Graphic Methods
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Unit 1: Descriptive statistics and probability principles
Topic 2: Descriptive methods Lesson 2: Graphic methods
Graphic methods in statistics allow us to represent qualitative or quantitative data or information, in
such a way that its observation allows us to carry out a more detailed analysis of the behavior or
phenomenon that we are analyzing.
The types of graphs most used in statistics are detailed below.
Bar graphic
A bar chart, also known as a column chart, is a bar-like representation of frequencies (relative or
absolute). They are used to compare two or more values and can be oriented horizontally or
vertically. This type of graph is used in the case of quantitative and qualitative variables, as well as
discrete or continuous variables.
Line graph
Type of graph that allows us to measure trends or behavior of a specific variable. It is common to use
this type of graph to observe the trend in the behavior of a variable over time.
Point scatter
It allows you to show how dispersed the data is among each other, individually. This type of graph is
not associated with any trend, it only identifies the position of the data.
pie chart
The pie chart, also known as pie, allows us to visualize the distribution of the data taking into account
its participation within the total data being analyzed. The presentation of the data is percentage and
the size of each “slice” indicates its level of participation.
Frequency polygon
The frequency polygon allows us to represent the behavioral trends of the data in a bar graph. To do
this, a connecting line is drawn between the midpoint of each of the bars that represent the
frequencies of the data.
Within its characteristics we can find:
- The point with the highest height represents the highest frequency.
- They do not show cumulative frequencies.
- It is preferred for processing quantitative data.
- Cumulative frequencies can be represented.
Histogram
The histogram is a bar graph that describes the behavior of data in relation to each other. It allows
you to objectively compare a set of data with each other, or between several sets of data from the
same category.
Warheads
The graphic representation called an ogive is similar to a frequency polygon. The accumulated
frequencies are represented in a line graph, thereby showing the growth trend. Depending on the
sequence of the data, the graph can have an ascending or descending trend.
Pictogram
A pictogram is the graphic representation, alluding to the object of research, where the values of the
variables are represented vs their absolute frequency. The graphic representation or the type of
representative element will depend on the person making the graphic.
Stem and leaf diagram
The stem and leaf plot is a non-graphical method that illustratively represents the distribution of data.
It allows you to simultaneously obtain a frequency distribution of the variable and its graphic
representation. To build it, it is enough to separate in each piece of data the last digit on the right,
which constitutes the leaf, from the block of remaining figures, which will form the stem. (Statistics for
everyone, 2008)
4 4 Bar graphic 1
5 0 Line graph 1
6 0 Point scatter 2
7 0
8 1 pie chart 2
9 2 Histogram 3
Warheads 3
Pictogram 4
Stem and leaf diagram 4
