are congruent can form an obtuse
angle or a right angle.
4 = 3x + 1
3 = 3x 30. no; The sum of the angles of a triangle is always 180°. So, if
1=x all three angles are congruent, then they will always be
180°
Perimeter = 7 + 1 + 4 + 4 + 1 = 17 inches — = 60°.
3
24. 2x − 3 = x + 5 31. 3t = 5t − 12 or 3t = t + 20 or 5t − 12 = t + 20
x=8 −2t = −12 2t = 20 4t = 32
21 − x = x + 5 t=6 t = 10 t=8
16 = 2x The values of t could be 6, 8, and 10.
8=x 32. The base angles are
21 − x = 2x − 3 (180 − x)° and the vertex
x° angle is 180° − 2(180 − x)°
24 = 3x = (2x − 180)°.
8=x
The vertex angle is (180 − x)°

⋅
Perimeter = (2 8 − 3) + (8 + 5) + (21 − 8) and the base angles are
= 13 + 13 + 13 = 39 inches
x°
180° − (180 − x)°
—— = — .
2 ()x °
2
25. By the Reflexive Property of Congruence (Thm. 2.1), the
yellow triangle and the yellow-orange triangle share a 33. If the base angles are x°, then the vertex angle is (180 − 2x)°,
congruent side. Because the triangles are all isosceles, by or [2(90 − x)]°. Because 2(90 − x) is divisible by 2, the
the Transitive Property of Congruence (Thm. 2.1), the vertex angle is even when the angles are whole numbers.
yellow-orange triangle and the orange triangle share a side
that is congruent to the one shared by the yellow triangle and 34. a. ∠ XVY, ∠ UXV; ∠ WUX ≅ ∠ XVY because they are both
the yellow-orange triangle. This reasoning can be continued vertex angles of congruent isosceles triangles. Also,
around the wheel, so the legs of the isosceles triangles are m∠ UXV + m∠ VXY = m∠ UXY by the Angle Addition
all congruent. Because you are given that the vertex angles Postulate (Post. 1.4), and m∠ UXY = m∠ WUX + m∠ UWX
are all congruent, you can conclude that the yellow triangle by the Exterior Angle Theorem (Thm. 5.2). So, by the
is congruent to the purple triangle by the SAS Congruence Transitive Property of Equality, m∠ UXV + m∠ VXY
Theorem (Thm. 5.5). = m∠ WUX + m∠ UWX. Also, m∠ UWX = m∠ VXY
because they are base angles of congruent isosceles
26. 180° − 30° = 150° triangles. By substituting m∠ UWX for m∠ VXY, you get
150
— = 75 m∠ UXV + m∠ UWX = m∠ WUX + m∠ UWX. By the
2
The measures of the base angles are each 75°. Subtraction Property of Equality, m∠ UXV = m∠ WUX,
so ∠ UXV ≅ ∠ WUX.
27. yellow b. Because the triangles are congruent isosceles triangles
yellow-
green
yellow-
orange — ≅ VY
and from part (a), UX — ≅ UW — ≅ VX —, then
—≅—
WX —. So, the distance between points U
XY ≅ UV
green orange
and V is 8 meters.
35. a. 2.1 mi; by the Exterior Angle Theorem (Thm. 5.2),
blue- red-
green orange m∠ L = 70° − 35° = 35°. Because m∠ SRL = 35°
= m∠ RLS, by definition of congruent angles,
∠ SRL ≅ ∠ RLS. So, by the Converse of the Base Angles
blue red
— ≅ SL
Theorem (Thm. 5.7), RS —. So, SL = RS = 2.1 miles.
blue- red- b. Find the point on the shore line that has an angle of 45°
purple purple purple
from the boat. Then, measure the distance that the boat
The three sides of the triangle are congruent. So, the triangle travels until the angle is 90°. That distance is the same as
is an equiangular equilateral triangle. the distance between the boat and the shore line because
the triangle formed is an isosceles right triangle.
28. Every fourth color is a triad: Yellow-green, blue-purple, red-
36. no; The sum of the angle measures of a very large spherical
orange; green, purple, orange; and blue-green, red-purple,
triangle will be greater than 180°, but for smaller spherical
yellow-orange.
triangles, the sum will be closer to 180°.

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Chapter 5

37. Given △ABC is equilateral. A 41. Given △ABC is equilateral. A

Prove △ABC is equiangular. ∠ CAD ≅ ∠ ABE ≅ ∠ BCF

D
F
B C E
Prove △DEF is equilateral. B C
STATEMENTS REASONS
STATEMENTS REASONS
1. △ABC is 1. Given
equilateral. 1. △ABC is equilateral. 1. Given
∠ CAD ≅ ∠ ABE
2. —
AB ≅ —
AC , 2. Definition of equilateral ≅ ∠ BCF
— ≅ BC
AB —, triangle
— —
AC ≅ BC 2. △ABC is equiangular. 2. Corollary to the Base
Angles Theorem (Cor. 5.2)
3. ∠ B ≅ ∠ C, 3. Base Angles Theorem
∠ A ≅ ∠ C, (Thm. 5.6) 3. ∠ ABC ≅ ∠ BCA 3. Definition of equiangular
∠A ≅ ∠B ≅ ∠ BAC triangle

4. △ABC is 4. Definition of equiangular 4. m∠ CAD = m∠ ABE = 4. Definition of congruent

equiangular. triangle m∠ BCF, m∠ ABC = angles
m∠ BCA = m∠ BAC
— —— —
38. a. By the markings, AE ≅ DE , AB ≅ DC , and 5. m∠ ABC = m∠ ABE + 5. Angle Addition Postulate
∠ BAE ≅ ∠ CDE. So, △ABE ≅ △DCE by SAS m∠ EBC, m∠ BCA = (Post. 1.4)
Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.5). m∠ BCF + m∠ ACF,
b. △AED and △BEC are isosceles triangles. m∠ BAC = m∠ CAD +
m∠ BAD
c. ∠ EDA, ∠ BCA, and ∠ CBD are all congruent to ∠ EAD.
6. m∠ ABE + m∠ EBC = 6. Substitution Property of
39. Given △ABC is equiangular. A
m∠ BCF + m∠ ACF = Equality
Prove △ABC is equilateral. m∠ CAD + m∠ BAD

B C 7. m∠ ABE + m∠ EBC = 7. Substitution Property of

m∠ ABE + m∠ ACF = Equality
STATEMENTS REASONS m∠ ABE + m∠ BAD
1. △ABC is 1. Given 8. m∠ EBC = m∠ ACF = 8. Subtraction Property of
equiangular. m∠ BAD Equality
2. ∠ B ≅ ∠ C, 2. Definition of equiangular 9. ∠ EBC ≅ ∠ ACF 9. Definition of congruent
∠ A ≅ ∠ C, triangle ≅ ∠ BAD angles
∠A ≅ ∠B

3. —
AB ≅ —
10. ∠ FEB ≅ ∠ DFC 10. Third Angles Theorem
AC , 3. Converse of the Base Angles
—
AB ≅ —
BC , Theorem (Thm. 5.7)
≅ ∠ EDA (Thm. 5.4)
—
AC ≅ —
BC 11. ∠ FEB and ∠ FED 11. Linear Pair Postulate
are supplementary, (Post. 2.8)
4. △ABC is 4. Definition of equilateral ∠ DFC and ∠ EFD are
equilateral. triangle supplementary, and
∠ EDA and ∠ FDE are
40. no; The distance between point T(0, 6) and a point on supplementary.
y = x is equal to the distance between U(6, 0) and y = x
12. ∠ FED ≅ ∠ EFD 12. Congruent Supplements
(using the same point). So any point V on y = x will be
≅ ∠ FDE Theorem (Thm. 2.4)
the same distance from T and U. Therefore, TV = VU
and △TVU is an isosceles triangle. Unless V(3, 3) is the 13. △DEF is equiangular. 13. Definition of equiangular
third point, in which case, T, V, and U are collinear and triangle
perpendicular to y = x.
14. △DEF is equilateral. 14. Corollary to the Converse
of the Base Angles
Theorem (Cor. 5.3)

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Chapter 5
Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency 5. corresponding angles: ∠ Q ≅ ∠ W, ∠ R ≅ ∠ X, ∠ S ≅ ∠ Y,
— — ∠T ≅ ∠Z
42. Reflexive Property of Congruence (Theorem 2.1): SE ≅ SE
— ≅ WX
corresponding sides: QR —, RS
— ≅ XY
—, ST
— ≅ YZ
—,
43. Symmetric Property of Congruence (Theorem 2.1): — —
— — — ≅ JK
—. QT ≅ WZ
If JK ≅ RS , then RS
Sample answer: RSTQ ≅ XYZW
44. Transitive Property of Congruence (Theorem 2.1):
— ≅ PQ
If EF —, and PQ
— ≅ UV
—, then EF
— ≅ UV
—. 6. no; The congruent angles are not the included angle.

7. yes; △GHF ≅ △KHJ by the SAS Congruence Theorem

5.1–5.4 What Did You Learn? (p. 259) (Thm. 5.5).
1. You are given a diagram of the triangle made from the
segments that connect each person to the other two, along STATEMENTS REASONS

1. —
GH ≅ —
with the length of each segment; the people are all standing
HK , 1. Given
on the same stage (plane), so the points are coplanar; You are —
FH ≅ —
HJ
asked to classify the triangle by its sides and by measuring
its angles. 2. ∠ GHF ≅ ∠ KHJ 2. Vertical Angles Congruence
Theorem (Thm. 2.6)
2. There is a pair of congruent triangles, so all pairs of
corresponding sides and angles are congruent. By the 3. △GHF ≅ △KHJ 3. SAS Congruence Theorem
Triangle Sum Theorem (Thm. 5.1), the three angles in (Thm. 5.5)
△LMN have measures that add up to 180°. You are given two
measures, so you can find the third using this theorem. The
8. yes; △LMP ≅ △NMP by the SAS Congruence Theorem
measure of ∠ P is equal to the measure of its corresponding
(Thm. 5.5).
angle, ∠ L. The measure of ∠ R is equal to the measure of
its corresponding angle, ∠ N. Once you write this system of STATEMENTS REASONS
equations, you can solve for the values of the variables.
1. —
LM ≅ —
NM , 1. Given
3. Sample answer: a large triangle made up of 9 small triangles, ∠ LMP ≅ ∠ NMP

2. —
MP ≅ —
a hexagon, a parallelogram
MP 2. Reflexive Property of
5.1–5.4 Quiz (p. 260) Congruence (Thm. 2.1)
1. x° = 30° + 80° = 110°; The exterior angle measures 110°. 3. △LMP ≅ △NMP 3. SAS Congruence Theorem
(Thm. 5.5)
2.(5x + 2)° + 6x° = 90°
11x = 88
— —
9. If VW ≅ WX , then ∠ VXW ≅ ∠ XVW by the Base Angles
x=8
Theorem (Thm. 5.6).
y° = 180° − (5x + 2)°
— —
⋅
= 180° − (5 8 + 2)° 10. If XZ ≅ XY , then ∠ XYZ ≅ ∠ XZY by the Base Angles
= 180° − 42° = 138° Theorem (Thm. 5.6).
The exterior angle measures 138°. — —
11. If ∠ ZVX ≅ ∠ ZXV, then XZ ≅ VZ , by the Converse of the
Base Angles Theorem (Thm. 5.7).
3. 29° + (12x + 26)° = (15x + 34)°
55 + 12x = 15x + 34 — —
12. If ∠ XYZ ≅ ∠ ZXY, then XZ ≅ YZ , by the Converse of the
21 = 3x Base Angles Theorem (Thm. 5.7).
7=x
⋅
(15x + 34)° = (15 7 + 34)° = (105 + 34)° = 139°
The exterior angle measures 139°.

4. corresponding angles: ∠ C ≅ ∠ F, ∠ A ≅ ∠ D, ∠ B ≅ ∠ E
—≅—
corresponding sides: CA — ≅ DE
FD, AB —, CB
— ≅ FE
—
Sample answer: △CAB ≅ △FDE

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Chapter 5

13. DE = QR 5.5 Explorations (p. 261)

5y − 7 = 38 1. a. Check students’ work.

5y = 45 b. Check students’ work.

