Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela

University of Zulia
Faculty of Engineering
Chair: Graphic Communication

Isometric Drawing

Made by:

Nava Alejandra.

CI 26963345.

Maracaibo, October 2018

Team 5. Isometric drawing
7.1. Axonometric projection
7.1.2. Guys
7.1.3. Isometric drawing. Isometric axes
7.2. Execution of an isometric drawing
7.2.1. Reading and interpreting the main views of a volume
7.2.2. Isometric drawing sketch
7.2.3. Drawing with instruments of normal and inverted isometric drawing
(straight and curved edges)
7.2.4. Isometric drawing representation rules
7.2.5. Rules for delimiting the isometric drawing
 Introduction

Over the years, man has used multiple resources to communicate better between
the individuals around him. An example of this is when any solid or figure is
represented on paper using squares. When this is done, the technical drawing is
present because one of its functions is to represent a figure proposed by pre-
established standards from various angles.

The most rational representation and the most used in Technical Drawing is that of
an object or piece in its three views: horizontal, lateral and vertical; and through its
three axes. That is why it is also necessary to point out the importance of the
isometric drawing since it is a system that expresses depth, height and width.

Next, in the following work, the concepts of isometric drawing, the axes, the angles
and the rules to follow to carry out said drawing will be presented in more detail.

7.1- Axonometric projection.

Axonometric projection is a projection onto a plane (Axonometric) that has an
arbitrary position in space. If the rays are perpendicular to the axonometric plane, it
is an orthogonal axonometric projection. This projection system is very similar to
the way of observing objects in space, preserving, however, all the properties of
the cylindrical projection (parallelism, perpendicularity).

The projections of the axonometric plane on the XY horizontal plane determine the
XY line whose projection is perpendicular to the Z axis. In effect: Both lines (Z and
XY axis) are orthogonal, the XY line is contained in the axonometric plane and the
axonometric projection is an orthogonal projection .

7.1.2.- Types.

There are three types of axonometric projections: isometric projection, dimetric

projection, and trimetric projection, depending on the exact angle at which the view
deviates from orthogonal. In general, all axonometric perspective drawings show
one of the axes of space as the vertical.

Isometric view
It is obtained when the three angles that form the axonometric axes are equal.
When representing objects in isometric projection, they are measured on the same
scale on the three isometric axes.

For the isometric axonometric perspective, the depths are drawn at 30 degrees
with the real measurements, that is, it does not suffer shortening. This perspective
is a graphic representation technique, that is, the three-dimensional object is
represented in two dimensions, where its three orthogonal coordinate axes form
equal angles of 120º in the plane.

This type of perspective is normally used to make previous designs. Its

representation is neutral, outside of space, where the lines of the object remain
parallel, bringing the object closer to the viewer.

This type of perspective is widely used by interior designers, since this modality
allows us to give drawings with exact measurements to all types of specialties such
as industrial ones. Furthermore, the isometric perspective has many applications in
architectural designs and industrial design where pieces are represented from
various points of view.

Dimetric Perspective

In the Dimetric projection, the width and height are represented without reduction
and the depth reduced by half. The main axes of perspective form an angle of 7,
90, 42 degrees respectively with the horizontal reference line. The edges of the
body that run in depth appear very reduced.
 For simplicity, the width is rounded to 1, and the depth to 0.5. The dimetry
according to the norm represents the object somewhat larger than it is. It is
preferably applied when something essential has to be drawn in the front view. The
front view should be chosen as the one that provides the maximum amount of data
about the object. The arrangement of the main axes is free choice, in order to be
able to represent as many details as possible. That is, the object can be projected
at 7, 90, 42 or at 42, 90, 70.

The axes can be drawn in various positions, since any object can reveal its details
if rotated. Naturally, the position to be used will be determined by the position that
will most clearly show the entire object or some of its particular details that cannot
be observed in any other of its views.

Trimetric Projection

It is the type of projection in which the object is rotated at three different angles with
respect to the main perspective axes, forming an angle of 30, 45 with the horizontal
reference line, plus another variable angle that rises on the other axis. In the Trimetric
projection, each axonometric axis has its own scale different from the others.

The Trimetric Projection of a three-dimensional object inclined with respect to the

plane of the picture so that its three main axes suffer different shortenings
7.1.3.- Isometric drawings. Isometric axes .

The word isometric means "of equal measure" and comes from the prefix "isos"
which means equal and the word metric which expresses or means
"measurement".

