Cekit Electronics Book
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ScribdTranslationsLECTRONICA CKIT BOOK ALL COMPLETE TOPICS
BASIC LAWS OF ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
Until now we have studied the aspects related to electrical circuits, highlighting the elements that compose them (sources,
conductors, charges) and the physical quantities that define them (voltage, current, resistance). In this lesson we will examine
the way in which they are mathematically related. these magnitudes and we will introduce the important concept of power. To
do this, it will be necessary to know Ohm's law and Watt's law, two basic principles of electrical theory.
Ohm's law
The current and voltage, associated with a resistance, are related to each other through a very useful and simple formula called
Ohm's law .
This law, which we will examine in detail later, is one of the most used formulas in electricity and electronics by engineers,
technicians, students and beginners, for the analysis and design of all types of circuits, including amplifiers, power supplies. ,
etc., as well as for the proper selection of conductors, fuses, switches, outlets, and other types of components.
Before knowing Ohm's law, it is convenient to remember what it is, how it is structured and how a simple electrical circuit
works. As we saw in a previous lesson, an electric circuit, in a general sense, is a combination of components connected in such
a way that they provide a closed path for the circulation of current and allow the energy of moving electrons to be used to
produce other forms. of energy, for example light. A simple electrical circuit like the previous one is basically made up of the
following elements:
* A source of electrical energy (voltage), which will supply the force necessary to drive a current of electrons through the
circuit. This force is expressed in amperes and is abbreviated with a capital A.
* A set of conductors, which provide a path of little resistance for the flow of current through the circuit.
* A charge, which converts the energy of electrons in motion into another form of energy. In this case, the load is represented
by a resistance abbreviated with an R, which converts electrical energy into heat. Resistance is expressed in ohms. In the rest of
this chapter we will assume that the load or loads of a circuit are pure resistance.
* A switch abbreviated with the letter S is in the open (off) position. Under this condition, the electrons will have a path to
circulate and the source will be able to drive a current abbreviated with the letter I. It is then said that the circuit is closed.
Considering the conventional sense, the current leaves the source through the positive edge, moves along the upper conductor,
crosses the load (R), continues through the upper conductor and returns to the source through the negative edge. Once this
account is done, we are now able to know and assimilate Ohm's law.
STATEMENT OF OHM'S LAW
In a resistive circuit, that is, it only has resistance, the voltage, resistance and current are related to each other through a very
useful and simple formula called Ohm's law, discovered by the German physicist Georg Simon Ohm (1789-1854). and made
publicly known in 1828. This law establishes the following:
(The intensity of the electric current that circulates through a circuit is directly proportional to the applied voltage and inversely
proportional to its resistance.
Mathematically, this relationship can be represented in summary form by the following formula: intensity is equal to voltage
over resistance, which is the same as saying i is equal to v over r.
The meaning of each of the terms in this equation is the following:
V is the applied voltage, expressed in volts
I is the current that circulates through the circuit, expressed in amperes or with the letter A.
R is the resistance or opposition to the flow of current, expressed in ohms.
For the application of this formula to produce the correct results, the quantities must be expressed in the basic or standard units,
that is, the voltage in volts, the current in amperes and the resistance in ohms. If these magnitudes are expressed in multiples or
submultiples of the basic units, they must first be converted to these units before applying Ohm's law. For example, 20
millivolts should be expressed as 0.020 volts, 10 kiloohms as ten thousand ohms, and 30 microampere as 0.000030 amperes.
Therefore, Ohm's law allows us to calculate a magnitude, say current, knowing the other two voltage and resistance. It also
confirms that the intensity or amount of current in a circuit depends on the voltage applied by the source and the resistance
presented by the load. In other words, if a certain amount of current passes through a circuit, this is due to the existence of an
applied voltage and a resistance presented by the load.
The latter limits the amount of current that circulates through the circuit. If the resistance is high, the current will be low, while
if the resistance is low, the current will be high. The following examples of the application of Ohm's law will clarify these
concepts.
Example number one. The voltage delivered by the source has a value of 110 volts and the resistance offered by the load has a
value of 10 ohms. What is the value of the current that circulates through the circuit?
Solution. The magnitudes of this circuit are: voltage is equal to 110 volts, resistance is equal to 10 ohms and we do not know the
current or amperage.
To calculate the current, we apply Ohm's law: current equals voltage over resistance, replacing the letters that represent the
circuit parameters with their numerical values, expressed in basic units. This is current is equal to 110 volts over, 10 ohms is
equal to 11 amperes therefore the current through the circuit is 11 amperes.
The intensity of the current is inversely proportional to the value of the resistance
As can be seen from the previous examples, when modifying the conditions of the circuit, changing the value of the voltage or
resistance, the value of the current also changes, which explains the behavior of the circuit in these situations. Hence the
importance of the law of oh. For this reason we recommend that you memorize it and keep it in mind in the future, since it will
be of great help in solving a good number of real problems that arise in the practice of electricity and electronics. In any case,
always remember that Ohm's law relates voltage, resistance, and intensity in closed electrical circuits, that is, where an electric
current can circulate.