—
c. AB = 2 because AB has one endpoint at the origin and one
y=9
endpoint on a circle with a radius of 2 units.
m∠ S = m∠ F —
AC = 3 because AC has one endpoint at the origin and
m∠ F = 180° − (123° + 29°) = 28°
one endpoint on a circle with a radius of 3 units. BC = 4
2x + 2 = 28 because it was created that way.
2x = 26 d. m∠ A = 104.43°, m∠ B = 46.61°, m∠ C = 28.96°
x = 13 e. Check students’ work; If two triangles have three pairs
So, x = 13 and y = 9. of congruent sides, then they will have three pairs of
congruent angles.
14. 5x − 1 = 24
2. When the corresponding sides of two triangles are congruent,
5x = 25 the corresponding angles are also congruent.
x=5
3. Use rigid transformations to map triangles.
6y = 120
y = 20 5.5 Monitoring Progress (pp. 263–265)
So, x = 5 and y = 20. — —— —
1. yes; From the diagram markings, DF ≅ HJ , FG ≅ JK , and
— ≅ HK
DG —. So, △DFG ≅ △HJK by the SSS Congruence
15. x = 4[ (90 − x) − 5 ]
Theorem (Thm. 5.8).
x = 360 − 4x − 20
— —
2. no; AB corresponds with CD , but they are not the same
5x = 340
measure. In order for two triangles to be congruent, all pairs
x = 68
of corresponding sides must be congruent.
90° − 68° = 22°
— —— —
3. yes; From the diagram markings, QP ≅ RS , PT ≅ ST , and
The acute angles are 68° and 22°. — ≅ RT
QT —. So, △QPT ≅ △RST by the SSS Congruence
16. a. Triangle 1 has a right angle. So, it is a right triangle. Theorem (Thm. 5.8).
It appears that triangle 2 has an obtuse angle. So, it is
an obtuse triangle. It appears that triangle 3 has three 4. not stable; This square is not stable because there are many
nonequivalent acute angles. So, it is an acute triangle. possible quadrilaterals with the given side lengths.
Triangle 4 has three congruent angles. So, it is an 5. stable; The diagonal support in this figure forms triangles
equiangular triangle. with fixed side lengths. By the SSS Congruence Theorem
b. Triangle 4 has three congruent sides. So, it is an (Thm. 5.8), these triangles cannot change shape, so the figure
equilateral triangle. It appears that triangle 5 has three is stable.
noncongruent sides. So, it is a scalene triangle.
6. not stable; The diagonal support in this figure forms a
Triangle 6 has two congruent sides. So, it is an isosceles
triangle and a quadrilateral. The triangle would be stable,
triangle.
but the quadrilateral is not because there are many possible
c. yes; A quadrilaterals with the given side lengths.
E 7. Redraw △ABC and △DCB.
7
8 C B
C D F
B

STATEMENTS REASONS

1. —
AB ≅ —
— —
DE , BC ≅ EF , 1. Given
B A C D
∠B ≅ ∠E

2. △ABC ≅ △DEF 2. SAS Congruence

Theorem (Thm. 5.5)

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Chapter 5
— —
8. Given AC ≅ DB , ∠ ABC and ∠ DCB are right angles.
— — — — — —
10. no; You are given that JK ≅ KL ≅ LM ≅ MJ . Also, JL ≅ JL
Prove △ABC ≅ △DCB by the Reflexive Property of Congruence (Thm. 2.1). So, it
should say △JKL ≅ △LMJ or △JKL ≅ △JML by the SSS
STATEMENTS REASONS Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.8).
— ≅ DB
1. AC —, ∠ ABC 1. Given 11. yes; The diagonal supports in this figure form triangles
and ∠ DCB are with fixed side lengths. By the SSS Congruence Theorem
right angles. (Thm. 5.8), these triangles cannot change shape, so the figure

2. —
CB ≅ —
is stable.
BC 2. Reflexive Property of
Congruence (Thm. 2.1) 12. no; The support in this figure forms two quadrilaterals, which
are not stable because there are many possible quadrilaterals
3. △ABC and △DCB 3. Definition of a right triangle with the given side lengths.
are right triangles.
— —
13. Given AC ≅ DB , A B
4. △ABC ≅ △DCB 4. HL Congruence Theorem — ⊥ AD
AB —, CD
— ⊥ AD
—
(Thm. 5.9)
Prove △BAD ≅ △CDA

D
5.5 Exercises (pp. 266–268)
D C
Vocabulary and Core Concept Check
1. The side opposite the right angle is called the hypotenuse of
the right triangle.
A
2. Three of the triangles are confirmed as right triangles. The
second triangle from the left is the only triangle with legs STATEMENTS REASONS
that are not the legs of a right triangle. — ≅ DB
1. AC —, 1. Given
—
AB ⊥ —
AD ,
—
CD ⊥ —
AD

2. —
AD ≅ —
AD 2. Reflexive Property of
Congruence (Thm. 2.1)

3. ∠ BAD and ∠ CDA 3. Definition of perpendicular

Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics
— —— —— — are right angles. lines
3. yes; AB ≅ DB , BC ≅ BE , AC ≅ DE
4. △BAD and △CDA 4. Definition of a right triangle
—
4. no; You cannot tell for sure from the diagram whether PS and are right triangles.
— are congruent.
RS
5. △BAD ≅ △CDA 5. HL Congruence Theorem
— —— —
5. yes; ∠ B and ∠ E are right angles, AB ≅ FE , AC ≅ FD (Thm. 5.9)

6. no; the hypotenuses are not marked as congruent. 14. Given G is the midpoint of EH ,
— E F
— —— — — — — ≅ GI
FG —,
7. no; You are given that RS ≅ PQ , ST ≅ QT, and RT ≅ PT .
∠ E and ∠ H are right angles.
So, it should say △RST ≅ △PQT by the SSS Congruence
Theorem (Thm. 5.8). Prove △EFG ≅ △HIG
— — — —
8. yes; You are given that AB ≅ CD and AD ≅ CB . Also
G
— ≅ BD
BD — by the Reflexive Property of Congruence
H I
(Thm. 2.1). So, △ABD ≅ △CDB by the SSS Congruence
Theorem (Thm. 5.8).
— — — —
9. yes; You are given that EF ≅ GF and DE ≅ DG . Also
— —
DF ≅ DF by the Reflexive Property of Congruence G
(Thm. 2.1). So, △DEF ≅ △DGF by the SSS Congruence
Theorem (Thm. 5.8).

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Chapter 5

STATEMENTS REASONS
—
17. Construct a side that is congruent to QS . Open your compass
—
to the length of QR . Use this length to draw an arc. Draw
1. G is the midpoint 1. Given
of —
an arc with radius RS. Complete the triangle. By the SSS
— ≅ GI
EH , FG —, Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.8), the two triangles are
∠ E and ∠ H are congruent.
right angles.
R
2. —
EG ≅ —
HG 2. Definition of midpoint

3. △EFG and △HIG 3. Definition of a right triangle

are right triangles.
Q S
4. △EFG ≅ △HIG 4. HL Congruence Theorem —
18. Construct a side that is congruent to QS . Open your compass
(Thm. 5.9) —
to the length of QR . Use this length to draw an arc. Draw
an arc with radius RS. Complete the triangle. By the SSS
— —— —
15. Given LM ≅ JK , MJ ≅ KL K L Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.8), the two triangles are
congruent.
Prove △LMJ ≅ △JKL
R
J M

STATEMENTS REASONS
— ≅ JK
1. LM —, MJ
— ≅ KL
— 1. Given Q S

2. —
JL ≅ —
JL 2. Reflexive Property of
Congruence (Thm. 2.1)

3. △LMJ ≅ △JKL 3. SSS Congruence Theorem

(Thm. 5.8)

— —
16. Given WX ≅ VZ , W X
— ≅ VY
WY —, 19. The order of the points in the congruence statement should
— —
YZ ≅ YX
Y reflect the corresponding sides and angles.
V Z △TUV ≅ △ZYX by the SSS Congruence Theorem
Prove △VWX ≅ △WVZ
(Thm. 5.8).
STATEMENTS REASONS 1
20. When you substitute —4 for x, KL ≠ LM.
— ≅ VZ
1. WX —≅—
—, WY VY , 1. Given 6x = 4x + 4 2x + 1 = 3x − 1
—
YZ ≅ —
YX 2x = 4 1=x−1
2. —
WV ≅ —
WV 2. Reflexive Property of x=2 2=x
Congruence (Thm. 2.1)
21. no; The sides of a triangle do not have to be congruent to
3. WY = VY, YZ = YX 3. Definition of congruent each other, but each side of one triangle must be congruent to
segments the corresponding side of the other triangle.

4. WZ = WY + YZ, 4. Segment Addition

VX = VY + YX Postulate (Post. 1.2)

5. VX = WY + YZ 5. Substitution Property
of Equality

6. VX = WZ 6. Transitive Property of
Equality

7. —
VX ≅ —
WZ 7. Definition of congruent
segments

8. △VWX ≅ △WVZ 8. SSS Congruence Theorem

(Thm. 5.8)

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Chapter 5
— — — —— —
22. Given HF ≅ FS ≅ ST ≅ TH ; FT ≅SH ; S
——— ——
26. AB = √ [ 3 − (−2) ]2 + (−3 − 1)2 = √ (3 + 2)2 + (−4)2
∠ H, ∠ F, ∠ S, and ∠ T — — —
= √ 52 + 16 = √25 + 16 = √41 ≈ 6.4
are right angles. —— ——
BC = √ (7 − 3)2 + [ 5 − (−3) ]2 = √(4)2 + (5 + 3)2
Prove △HFS ≅ △FST ≅ △STH — — —
T F = √ 16 + 82 = √16 + 64 = √80 ≈ 8.9
—— ——
AC = √ [ 7 − (−2) ]2 + (5 − 1)2 = √(7 + 2)2 + (4)2
— — —
= √ 92 + 42 = √81 + 16 = √97 ≈ 9.8
H —— ——
DE = √ (8 − 3)2 + (2 − 6)2 = √ (5)2 + (−4)2
STATEMENTS REASONS — —
= √ 25 + 16 = √41 ≈ 6.4
— ≅ FS
1. HF — ≅ ST
— ≅ TH
—; 1. Given
—— —
EF = √ (10 − 8)2 + (11 − 2)2 = √ 22 + 92
—
FT ≅ —
SH ; ∠ H, ∠ F, ∠ S,
— —
= √ 4 + 81 = √85 ≈ 9.2
and ∠ T are right angles. —— —
DF = √ (10 − 3)2 + (11 − 6)2 = √ (7)2 + (5)2
2. —
SH ≅ —
— —
SH 2. Reflexive Property of = √ 49 + 25 = √74 ≈ 8.6
Congruence (Thm. 2.1)
The triangles are not congruent.
3. △HFS, △FST, and 3. Definition of a —— —
27. AB = √ (6 − 0)2 + (5 − 0)2 = √ 62 + 52
△STH are right triangles. right triangle — —
= √ 36 + 25 = √61 ≈ 7.8
4. △HFS ≅ △FST ≅ 4. HL Congruence —— —
BC = √ (9 − 6)2 + (0 − 5)2 = √ 32 + (−5)2
△STH Theorem (Thm. 5.9) — —
= √ 9 + 25 = √34 ≈ 5.8
—— — —
23. a. You need to know that the hypotenuses are congruent: AC = √(9 − 0)2 + (0 − 0)2 = √92 = √9 = 9
— ≅ ML
JL —. ——— ——
DE = √ (6 − 0)2 + [ −6 − (−1) ]2 + √62 + (−6 + 1)2
— — —
b. SAS Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.5); By definition of = √ 36 + (−5)2 = √36 + 25 = √61 ≈ 7.8
— ≅ MK
midpoint, JK —. Also, LK
— ≅ LK
—, by the Reflexive ——— ——
EF = √ (9 − 6)2 + [ −1 − (−6) ]2 = √32 + (−1 + 6)2
Property of Congruence (Thm. 2.1), and ∠ JKL ≅ ∠ MKL — — —
by the Right Angles Congruence Theorem (Thm. 2.3). = √ 9 + (−5)2 = √9 + 25 = √34 ≈ 5.8
——— ——
24. a. To use the SSS Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.8) to prove DF = √ (9 − 0)2 + [ −1 − (−1) ]2 = √92 + (−1 + 1)2
— ≅ CD
△ABC ≅ △CDE, you need to know AB —. —
= √ 81 = 9
b. To use the HL Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.9) to prove AB = DE, BC = EF, and AC = DE, so △ABC ≅ △DEF.
△ABC ≅ △CDE, you need to know that ∠ B and ∠ D are
——— ——
right angles. 28. AB = √ [ −5 − (−5) ]2 + (2 − 7)2 = √ (−5 + 5)2 + (−5)2
—
———
25. AB = √ [ 4 − (−2) ]2 + (−2 − (−2))2 = √ 25 = 5
—— — —
——
= √(4 + 2)2 + (−2 + 2)2 = √ 62 = 6
—
BC = √[ 0 − (−5) ]2 + (2 − 2)2 = √ 52 = √25 = 5
—— —
—— — — AC = √ [ 0 − (−5) ]2 + (2 − 7)2 = √52 + (−5)2
BC = √(4 − 4)2 + [ 6 − (−2) ]2 = √(6 + 2)2 = √82 = 8 — —
——— = √ 25 + 25 = √50 ≈ 7.1
AC = √[ 4 − (−2) ]2 + [ 6 − (−2) ]2 —— — —
—— — DE = √(0 − 0)2 + (1 − 6)2 = √(−5)2 = √25 = 5
= √(4 + 2)2 + (6 + 2)2 = √62 + 82 —— — —
— — EF = √(4 − 0)2 + (1 − 1)2 = √42 = √16 = 4
= √36 + 64 = √ 100 = 10 —— —
—— — — DF = √ (4 − 0)2 + (1 − 6)2 = √ 42 + (−5)2
DE = √(5 − 5)2 + (1 − 7)2 =√ (−6)2 = √36 = 6 — —
—— — = √ 16 + 25 = √41 ≈ 6.4
EF = √(13 − 5)2 + (1 − 1)2 = √ 82 = 8
—— —— The triangles are not congruent.
DF = √(13 − 5)2 + (1 − 7)2 = √(8)2 + (−6)2
— —
= √64 + 36 = √ 100 = 10 29. yes; You could use the string to measure the length of each
side on one triangle and compare it to the length of the
AB = DE, BC = EF, and AC = DF, so △ABC ≅ △DEF. corresponding side of the other triangle to determine whether
SSS Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.8) applies.