Therefore, isometric refers to that three-dimensional drawing that has been made
with the axes inclined at an angle of 30° with the horizontal.

One of the great advantages of isometric drawing is that any model can be drawn
without using any special scale , since the lines parallel to the axes are taken in
their true magnitude. For example, when the cube is drawn isometrically, all its
edges are of equal size.

AXES USED IN ISOMETRIC DRAWING

The basis of the isometric drawing is a system of three axes called "isometric axes"
that represent the three edges of a cube, which form angles of 120° with each
other.

a) ISOMETRIC LINES

They are those lines that are parallel to any of the three isometric axes.

b) NON-ISOMETRIC LINES
They are those inclined lines on which true distances cannot be measured; These
lines, when present in an isometric drawing, are neither along the axes nor are
they parallel to them.

Furthermore, non-isometric lines are drawn taking other points belonging to

isometric lines as reference points.

7.2.- Execution of an isometric drawing.

7.2.1.- Reading and interpretation of the main views of a volume.

In the example of Fig. 2 we see the anterior, superior and left lateral views of a
piece whose dimensions are limited in the same views. The first problem that we
must face is the orientation with which the body must be drawn, that is, if the body
is oriented as indicated in Fig. 3 or as Fig. 4.

In these last two representations we imagine that the body is enclosed in a

prismatic box of axbxh for the sole purpose of elucidating the orientation with which
it should be drawn. If we oriented the body as indicated in Fig. 4, it would be
appropriate to draw the anterior, superior and right lateral view, therefore, the latter
contradicts the given views. Instead, drawing the body as seen in Fig. 3, it would
be appropriate to graph the anterior, superior and left lateral view, as is the data in
Fig. 2. We conclude then that the body must be oriented as indicated in Fig. 3. The
second problem that we must face is the location of the axis projections, which are
not essential to perform a View Reading but always help to locate oneself in space.
Positioning ourselves as an observer to obtain the previous view, we see that the Z
axis is, with respect to said view, to the right and vertically, and the X axis is below
and horizontally. The Y axis is seen as a point at the intersection between the X
and Z.

(Fig. 5) To locate the projections of the axes in the other views, you must adopt the
corresponding position as an observer and see on which side and in what direction
the axes are with respect to the view.

The third and last problem that must be faced is View Reading itself, in which we
imagine the body and represent it by executing an isometric drawing.

To carry out this last task, which is not simple, it is essential to use some “reading
method”, that is, a logical procedure that helps identify the body that is represented
by its views, which we will explain later. . (Fig. 6)

Bodies that are simple generally do not require the use of any reading method,
which does not happen with those that are complex.

7.2.2. Isometric drawing sketch

An isometric and bounded sketch is a

resource that, if done well, leaves the piece
defined.

A sketch is a drawing made freehand. It has to

be clear, concise and complete so that the
piece is perfectly defined and can be
interpreted by people other than its author.

Since it is done freehand, neither

measurements nor scales are used, although it is very important to keep the
proportions in the measurements. After having defined the views, the dimensions
will be placed, which will leave the piece defined with its exact measurements.

 Order to follow for its execution:

Suppose they give us a real piece (3 dimensions) or through an isometric

perspective and ask us to make a sketch of that piece. For this work, we will have
to follow a few steps.

Before starting to draw we must observe the piece carefully. We will decide the
elevation and the rest of the necessary views so that it is well defined. Also, if
necessary, a cut can be made.

Steps to make a sketch:

 We check the piece and study if there are axes of symmetry. We draw the axes
of symmetry

 We mark the position of the main contour lines, paying attention to the
correspondence between all views.

 We mark the partial dimensions and draw the lines that define the rest of the
piece.
  We draw the rest of the hidden lines and the rest of the axes, if necessary.

 With a determined line, we draw the edges and contours until the sketch is
finished.

For the sketch to be clear, it is important to maintain the difference in line weights .

7.2.3.- Drawings with normal and inverted isometric drawing instruments.

The axes must be made with a square, bevel, eraser, pencil, ruler, protractor. A
vertical line is marked, called the vertical axis, and then the other two axes, width
and length, with the desired angle. Once the axes have been made, all that
remains is to draw the piece with the given measurements, applying the reducing
coefficients. The drawing must maintain the condition of parallelism and
proportionality with respect to the three main axes.

