What is

• Breast cancer is the

uncontrolled growth of
mammary cells.
 Causal agent
• It is not known exactly what causes breast cancer.

• There's a chance it's the hormones.

• DNA is also a probability of causing it

• By genes called “tumor suppressor genes”

• age, race, sex, family history through genes (in chromosomes), having children before or after a
certain age, first menstruation at an early age, use of birth control pills, excessive consumption of
alcohol or tobacco, overweight .
 Cancer development

Stage 0: The tumor has not yet broken through the surrounding tissue
1. Normal cells 2. Cell division 3. Mutated cell
so there is no invasion to other parts of the body.
They form tissues and Normal cells grow, reproduce (DNA A normal cell! may suffer
organs duplication), and die alteration of genetic
material

Stage I : The tumor is less than 2 cm in size and has not spread outside
the mammary gland. At this stage, if the cancer is detected in 98% of
cases, it is treatable.

Stage II : The tumor measures 2 to 5 cm and/or has spread to the nodes

found in the armpit, the survival rate is 88 to 76% of cases.
 Cancer development

• Stage III : The tumor measures 2 to 5 cm and/or has

spread to nodes that are in the armpit or near the
breast, the survival rate is reduced to 56%; or has
spread to other tissues near the breast.

• Stage IV : The tumor has invaded other organs and

tissues in the body, such as the lungs, liver, bones,
and brain.

• 70% of cases of breast cancer are diagnosed in

stages III and IV.
 Types of cancer
Invasive Ductal Carcinoma: It is one of the most common types of cancer, representing
80% of all breast cancer cases. It originates in the milk ducts, but can later spread
to different areas of the body. If detected early, this type of cancer can be treated
effectively.

Invasive Lobular Carcinoma: represents 10% of all breast cancer cases. It

originates in the milk-producing glands and can quickly reach other areas of the
breast or other areas of the body.

Inflammatory Breast Cancer: it is a very rare type of cancer, representing

1% to 4% of all breast cancer cases. It is caused by the © 2011 Terese Winslow LLC US
Govt, has certain rights

Blockage of cancer cells in the blood vessels located in the breasts, causing redness in
the skin of the breasts.
 Types of cancer
• Medullary Carcinoma: It is an extremely rare type of invasive cancer, characterized by the
presence of elongated and abnormally shaped cancer cells.

• Paget's Disease of the Nipple: This type of cancer develops in the milk ducts and spreads its
cells through the nipple and areola. It represents 1% of breast cancer cases. Its symptoms are:
crusting of the nipple, bleeding in the chest and the formation of scales on the skin of the
chest.

• Tubular Carcinoma: represents only 2% of all cancer cases. It is characterized by the

presence of tubular cancer cells.

2 Cells are transported by

the circulatory system to
distant sites

s cancer cells invade a new organ and

grow there
 Symptoms
■ change in the size or shape of the breast.

■ Nipple discharge that occurs suddenly, contains blood.

12 symptoms of breast cancer ■ Physical changes, such as inverted nipple

■ sores in the nipple area.

■ Skin irritation, roughness, dimples, flakiness or new folds.

■ Warm, red and swollen breasts with or without a skin rash,

roughness that resembles the skin of an orange.

■ Pain in the breast. Pain is generally not a

breast cancer symptom
 Diagnosis

• The diagnosis of breast cancer begins with the discovery of a palpable tumor
• The signs and symptoms that may lead one to suspect that breast cancer exists,
and that force every woman to consult a doctor immediately
• Preclinical diagnosis is made through a radiological study called mammography,
which is capable of revealing the disease from the beginning in women.
• It is suggested to carry out this study once a year starting at the age of 40.
• Early diagnosis is made for all women with suspected breast pathology through a
complete clinical history focused on the search for risk factors; complete clinical
examination with emphasis on the mammary glands; and mammography and/or
ultrasound studies.
 Treatment
• Four types of treatment are used in the treatment of breast cancer:
• surgery: Surgery is the removal of the tumor and surrounding tissue during
an operation. A doctor who specializes in treating cancer through surgery is
called an oncologist.
• Radiotherapy: X- rays , has enough energy to modify cells. When this
happens, the damage caused can destroy the cells. For this reason, high-
energy x-rays are used to destroy cancer cells in a treatment called
radiation therapy.
• chemotherapy: Chemotherapy is the use of drugs to destroy cancer cells.
It works by preventing cancer cells from growing and dividing into more cells
 Aftermath
• Almost all types of treatment can cause late effects
• Surgery problems.
• Heart problems.
• high blood pressure
• Lung problems
• Problems in the endocrine (hormonal) system
• Bone, joint, and soft tissue problems.
• Problems in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
• Dental and oral health and vision problems
• Emotional difficulties
 Prevention Car. .,
xexploratio
• Anything that increases your risk of cancer is called a cancer risk factor; Anything that n
decreases your risk of cancer is called a cancer protective factor.

• Self-examination or self-examination
With your arms down, see if any of your Place your hands on your hips, press
breasts are deformed, if there is a change firmly, lean forward a little and look for
in color or if the nipple is deviated or any of the changes mentioned.

• This should be recommended monthly from the 7th and 10th day after the start of bleeding in sunken.

menstruating women and in postmenopausal women it should be performed on a fixed day

eligible for them.

• The clinical examination of the breasts must be performed annually by a trained doctor Now observe the changes but with your
arms extended upward.
Standing with your hand behind your head,
explore the entire breast in circular
movements, starting at the armpit and

or nurse on all women over 25 years of age who attend health units, with prior authorization ending at the nipple.

from the interested party.

• Mammography

• It must be performed annually or every two years, for women aged 40 to 49 years with two or
more risk factors, and annually for all women aged 40 years or older, by medical indication
Standing with your hand behind your head, Finish your examination by
explore the entire breast in circular squeezing the nipple and observe if
movements, starting at the armpit and there is abnormal fluid leakage, now

and with the authorization of the interested party, if the option exists. resource.
ending at the nipple. repeat with the other breast.
 EXPLORE
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