30. SAS Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.5), HL Congruence

Theorem (Thm. 5.9), SSS Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.8)

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Chapter 5
— —
31. both; JL ≅ JL by the Reflexive Property of Congruence 36. 5x = 3x + 10 5x − 2 = 4x + 3
(Thm. 2.1), and the other two pairs of sides are marked as 2x = 10 x=5
congruent. So, the SSS Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.8) can
x=5
be used. Also, because ∠ M and ∠ K are right angles, they
are both right triangles, and the legs and hypotenuses are ⋅
AB = 5 5 = 25
congruent. So, the HL Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.9) can
⋅
AC = 5 5 − 2 = 25 − 2 = 23
be used. BD = 4 ⋅ 5 + 3 = 23
32. yes; They would have to be formed from circles that were at CD = 3 ⋅ 5 + 10 = 25
the same angle with each other. So, all corresponding parts — —— —, and BC
For x = 5, AB ≅ CD , AC ≅ BD — ≅ CB — (Reflexive
would be congruent. Property of Congruence, Thm. 2.1). Then, by the SSS
Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.8), △ABC ≅ △DCB.
33. Sample answer:
5x = 4x + 3
L S
x=3
⋅
AB = 5 3 = 15
⋅
AC = 5 3 − 2 = 15 − 2 = 13
M N T U BD = 4 ⋅ 3 + 3 = 15
CD = 3 ⋅ 3 + 10 = 19
34. Sample answer: — —
For x = 3, AC ≅ CD , so the triangles are not congruent.
L S
5x − 2 = 3x + 10
2x = 12
x=6
M N T U ⋅
AB = 5 6 = 30

— — ⋅
AC = 5 6 − 2 = 30 − 2 = 28
35. a. BD ≅ BD by the Reflexive Property of Congruence
— ≅ CB
— and that ∠ ADB BD = 4 ⋅ 6 + 3 = 27
(Thm. 2.1). It is given that AB
and ∠ CDB are right angles. So, △ABC and △CBD are CD = 3 ⋅ 6 + 10 = 28
right triangles and are congruent by the HL Congruence
— —
For x = 6, AB ≅ BD , so the triangles are not congruent.
Theorem (Thm. 5.9). x = 5 is the only solution that yields △ABC ≅ △DCB.
— — — —— —
b. yes; Because AB ≅ CB ≅ CE ≅ FE , BD ≅ EG ,
and they are all right triangles, it can be shown that Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency
△ABD ≅ △CBD ≅ △CEG ≅ △FEG by the HL — — — —
37. DF corresponds to AC . So, AC ≅ DF .
Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.9).
— — — —
38. BC corresponds to EF . So, EF ≅ BC .

39. ∠ E corresponds to ∠ B. So, ∠ B ≅ ∠ E.

40. ∠ C corresponds to ∠ F. So, ∠ F ≅ ∠ C.

5.6 Explorations (p. 269)

1. a. Check students’ work.
b. Check students’ work.
—
c. The side that △ABC and △ABD share is AB . So,
— — — — of
AB ≅ AB . Also, BC of △ABC is congruent to BD
△ABD. The nonincluded angle that these two triangles
share is ∠ BAC.
d. no; The third pair of sides are not congruent.
e. no; These two triangles provide a counterexample for
SSA. They have two pairs of congruent sides and a pair
of nonincluded congruent angles, but the triangles are not
congruent.

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Chapter 5
2. — —— —
2. Given AB ⊥ AD , DE ⊥ AD , E
Possible congruence Valid or — ≅ DC
—
theorem not valid? AC
A
SSS Valid Prove △ABC ≅ △DEC C D

SSA Not valid B

SAS Valid
STATEMENTS REASONS
AAS Valid
— ⊥ AD
1. AB —, DE
— ⊥ AD
—, 1. Given
ASA Valid — —
AC ≅ DC
AAA Not valid
2. ∠ BAC and ∠ EDC are 2. Definition of
Sample answer: A counterexample for SSA is given in right angles. perpendicular lines
Exploration 1.
A counterexample for AAA is shown here. 3. ∠ BAC ≅ ∠ EDC 3. Right Angles
y
Congruence Theorem
6 (Thm. 2.3)
5
C
4 4. ∠ ACB ≅ ∠ DCE 4. Vertical Angles
Congruence Theorem
(Thm. 2.6)
−5 B A 5 x 5. △ABC ≅ △DEC 5. ASA Congruence
C′
Theorem (Thm. 5.10)
B′ A′
−4
— —
3. Given ∠ S ≅ ∠ U, RS ≅ VU R U

In this example, each pair of corresponding angles is Prove △RST ≅ △VUT

congruent, but the corresponding sides are not congruent. T

S V
3. In order to determine that two triangles are congruent, one of
the following must be true. STATEMENTS REASONS
All three pairs of corresponding sides are congruent (SSS).
1. ∠ S ≅ ∠ U, 1. Given
Two pairs of corresponding sides and the pair of included — ≅ VU
RS —
angles are congruent (SAS).
Two pairs of corresponding angles and the pair of included 2. ∠ RTS ≅ ∠ VTU 2. Vertical Angles Congruence
sides are congruent (ASA). Theorem (Thm. 2.6)
Two pairs of corresponding angles and one pair of 3. △RST ≅ △VUT 3. AAS Congruence Theorem
nonincluded sides are congruent (AAS). (Thm. 5.11)
The hypotenuses and one pair of corresponding legs of two
right triangles are congruent (HL).
5.6 Exercises (pp. 274–276)
4. yes; Sample answer: A Vocabulary and Core Concept Check
In the diagram, △ABD ≅ △ACD by the
1. Both theorems are used to prove that two triangles are
HL Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.9), the
congruent, and both require two pairs of corresponding
SSS Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.8),
angles to be congruent. In order to use the AAS Congruence
and the SAS Congruence Theorem
Theorem (Thm. 5.11), one pair of corresponding
(Thm. 5.5). B D C
nonincluded sides must also be congruent. In order to
use the ASA Congruent Theorem (Thm. 5.10), the pair of
5.6 Monitoring Progress (pp. 271–273)
corresponding included sides must be congruent.
1. yes; By the Alternate Interior Angles Theorem (Thm. 3.2),
∠ 1 ≅ ∠ 3 and ∠ 4 ≅ ∠ 2, and by the Reflexive Property of 2. You need to know that one pair of corresponding sides are
— ≅ WY
Congruence (Thm. 2.1), WY —. So, △WXY ≅ △YZW by congruent.
the ASA Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.10).

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Chapter 5
Modeling Progress and Modeling with Mathematics —
17. Given M is the midpoint of NL ,
3. yes; △ABC ≅ △QRS by the AAS Congruence Theorem
— — — — — —
NL ⊥ NQ , NL ⊥ MP , QM )PL
(Thm. 5.11). Prove △NQM ≅ △MPL
4. yes; △ABC ≅ △DBC by the AAS Congruence Theorem Q P
(Thm. 5.11).

5. no; Two sides and a nonincluded angle are not sufficient to

determine congruence. N M L

6. yes; △RSV ≅ △UTV by the ASA Congruence Theorem

(Thm. 5.10). STATEMENTS REASONS

— — —,
1. M is the midpoint of NL 1. Given
7. Given GH ≅ MN , ∠ G ≅ ∠ M, ∠ F ≅ ∠ L — — — —
NL ⊥ NQ , NL ⊥ MP ,
— — — )PL
QM —
8. Given FG ≅ LM , ∠ G ≅ ∠ M, ∠ F ≅ ∠ L

9. yes; △ABC ≅ △DEF by the ASA Congruence Theorem 2. ∠ QNM and ∠ PML are 2. Definition of
(Thm. 5.10). right angles. perpendicular lines

3. ∠ QNM ≅ ∠ PML 3. Right Angles

10. no; The congruence statements follow the pattern SSA,
Congruence Theorem
which is not sufficient to conclude that the triangles are
(Thm. 2.3)
congruent.
— —
11. no; AC and DE are not corresponding sides.
4. ∠ QMN ≅ ∠ PLM 4. Corresponding Angles
Theorem (Thm. 3.1)
12. yes; △ABC ≅ △DEF by the AAS Congruence Theorem
5. —
NM ≅ —
ML 5. Definition of midpoint
(Thm. 5.11).
— 6. △NQM ≅ △MPL 6. ASA Congruence
13. Construct a side that is congruent to DF . Construct an angle Theorem (Thm. 5.10)
that is congruent to ∠ D and a second angle that is congruent
to ∠ F. Complete the triangle. By the ASA Congruence — —
Theorem (Thm. 5.10), △DEF ≅ △ACB. 18. Given AJ ≅ KC , B
∠ BJK ≅ ∠ BKJ,
∠A ≅ ∠C
Prove △ABK ≅ △CBJ A J K C

STATEMENTS REASONS
—
14. Construct a side that is congruent to JK . Construct an angle
that is congruent to ∠ J and construct a second angle that
—≅—
1. AJ KC , 1. Given
is congruent to ∠ K. Complete the triangle. By the ASA ∠ BJK ≅ ∠ BKJ,
Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.10), △JKL ≅ △BAC. ∠A ≅ ∠C

2. AJ = KC 2. Definition of congruent
segments

3. JC = JK + KC, 3. Segment Addition Postulate

15. In the congruence statement, the vertices should be AK = AJ + JK (Post. 1.2)
in corresponding order; △JKL ≅ △FGH by the ASA
4. AK = KC + JK 4. Substitution Property of
Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.10).
Equality
16. The diagram shows ∠ Q ≅ ∠ V, ∠ R ≅ ∠ W, and
— ≅ VW
QR —. Because QR
— and VW
— are included sides, 5. AK = JK + KC 5. Commutative Property of
Addition
△QRS ≅ △VWX by the ASA Congruence Theorem
(Thm. 5.10). 6. AK = JC 6. Transitive Property of Equality

7. —
AK ≅ —
JC 7. Definition of congruent
segments

8. △ABK ≅ △CBJ 8. ASA Congruence Theorem

(Thm. 5.10)

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Chapter 5
—
19. Given VW ≅ UW ,
— Z
Y
X 25. By finding the values of x and y in each triangle and solving
for the angle measurements, △ABC ≅ △DBC by the ASA
∠X ≅ ∠Z V U Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.10) or the AAS Congruence
Prove △XWV ≅ △ZWU Theorem (Thm. 5.11). Both triangles have a common side,
W — ≅ BC
BC —.
STATEMENTS REASONS
△ABC: (2x − 8)° + (5x + 10)° + (8x − 32)° = 180°
1. — —,
VW ≅ UW 1. Given 15x − 30 = 180
∠X ≅ ∠Z 15x = 210
2. ∠ W ≅ ∠ W 2. Reflexive Property of x = 14
Congruence (Thm. 2.2)
⋅
m∠ CAB = 2 14 − 8 = 28 − 8 = 20°
3. △XWV ≅ △ZWU 3. ASA Congruence Theorem ⋅
m∠ ABC = 8 14 − 32 = 80°
(Thm. 5.11) m∠ BCA = 5 ⋅ 14 + 10 = 80°
△DBC: (y − 6)° + (3y + 2)° + (4y − 24)° = 180°
20. Given ∠ NKM ≅ ∠ LMK, L N
∠L ≅ ∠N 8y − 28 = 180
Prove △NMK ≅ △LKM 8y = 208
K M y = 26
STATEMENTS REASONS ⋅
m∠ DBC = 4 26 − 24 = 80°