It is also used to make previous designs called "freehand", to see if the piece,
space, place or object that is going to be projected can really be developed. This
modality is used to obtain drawings with proportional measurements.
An isometric drawing is not an isometric perspective, since it is made without any
reduction. This, like the isometric perspective, reveals the faces of the solid in the
three sectors of the axes, with the same amplitude. An isometric drawing is
significantly larger than the real model, exactly 1.225.

For the classic isometric drawing there are three ways to represent it.

 Normal method (seen from the top)

 .Inverted axes method (seen from the bottom)
 With the main axis horizontal.

7.2.4.- Rules for representation of isometric drawing.

Views should be selected very carefully following the recommendations mentioned

below:

a) Choose the front view so that it shows the piece in its normal position of use.
b) Choose the front view in such a way that it shows the smallest number of non-
visible edges, that is, it gives the greatest amount of information about the
geometry of the piece.
c) When the part does not have a defined position in its use, draw the front view
according to the position it maintains during its manufacture, such as axles, pins,
bolts, screws, etc.
d) Choose the views so that the piece is defined without ambiguity and that the
number of them including the cuts is minimal.

7.2.5. Rules for delimiting the isometric drawing

Dimensioning is the language used in the field of technology, its main characteristic
is its universality, which makes it an essential communication language for any
technical project. Thus, like all language requires rules that make it understandable
and avoid erroneous interpretations, these precepts and principles constitute the
norms.

DIMENSIONING STANDARDS OR RECOMMENDATIONS

When representing an object to scale, it is essential to use certain auxiliary lines to

indicate distances between certain points or elements of the drawn object. These
special lines are called dimension lines and the distance they represent is the
dimension. In short, dimensioning is determining the distances between various
points in a drawing, using dimension lines.

1 . The value of a drawing depends on the dimensions used in it. Using the
dimensions we obtain the description of the drawn object: its dimensions and its
shape. In order to be able to delimit it is necessary to know various techniques and
symbols; namely:

2 . Dimension lines must be made with fine strokes and generally end in
arrowheads that are usually drawn carefully and freehand. The arrowhead can be
filled or unfilled.

3. The numerical value of the dimension, that is, the number that measures the
distance between two specific points in the drawing, should be placed, whenever
possible, in the middle of the dimension line.

4. Dimension lines must be placed in an orderly manner, in visible parts that do not
interfere with the drawing, so that their interpretation is easier.
5. A minimum distance of 10 mm must be maintained between a dimension line
and an edge of the drawing.

6. To limit the diameter of a circle, the symbol O must be added to the numerical
value of the dimension.

7. To limit the radius of a circle, the symbol r must be added to the numerical value
of the dimension. The dimension line only has an arrowhead.

8. To dimension between figure axes, these are extended so that they serve as
auxiliary dimension lines.

9. To make internal dimensions, the drawing's own edges can be used as auxiliary
dimension lines.

10. To dimension angles it is often necessary to draw an auxiliary dimension line

that serves as one of the sides of the angle. The dimension line must be an arc of
circumference.

* Dimension lines must be fine and terminated, generally in arrowheads that are
usually drawn carefully and freehand. The arrowhead can be filled or unfilled.

* The numerical value of the dimension, that is, the number that measures the
distance between two specific points in the drawing, should be placed, whenever
possible, in the middle of the dimension line.

* Dimension lines must be placed in an orderly manner, in visible parts that do not
interfere with the drawing, so that their interpretation is easier.

* A minimum distance of 10 mm must be maintained between a dimension line and

an edge of the drawing.

* To limit the diameter of a circle, the symbol O must be added to the numerical
value of the dimension.

* To limit the radius of a circle, the symbol r must be added to the numerical value
of the dimension. The dimension line only has an arrowhead.

* To limit between axes of figures, these are extended so that they serve as
auxiliary dimension lines.

* To make internal dimensions, the drawing's own edges can be used as auxiliary
dimension lines.
* To dimension angles it is frequently necessary to draw an auxiliary dimension line
that serves as one of the sides of the angle. The dimension line must be an arc of
a circle.

In the image above you can see how the dihedral views and the isometric drawing
of a part have been delimited, according to the previous standards.

Conclusion

Over the years, man has demonstrated one of the great advantages in the
representation of the drawing through isometric drawing that through it the sketch
of any model can be made without using any special scale, since the lines parallel
to the axes are taken at their true magnitude. It is one of the forms of projection
used in technical drawing that has the advantage of allowing representation to
scale, and the disadvantage of not reflecting the apparent decrease in size -
proportional to the distance - perceived by the human eye.