1. ∠ NKM ≅ ∠ LMK, 1. Given ⋅

m∠ BCD = 3 26 + 2 = 80°
∠L ≅ ∠N m∠ CDB = 26 − 6 = 20°
— ≅ BC
—, ∠ BCA ≅ ∠ BCD
2. —
KM ≅ —
MK 2. Reflexive Property of ∠ BAC ≅ ∠ CDB, BC
Congruence (Thm. 2.1) △ABC ≅ △DBC by the ASA Congruence Theorem
(Thm 5.10).
3. △NMK ≅ △LKM 3. AAS Congruence Theorem — ≅ BC
∠ BAC ≅ ∠ CDB, BC —, ∠ BCA ≅ ∠ BCD
(Thm. 5.11)
△ABC ≅ △DBC by the AAS Congruence Theorem
(Thm 5.11).
21. You are given two right triangles, so the triangles have
congruent right angles by the Right Angles Congruence
— ≅ BC
∠ BAC ≅ ∠ BDC, BC —, ∠ ABC ≅ ∠ DBC
Theorem (Thm. 2.3). Because another pair of angles and a △ABC ≅ △DBC by the AAS Congruence Theorem
pair of corresponding nonincluded sides (the hypotenuses) (Thm 5.11).
are congruent, the triangles are congruent by the AAS — —
Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.11). 26. C; ∠ TSV ≅ ∠ VUW (given), ST ≅ UV (given), and
∠ STV ≅ ∠ UVW because they are right angles.
22. You are given two right triangles, so the triangles have
congruent right angles by the Right Angles Congruence
Theorem (Thm. 2.3). Because both pairs of legs are
congruent, and the congruent right angles are the included
angles, the triangles are congruent by the SAS Congruence
Theorem (Thm. 5.5).

23. You are given two right triangles, so the triangles have
congruent right angles by the Right Angles Congruence
Theorem (Thm. 2.3). There is also another pair of congruent
corresponding angles and a pair of congruent corresponding
sides. If the pair of congruent sides is the included side,
then the triangles are congruent by the ASA Congruence
Theorem (Thm. 5.10). If the pair of congruent sides is a
nonincluded pair, then the triangles are congruent by the
AAS Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.11).

24. D; To prove △JKL ≅ △MNL using ASA Congruence

Theorem (Thm. 5.10), you know that ∠ L ≅ ∠ L and
— ≅ LJ
LM —. So, the additional information needed is
∠ LKJ ≅ ∠ LNM.

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Chapter 5

27. Given ∠ B ≅ ∠ C A b. Because △ABD ≅ △CBD and corresponding parts of

— ≅ AC
Prove AB — congruent triangles are congruent, you can conclude
— —
that AD ≅ CD , which means that △ACD is isosceles by
definition.
c. no; For instance, because △ACD is isosceles, the girl sees
her toes at the bottom of the mirror. This remains true as
she moves backwards because △ACD remains isosceles.

30. △PTS ≅ △RTQ, △PTQ ≅ △RTS, △SQR ≅ △QSP,

B D C △SRP ≅ △QPR; Because ∠ PTS ≅ ∠ RTQ by the Vertical
Angles Congruence Theorem (Thm. 2.6), △PTS ≅ △RTQ
STATEMENTS REASONS by the SAS Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.5); Because
∠ PTQ ≅ ∠ RTS by the Vertical Angles Congruence
1. Draw —AD , the angle 1. Construction of angle Theorem (Thm. 2.6), △PTQ ≅ △RTS by the SAS
bisector of ∠ ABC. bisector Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.5); Transversal SQ — intersects
— —
parallel sides PS and QR to create congruent alternate
2. ∠ CAD ≅ ∠ BAD 2. Definition of angle bisector
interior angles ∠ SQR and ∠ QSP, and transversal SQ — also
— —
intersects parallel sides PQ and SR to create congruent
3. ∠ B ≅ ∠ C 3. Given — ≅ SQ
—
alternate interior angles ∠ QSR and ∠ SQP. Also, SQ
4. —
AD ≅ —
AD 4. Reflexive Property of by the Reflexive Property of Congruence (Thm. 2.1). So,
Congruence (Thm. 2.1) △SQR ≅ △QSP by the ASA Congruence Theorem (Thm.
— intersects parallel sides PS
5.10); Transversal PR — and QR
— to
5. △ABD ≅ △ACD 5. AAS Congruence Theorem
create congruent alternate interior angles ∠ SPR and ∠ QRP,
(Thm. 5.11) — also intersects parallel sides PQ
and transversal PR — and SR
— to
6. —
AB ≅ —
AC 6. Corresponding parts of create congruent alternate interior angles ∠ QPR and ∠ SRP.
— ≅ PR— by the Reflexive Property of Congruence
congruent triangles are Also, PR
congruent. (Thm. 2.1). So, △SRP ≅ △QPR by the ASA Congruence
Theorem (Thm. 5.10).
28. yes; If you are using the AAS Congruence Theorem
31. Two triangles with congruent B
(Thm. 5.11), you have enough information to conclude corresponding angles can be
that two pairs of angles are congruent and one pair of similar triangles without being
non-included sides is congruent. By the Third Angles congruent. This is based on
Theorem (Thm. 5.4), the other pair of angles is congruent. dilating a triangle. The angles A C
Now, choose the third pair of angles, the pair of congruent are equal and corresponding sides
sides, and the other pair of angles so that the pair of E
are proportional.
congruent sides are included sides. So, you can use the ASA
Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.10) to show that the triangles
are congruent.

29. a. Given ∠ CDB ≅ ∠ ADB, DB ⊥ AC

D F
Prove △ABD ≅ △CBD
32. yes; Both triangles will always have three vertices. So, each
STATEMENTS REASONS vertex of one triangle can be mapped to one vertex of the other
triangle so that each vertex is only used once, and adjacent
1. ∠ CDB ≅ ∠ ADB, 1. Given vertices of one triangle must be adjacent in the other.
DB ⊥ AC

2. ∠ ABD ≅ ∠ CBD 2. Definition of perpendicular

are right angles. lines

3. ∠ ABD ≅ ∠ CBD 3. Right Angles Congruence

Theorem (Thm. 2.3)

4. —
BD ≅ —
BD 4. Reflexive Property of
Congruence (Thm. 2.1)

5. △ABD ≅ △CBD 5. ASA Congruence Theorem

(Thm. 5.10)

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Chapter 5

33. a. The combinations that will make △TUV ≅ △XYZ by the 5.7 Explorations (p. 277)
ASA Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.10) are: —
1. a. The surveyor can measure DE, which will have the same
— ≅ XY
—, ∠ U ≅ ∠ Y —). Because
measure as the distance across the river (AB
∠ T ≅ ∠ X, TU
— ≅ YZ
∠ U ≅ ∠ Y, UV —, ∠ V ≅ ∠ Z △ABC ≅ △DEC by the ASA Congruence Theorem
— —
∠ T ≅ ∠ X, TV ≅ XZ , ∠ V ≅ ∠ Z
(Thm. 5.10), the corresponding parts of the two triangles
are also congruent.
The combinations that will make △TUV ≅ △XYZ by the b. Given ∠ A and ∠ D B
AAS Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.11) are: are right angles.
— ≅ XY
TU —, ∠ T ≅ ∠ X, ∠ V ≅ ∠ Z — ≅ CD
AC —
— ≅ YZ
UV —, ∠ U ≅ ∠ Y, ∠ T ≅ ∠ X Prove AB = DE
— ≅ XZ
TV —, ∠ T ≅ ∠ X, ∠ U ≅ ∠ Y A
C D

— —, ∠ U ≅ ∠ Y, ∠ V ≅ ∠ Z
TU ≅ XY
— ≅ YZ
UV —, ∠ V ≅ ∠ Z, ∠ T ≅ ∠ X
— —
TV ≅ XZ , ∠ V ≅ ∠ Z, ∠ U ≅ ∠ Y E
The combination that will make △TUV ≅ △XYZ by the
SSS Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.8) is: STATEMENTS REASONS
— ≅ XY
TU —, UV
— ≅ YZ
—, TV
— ≅ XZ
— 1. — ≅ CD
AC —, ∠ A and 1. Given
The combinations that will make △TUV ≅ △XYZ by the ∠ D are right angles.
SAS Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.5) are:
— ≅ XY
—, ∠ T ≅ ∠ X, TV
— ≅ XZ
— 2. ∠ A ≅ ∠ D 2. Right Angles Congruence
TU Theorem (Thm. 2.3)
— ≅ YZ
UV —, ∠ U ≅ ∠ Y, TU
— ≅ XY
—
— ≅ YZ
UV —, ∠ V ≅ ∠ Z, TV
— ≅ XZ
— 3. ∠ BCA ≅ ∠ ECD 3. Vertical Angles Congruence
Theorem (Thm. 2.6)
b. There are 20 ways to choose 3 items from 6 items
( 6C3 = 20 ). There are 13 combinations that provide 4. △BCA ≅ △ECD 4. ASA Congruence Theorem
enough information. So, the probability of choosing at (Thm. 5.10)

5. —
AB ≅ —
random enough information to prove that the triangles are
13
congruent is — , or 65%. DE 5. Corresponding parts of
20
congruent triangles are
congruent.
Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency

(
1+5 0+4
) ( )
6 4
34. Midpoint = —, — = —, — = (3, 2)
2 2 2 2
6. AB = DE 6. Definition of congruent
segments
Midpoint = ( ) = ( 22, 22 ) = (1, 1)
−2 + 4 3 + (−1)
35. — — , — —
2 2 c. By creating a triangle on land that is congruent to a

36. Midpoint = (
−5 + 2 −7 + (−4)
— —
2
,
2 ) = ( −32, −112 )
— —
triangle that crosses the river, you can find the distance
across the river by measuring the distance of the
37. Draw a segment. Label a point D
corresponding congruent segment on land.
on the segment. Draw an arc with
2. a. The officer’s height stays the same, he is standing
center A, and label the intersection
F perpendicular to the ground the whole time, and he
points B and C. Using the same
tipped his hat the same angle in both directions. So,
radius, draw an arc with center D.
D
△DEF ≅ △DEG by the ASA Congruence Theorem
Label the point of intersection of E (Thm. 5.10). Because corresponding parts of the two
the arc and the segment as E. Draw — ≅ EF
triangles are also congruent, EG —. By the definition
an arc with radius BC with center E.
of congruent segments, EG equals EF, which is the width
Label the intersection F. Draw DF'''⃗. So, ∠ FDE ≅ ∠ A.
of the river.
38. Draw a segment. Label a point D
on the segment. Draw an arc with F
center B, and label the intersection
points A and C. Using the same
radius, draw an arc with center D.
D E
Label the point of intersection of
the arc and the segment as E. Draw an arc with radius AC
with center E. Label the intersection F. Draw '''⃗
DF. So,
∠ FDE ≅ ∠ B.
168 Geometry Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC
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Chapter 5
b. Given ∠ DEG is a right angle. — — — —
3. You know that TU ≅ QP and UP ≅ PU . You need to show
∠ DEF is a right angle. — —
that PT ≅ UQ to prove that the triangles are congruent by
∠ EDG ≅ ∠ EDF the SSS Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.8). △QSP ≅ △TRU
Prove EG = EF by the HL Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.9). So
△USQ ≅ △PRT by the SAS Congruence Theorem
F — ≅ UQ
(Thm. 5.5) and PT —.
G
D —
4. Segments that can be assumed congruent are AC and AB.
—

E 5.7 Exercises (pp. 281–282)

STATEMENTS REASONS Vocabulary and Core Concept Check
1. Corresponding parts of congruent triangles are congruent.
1. ∠ EDG ≅ ∠ EDF, 1. Given
∠ DEG and ∠ DEF 2. Sample answer: Finding the width of a body of water, a
are right angles. distance across a valley or canyon, or any inaccessible
distance can require indirect measurement.
2. ∠ DEG ≅ ∠ DEF 2. Right Angles Congruence
Theorem (Thm. 2.3) Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics
3. —
DE ≅ —
DE 3. Reflexive Property of 3. All three pairs of sides are congruent. So, by the SSS
Congruence (Thm. 2.1) Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.8), △ABC ≅ △DBC. Because
corresponding parts of congruent triangles are congruent,
4. △FDE ≅ △GDE 4. ASA Congruence Theorem ∠ A ≅ ∠ D.
(Thm. 5.10)

5. —
EG ≅ —
4. Two pairs of sides and the pair of included angles are
EF 5. Corresponding parts of congruent. So, by the SAS Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.5),
congruent triangles are △QPR ≅ △TPS. Because corresponding parts of congruent
congruent. triangles are congruent, ∠ Q ≅ ∠ T.
6. EG = EF 6. Definition of congruent 5. The hypotenuses and one pair of legs of two right triangles
segments are congruent. So, by the HL Congruence Theorem
(Thm. 5.9), △JMK ≅ △LMK. Because corresponding parts
c. By standing perpendicular to the ground and using the
— ≅ LM
of congruent triangles are congruent, JM —.
tip of your hat to gaze at two different points in such a
6. ∠ BAD ≅ ∠ ABC by the Alternate Interior Angles Theorem
way that the direction of your gaze makes the same angle — ≅ AD
(Thm. 3.3). From the diagram, ∠ B ≅ ∠ C. AD — by the
with your body both times, you can create two congruent
Reflexive Property of Congruence (Thm. 2.1). So, by the
triangles, which ensures that you are the same distance
AAS Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.11), △ACD ≅ △DBA.
from both points.
Because corresponding parts of congruent triangles are
— ≅ DB
congruent, AC —.
3. By creating a triangle that is congruent to a triangle with an
unknown side length or angle measure, you can measure
7. From the diagram, ∠ JHN ≅ ∠ KGL, ∠ N ≅ ∠ L, and
the created triangle and use it to find the unknown measure — ≅ KL
JN —. So, by the AAS Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.11),
indirectly.
△JNH ≅ △KLG. Because corresponding parts of congruent
— ≅ HJ
triangles are congruent, GK —.
4. You do not actually measure the side length or angle measure
you are trying to find. You measure the side length or angle
8. From the diagram, ∠ Q ≅ ∠ W ≅ ∠ RVT ≅ ∠ T and
measure of a triangle that is congruent to the one you are — ≅ RT
VW —. So, by the AAS Congruence Theorem
trying to find.
(Thm. 5.11), △QVW ≅ △VRT. Because corresponding
— ≅ VT
parts of congruent triangles are congruent, QW —.
5.7 Monitoring Progress (pp. 278–280)
1. All three pairs of sides are congruent. So, by the SSS 9. Use the AAS Congruence Theorem (Thm 5.11) to prove that
Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.8), △ABD ≅ △CBD. Because △FHG ≅ △GKF. Then, state that ∠ FGK ≅ ∠ GFH. Use
corresponding parts of congruent triangles are congruent, the Congruent Complements Theorem (Thm. 2.5) to prove
∠ A ≅ ∠ C. that ∠ 1 ≅ ∠ 2.

2. no; As long as the rest of the steps are followed correctly, 10. Use the AAS Congruence Theorem (Thm 5.11) to prove
△LKM will still be congruent to △PNM. So, the that △ABE ≅ △DCE. Then, state that — BE ≅ CE— because
corresponding parts will still be congruent, and you will still corresponding parts of congruent triangles are congruent.
be able to find NP by measuring LK—. Use the Base Angles Theorem (Thm. 5.6) to prove that
∠ 1 ≅ ∠ 2.
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Chapter 5
11. Use the ASA Congruence Theorem (Thm 5.10) to prove — —— —
14. Given PA ≅ PB , QA ≅ QB
that △STR ≅ △QTP. Then, state that — — because
PT ≅ RT
Prove ∠ QPA and ∠ QPB
corresponding parts of congruent triangles are congruent. P
are right angles. A
Use the SAS Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.5) to prove that B
△STP ≅ △QTR. So, ∠ 1 ≅ ∠ 2. Q

12. Use the ASA Congruence Theorem (Thm 5.10) to prove

that △ABE ≅ △CBE. Then, state that AE — ≅ CE— and STATEMENTS REASONS
∠ BCE ≅ ∠ BAE because corresponding parts of congruent — ≅ PB
1. PA —, QA
— ≅ QB
— 1. Given
triangles are congruent. Use the Congruent Complements
2. —
PQ ≅ —
Theorem (Thm. 2.5) to state that ∠ ECD ≅ ∠ EAF. So, you
PQ 2. Reflexive Property of
can use the SAS Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.5) to prove
Congruence (Thm. 2.1)
that △ECD ≅ △EAF, so ∠ 1 ≅ ∠ 2.
— — — — 3. △APQ ≅ △BPQ 3. SSS Congruence Theorem
13. Given AP ≅ BP and AQ ≅ BQ (Thm. 5.8)
P
Prove ∠ AMP and ∠ BMP M
are right angles. A
4. ∠ QPA ≅ ∠ QPB 4. Corresponding parts of
B
congruent triangles are
Q
congruent.

STATEMENTS REASONS 5. ∠ QPA and ∠ QPB 5. Definition of a linear pair

form a linear pair.
— ≅ BP
1. AP —, AQ
— ≅ BQ
— 1. Given
6. —
PQ ⊥ —
AB 6. Linear Pair Perpendicular
2. —
PQ ≅ —
PQ 2. Reflexive Property of Theorem (Thm. 3.10)
Congruence (Thm. 2.1)
7. ∠ QPA and ∠ QPB 7. Definition of perpendicular
3. △APQ ≅ △BPQ 3. SSS Congruence Theorem are right angles. lines
(Thm. 5.8)

4. ∠ APQ ≅ ∠ BPQ 4. Corresponding parts of

congruent triangles are
congruent.

5. —
PM ≅ —
PM 5. Reflexive Property of
Congruence (Thm. 2.1)

6. △APM ≅ △BPM 6. SAS Congruence

Theorem (Thm. 5.5)

7. ∠ AMP ≅ ∠ BMP 7. Corresponding parts of

congruent triangles are
congruent.

8. ∠ AMP and ∠ BMP 8. Definition of a linear pair

form a linear pair.

9. —
MP ⊥ —
AB 9. Linear Pair Perpendicular
Theorem (Thm. 3.10)

10. ∠ AMP and ∠ BMP 10. Definition of

are right angles. perpendicular lines

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Chapter 5
— — — —
15. Given FG ≅ GJ ≅ HG ≅ GK , F H 16. Given ∠ PRU ≅ ∠ QVS, P Q
— ≅ LM
JM — ≅ KM
— ≅ NM
— G
∠ PUR ≅ ∠ QSV
— —
Prove FL ≅ HN J K ≅ ∠ RUX ≅ ∠ VSY,
T
— ≅ VU
RS — R
S U
V

M Prove △PUX ≅ △QSY W

L N X Y

STATEMENTS REASONS STATEMENTS REASONS

— ≅ GJ
1. FG — ≅ HG
—≅ 1. Given 1. ∠ PRU ≅ ∠ QVS, 1. Given
— — —
GK , JM ≅ LM ≅ ∠ PUR ≅ ∠ QSV ≅
—≅ NM
KM — ∠ RUX ≅ ∠ VSY,
— ≅ VU
RS —
2. ∠ FGJ ≅ ∠ HGK, 2. Vertical Angles
∠ JML ≅ ∠ KMN Congruence Theorem 2. RS = VU 2. Definition of
(Thm. 2.6) congruent segments

3. △FGJ ≅ △HGK, 3. SAS Congruence 3. RU = RS + SU, 3. Segment Addition

△JML ≅ △KMN Theorem (Thm. 5.5) VS = VU + SU Postulate (Post. 1.2)

4. ∠ F ≅ ∠ H, 4. Corresponding parts of 4. VS = RS + SU 4. Substitution Property

∠L ≅ ∠N congruent triangles are of Equality
congruent.
5. RU = VS 5. Transitive Property of
5. FG = GJ = HG 5. Definition of congruent Equality

6. —
RU ≅ —
= GK segments
VS 6. Definition of
6. HJ = HG + GJ, 6. Segment Addition congruent segments
FK = FG + GK Postulate (Post. 1.2)
7. △PUR ≅ △QSV 7. ASA Congruence
7. FK = HG + GJ 7. Substitution Property of Theorem (Thm. 5.10)

8. ∠P ≅ ∠ Q, —
PU ≅ —
Equality
QS 8. Corresponding parts
8. FK = HJ 8. Transitive Property of of congruent triangles
Equality are congruent.

9. —
FK ≅ —
HJ 9. Definition of congruent 9. m∠ PUR = m∠ QSV = 9. Definition of
segments m∠ RUX = m∠ VSY congruent angles

10. △HJN ≅ △FKL 10. AAS Congruence 10. m∠ PUX = m∠ PUR + 10. Angle Addition
Theorem (Thm. 5.11) m∠ RUX, m∠ QSY = Postulate (Post. 1.4)

11. —
FL ≅ —
m∠ QSV + m∠ VSY
HN 11. Corresponding parts of
congruent triangles are 11. m∠ QSY = m∠ PUR + 11. Substitution Property
congruent. m∠ RUX of Equality

12. m∠ PUX = m∠ QSY 12. Transitive Property of

Equality

13. ∠ PUX ≅ ∠ QSY 13. Definition of

congruent angles

14. △PUX ≅ △QSY 14. ASA Congruence

Theorem (Thm. 5.10)

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Chapter 5
— — — —
17. Because AC ⊥ BC and ED ⊥ BD , ∠ ACB and ∠ EDB are 20. From the Internet, the distance form Miami to Bermuda is
—,
congruent right angles. Because B is the midpoint of CD about 1035 miles. The distance from Bermuda to San Juan
— ≅ BD
BC —. The vertical angles ∠ ABC and ∠ EBD are is about 956 miles. The distance form San Juan to Miami is
congruent. So, △ABC ≅ △EBD by the ASA Congruence about 1034 miles. The perimeter of the triangle created by
Theorem (Thm. 5.10). Then, because corresponding parts these locations is about 1034 + 956 + 1034 = 3025 miles.
— ≅ ED
of congruent triangles are congruent, AC —. So, you can To find the area of this triangle, which is close to an isosceles
—.
find the distance AC across the canyon by measuring ED triangle, let the distance between Miami and Bermuda be the
same as the distance between Miami and San Juan. Let h be
18. a. Because the base of the red triangle is twice the base of the height of the triangle.
the purple triangle, the red triangle has an area twice the B
area of the purple triangle.
b. Because the base of the orange triangle is twice the 1035 miles
base of the purple triangle and the height of the orange 478 miles
triangle is twice the height of the purple triangle, the
h
area of the orange triangle is four times the area of the M J
purple triangle.
— —
19. Given AD ) BC 1035 miles
478 miles

—.
E is the midpoint of AC
S
Prove △AEB ≅ △CED
A B h2 = 10352 − 4782
h2 = 1,071,225 − 228,484
h2 = 842,741
E —
h = √842,741 ≈ 918
The approximate height of the triangle is 918 miles.

D C ⋅ ⋅
Area ≈ —12 956 918 = 438,804 mi2
The area of the triangle is about 439,000 square miles.
STATEMENTS REASONS Sample answer: Three cities with approximate distances
— ) BC
1. AD —, E is the 1. Given
as the three cities in the Bermuda Triangle are Erie, PA, to
—.
midpoint of AC
Orlando, FL (970 miles); Erie, PA, to Oklahoma City, OK
(1056 miles); and Oklahoma City, OK, to Orlando, FL
2. —
AE ≅ —
CE 2. Definition of midpoint (1064 miles).
Erie, PA
3. ∠ AED ≅ ∠ BEC, 3. Vertical Angles Congruence
1056 miles
∠ AEB ≅ ∠ CED Theorem (Thm. 2.6)

4. ∠ DAE ≅ ∠ BCE 4. Alternate Interior Angles Oklahoma City, OK 970 miles

Theorem (Thm. 3.2)
1064 miles
5. △DAE ≅ △BCE 5. ASA Congruence Theorem Orlando, FL
(Thm. 5.10)

6. —
DE ≅ —
BE 6. Corresponding parts of 21. yes; You can show that WXYZ is a rectangle. This means
congruent triangles are that the opposite sides are congruent. Because △WZY and
congruent. △YXW share a hypotenuse, the two triangles have congruent
hypotenuses and corresponding legs, which allows you to
7. △AEB ≅ △CED 7. SAS Congruence Theorem use the HL Congruence Theorem (Thm 5.9) to prove that the
(Thm. 5.5) triangles are congruent.

22. a. If two triangles have the same perimeter, then they are
congruent is false. The converse is true: If two triangles
are congruent, then their perimeters are the same.
b. If two triangles are congruent, then their areas are the
same is true.

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Chapter 5
— —
23. AC ≅ GJ (given), ∠ A ≅ ∠ G because they are right angles, d. Reflect the triangle in the x-axis, so that △ABC is still an
— — (given). So, △ABC ≅ △GHJ by the SAS
and AB ≅ GH isosceles right triangle. So, C(3, −3).
Congruence Theorem (Thm 5.5). y
— ≅ QN
∠ C ≅ ∠ Q (given), CA — (given), and ∠ A ≅ ∠ N 4
3
because they are right angles. So, △ABC ≅ △NPQ by the 2
ASA Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.10). 1
A B
−2−1 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency 90°
−2
—— —
24. AB = √ [ 4 − (−1) ]2 + (1 − 1)2 = √ (4 + 1)2 −3
C
— — −4
= √52 = √ 25 = 5
—— — —
BC = √(4 − 4)2 + (−2 − 1)2 = √(−3)2 = √9 = 3 e. If C lies on the line x = 3, then the coordinates are
——— —
C(3, y). Because △ABC is an isosceles triangle,
CD = √[ (−1) − 4 ]2 + [ −2 − (−2) ]2 = √ (−1 − 4)2 y y
— — —=—
mAC —=—
, and mBC .
= √(−5)2 = √ 25 = 5 3 −3
——— △ABC is a right triangle, so it must have a right angle.
AD = √[ (−1) − (−1) ]2 + (−2 − 1)2 Because AC— and BC— are the congruent legs of △ABC, ∠ A
—— — —
= √(−1 + 1)2 + (−3)2 = √ (−3)2 = √9 = 3 and ∠ B are the congruent base angles by the Base Angles
Theorem (Thm. 5.6). The vertex angle, ∠ C, must be the
Perimeter = AB + BC + CD + AD — ⊥ BC
right angle, which means that AC — by definition of
= 5 + 3 + 5 + 3 = 16 units perpendicular lines. By the Slopes of Perpendicular Lines
——— Theorem (Thm. 3.14),
25. JK = √ [ (−2) − (−5) ]2 + (1 − 3)2
——
= √(−2 + 5)2 + (−2)2 ⋅
y y
— — = −1 and y = ±3.
3 −3
=√
—
(3)2
— —
+ 4 = √ 9 + 4 = √ 13 ≈ 3.6 So, the coordinates of C must be (3, 3) or (3, −3).
—— ——
KL = √[ 3 − (−2) ]2 + (4 − 1)2 = √(3 + 2)2 + 32 3. You can position the figure in a coordinate plane and then
— — use deductive reasoning to show that what you are trying to
= √25 + 9 = √34 ≈ 5.8 prove must be true based on the coordinates of the figure.
——
JL = √[ 3 − (−5) ]2 + (4 − 3)2 —— — —
—— — — 4. AB = √ (6 − 0)2 + (0 − 0)2 = √ 62 = √ 36 = 6
= √(3 + 5)2 + 12 = √ 82 + 1 = √ 65 = 8.1 ——
— ——
— 2
AC = √(3 − 0)2 + (3√3 − 0)2 = √ 32 + ( 3√3 )
Perimeter = JK + KL + JL
⋅
— — —
= √9 + 9 3 = √9 + 27 = √36 = 6
≈ 3.6 + 5.8 + 8.1 = 17.5 units ——— 2 ——
— 2
BC = √(6 − 3)2 + ( 0 − 3√3 ) = √32 + ( 3√3 )
5.8 Explorations (p. 283)
⋅
— — —
= √9 + 9 3 = √9 + 27 = √36 = 6
1. a. Check students’ work.
△ABC with vertices A(0, 0), B(6, 0), C ( 3, 3√ 3 ) has side
—

b. Check students’ work. lengths AB = 6, AC = 6, and BC = 6. By the definition of

c. Check students’ work. congruent sides, △ABC is an equilateral triangle.
—
d. Using the Distance Formula, AC = √ 9 + y2 and
— — —
AB = √9 + y . AC ≅ BC , so △ABC is an isosceles
2
5.8 Monitoring Progress (pp. 284–286)
triangle.
1. Another way of placing the rectangle in Example 1(a) that
2. a. Check students’ work. is convenient for finding side lengths would be to place the
width (k) on the x-axis.
b. Check students’ work.
y
c. AB = ∣ 6 − 0 ∣ = ∣ 6 ∣ = 6 (k, h)
—— — (0, h)
BC = √ (6 − 3)2 + (0 − 3)2 = √ 32 + (−3)2
— — —
= √ 9 + 9 = √18 = 3√ 2
—— —— h
AC = √ (0 − 3)2 + (0 − 3)2 = √ (−3)2 + (−3)2
— — —
= √ 9 + 9 = √18 = 3√ 2
—=— 3−0 3 x
m AC =—=1 (0, 0) k (k, 0)
3−0 3
—=— 3−0 3
m BC = — = −1
3 − 6 −3
—
Because AC = BC = 3√ 2 and mAC— = 1 and mBC — = −1,
AC ⊥ BC and △ABC is a right isosceles triangle.

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Chapter 5
2. A square with vertices (0, 0), (m, 0), and (0, m) will have a 5. Given Coordinates of △NPO are N(h, h), P(0, 2h), and
fourth vertex at (m, m). O(0, 0). Coordinates of △NMO are N(h, h), M(2h, 0),
y and O(0, 0).
y
Prove △NPO ≅ △NMO P(0, 2h)
(0, m) (m, m)

N(h, h)

O(0, 0) M(2h, 0) x

(0, 0) (m, 0) x
—— —
NP = √ (0 − h)2 + (2h − h)2 = √ (−h)2 + h2
— —
3. Use the Distance Formula to find GO and GH in order to = √ 2h2 = h√2
show they are congruent. State that ∠ OGJ ≅ ∠ HGJ by the —— ——
PO = √ (0 − 0)2 + (0 − 2h)2 = √ 02 + (−2h)2
— ≅ GJ
definition of angle bisector and GJ — by the Reflexive —

Property of Congruence (Thm. 2.1). Then use the SAS = √ 4h2 = 2h

—— —
Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.5) to show that NM = √ (2h − h)2 + (0 − h)2 = √ h2 + (−h)2
— —
△GJO ≅ △GJH. = √ 2h2 = h√2
—— ——

4. y MO = √ (0 − 2h)2 + (0 − 0)2 = √ (−2h)2 + 02

—
= √ 4h2 = 2h
— ≅ MN
So, PN — and PO— ≅ MO—, and by the Reflexive Property
H(m, n) — ≅ ON
of Congruence (Thm. 2.1), ON —. So, you can apply
the SSS Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.8) to conclude that
△NPO ≅ △NMO.
x
O(0, 0) J(m, 0) 5.8 Exercises (pp. 287–288)
Vocabulary and Core Concept Check
Side lengths of △OHJ:
—— — 1. In a coordinate proof, you have to assign coordinates to
OH = √(m − 0)2 + (n − 0)2 = √ m2 + n2 vertices and write expressions for side length and the slope
—— —
OJ = √(m − 0)2 + (0 − 0)2 = √ m2 = m of segments in order to show how sides are related; As
—— — —
HJ = √(m − m)2 + (0 − n)2 = √ (−n)2 = √n2 = n with other types of proofs, you still have to use deductive
reasoning and justify every conclusion with theorems,
Midpoints of each side:
proofs, and properties of mathematics.
—= —
Midpoint of OH (
m+0 n+0
2
m n
, — = —, —
2 2 2 ) ( ) 2. When the triangle is positioned as shown, you are using

Midpoint of OJ ( 2 2 ) (2 )
— = m + 0, 0 + 0 = m, 0
— — —
zeros in your expressions, so the side lengths are often the
same as one of the coordinates.

( 2 2 ) ( 2 2) ( 2)
— = m + m, n + 0 = 2m, n = m, n
Midpoint of HJ — — — — — Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics
Slopes of each side: 3. Sample answer: Place the legs on the x- and y-axes.

—=—
Slope of OH
n−0
=—
n y

m−0 m 3

—=—
Slope of OJ
0−0 0
=—=0 2
C(0, 2)
m−0 m
0−n −n
Slope of —
1
HJ = — = — = undefined
m−m 0 B(3, 0)

— ⊥ HJ
OJ — at angle J. Therefore, △OHJ is a right triangle. A(0, 0) 1 2 3 x

It is easy to find the lengths of horizontal and vertical

segments and distances from the origin.

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Chapter 5
4. Sample answer: Place one side on the x-axis and one side on 9. y
8
the y-axis. 7 C(0, 7)
y 6
W(0, 3) Z(3, 3) 5
3 4
3
2 2
1 D(9, 0)
1
O(0, 0) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 x
Y(3, 0)
X(0, 0) 1 2 3 x
—— —
CD = √(0 − 9)2 + (7 − 0)2 = √(−9)2 + 72
— —
It is easy to find the lengths of horizontal and vertical = √81 + 49 = √ 130 ≈ 11.4
segments and distances from the origin. The length of the hypotenuse is about 11.4 units.

5. Sample answer: Place the legs on the x- and y-axes. 10. y

y 50 A(0, 50)
R(0, p)
40

30

20

S(0, 0) T(p, 0) x 10
B(−30, 0) C(30, 0)

It is easy to find the lengths of horizontal and vertical −30 −20 −10 10 20 30 x

segments and distances from the origin. Use the Pythagorean Theorem = + b2, where the c2 a2
hypotenuse of the right triangle is one of the legs of the
6. Sample answer: Place the side with length 2m on the x-axis.
isosceles triangle.
y
AC2 = 502 + 302
AC2 = 2500 + 900
AC2 = 3400
—
L(n, p) AC = √ 3400 ≈ 58.3
The length of one of the legs of the isosceles triangle is about
58.3 units.
J(0, 0) K(2m, 0) x 11. y
6
5 L(0, 4) M(5, 4)
It is easy to find the lengths of horizontal segments and 4
3
distances from the origin.
2
——— —
7. Find the lengths of OP , PM , MN , and NO to show that
1 N(5, 0)
— ≅ PM
OP — and MN— ≅ NO —. O(0, 0) 1 2 3 4 5 6 x

—— —
8. Find the coordinates of G using the Midpoint Formula. Use NL = √(5 − 0)2 + (0 − 4)2 = √52 + (−4)2
these coordinates and the Distance Formula to show that — —
— ≅ JG
OG —. Show that HG
— ≅ FG — by the definition of = √25 + 16 = √ 41 ≈ 6.4
midpoint, and ∠ HGL ≅ ∠ FGO by the Vertical Angles The length of the diagonal is about 6.4 units.
Congruence Theorem (Thm. 2.6). Then use the SAS
Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.5) to conclude that
△GHJ ≅ △GFO.

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Chapter 5
12. y 14. y

Y(n, n)
Z(0, n) E(m, n)
D(0, n)

O(0, 0) X(n, 0) x F(m, 0) x

—— —
XZ = √ (n − 0)2 + (0 − n)2 = √n2 + (−n)2 Side lengths of △DEF:
— — — —— — —
= √n2 + n2 = √2n2 = n√ 2 DE = √(m − 0)2 + (n − n)2 = √m2 + 0 = √ m2 = m
— —— — —
The length of the diagonal is n√ 2 units. EF = √(m − m)2 + (0 − n)2 = √0 + (−n)2 = √n2 = n
—— —
DF = √(m − 0)2 + (0 − n)2 = √m2 + n2
13. y
B(h, h)
Slopes of each side of △DEF:
—=—
Slope of DE
n−n 0
=—=0
m−0 m
—=—
Slope of EF
0−n −n
= — = undefined
A(0, 0) C(2h, 0) x m−m 0
—=—
Slope of DF
0−n
= −—
n
Side lengths of △ABC: m−0 m
—— — — —
AB = √(h − 0)2 + (h − 0)2 = √ h2 + h2 = √ 2h2 = h√2 Midpoints of each side of △DEF:
—= —
( ) ( ) ( )
—— — — —
BC = √(2h − h)2 + (0 − h)2 = √ h2 + h2 = √ 2h2 = h√2 0+m n+n m 2n m
Midpoint of DE , — = —, — = —, n
——
AC = √ (2h − 0)2 + (0 − 0)2 = √ 4h2 = 2h
— 2 2 2 2 2

Slopes of each side of △ABC:

—
(
m+m n+0 2m n
Midpoint of EF = —, — = —, — = m, —
2 2 2 2 ) ( ) ( )
n
2
—=—
Slope of AB
h−0 h
h−0 h
=—=1
—= —
Midpoint of DF (0+m n+0
2
m n
, — = —, —
2 2 2 ) ( )
—=—
Slope of BC
2h − h h
= — = −1 Because mDE— = 0, DE— is horizontal. Because
0−h −h — — ⊥ BC
— = undefined, EF is vertical. So, DE
mEF — by
—= —
Slope of AC
0−0 0
=—=0 Postulate 3.5, and ∠ DEF is a right angle by the definition
2h − 0 2h
of perpendicular lines. Also, none of the sides have the same
Midpoints of each side of △ABC: length. So, △DEF is a right scalene triangle.
—= —
Midpoint of AB (
0+h 0+h
2
h h
, — = —, —
2 2 2 ) ( ) 15. The coordinates of the unlabeled vertex is N(h, k).
—
( ) ( )
—— —
h + 2h h + 0 3h h ON = √(h − 0)2 + (k − 0)2 = √h2 + k2
Midpoint of BC = —, — = —, —
2 2 2 2 —— — —
—
(
2h + 0 0 + 0
2 2
2h
Midpoint of AC = —, — = —, 0 = (h, 0)
2 ) ( ) MN = √(2h − h)2 + (0 − k)2 = √h2 + (−k)2 = √h2 + k2

— ⊥ BC
— by the Slopes of 16. The coordinates of the vertices are O(0, 0), U(k , 0), R(k, k),
Because mAB ⋅
— mBC — = −1, AB
Perpendicular Lines Theorem (Thm. 3.14). So, ∠ ABC is
S(k, 2k), and T(2k, 2k).
— ≅ BC
a right angle. AB — because AB = BC. So, △ABC is a —— ——
OT = √ (2k − 0)2 + (2k − 0)2 = √(2k)2 + (2k)2
— — —
right isosceles triangle. = √ 4k2 + 4k2 = √ 8k2 = 2k√ 2

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Chapter 5
—— —
17. Find the lengths of DE , EC , and DC of △DEC. 19. The triangle formed by your position (Y), your cousins
—— — position (C), and the campsite (O) has the coordinates
DE = √(2h − h)2 + (2k − 2k)2 = √ (h)2 = h Y(500, 1200), C(1000, 0), and O(0, 0).
—— —
EC = √(2h − h)2 + (2k − k)2 = √ h2 + k2 y
—— — Y(500, 1200)
DC = √(h − h)2 + (2k − k)2 = √ k2 = k
—, OC
Find the lengths of BO —, and BC
— of △BOC. 1000

—— —
BO = √(h − 0)2 + (0 − 0)2 = √ (h)2 = h
—— —
OC = √(h − 0)2 + (k − 0)2 = √ h2 + k2
—— —
500
BC = √(h − h)2 + (k − 0)2 = √k2 = k
Because DE = BO, EC = OC, and DC = BC, by the
— ≅ BO
definition of congruent segments DE —, EC
— ≅ OC
—,
— —
DC ≅ BC . By the SSS Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.8),
C(1000, 0)

O(0, 0) 500 1000 x

△DEC ≅ △BOC.
—
18. Because H is the midpoint of DA , the coordinates of
———
OY = √(500 − 0)2 + (1200 − 0)2
point H are ——
= √ 5002 + 12002
(0 − 2h 2k + 0
H —, — = H(−h, k).
2 2 ) ——
= √ 250,0000 + 1,440,000
—
= √ 1,690,000 = 1300
—, the coordinates of
Because G is the midpoint of EA
point G are The distance between your position and the campsite is
1300 meters.
(0 + 2h 2k + 0
G —, — = (h, k).
2 2 ) ———
YC = √(1000 − 500)2 + (0 − 1200)2
——
—— ——
DG = √(−2h − h)2 + (0 − k)2 = √ (−3h)2 + (−k)2 = √(5002 + (−1200)2
——
—
= √9h2 + k2 = √250,000 + 1,440,000
—
——— ——
= √1,690,000 = 1300
EH = √[2h − (−h)]2 + (0 − k)2 =√ (3h)2 + (−k)2 The distance between your position and your cousin’s
—
= √9h2 + k2 position is 1300 meters.
——
Because DG = EH, by the definition of congruent segments, OH = √(1000 − 0)2 + (0 − 0)2
— ≅ EH
DG —. —
= √(1000)2
= 1000
The distance between the campsite and your cousin’s
position is 1000 meters.

Because OY— ≅ YC
—, the triangle formed by your position,
your cousin’s position, and the campsite is an isosceles
triangle.

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Chapter 5
20. y 23. A
P(0, 2) y
S(−2, 1) 6

(−h, k) (2h, k)
−4 −2 2 4 x
Q(3, −4)
2

−4
(−h, 0) 2 (2h, 0) x
R(1, −5)
−2
Side lengths:
—— —
PQ = √(3 − 0)2 + (−4 − 2)2 = √ 32 + (−6)2
— — — 24. Sample answer: It would be easy to prove the Base Angles
= √9 + 36 = √ 45 = 3√5 Theorem (Thm. 5.6) with a coordinate proof. First, position
——— ——
QR = √(1 − 3)2 + [ −5 − (−4) ]2 = √ (−2)2 + (−5 + 4)2 the given isosceles triangle, △ABC, on the coordinate plane
— —
= √ 4 + (−1)2 = √4 + 1 = √5
—
so that the base is on the x-axis, and one vertex is at
——— —— the origin.
RS = √(−2 − 1)2 + [ 1 − (−5) ]2 = √ (−3)2 + (1 + 5)2
— — —
x=k
= √9 + 36 = √45 = 3√5 y
—— ——
PS = √(−2 − 0)2 + (1 − 2)2 = √ (−2)2 + (−1)2 A(k, m)
— —
= √4 + 1 = √5
Slopes of the sides:
—=—
Slope of PQ
−4 − 2 −6
= — = −2
3−0 3
—=—
Slope of QR
−5 − (−4) −5 + 4 −1 1
=—=—=— B(0, 0) D(k, 0) C(2k, 0) x
1−3 −2 −2 2
—=—
Slope of RS
1 − (−5) 1 + 5 6
= — = — = −2 This is an
—
isosceles triangle because BA = √ k2 + m2 and
−2 − 1 −3 −3 —
CA = √k + m2 . Draw the line x = k that intersects △ABC
2
—=—
Slope of PS
1−2 −1 1
=—=— in point A(m, k) and the x-axis in the point (k, 0). Call this
−2 − 0 −2 2 — and DC — are congruent because BD = k and
— ≅ SR
So, PQ — and SP
— ≅ RQ—, which shows that opposite point D, BD
— —
DC = k. AD ≅ AD by the Reflexive Property of Congruence
— m SP
sides are congruent. Also, mPQ — = −1,
⋅ (Thm. 2.1). Because AD — is vertical and BC
— is horizontal,
—
⋅ — — —
⋅
m PQ m RQ = − 1, m SR m SP = −1, m SR
— —, PQ
— ⊥ RQ , SR ⊥ SP ——
— m RQ
—, and SR
— = −1.
— ⊥ RQ— by the
⋅ AD ⊥ BC is the Slopes of Perpendicular Lines Theorem
So, PQ ⊥ SP (Thm. 3.14). So, ∠ BDA and ∠ CDA are congruent right
Slopes of Perpendicular Lines Theorem (Thm. 3.14). So, by angles. By the SAS Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.5),
definition of perpendicular lines, ∠ PSR, ∠ SRQ, ∠ RQP, and △ABD ≅ △ACD. Because corresponding parts of congruent
∠ QPS are right angles. So, the quadrilateral is a rectangle. triangles are congruent, ∠ B ≅ ∠ C.
The second friend is correct.
25. Sample answer: Reflect the triangle in the y-axis and
21. The endpoints of a segment with the origin as the midpoint translate 5d units right and 5d units up.
are (x, y) and (−x, −y) because (5d, −5d) → (−5d, −5d) → (0, 0)

(
x + (−x) y + (−y) 0 0
M —, — = M —, — = M(0, 0).
2 2 2 2 ) ( ) (0, −5d) → (0, −5d) → (5d, 0)
(5d, 0) → (−5d, 0) → (0, 5d)
22. B y — —
26. Diagonal WU is horizontal, and diagonal TV is vertical. So,
(0, v)
by the Slopes of Perpendicular Lines Theorem (Thm. 3.14),
— ⊥ TV
WU —; Change the coordinates to T(0, m), U(m, 0),
V(0, −m), and W(−m, 0). These coordinates can be used for
(−w, 0) (w, 0) x any square, and the diagonals are still horizontal and vertical.
So, the diagonals are perpendicular for any square.

(0, −v)

(
−w + 0 0 + (−v)
Midpoint = —, — = −—, −—
2 2
w v
2 2 ) ( )

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Chapter 5
27. a. y 2. The theorems on page 275 correspond to other triangle
congruence theorems given. HA corresponds to AAS, LL
A(0, 2m) corresponds to SAS, and AL corresponds to ASA or AAS.

M(n, m)
3. Two sources that could be used to help solve Exercise 20 on
page 282, are a map website and a website that calculates
distances.

B(0, 0) C(2n, 0) x
Chapter 5 Review (pp. 290–294)

Because M is the midpoint of AC—, the coordinates of M are 1. The triangle is an acute isosceles triangle because it has two
— equal sides and it appears that all angles are acute.
M(n, m).—Using the Distance Formula,
—
AM = √n2 + m2 ,
BM = √n + m , and CM = √ n + m . So, the midpoint
2 2 2 2
2. Because 46° + 86° = 132°, the measure of the exterior angle
of the hypotenuse of a right triangle is the same distance is 132°.
from each vertex of the triangle.
3. (9x + 9)° = 45° + 5x°
b. y
4x + 9 = 45
R(0, m) 4x = 36
x=9
The exterior angle:
S(−m, 0) O(0, 0) T(m, 0) x ⋅
(9x + 9)° = 9 9 + 9
= 81 + 9
When any two congruent right isosceles triangles are = 90
positioned with the vertex opposite the hypotenuse on the The measure of the exterior angle is 90°.
origin and their legs on the axes as shown in the diagram,
a triangle is formed and the hypotenuses of the original 4. 8x° + 7x° + 90° = 180°
triangles make up two sides of the new triangle.
— — 15x + 90 = 180
SR = m√2 and TR = m√ 2 so these two sides are the
same length. So, by definition, △SRT is isosceles. 15x = 90
x=6
Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency
⋅
8x = 8 6 = 48
28. m∠ XYW = m∠ WYZ
(3x − 7)° = (2x + 1)°
⋅
7x = 7 6 = 42
The measure of each acute angle is 42° and 48°.
x−7=1
5. (7x° + 6)° + (6x − 7)° + 90° = 180°
x=8
13x + 89 = 180
29. m∠ XYZ = (3x − 7)° + (2x + 1)° 13x = 91
m∠ XYZ = 5x − 6 x=7
From Exercise 28, you know that x = 8.
⋅
7x + 6 = 7 7 + 6 = 49 + 6 = 55
⋅
m∠ XYZ = 5 8 − 6 = 34°
⋅
6x − 7 = 6 7 − 7 = 35
The measure of each acute angle is 35° and 55°.
5.5 –5.8 What Did You Learn? (p. 289)
—
1. Given square ABCD with diagonal BD , as shown, prove 6. corresponding angles: ∠ G ≅ ∠ L, ∠ H ≅ ∠ M, ∠ J ≅ ∠ N,
△BAD ≅ △DCB; In this problem, the square could ∠K ≅ ∠P
—
represent the baseball “diamond,” and then diagonal BD — ≅ LM
—, HJ
— ≅ MN
—, JK
— ≅ NP
—,
corresponding sides: GH
would represent the distance from home plate to second — —
GK ≅ LP
base. So, you could use this problem to prove the equivalent
Sample answer: Another congruence statement
of △HFS ≅ △STH. Then you could just redraw square
ABCD with diagonal AC — this time, so that △CBA is the is KJHG ≅ PNML.
equivalent of △FST. It could easily be shown that the third
triangle is congruent to the first two.

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Chapter 5

7. m∠ S = m∠ T = 74° 17. yes;

90° + 74° + m∠ V = 180° STATEMENTS REASONS

164° + m∠ V = 180°
1. ∠ E ≅ ∠ H, 1. Given
m∠ V = 16° ∠ F ≅ ∠ J,
—
FG ≅ —JK
8. no; There is enough information to prove two pairs of
congruent sides and one pair of congruent angles, but the 2. △EFG ≅ △HJK 2. AAS Congruence
angle is not the included angle. Theorem (Thm. 5.11)
9. yes;
18. no; There is only enough information to conclude that one
STATEMENTS REASONS pair of angles and one pair of sides are congruent.

1. —
WX ≅ —
YZ , WZ ) YX 1. Given 19. yes;

2. —
XZ ≅ —
XZ 2. Reflexive Property of STATEMENTS REASONS
Congruence (Thm. 2.1)
1. ∠ PLN ≅ ∠ MLN, 1. Given
3. ∠ WXZ ≅ ∠ YZX 3. Alternate Interior Angles ∠ PNL ≅ ∠ MNL

2. —
LN ≅ —
Theorem (Thm. 3.2)
LN 2. Reflexive Property of
4. △WXZ ≅ △YZX 4. SAS Congruence Theorem Congruence (Thm. 2.1)
(Thm. 5.5)
3. △LPN ≅ △LMN 3. ASA Congruence
— —
10. If QP ≅ QR , then ∠ QRP ≅ ∠ P. Theorem (Thm. 5.10)
— —
11. If ∠ TRV ≅ ∠ TVR, then TV ≅ TR . 20. no; There is only enough information to conclude that one
— —
12. If RQ ≅ RS , then ∠ RSQ ≅ ∠ RQS.
pair of angles and one pair of sides are congruent.

— —
13. If ∠ SRV ≅ ∠ SVR, then SV ≅ SR .
21. By the SAS Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.5),
△HJK ≅ △LMN. Because corresponding parts of
congruent triangles are congruent, ∠ K ≅ ∠ N.
14. 8x° = 180° − 60°
8x = 120 — —
22. First, state that QV ≅ QV . then, use the SSS Congruence
x = 15 Theorem (Thm. 5.8) to prove that △QSV ≅ △QTV. Because
corresponding parts of congruent triangles are congruent,
5y + 1 = 26
∠ QSV ≅ ∠ QTV. ∠ QSV ≅ ∠ 1 and ∠ QTV ≅ ∠ 2 by the
5y = 25 Vertical Angles Congruence Theorem (Thm. 2.6). So, by the
y=5 Transitive Property of Congruence (Thm. 2.2), ∠ 1 ≅ ∠ 2.
So, x = 15 and y = 5. —— —
23. OP = √ (h − 0)2 + (k − 0)2 = √ h 2 + k2
——— —
15. no; There is only enough information to conclude that two QP = √(h − h)2 + [ (k + j) − k ]2 = √j 2 = j
pairs of sides are congruent. —— ——
QO = √(h − 0)2 + (k + j)2 = √h2 + (k + j)2
—— —
16. yes; QR = √(h − 0)2 + (k − 0)2 = √h 2 + k2
—— —
OR = √(0 − 0)2 + (0 − j)2 = √j 2 = j
STATEMENTS REASONS
— ≅ QR
— and OR— ≅ QP—. Also, by the Reflexive Property
1. —
WX ≅ —
So, OP
YZ , ∠ XWZ 1. Given — ≅ QO
of Congruence (Thm. 2.1), QO —. So, you can apply
and ∠ ZYX are right the SSS Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.8) to conclude that
angles. △OPQ ≅ △QRO.
2. —
XZ ≅ —
XZ 2. Reflexive Property of
Congruence (Thm. 2.1)

3. △WXZ and △YZX 3. Definition of a right

are right triangles. triangle

4. △WXZ ≅ △YZX 4. HL Congruence Theorem

(Thm. 5.9)

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Chapter 5
24. Place the base along the x-axis and the vertex of the legs on — —
3. Given QR ≅ RS , ∠ P ≅ ∠ T R
the y-axis.
Prove △SRP ≅ △QRT Q S
y
N
B(0, k) P T

STATEMENTS REASONS
— ≅ RS
1. QR —, ∠ P ≅ ∠ T 1. Given

2. ∠ R ≅ ∠ R 2. Reflexive Property of
A(−p, 0) C(p, 0) x Congruence (Thm. 2.2)

3. △SRP ≅ △QRT 3. AAS Congruence

25. y
Theorem (Thm. 5.11)
(0, k) (2k, k)
4. (4x − 2)° + (3x + 8)° = 90°
7x + 6 = 90
(0, 0) (2k, 0) x 7x = 84
x = 12
The fourth vertex of the rectangle has the vertex (2k, k).
⋅
4x − 2 = 4 12 − 2 = 48 − 2 = 46
Chapter 5 Test (p. 295) ⋅
3x + 8 = 3 12 + 8 = 36 + 8 = 44
— — — —
1. Given CA ≅ CB ≅ CD ≅ CE A B The measures of the acute angles are 44° and 46°.
Prove △ABC ≅ △EDC 5. no; By the Corollary to the Base Angles Theorem (Cor. 5.2),
C
if a triangle is equilateral, then it is also equiangular.
D E
6. no; The Third Angles Theorem (Thm. 5.4) can be used to
prove that two triangles are equiangular, but AAA is not
STATEMENTS REASONS
sufficient to prove that the triangles are congruent. You need
— ≅ CB
1. CA — ≅ CD
— ≅ CE
— 1. Given to know that at least one pair of corresponding sides are
congruent.
2. ∠ ACB ≅ ∠ ECD 2. Vertical Angles
Congruence Theorem 7. First, use the HL Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.9) to prove
(Thm. 5.5) that △ACD ≅ △BED. Because corresponding parts of
— ≅ BD
congruent triangles are congruent, AD —. Then, use the
3. △ABC ≅ △EDC 3. SAS Congruence Base Angles Theorem (Thm. 5.6) to prove that ∠ 1 ≅ ∠ 2.
Theorem (Thm. 5.5)
8. Use the SSS Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.8) to prove
——
2. Given JK )ML , that △SVX ≅ △SZX. Use the Vertical Angles Congruence
— —
MJ )KL J K Theorem (Thm. 2.6) and the SAS Congruence Theorem
(Thm. 5.5) to prove that △VXW ≅ △ZXY. Because
Prove △MJK ≅ △KLM corresponding parts of congruent triangles are congruent,
∠ SZX ≅ ∠ SVX and ∠ W ≅ ∠ Y. Use the Segment Addition
M L — ≅ ZW
Postulate (Post. 1.2) to show that VY —. Then, use
STATEMENTS REASONS the ASA Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.10) to prove that
△VYT ≅ △ZWR. Because corresponding parts of congruent
— )ML
1. JK —, 1. Given triangles are congruent, ∠ 1 ≅ ∠ 2.
— —
MJ )KL
9. yes; HL Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.9), ASA Congruence
2. —
MK ≅ —
KM 2. Reflexive Property of Theorem (Thm. 5.10), AAS Congruence Theorem
Congruence (Thm. 2.1) (Thm. 5.11), SAS Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.5)
3. ∠ JKM ≅ ∠ LMK, 3. Alternate Interior Angles
∠ JMK ≅ ∠ LKM Theorem (Thm. 3.2)

4. △MJK ≅ △KLM 4. ASA Congruence

Theorem (Thm. 5.10)

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Chapter 5
— —
10. Use the Distance Formula to find the lengths of PQ and ST .
— —
5. a. In order to prove △ABC ≅ △DEF, show that AB ≅ DE .
—— — —
—— —
PQ = √(21 − 3)2 + (30 − 30)2 = √ 182 = 18 AB = √(2 − 2)2 + (8 − 5)2 = √32 = √9 = 3
—— — —
—— —
ST = √(21 − 3)2 + (0 − 0)2 = √ 182 = 18 DE = √(8 − 5)2 + (2 − 2)2 = √32 = √9 = 3
— ≅ ST—. Also, the horizontal segments PQ— and ST — each The segments AB— and DE
— have the same measure and
So, PQ
are therefore congruent. Also, from the markings in
have a slope of 0, which implies that they are parallel. So,
— intersects PQ
— and ST — to form congruent alternate interior the diagram, ∠ B ≅ ∠ E and BC— ≅ EF—. So, by the SAS
PS
Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.5), △ABC ≅ △DEF.
angles, ∠ P and ∠ S. By the Vertical Angles Congruence
Theorem (Thm. 2.6), ∠ PRQ ≅ ∠ SRT. So, by the AAS b. Rotate △ABC 90° counterclockwise about the origin
Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.11), △PQR ≅ △STR. followed by a translation 13 units right.

11. a. The triangle shown is an isosceles triangle because it has 6. yes; The coordinate rule for dilations is to multiply each
two congruent sides. coordinate of each point by the scale factor, which is 2 in this
case. So, when you do this to the coordinates of point W, you
b. By the Triangle Sum Theorem (Thm. 5.1):
m∠ 1 + m∠ 2 + m∠ 3 = 180°
⋅ ⋅
get (2 0, 2 0) which is still (0, 0).

m∠ 1 + m∠ 2 + 40° = 180° 7. A, B, D

m∠ 1 + m∠ 2 = 140° Figure A has 180° rotational symmetry. Figure B has

72° rotational symmetry. Figure D has 90° and 180°
By the Base Angles Theorem (Thm. 5.6) ∠ 1 ≅ ∠ 2:
rotational symmetry.
m∠ 2 + m∠ 2 = 140°
2m∠ 2 = 140° 8. To prove quadrilateral ABCD is a rectangle, opposite
sides must be equal and right angles must be formed at
m∠ 2 = 70°
the vertices.
m∠ 1 = 70°
Side lengths:
If m∠ 3 = 40°, then m∠ 1 = 70° and m∠ 2 = 70°. —— —
AB = √ (4 − 2)2 + (7 − 5)2 = √ 22 + 22
— — —
Chapter 5 Standards Assessment (pp. 296–297) = √ 4 + 4 = √8 = 2√ 2
—— —
1. no; the Exterior Angle Theorem (Thm. 5.2) follows from BC = √ (4 − 7)2 + (7 − 4)2 = √ (−3)2 + 32
— — —
the Triangle Sum Theorem (Thm. 5.1). Also, the Triangle = √ 9 + 9 = √18 = 3√ 2
Sum Theorem (Thm. 5.1) is used to prove the Exterior Angle —— —
CD = √ (7 − 5)2 + (4 − 2)2 = √ 22 + 22
Theorem (Thm. 5.2), so you cannot use the Exterior Angle — — —
Theorem (Thm. 5.2) to prove the Triangle Sum Theorem = √ 4 + 4 = √8 = 2√ 2
—— ——
(Thm. 5.1). AD = √ (5 − 2)2 + (2 − 5)2 = √ (3)2 + (−3)2
— — —
2. By step 1, a line through point P intersects line m in point = √ 9 + 9 = √18 = 3√ 2
— ≅ QB
Q. By steps 2 and 3, QA — ≅ PC — ≅ PD — and AB — ≅ CD
—
Slopes:
because congruent segments were drawn with the same
— and CD
— —=—
Slope of AB
7−5 2
=—=1
compass setting. So, in step 4, you see that if AB 4−2 2
were drawn, then △AQB and △CPD would be congruent —=—
Slope of BC
7−4 3
= — = −1
by the SSS Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.8). Because 4 − 7 −3
corresponding parts of congruent triangles are congruent, —=—4−2 2
=—=1
∠ CBD ≅ ∠ AQB, which means that PD ⃖''⃗ ) m by the Slope of CD
7−5 2
Corresponding Angles Converse (Thm. 3.5). —=—
Slope of AD
2 − 5 −3
= — = −1
5−2 3
3. a. Sample answer: Reflect △JKL in the x-axis and then
translate 4 units right. — and BC
Sides AD — have the same measure and the same
— —— —— — — and DC
slope, as do AB —. So, by the Slopes of Parallel Lines
b. yes; corresponding sides: JK ≅ XY , KL ≅ YZ , JL ≅ XZ ; — ) BC
— and AB
— ) DC—. Because the
corresponding angles: ∠ J ≅ ∠ X, ∠ K ≅ ∠ Y, ∠ L ≅ ∠ Z Theorem (Thm. 3.13), AD
— — — —, BC
product of their slopes is −1, AD ⊥ AB , AD ⊥ DC — ⊥ AB—,
4. C;
— —
and BC ⊥ DC . So, ABCD is a rectangle.
5−0 5 1
Slope = — = — = −—
−2 − 8 −10 2
2
⋅
x = — (10) + (−2) = 4 − 2 = 2
5
2
⋅
y = — (−5) + 5 = −2 + 5 = 3
5
So, Q(2, 3).
182 Geometry Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC
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Chapter 5

9. Prove △ABC is an equilateral triangle.

STATEMENTS REASONS

1. AB = AC, BA = BC 1. By construction

2. AC = BC 2. Transitive Property of
Congruence (Thm. 2.1)

3. —
AB ≅ —
AC , —
BA ≅ —
BC , 3. Definition of congruent
—
AC ≅ —
BC segments

4. △ABC is an 4. Definition of equilateral

equilateral triangle. triangle

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